BUDDHAKBUDDHA APPEARING ATTHEALTAR DURINGWORSHIP.Frontispiece ]FromAmarAvatl.lPa&266.THEPOPULAR LIFEOFBUDDHA,CONTAININGANANSWER TO THE"HIBBERTLECTURES" OF 1881.BYARTHURLILLIE,MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.WITH FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.LONDON:KEGANPAUL, TRENCH&CO., i,PATERNOSTERSQUARE.1883.(Therightsoftranslationandof reproductionatereserved?)INTRODUCTION.BUDDHAwasareligiousreformerwhodied470 yearsbeforethe Christian era.Thefollowingare some of the results due to thesojournofthisonemanuponearth :1. The most formidablepriestly tyrannythat theworldhadeverseen,crumbledawaybeforehisattack;andthefollowersofBuddhawereparamountin Indiafor athousandyears.2. The institution of caste was assailed and overturned.3. Polygamywas for the first timepronouncedimmoral,andslaverycondemned.4. Woman,frombeingconsidered a chattel anda beast ofburden,was for the first time consideredmansequal,and allowed todevelopherspirituallife.5.Allbloodshed,whether with the knife of the(Therightsoftranslationand of reproductionarereserved.)INTRODUCTION.BUDDHAwasareligiousreformerwhodied470 yearsbeforethe Christian era.Thefollowingare some of the results due to thesojournofthisonemanuponearth :1. The most formidablepriestly tyrannythat the>worldhadeverseen,crumbledawaybeforehisattack,andthefollowersofBuddhawereparamountin Indiafor athousandyears.2. The institution ofcaste was assailed and overturned.3. Polygamywas for the first timepronouncedimmoral,andslaverycondemned.4. Woman,frombeingconsidered a chattel anda beast ofburden,was for the first time consideredmansequal,and allowed todevelopherspirituallife.5.Allbloodshed,whether with the knife of theVIINTRODUCTION.priestor theswordof theconqueror,wasrigidlyforbidden.6.Also,for the first time in thereligious historyofmankind,theawakeningof thespirituallife ofthe individual was substituted forreligion by bodycorporate.It is also certain that Buddha was thefirst toproclaimthatdutywas to besoughtin theeternalprinciplesofmoralityandjustice,and not inanimalsacrifices andlocal formalities inventedbythefancyofpriests./.Theprincipleofreligiouspropagandismwas forthefirst time introduced with its twogreatinstruments,themissionaryandthepreacher.8.Bythese, India, China, Bactria,andJapan,wereproselytized ;and the Buddhistmissionaries overranPersia andEgypt.This success was effectedbymoralmeansalone,for Buddhismis theonereligionvirginnfrnprrinri-It is reckoned that one-third ofhumanityis still in its fold.Thatsuchresultsshouldhavebeenachieved is oneof thegreatestmarvels ofhistory;and when aninquirerconsults some of the best-known writers totryandgetanexplanationofthis unusualmissionarysuccess,themarvelincreases. Wesee Buddhistholymenexhibitinga self-denialworthyof theearlyChristians,togainan"immortality"1which is said1Amrita,non-death.INTRODUCTION. Vllto mean death. Weseeprayersand sacrifices to anon-god,andgorgeous temples scoopedpatientlyoutofrockymountains in his honour. Statues of thisnon-godarescattered broadcast over half theglobe,and the tolerantpatienceandactivityof his missionaries isuniquein thehistoryofreligions.Thisis thebewilderingBuddhism ofpopulartreatises;andtheactivityof onespecialwriterhas contributedlargelyto fostertheseideas.Dr.RhysDavids is avery hard-workingPalischolar. I consider that students of Buddhism aremuch indebted to him for his translations. But heis aconfusedanduntrained thinker. Intreatises,inlectures,inencyclopaedias,inmagazines,and in theweeklypress,he isconstantlyputtingforthanaspectof Buddhism which it will be thespecial objectofthisworkto assail. Statedconcisely,hispositionisthis :1. Buddhapreachedflat atheism.12. Hetaught,"in acompleteandcategoricalmanner,"that manhasno"soul noranythingofanysortthat exists inanymannerafter death."23.Hedespised mysticism,and disbelieved inanythingoutsideoftheworldofmatter.81 "Buddhism,"p. 207.2Ibid.,p. 99.Seealso "HibbertLectures,"p. 109.3Buddhism takesas its ultimatefact,the existenceof thematerialworld."(" Buddhism,p. 87,)Vlll INTRODUCTION.4.This Buddhism is to be found in itsoriginalpurity solelyin the sacred books ofCeylon,aliteraturewhich,if translated intoEnglish,would befourtimesaslongasourBible.1Thesesacredbooks,accordingto theCingalesechronicles,were madecanonical three months after Buddhasdeath,and"re-affirmed"at a convocationsummonedby KingAsoka,B.C.250.5.Inthe northofIndia,about thecommencementof the Christianera,aninnovatingBuddhism arosewhichproclaimedabelief in God. Itwas called theBuddhism of the"GreatVehicle,"in contradistinctionto theoriginalBuddhismofthe"LittleVehicle,"whichdenied Godandafuture lifeentirely.2Ceylonhasneverknownanythingofthisinnovatingfaith.Asopposedtothis,I shallshow:1. Thataccordingto theexpressdeclaration ofHwenThsang,the celebrated Chinesepilgrimwhovisited Indiaata timewhen thecontroversybetweenthedisciplesof the Great and Little Vehicles wasfuriously raging,the Buddhism ofCeylonwas theBuddhismoftheGreatVehicle.2.Accordingtothesameauthority,thedisciplesofthe LittleVehicle calledsarcasticallytheinnovatingGreatVehicle"Sunyapushpa"("TheCarriagethat1 "Buddhism," p.20.2Ibid.,p. 244;alsopp.200,218.INTRODUCTION. IXdrives to the GreatNowhere"). Theysaid that thisagnosticBuddhismdidnotcomefromBuddha. AndHwenThsangconfesses that it was duechieflytoVasubandhuandAsangha,who,aboutthedateoftheChristianera,received it in visions fromMaitreya,theComingBuddha. Dr.RhysDavids hasplainlyshuffledthetwoBuddhismstogether.3.I shall show also thatKingAsoka,far from"re-affirming"thecolossallibraryofCingalesebooks,knewnothingat all about them. On the BairatRock he hasgivenatotallydifferent list of sevenshorttractates that his monkswere then tobegintolearnbyheart. These and hisprofessionof faithwere to be recited at hisstupatemples,andnothingelse."Confess and believe in God!"was the motto ofAsoka.1 "Confess and disbelieve in God!"seemsthemottoofCingaleseBuddhism.4.TheBuddhists call theirreligion PrajnaPara-mita,whichmeansliterallythe "WisdomoftheOtherBank."Atanearlydate theAryasof India believed in aworldofghosts.ThisworldhadforchiefoneYama,the IndianAdam. Once hewas thefirst-born oftheliving,then he became the first-born of the dead.Hiskingdom,Yamalaya,wasgirt byamightyriver,1Dhauliinscription.X INTRODUCTION.theVaitarani. Thisstreamtheghostsofgoodmentraversed,not in Charonsboat,butby holdingonto the tail of thesacredcow,astheHindoos,aidedbycattle,traverse rivers to thisday.The domains ofYamawere erectedbythe celestialarchitect,ViswaKarma;and at firsttheywerelovelyrather thanhateful. In the Mahabharata it is announced thatfearofenemies is notknownbythegood,norhunger,norscarcity,norsorrow,norbodilypain.Mountainsofexcellentfood arepiledupforthevirtuous. Thesenegativeadvantageswouldstrikethepoor Aryastrugglingonearthwithhunger,sickness,andthedread ofbeingofferedupto Rudrabya successfulenemy.Palacesandjewelledwiveswerepromisedalso. Theterrible red-hotironfemalewhoembraced thelustfulman,and thegrotesqueswollenbellythatwas to bethefutureoftheglutton,wereafter ideas. TheearlierYama lived in apalace.The later Yama had aterriblemace,redeyesandgarments,andextra-sizedteeth. Hekeptarecording angel,"Hewhopaintsin secret." "Pits filled withdevouringworms andinsects and fire" werepreparedfor theevil-doingHindu.Thisplacesus in abetterpositionto settlewhetherBuddhism,or the"Wisdomofthe OtherBank,"wasoccupiedwith thisworld alone orwiththeother. Inpointoffact,Buddhism,like thephilosophyoftheINTRODUCTION.XIVedas andtheVedanticschool,hasalwaysbeenapureidealism. Let us turn to the treatise namedPrajnaParamita(the"Wisdom of the OtherBank")to seewhatBuddhasaidonthesubject.Inspeakingto hisseniordisciple, Sariputra,he said thatignorantmen"representto themselves allthingsof which in truthnot one hasanyexistence;"and a little furtheron,heexplainedthat theappearancesofthephenomenalworld were"as if a clevermagician,or thepupilofa clevermagician,caused avast concourseof mentoappearat a cross-road where fourgreat thoroughfaresmeet,andhavingcausedthemtoappear,causedthemagainto vanish."1I think it isvery patentfrom the"Hibbert Lectures,"that theperversionsof Dr.RhysDavids aredueto hissympathieswith Comtism;but I contendthat thestudyof an ancientreligionis notphilosophy,butpurehistory.I think thatsignsof ajuster appreciationofthegreatreformer arealready patent.Mr. EdwinArnoldhas a"firm conviction that a third of mankind would neverhave beenbroughtto believe inblankabstractions or inNothingnessas theissueandCrownofBeing."2TheRev. ProfessorBeal, too,hasutteredaprotest1Oldenberg,"Buddha,"p. 239.2 "LightofAsia,"preface, p.xv.xiiINTRODUCTION.againstthe"lecturesand articles" of Dr.RhysoDavids,whichagainstall evidence announce thatBuddhism"teaches atheism, annihilation,and thenon-existenceofsoul."]1 "RomanticLife,"introduction, p.x.CONTENTSCHAPTERPAGEI. BIRTH OFBUDDHA ... ... ...jII. THEINFANTBUDDHA ... ...l8III. MARRIAGEOFBUDDHA ... ... ...-34IV. THEFOURPRESAGING TOKENS ......4gV. THEGREATRENUNCIATION ...62VI. THEHIGHERBRAHMINISM ... ......I0~,VII. THELOWERBRAHMINISM ......II4VIII. BUDDHAS REFORM ... .........I27IX. BUDDHABEGINS TO PREACH ......l.lX. KINGASOKA ... ......l64XL THE"CARRIAGE THATDRIVES TOTHEGREATNOWTHERE" ... .........I7IXII. BUDDHAGHOSAANDTHEATHEISM OFCEYLON186XIII. THEFIRSTCONVOCATION......^XIV. THETHIRDCONVOCATION ......2o8XV.BUDDHAGHOSASCONDENSATION OF THELALITAVISTARA ... .........XVI. THEBRAHMAJALASUTRA ........2I9XVII. THEMAHAPARINIRVANASUTRA226XVIII. RITUALgXIV CONTENTS.CHAPTERPAGEXIX. THEBUDDHISTTRIAD ...244XX. COSMOLOGY ... ... ... ...250XXI. SHAMANISM ... ...254XXII. THETESTIMONY OF ASOKA...278XXIII. THEHISTORICAL BUDDHA ... ...285XXIV. THEDEATHOF BUDDHA ... ... ...334ILLUSTRATIONS.BUDDHAAPPEARING AT THEALTAR DURING WORSHIPFrontispiece.OLD BUDDHIST ZODIAC ... ... ... Toface36TRIRATNAOUTLINE ... ...,, 245THEGNOSTIC TRIAD ... ... ... ...,, 246THE HEAVENS AS CONCEIVEDBY THE BUDDHISTS OFCEYLON...,, 250THEPOPULARLIFEOFBUDDHA.CHAPTER I.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.AN ancienthistoryof ancient deeds is renderedunintelligibleto moderns lessbywhat it states thanwhatitomits. Details andexplanationsof contemporarycustoms that were familiar to the writer andhisreadershavebeenobliteratedbytime. Iproposetowrite thestoryofBuddha,and addamplificationshereandtherewhenit ispossibleto illustrate ancientmannersfromothersources.When thelegendarylife of Buddhaopenshe isdisclosed in the heaven Tusita.EarlyBuddhismdivided the universe into the Domain ofAppetite(Kamaloka)and theDomainofSpirit (Brahmaloka).Above the earth were sixheavens,devoted to thosewho,accordingto thetheoryof themetempsychosis,BTHE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.weredestined,aftertemporarysojournsin thesky,toberebornon earth. Tusitawasthehighestof thesesix heavens;and above it were the heavens of theBuddhas,inmany compartments. Buddha,beforereachingTusita,hadalreadybeenonearthasaking,ayoung Brahmin,ashe-bear,anantelope,akingoftheserpents,andsoon.1Whatis aBuddha? Therearetwoanswersto thisquestion.The first answer is that the Buddha wassimplythe ascetic who hadconqueredhis lower nature.BuddhahimselfcalledthemBrahmanas :"The man who wearsdirty raiments,who isemaciated and covered withveins,who lives alonein the forest andmeditates,him I call indeed aBrahmana.""Him I call indeeda Brahmanawhois free fromanger, dutiful, virtuous,withoutappetite,who issubduedandhasreceived his lastbody."2"The manwho,aftercuttingthestrap [enmity],thethong [attachment],and therope [scepticism],with all thatpertainstoit,hasdestroyedall obstacles[ignorance]theBuddha,him I call the Brahmana.""Whosoeverbeinginnocent enduresreproach,1The Comtism of Dr.RhysDavids has beencompelledtosweepawayTusitaandthemetempsychosisaltogether.2Fausboll. SuttaNipata, p.28; ibid.,vv.395, 400.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.3blows,andbonds,themanwho isstrongin his endurance,and has for hisarmythisstrength,him Icall a Brahmana."lBut confusion has arisen because a Buddha issometimes taken to mean an incarnation of theSupreme,like Krishna or Rama. Even the BrahminsadmitthatBuddhawasanavataraofVishnu.The LalitaVistara,or Buddhaslegendarylife, is,Ithink,the mostmystical allegoryinanylanguage.It blurts out what the other Indianlegendshintedonly darkly,the secrets of thehigherIndian initiation. This I shall makeplainas Iproceed.Whenthe narrativeopens,Buddhais described aslecturingthe hosts of heaven. Search is made on earth forafamily worthyto receive him.Many prominentfamilies arerejectedfrom various causes. In acitycalledKapilavastu,in NorthOude,the modernNagarKhas,was anAryankingcalled Suddhodana.Hewas married toQueenMaya,aladyasgoodandbeautiful"as aheavenly spirit."Herhair wasglossyasthebodyof ablackbee;hervoicewas as musicalas the bird kokila. Tothe touch shewas as soft asthecloth ofKachalindi."Shewassopure," saystheLalitaVistara,onwhich Ichieflybasemynarrative,"that it wasimpossibleforGod,man,orAsura,toviewherwithcarnal desire."1SuttaNipata, p. 113.4THE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.Underwhatform does aBuddha descend to earthfor the last time? Thisquestionwasputinheaven,andansweredbyaspiritnamedUgratejas,anancientRishi:"Intheancientholybooks,theBrahmanasandMantras,and in theRig-Veda,it isexplainedhowacomingBuddha is to reach his mothers womb.Whatis thatform? Hemustselect thebodyof themost beautiful ofelephants,armedwith six defences[thewarelephantwasprotected byarmour,and hadswordson histusks, scytheson hisears,aniron ballon histail,etc.1],andcoveredwithaspangled nettingofgold.His head must beproudand red. Hemust beopen jawed.He must bemajesticinappearance."When I first read thispassageIthoughtitpuerileextravagance.I must now confess that the ancientRishiUgratejasknew much more about theRig-Veda than I did. The ancientBrahmins,thoughthey acknowledged nothingbutpure spirit,the ineffableBrahma,allowed thevulgartoworshipGodsattributespersonified. They believed,with moderngeologists,that each race of men hasonlya certainduration onearth,which isputan end to sometimesbyafieryand sometimes awaterycatastrophe.Thus apopular aspectof Godwas as theVicegerentof the universeduringaDayofBrahma,1Beal,"TheDhammapada,"p. 143..BIRTH OF BUDDHA.5or the life of a race.Byafiction,thisVicegerentwas thensupposedtodie,but to leave behindhimthe"Eggof Death."1Bythe titles the"EggofDeath,"the "GoldenGerm,"the newVicegerentcommenced hisreign.Hissymbolwas the elephant, accordingto the"SatapathaBrahmana."2This iswhyBuddha came down to his motherswomb as anelephant.BeforequittingTusita,theabode ofunemancipated spirits,he handed overhis diadem toMaitreya,the future Buddha. Thesecondschool ofBuddhism,the"Carriagethat drivesto theGreatNowhere,"gotby-and-byto commit theinconceivablefollyofworshippingthisunemancipatedbeing,this denizen of the Domain ofAppetite.Ofthis moreanon.Andnow,whatwastheavowedobjectof Buddhasavatara? Was it to teach atheism? Let us listentowhatBuddhahimself said of his missionbeforeheleft theTusitaheaven."Heacquaintedthegodswith his intention respectinghis descent intoJambudwipa[India]. They,knowingthat there were at that timemanyatheisticalteachers,endeavoured to divert him from hispurpose,butin vain. Heassuredthemthathewouldovercome themall,that his doctrinewould be established and flourish inJambudwipa.And he recom-Martanda.2SatapathaBrahmana,iii.i, 33.6THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.mendedtothegods,thatwhoeveramongthemmightwishtotaste of thefoodofimmortality,heshouldbeincarnatedamongmen,in this same division of theearth." This isgivento usbyCsomaKorosi,froma life of Buddhain theDulva,1or collectionof theScripturesof Tibet.It is fromTibet, also,that wehavetheLalitaVistarawhichI ammakingthe basisofthispopularlife.So inspring,when the constellationVisakhaappears,the futureBuddhahavingdonnedthebodyof ayoungwhiteelephantof sixdefences,with aheadshininglike aruby,with tusks ofyellow gold,anelephant perfectin hisorgansandlimbs enteredtherightside ofQueen Maya.In theRock EdictsofKingAsoka,the earliestauthentic record of Buddhism,Buddhais called"theWhiteElephant,whosenameistheBringerofHappinesstothe WholeWorld."In a vision of extasiaQueen Mayawas madeconsciousof themightyhonour that had come toher. InthemorningsherepairedtotheAsokawoodnearthepalace,andtoldtheking whathadhappened.CunningBrahmins,wellversed inastrology,andalsoin theRig-Veda,were summoned to thepalace,andaskedtointerprettheapparition."This dream bodesnomisfortune,"theyanswered."On thecontrary,great joywill beyours,Oqueen.1"AsiaticResearches,"vol. xx.p.286.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.7You willbringforth a son who will be a universalruler[Chakravartin].If he should abandonearthlydesires,andquithiskingdomandpalaceto becomeareligiousteacher out of love for theworld,he willbecometheBuddha,andgivejoyandimmortality1toall flesh."Anotherportentis related in the LalitaVistara :"Thenighton which the future Buddha enteredhis motherswomb,on that samenightahugewhitelotus,springingfromthewatersandpartingtheearthforsixty-eightmillions ofyoganas [a yoganais thedays marchofanarmy,sevenmiles],roseupintothemiddle of the world of Brahma. This lotusonlytheGuide of men and Brahma are able toperceive.All that there is of life and creative essence in thethree thousandgreatthousand worlds[the Kosmos]is collected in thedewdropsof thismightylotus.Thisessence,drainedoff in acupoflapislazuli,wasgivento thefutureBuddhato drink."The lotus is asymbolofMaya,the universalmother,and the creative essence is theGoldenGermoftheRig-Veda.Duringthetimethat the future Buddhawasin hismotherswomb,herbodywastransparent,sothatshe1Amrita,Paliamata,means "non-death." HowDr.RhysDavidshas transformedit into"death"may beseeninthe"HibbertLectures,"pp. 109and137.8 THE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.could see himplainly.Thegood queen,"havingtaken the five bases ofstudy, practisedthe tenvirtues." Her mindwasvirginal;and in thecityofKapilavastu,allmen,women,boys,orgirls,whoweretroubled with evilspirits (Bhutas),whentheywerebroughtinto thepresenceofQueenMayawere exorcised,and recovered the use of their faculties. Alsoall who were sick withulcers, cancer, consumption,leprosy,throatdisease, etc.,as soon asQueenMayaplacedherrighthandupontheirheads,werecured,and returnedhome. And if thequeentookupahandful of theholy kusa-grass,that, too, provedaninfallibleremedy.Dr.RhysDavidspointsout theinterestingfactthat certain mediaeval frescoesrepresentChrist asvisiblewheninHismothers womb.1TheRev.SpenceHardyhassomeremarkswell worthattention,ontheanalogybetween the Buddhist narrative and the"doctrineof theperpetualvirginityof themotherofour Lord."2The Rev. E. Eitel draws attention totwo otherpointsofsimilaritythepre-existenceofBuddha inheaven,and the salutationby angels.3Thiswasoneof thehymns sung bytheGandharvas,or Indiancherubs,to theking, immediatelyafter themiraculousconception:"TheSpiritsof the Pure1"BirthStories,"p. 65.2"Manual,"p. 145.3"Three LecturesonBuddhism,"p. 5.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.9Abode,flyingintheair,showedhalfoftheirforms,andhymnedKingSuddhodanathus :"Guerdonedwithrighteousnessandgentlepity,Adoredonearthandintheshiningsky,TheComingBuddhaquitsthegloriousspheres,Andhies to earth togentleMayaswomb."1Seydel2has achapterheaded"ConceptionbytheHolyGhost." Hecites severalpassagesof theBuddhistlegends, amongstothers thefollowing:"Thus,Omonks,Buddha wasborn,and therightside ofhis mother was notpierced,was not wounded. Itremainedas before."3Amongstthe"thirty-two signs"that indicate themother of aBuddha,the fifth isthat,likeMarythemotherofJesus,sheshouldbe"onajourney"at thetime of herexpectedlabour. It sohappenedthatQueen Mayafulfilled this as well aseveryotherrequirement ;for when her time hadnearlycome,herfather,King Suprabuddha Grihapati,sent thefollowing messagetoKing Suddhodana,atKapila-vastu: "As I aminformed thatmydaughterMaya,yourMajestysqueen,is nowwithchild,andalreadyfar advancedinpregnancy,andas I fearthat whenthechild is bornmydaughterwill beshort-lived,I have1LalitaVistara, Foucaux,p.62.2 "EvangeliumvonJesuin seinenverhaltnissen zuBuddha-sage,"p.no.Foucaux,p. 97.10 THE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.thoughtitrightto askyoutopermit mydaughtertocome back to me. I havepreparedapalacein theLumbiniGardenforherreception."Andso,onacanopysparklingwithgems,upreareduponthe back of a beautiful whiteelephant,QueenMayacommencedherjourney,accompaniedby guardsandmusic.Courtiers,soldiersandservants,elephants,horsesandchariots,joinedin theprocession.Andintheair, invisible,werecountlessspirits,headedbythemightyIndrahimself,thegovernorof the threethousandgreatthousand worlds.Sixtythousand ofthe beautiful cloud-maidens1sangsoft chants. InthismannertheLumbiniGardenwasreached.Exquisiteaswerethetrees of thisgarden,andtheflowersandrichscents,there wasoneespecialtree,thepalasa (scarletbutea),thateclipsedall itsneighbours.Itsboughswerespreading,its leaves weresoft,itsbuds weregreen;and thepearl, mani,glistenedinthemorning uponits branches. Beneaththis treewasgrass,like theshining greenof thepeacocksneck,and soft as the cloth of Kachalindi. Lured to thisgentleshade,thequeenadvanced,when,lo ! amarvelwasvisible.Suddenlythe branchesof this treebentdown to overshadowher,"as the luminous bow ofheaven,"saysthenarrative,"bends across thesky."Atthis moment the infant Buddhacame forth from1Apsarases.BIRTH OF BUDDHA. IIagapin his mothersrightside. In oneversion oftheGospelof theInfancy,in thelibraryofBerne,1apalm-treebendsdownin thesamewaytoMary.At once the infant made fourpaces,onetowardseachof the cardinalpoints.After eachpacea lotussprungupandsupportedhim. Theinfant Buddhaonthe cosmical lotus is a favouriteobjectof BuddhistFif.x.art. TheinfantHermesonthelotus is still foundonmanyGnostictalismans. IntheCatacombstheinfantChristfiguresalsoonalotus orlily (Fig. i).When a Buddha is born into the world other1Given,with the otherApocryphalGospels, byVoltaire, CEuvres,vol. xl.12 THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.marvels takeplace.The earthrocks,soft rain fallsfromheaven,and scentedwinds blowgentlyon mankind. Instrumentsofmusicplaywithoutthecontactof mortalfingers.Alightcomposedof onehundredthousand varied tints illumines the three thousandgreatthousandworlds. All flesh is filled withpeaceandjoy.Thesickarehealed,thedeaf arecured,theblindsee,thepoorarerelieved,theprisonersarereleased,thehungryfed,thenakedclothed.Flowers,scents,and evengarmentsfall downfrom the skies.Ashudderofstrangeecstasyis in eachindividual.Also,in the hellAvichi,saysthe LalitaVistara,all torments cease. The Buddhists of China havealegendthateverythousandyears Buddha,as abeautifulyoung man,descends intohell,and compassionatelyemptiesthatregionofexpiation.Fig.2.Fig. 3.Whilst the new-born babe wasstanding uponalargewhitelotus,twoparadisiacal serpents,NandaandUpananda,appearedin thesky,andraineddownBIRTHOF BUDDHA.aspoutof water tobaptisetheyounginfantThemost holy symbolofBuddhismistheTriratna,formedbytwoserpentstwinedrounda rod(Fig.2).TheSwastika,or Indiancross(Fig.3),had thesameorigin.Ofthis,morehereafter.IntheFirstGospeloftheInfancyit is recordedthatwhenJesuswasin HiscradleHesaid to Hismother,"Mary,I amJesustheSonofGod,thatWordwhichthou didstbringforthaccordingto the declarationof theangelGabrieltothee,andMyFatherhathsentMefor thesalvationofthe world."1IntheBuddhistScriptureit is statedthatBuddha,onseeingthelight,said"I am inmylast birth.Noneismy equal.Ihave come toconquerdeath,sickness,and oldage.I have cometo subduethespiritofevil,andgivepeaceandjoytothe soulstormentedin hell."Now,at thistime, upontherugged steepsof theHimalayamountains,was aholydreamernamedAsita.Thisman,bytheusualpracticesofthe Indianascetic,hadobtainedthedivinevision.Hewasableto detect thedenizensof theghostworld in hisecstasies,and toguesssecretsunknownto mortals.Lookingabroadfromhis rudecaveoverJambudwipa,the "Landof the RoseApple,"as the Indiansprettilycall thepeninsulaofHindostan,he wasable,1Chap.i.3.14THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.from certain indications in thespirit world,to detectthat an avatara of theSupremeGod was about totakeplace. Suddenlyhis "divineeye" lightedonthecityofKapilavastu,andheperceivedayounginfantshiningwithanunusualspirituallustre. TheGospelof theInfancyrecords that"the old man SimeonsawthechildJesusglisteninglike acolumnofbrightlight."iColebrooke tells us that the Treatise ofMagic(Yoga Sastra)ofPatanjaliattributeseight supernatural faculties to theadeptorproficientinYoga.Oneofthese is thepoweroflevitation,or"risinglikeasunbeamto the solar orb."2It sohappenedthatthispowerwaspossessed bythe RishiAsita, for,"afterthe mannerof theKingoftheSwans,herosealoft into thesky,andproceededto thegreat cityofKapilavastu."3Soon amessagewasbroughttoKing Suddhodana,that astrangerwas at thegate.Admitted,thestrangermarchedupto theking,butremained erect and unabashed.KingSuddhodanaperceivinginstinctivelythat he was in thepresenceofsome oneverydifferent from the silken courtiersaround,offered him theArghya,thegiftthat it iscustomarytopresenttoaholyprophet.ThisArghyaconsists ofwater, milk,kusa-grass, curds,clarified1Chap.vii.2"Essays,"vol. i.p. 250.3Foucaux,p. 104.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.15butter, rice, barley,and white mustard. He alsoofferedhimwatertowashhis feetwith,anda seat."Holysir,I dont remember to have seenyoubefore. Whatisyourcommand?""King,"said theRishi,"toyoua child has beenborn. I havecometo see it.""Thechildsleeps,"saidtheking."It willwakepresently,"saidthe Rishi.News came that theinfant,inpointoffact,hadwokeup.Carried into thepresenceofBuddha,theholymantookthe little child in his arms. Heremainedpensivefor somemoments,andthen,to theastonishmentoftheking,heburst into aflood oftears."What meansthis,ORishi,thatyou sighandsob?"said themonarch,alarmed."Doyouseeanymaleficinfluencearound?""Iweep,Oking,"said theRishi,"because I amold and stricken inyears,and shall not see all theglorythat is about to come topass.The GodAlmightyBuddha[BuddhaBhagavat] onlyvisitsthe world aftermany kalpas.Thisbright boywillbe Buddha. For thesalvation of the world he willteach the divine law. He will succour theold,thesick,thedying ; dry tears,stillpangs,comfort brokenhearts. He will release thosewho are bound inthemeshes of naturalcorruption.He willquickenthe1 6THEPOPULAR LIFE OFBUDDHA.spiritualvision ofthosewhoseeyesaredarkenedbythethickdarknessofignorance.Hundredsofthousands ofmillions ofbeingswill becarriedbyhimto the otherbank. HewillproclaimthemysteriesofthestudentsofBrahma[Brahmacharins].Hewillbringimmortalitytolight [lesconduira a 1immor-talite"].1Andthis salvation I shall not see;this iswhyIweep."Thirty-two"greatersigns"andeighty"minorsigns"proclaimaBuddha. Theseweredetailedbytheholyman.They are,for themostpart, symbolical;anddescribe theconventional statue ofBuddha in atemple,rather than theactualbodyofBuddha whenlivingonearth. Thus the sole ofhis foot and thepalmof his handmustbeeven,thetoesandfingersunitedbyamembrane. On eachsolethemysticchakrafiguresthewheel of a thousandspokes.Thisonsomestatues isrepresentedbytheSwastika,which isalso set down asone of the"signs."TheSrivatsa,Krishnasspecialemblem,is/^x,another"sign,"which is animportantfact.The Buddhas hairs allgooneway (withthesun).Hisvoice is loud asthat of thegreatBrahma,for itsymbolizesheavensthunder. Histongueisverylong,for itsymbolizesthelightning.Hiseyeis1Foucaux,p. 107.BIRTH OF BUDDHA.I/white,likethe lotus. Hisbodyis like the Lionofthezodiac.His trunk is firm asstambha,the trunk ofthe Indianfig-tree.Hislegis thelegatonce of theantelopeand the shrivelledIndian ascetic. Hiscryis thecryoftheElephantofthezodiac. Onhisbrowis a tuft of hair like that of Brahma.1The LalitaVistarasaysthat when Buddha was under the bo-tree he had"fingerslikecopper."2Thethirty-twosigns plainlyreferto thestatuein thetemple.1Forsigns,seeFoucaux, p.107etseq.2Ibid., p.261.!8THEPOPULARLIFEOFBUDDHA.CHAPTERII.THEINFANTBUDDHA.GOD, imagedasVicegerent,wasworshippedbytheBrahminsunderthespecialaspectsoftheyear.yearisPrajapati,"saystheAitareyaBrahmana.God,imagedastheUniversalMother,wasalsosymbolizedbytheyear.Buddhawasbornsevendaysbeforethecommencementofthenewyear-theist ofMarch-andin sevendayshis motherdied.All mothersofBuddhasdiesevendaysafterbearingtheirdivineson,saytheBuddhists.Thefactthatthelife ofa Buddhafollowsthefleeting aspectsof natureduringayearlycycle,willthrowmuchlightonthesymbolicalportionof thenarrative.QueenMayawasanxiousto beina beautifulgardenwithflowersandbuddingtreesat thedateof herparturition,becausethespringfestivaltookplacein theopenair.Threeincidentsin theearlylife ofBuddhaalsoalludeto thisfestival.Thefirst is anactualdetailedaccountof thespringorploughingfestival.Thesecondand thirdareTHE INFANT BUDDHA.19calledbythe Rev. S.Beal, respectively,the"presentation ofgifts"and the"presentationat thetemple."Certain elders came andgavecounsel to theking,saying,"It ismeet,Oking,thattheinfantshouldbenowpresentedat thetempleofthegods.""It isproperthat this should bedone,"said Sud-dhodana."Letthestreets andbazaarsbesplendidlyadorned. Beat thedrums,ringthe bells. Let thelame,thedeaf,theblind,theunsightlybe removedfrom the line ofprocession,andeverythingelse ofevilaugury.Assemble theneighbouring kings,thenobles,themerchants,thehouseholders ingaladress.LettheBrahminsdecoratethetemplesofthegods."Thekings orders werepromptly obeyed.In duetime,accompaniedbytheloud blareof Indianinstruments theconchshell,theflute,thetambourine,the"drumofjoy"theyounginfantwentin"greatandpompousroyalceremony"tothetemple. Elephantsincrowds,andhorsesandchariots,citizens andsoldiers,joinedin theprocession.Parasolswererearedaloft,streamerswaved,banners were unfurled.Villagersandnobles,thepoorand therich,pressedforwardtotheshow. Thestreets and thesquareswerecarpetedwithflowers,and vases of sweet scent werelavishlyflungabout.Also,inharmonywith the crude ideasofearlyart that aperfectlysmoothplainwas the20 THE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.highestideal ofbeauty, rough placeswere madesmoothandtortuouspathsstraightened.Rudedesignsoftheseflagsanddrums,and"longhornsandflageolets,"laregivenin theearliestsculptures.Themenhavekummerbunds,and barelegsandchests;thewomen are clothedchieflyinheavyarm andlegbangles.Wecan see theprocessionofgood KingSuddhodanain modernIndia.The car of theyoungBuddhawas bornerespectfully along byaprocessionofgods.Beautifulapsarasessoundedseraphicnotes;flowers fell fromheaven.Whentheprocessionreachedthetemple,theimagesof thegodsIndra, Brahma,Narayana,Kouvera thegodofwealth,Skanda, andtheFour Maharajasstoodupin theirplacesand saluted the feet of theyounginfant,andworshippedhim as the transcendentalDeityrevealed on earth. Ahymnwhichthey sangontheoccasionplainlyshowsthis :"TallMeru,KingofMountains,bowsnotdownTopunygrainof mustardseed. Thesea,TheyeastypalaceoftheSerpentKing,Neerstoopstogreetthefootprintofacow:ShallSunorMoonsaluteaglisteningworm?Orshall our Princebendkneetogodsofstone?Whoworshipspride,themanorgoddebased,Is like theworm,theseed,thecow-footpuddle;1SeeCunningham,"BhilsaTopes," p. 30,alsoplatexiii.THE INFANT BUDDHA. 21Butlike thesun,thesea,andMeruMount,IsSwayarnbhu,theself-existentGod;AndallwhodohimhomageshallobtainHeavenandNirvritti."Nirvritti and Nirvana have the samemeaning,namely,matter at rest. The Brahminsfeignedthatheavenwasmatterkepteternallyat restbythegreatSesha(God,imagedas aserpent),who enfolded it inhis coils. Pravrittiwasmatternot"fixed" noreternal.It was the seenuniverse,which wasperiodicallydestroyedand restoredbythe"breath"of theSpirit.Nirvana is that which cannot be blown or breatheduponat all. This is theinterpretationof the first ofall Sanscritauthorities,Panini.1Professor MonierWilliams still translatesNirvana,"blown out like acandle,""completeannihilation;"but,thanks toMaxMiiller, Oldenberg,andRhysDavids,this ideaisexploded.Ofcoursethisheavenof theBuddhistsis in themindaswell as in theeternal skies. Iquiteagreewith Dr.RhysDavids,who in a letter in theSpectator,February25,1882,pointedoutthatNirvanawiththeBuddhistsmerelymeant"thepeaceofGod,whichpassethhumanunderstanding."But a casuistmighthereask,Howcan an"atheist"make it theoneobjectofhis life toseekthepeaceofaGodwhichit is his main tenet todeny?Also,if the"atheist"1Goldstiickers"Panini," p. 227.22THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.has no"soul,"whereis he toputthepeaceof Godwhenhefinds it ?Whenthegodshadfinishedtheirhymnthe statuesbecameanimate,and thetempleshonewithall thegloryoftheheavenlyhost.Apassagefrom theFirstGospelof theInfancymaybecited here. WhenMaryandJosephfled toEgypt,theyreachedacitywhereamightyidol wasworshipped.This idol madethefollowingrevelationto itspriests:"In thiscityhas arrivedan unknownGod,who is thetrueGod,andnone other butHe isworthyofworship,becauseHe is the Sonof God."]The idol thentumbledoff itspedestal,and wasbrokentofragments.Thesecoincidencesarecurious.TheGospelof theInfancywasa favouriteGospelofthe Gnostics.Itwasalsofoundin the hands of theMalabarChristians.Ashorttimeafterthis,a BrahminnamedPurohitarespectfullysuggestedto thekingthat theyoungBuddhashouldreceivethecustomary"gifts."Soatsunrisehe wascarriedin thearms of hisaunt,MahaPrajapatiGautami,to the beautifulVimalaviyuha,theStainlessGarden. There, forsevendaysandnights,hewasdeckedwithringsandbraceletsanddiadems,withstringsofpearls,withrich silks andgoldentissues;andyounggirlsinthousandsgazedathimin1Chap.x.THE INFANTBUDDHA.23rapture.InChina,Goddepictedas an Infant is aspopularas Bala KrishnainIndia,or theVirginandChild inItaly.Butonthisoccasion,in the StainlessGarden,thosewhobelievedin theefficacyof trinketsandtawdryfineryreceiveda rebuke.Suddenlyamajestic spiritmadehalfofits divineformvisible, andsangin theclouds:"Castoff thistawdryshow!Thestreamsof earthwashdowntheirshininggold;Mengatherit for theirbedizenments,Butin thatfar-offriver,onwhosebanksThesweetrose-apple*clustersoerthepool,Thereis anorethatmocksallearthlysheenThegoldofblamelessdeeds."The thirdincidentwas theploughingfestival,thegreatSpringfestivalof India.Thisattractedcountless crowdsto seethe labourerscontestfor theprize.Theking ploughedwithaploughornamentedwithgold.Thenoblesploughedwithploughsornamentedwithsilver.Allwho havebeenin Rome will rememberSt.AnthonysDay,and thePopeblessingthe cattle.ThePongal,theSpringfestival,still takesplaceinmodernIndia.Cows,decorated with flowersandcakes andtinsel,aredriveninforasolemnceremonial.If thecakesdropoffduringthetransit,thepoormayscrambleforthem.Nearthe fieldswhereall thiswasgoingon,was a1Jambu.24THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.woodinwhichgrewafinespecimenof theholyrose-apple (jambu).To this woodtheinfantprince,vexed atseeingthepooroxensweatandbleed,chancedtostray.Seeingtherose-apple,he satunder itsshade, crossinghislegs,andadoptingtheattitudeof a Buddhain hismystictrance.Whilsthewasmeditating,fiveholyRishis,orprophets,camepastthewood,flyingthroughthe airbymeansoftheirmagical powers.Butsuddenlythesepowersceased,andtheywere forced toalight. Theygazedwithastonishmentontheyoungboy."Whois this?"theyasked."Is itVaisravana,orRudra,or the God ofLove,or Krishna?"Thegoddessof thatholygroveanswered that it was theson ofKingSuddhodanawho had arrested theirflight.TheRishis thenbegantorepeatthefollowinggathas.Thefirst Rishisaid :"Inaworlddevouredbythe fire of sinThislakehathappeared;Inhimis theLawWhichbringshappinessto all flesh !"ThesecondRishi said :Inthedarknessof theworldAlighthasappeared,Tolightenallwhoareinignorance!"THE INFANTBUDDHA. 25Thethird Rishi said :"UponthetossingoceanAbarkhasapproachedTosaveusfromtheperilsof thedeep!"Thefourth Rishi said :"Toallwhoareboundin thechainsofcorruption,ThisgreatSaviourhascome:Inhimis theLawThatwilldeliver all !"Thefifth Rishi said :"InaworldvexedbysicknessandoldageAgreatPhysicianhasappeared,ToprovideaLawToputanendto both."Soonthekingappearedsearchingfor hisson,when,lo ! this marvelwas visible. Theshadows of all theother trees hadturned,but thejambu-treestillscreenedtheyoungboywith its shade.TheRishishavingsalutedthe feet ofBuddha,flewoffthroughthe air.TheLalitaVistaraprofessesto"reveal" thesecretsof the Buddhas.Itprofessesto show a mortal howtoobtainmasteryover his badpassions,howtogaincalmness,purity,the"divinevision,"supernaturalpowers,themystic"lionthrone,"themystic"carpetofthe ZodiacalKing,"themystic"carpetofIndra,"themystic"carpetofBrahma,"etc.11Seep. 7;alsopp.401etseq.26THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.Toquiteunderstandthispassage,itmustbepointedoutthatBrahminismhad1. Ahierarchyofgodsinheaven.2. Ahierarchyofpriests,whorepresentedthesegodsonearth.3.Ahierarchyofuprightmonolithsin theopen-airtemples,thatrepresentedthesamegods.4.Thesegodsalsosymbolizedthegradationofspiritualstates,the"conditionof Yaksha,ordemon,"the"condition ofIndra,orconqueror,"etc.,passedthroughbythemysticbeforehe reachedthe"carpetof theSupremeBrahma."And the rites of theBrahminshad also amysticside.Theyexhibitedthesamepassagefrom the lower to thehigherlife. Inthe rudest enclosureof monolithsa veilpartedthatportionof theopen-airtemplewhichrepresentedheaven,from that whichrepresentedtheseenworld. Themainritewasadramaticexhibitionof the birth of the SisurJataft (new-bornchild)."Theclarifiedbutter is the milkof thewoman," saystheAitareyaBrahmana;"the husked ricegrainsbelongto the male."1This eternalmarriageofmatter andspirit,Aditi the MotherandVarunatheFather,was the onemeaningof almosteveryrite.Exotericallywasproducedtheamrita,or immortalfood.Esotericallywasproducedthemystic"man,"1Vol. ii.p. 5.THEINFANT BUDDHA.2/theprophet,the Voice of Brahma. TheofficiatingpriestsmasqueradedasPrajapati,Indra, Brahma,etc.,and theleadingone wassupposedtoengenderaspiritualduplicateofhimself,who was aole tovisit heaven and obtain wealth and cattle for theworshippers.Dr.Neales"LiturgiesoftheGreekChurch"lshowthat similar ideas existed in the Eastern Church.TheBishop comingdown from his throne in thecathedralrepresentsthe condescension of God theSonincomingdown,fromheaven.Thestolemeansputtingonmortalflesh. Thedeaconsstandingroundtypify apostlesand alsoholy angels.Thepriestinthegreatentrance issupposedto be Christcomingin,bornebyangels.Thesolemnhymn,chantedforthby angelvoices,"Liftup yourheads,Oye gates,for theKingofGloryto come in !"preludeshisentranceinto theHolyofHolies,orheaven.Theincenserisingnearthe altar means theadventof theHolySpirit.Thegrand processionwithlampsandholyvessels,"readers, deacons,andpriests," representsthe last advent. Thefansthatthepriestsheldin their hands in theearlyChurch,like modernBuddhists, represent angels wings.In aword,acompleteservicerepresentedthebirth, life,passion,andtriumphofthemysticChristos.1Preface.28 THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.Now,I feel certainthat the Lalita Vistaraalsogivesa veiledaccountof thetemplerites,aswell asthe initiationof themystic.In thosedaystheyearbeganon the first ofMarch,immediatelyafterAditi,astheblackDurga,hadbeenconsignedtotheflames;hence, accordingtoWilson,theyule-log.ProfessorHaugtells us that even in modernIndia,when thegreatestsacrificeisperformed,a stem of a banian-tree has to be setup.InearlyBuddhism the treewas the rudetemple;and theamrita,or Bread ofLife,wasproducedbythemysticmarriageof riceandscentedwater.This shedslighton the SisurJatah,or new-borninfant, sitting cross-leggedunder atree, beingworshippedbysaints andshadedmiraculously.It throwslighton thegold banglesand silkspresentedto thelittle idol. We see ameaninginthestatuesbecominganimate,andinthepriests,dressedupasgods,carryingthe little child in apompous procession,andbowinghumblyto him. Wesee ameaningin the detailedaccountof thecostlyfestival,thebell-ringing,themusic,theflowers,and scents. Also in all BrahminandBuddhistworshipthedustormudisstudiouslylevelledto makea smoothmandala,ormysticringj1evenwhenan old native officer ismakinga rude altar beforetakinghisdinnerincamp.Intheearliestsculptures we1Beal,"Catena,"p. 399-THE INFANTBUDDHA.29seethesymbolsof theSisurJatah,thewheelofDharma,thefootprints,etc.,being worshippedunder a tree.Wesee, sometimes,ontherudealtaraglobularobject,almost asbigas afoot-ball,beingalsoworshipped.To thisday,in Brahminism alarge globularricepuddingis thechiefofferingoftheBloodlessSacrifice.InCeylontheepochof Buddha is called theEpochwhen the Rice Milk came into the World. Theamrita,or food ofimmortality,wasimaged by this,as it was the chiefsustenance ofdreaming mystics.Dr.Rhys Davids,comparingthe rites of NorthernBuddhismandthoseof the RomanCatholics,saysthateach creed"lays peculiarstressuponthemysticsacrament in which thepriestreverentlyswallows amaterialthingandbysodoingbelieves himselftobecomepartaker,in somemysteriousway,of apartof the DivineBeing,whoduringtheceremonyhasbecomeincorporatedtherein."*The FirstGospelof theInfancyannounces thatChrist was born in acave,and that theshepherdswho tended their flocks near itsang hymnstoHim."The cavern resembled asplendidtemple,whereKings,mortalandheavenly,celebrated thegloryandpraisedGodforthe birth ofthe LordJesusChrist."2Seydel,in achapterheaded"Goldandfrankincense1 "HibbertLecture,"p. 193.2Chap.iv.30THE POPULARLIFE OF BUDDHA.andmyrrh,"drawsattentionto thesimilarityofthegift presentationsin theIndianand Christiannarratives.IntheDulvait is more thanonce announcedthat"myrrh, garlands,incense,etc.,"weresacrificedtoBuddha.1Goldpiecesareplacedon the BuddhistaltarbytheChinese,and the consecratedelementsremainonthe altar in alacqueredtabernacle.2Alittle Brahminwas"initiated," girtwiththeholythread, etc.,ateight,andputunderthe tuitionof aholyman.Buddhas like Ramasguruwas namedVisvamitra,whichis anotherpointof connectionwiththeBrahminavataras.But theyouthfulBuddhasoonshowedthathis lorewas fargreaterthanthat ofhis teacher.When Visvamitraproposedto teachhimthealphabet,theyoungprincewentoff:"InsoundingA, pronounceit as in the soundofthewordanitya."InsoundingI/ pronounceit as in the wordindriya."InsoundingU, pronounceit as in the wordupagupta."AndsoonthroughthewholeSanscritalphabet.In the FirstInfancy, chap,xx.,it is recordedthatwhentakentotheschoolmaster,Zacchseus1"Asiatic Researches,"vol. xx.p. 312.2Langles,"RitueldesMantchoosTartares."THE INFANT BUDDHA.31"TheLordJesusexplainedtohim themeaningofthe lettersAlephand Beth."8.Also,which were thestraight figuresof theletters,whichwere theoblique,and what letters haddoublefigures ;whichhadpointsand whichhadnone;whyoneletterwent beforeanother;andmanyotherthingsHebeganto tell himandexplain,ofwhichthemasterhimselfhadneverheard,norread inanybook."9.TheLordJesusfurthersaid tothemaster, TakenoticehowIsayto thee. Then HebeganclearlyanddistinctlytosayAleph,Beth, Gimel, Daleth,and soontotheendofthealphabet."10. At this themaster was sosurprised,that hesaid,I believe thisboywasborn before Noah."In the Lalita Vistara there are twoseparateaccounts of Buddhashowinghis marvellous knowledge.Hisgreatdisplayis whenhecompetesfor hiswife. Hethen exhibits hisfamiliaritywith alllore,sacred andprofane, "astronomy,"the"syllogism,"medicine,mysticrites.Thedisputationwith the doctors isconsiderablyamplifiedin thetwenty-first chapterof the FirstGospeloftheInfancy:"5.Then a certainprincipalRabbi askedHim,HastThoureadbooks?"6.Jesusanswered that He had read both booksandthethingswhichwerecontainedin books.32THEPOPULARLIFEOFBUDDHA."7.AndHeexplainedtothemthebooksofthelawandpreceptsand statutes,andthemysterieswhichare containedin thebooksof theprophets-thingswhichthemindofnocreaturecouldreach.8. ThensaidthatRabbi,I neveryethave seenorheardof suchknowledge! Whatdoyouthinkthatboywillbe?"9.Thena certainastronomerwhowaspresentaskedthe LordJesuswhetherHehadstudiedastronomy.uio. TheLordJesusreplied,andtoldhim thenumberof thespheresandheavenlybodies,as alsotheirtriangular,square,andsextileaspects,theirprogressiveandretrogrademotions,theirsizeandseveralprognostications,andotherthingswhichthereasonofmanhadneverdiscovered."ii. Therewas alsoamongthemaphilosopher,wellskilledinphysicandnaturalphilosophy,whoaskedtheLordJesuswhetherHehad studiedphysic."12. Hereplied,andexplainedtohimphysicsandmetaphysics."13.Also thosethingswhichwereaboveandbelowthepowerofnature."14.Thepowersalso of thebody,its humoursandtheireffects."15.Also the number of itsbones,veins,arteries,andner js.THE INFANT BUDDHA.33"1 6. Theseveralconstitutionsofbody,hotanddry,coldandmoist,andthetendenciesofthem."17.Howthesouloperatedonthebody."18. Whatitsvarioussensationsandfacultieswere."19.Thefacultyofspeaking,anger,desire."20.And,lastly,themannerofitscompositionanddissolution,andotherthingswhichtheunderstandingof nocreaturehadeverreached."21. Then thatphilosopher worshippedthe LordJesus,andsaid,OLordJesus,from henceforth I willbeThydiscipleand servant."Visvamitra in likemannerworshippedBuddhabyfallingat his feet.34THE POPULAR LIFE OF BUDDHA.CHAPTER III.MARRIAGE OF BUDDHA.I THINK that thegood KingSuddhodana is a littleopento thegrave allegations broughtagainsthimbyMr.EdwinArnold in hisgracefulpoem,"TheLightofAsia." Thesoothsayershadpronouncedthat theinfantwould be one of twothingsamightyearthlyconqueroror ahermit. Thisprophecy plainlygavethekingmuch concern. Anearthly emperor,surroundedby elephantsandhorsemen,andspearmenandbowmen,was atangible objecttangibleas hisrichpalacesand towers andshiningemeralds;buttheadvantagesof thepioushermitwereveryunsubstantial indeed"Gaining,whoknowswhatgood,whenall is lostWorthkeeping."1Soby-and-byit came into the mindofthekingthathe wouldconsult moresoothsayers,to see if moredefiniteknowledgeabout theyoungmansfuture1"TheLightofAsia,"p. 25.MARRIAGE OF BUDDHA.35couldbeobtained. A numberofpioushermits,giftedwith the divinewisdom,were inconsequence gottogether. Theypronouncedthefollowing:"Theyoung boywill,withoutdoubt,be either akingofkingsor agreatBuddha. If he is destinedto be agreat Buddha,fourPresagingTokens willmakehis missionplain.Hewill see"i. Anoldman."2. Asickman."3.Acorpse."4.Aholyrecluse."If hefails fo see these fourpresagingtokens ofanavatara,hewill besimplyaChakravartin."1TheChakravartin was theKingof the Chakra(Zodiac).M.SenarthasshownthattheBuddhaandtheChakravartin were inrealitythesame,and thatthe wordimpliedaspiritualruler orjudge.TheChakravartin has received theconsecration(abhi-sheka)ofIndra. Heholds,also,thesun-godschakra,ordisc. ButalthoughtheVedicIndrahurls this discat hisenemies,theRig-Vedaspeciallytells us thathe "does no harm to man." TheBuddhistChakravartinconquerslikewise thekingdomsof theworld,but"notwitharmsandwithviolence."Dr.RhysDavids draws aparallelbetweenthisAnointedOne,this"Bread ofLife,"this"Word of1SpenceHardys"Manual,"p. 154.36THE POPULARLIFEOFBUDDHA.GodmadeFlesh,"andtheChristianMessiah."TheCakkavatti Buddha,"hesays,givingtheCingalesespellingof theword,"wastoearlyBuddhistswhattheMessiahLogoswastoearlyChristians."1If thisis thecase,whataboutCingaleseBuddhism"takingfor its ultimate"a materialworldalone? Andhowcananatheistbelievein aWordofGodmadeFlesh?Theflatteryofacourtby-and-bycalledtheearthlyking"Indra."TheKingof theZodiachas seventreasures :1. Anelephant(Capricorn).2. Ahorse(Aries).3.Ajewel (Libra).4.Awife(Virgo).5.ABrahminguideofthe Household(Aquarius).6. Ageneral (Sagittarius).7.Themissilecalledthechakra(Pisces).KingSuddhodanawasverymuchcomfortedbythe lastpredictionof thesoothsayers.Hethoughtin hisheart,It will be aneasythingtokeepthesefourpresagingtokens fromtheyoungprince.Sohegaveorders that threemagnificentpalacesshouldat once be built the Palace ofSpring,the PalaceofSummer,the Palace of Winter.Thesepalaces,as we learn from the LalitaVistara,were the mostbeautifulpalacesever conceivedon earth.Indeed,"HibbertLectures," p.147.i Go sPublications.3ANDERSON,R.C.,C.E. TablesforFacilitatingtheCalculation ofEveryDetail inconnectionwithEarthenandMasonryDams.Royal8vo,2 2s.ARCHER,Thomas.About myFathersBusiness.WorkamidsttheSick,theSad,andtheSorrowing. CheaperEdition. 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