0151

KEYWORDS: codes; damage score; vulnerability class; sesmic risk management

1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EXISTING BUILDING STOCK IN BUCHAREST

The structure of the existing building stock in Bucharest is given in Figure 12 and Table 4. The Bucharest population is about 2 million inhabitants. It is almost constant during the last 10 years. Table 4. Inventory of existing housing units in Bucharest according to the periods of validity of various Romanian seismic codes.

Seismic code inter- benchmark periods

Housing units built during inter-benchmark periods

% housing units built during inter-benchmark periods

before 1941 168,556 21.95 ~22% 1941-1963 69,702 9.08 1963-1970 110,669 14.42 1970-1978 119,625 15.57 ~39% 1978-1992 292,594 38.09 1992-1995 6,844 0.89 ~ 39% Total 768,000 100%

From Assessment of Seismic Hazard to Retrofitting of Most Fragile Buildings - Experience of Romania: Part II: Seismic Risk Management

D. Lungu, A. Aldea, S. Demetriu and C. Arion National Institute for Building Research, Bucharest and Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest

ABSTRACT: According to the number of people lost in earthquakes during XXth century as well as in a single (March 4, 1977) earthquake during this century (1574 people, including 1424 in Bucharest), Romania can be ranked the 3rd country in Europe, after Italy and Turkey. Romania is followed by the former Yugoslavia and by the Greece (Bolt, 1995, Coburn and Spence, 1992). The World Bank loss estimation after the 1977 earthquake (Report No.P-2240-RO, 1978) indicates that from the total loss (2.05 Billion US $) more than 2/3 were in Bucharest, where 32 tall buildings collapsed. Half of the total loss was accumulated from buildings damage. The 1977 direct loss and indirect consequences of loss mark probably the starting point of economical decay of Romania during the next decade. They also explain the present concern of civil engineers and Romanian Government for assessment and reduction of seismic risk in Romania. The World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Mnich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest: Large city with Mexico-city effect. The map focuses the dangerous phenomenon of long (1.6s) predominant period of soil vibration in Bucharest during strong Carpatians Vrancea earthquakes. The Bucharest and Lisbon are the only two European cities falling into Mexico-city category. Presently, international experts and organizations agreed that Bucharest is the capital city in Europe characterised by the highest seismic risk. The paper presents: Part I, Vrancea Seismic Hazard Assessment in Romania, 1.1 Subcustral Seismicity of the Vrancea Region; 1.2 Codes and standards for design of earthquake resistance of structures (1940 2000); 1.3 Seismic hazard assessment in the draft P 100 2003 seismic code of Romania. Part II, Seismic Risk Management, 2.1 The structure of the existing building stock in Bucharest; 2.2 Fragile residential buildings in Bucharest.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Period of construction

Num

ber o

f bui

ldin

gs

Mid-rise buildings(3-7 storeys)

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 1990

Figure 12. Distribution of Bucharest buildings with period of

construction

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000


Num

ber o

f bui

ldin

gs

High-rise buildings(8 storeys)

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 1990

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000


Num

ber o

f bui

ldin

gsLow-rise buildings

(1-2 storeys)

1900 1929 1945 1963 1970 1977 1990

2 FRAGILE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BUCHAREST

The List of the vulnerable buildings built in the center of Bucharest before 1940 and identified as having highest risk of collapse in the case of strong earthquake (comparable to 1977 event) contains 115 fragile mid-rise and high-rise buildings (March 2001/ Jan. 2003).

All those tall buildings listed as very vulnerable were located on the city map using the Geographic Information System (GIS) infrastructure, Figure 13 and Table 5.

In so called Test area of central Bucharest the GIS map (1:500) contains the location and detailed information on the more than 1700 buildings. All those buildings represented on map were digitised at Karlsruhe University within the technical cooperation between Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest (UTCB) and Karlsruhe University in the frame of German Science Foundation Project 461 devoted to Vrancea earthquakes.

The Test area in central Bucharest was selected by UTCB in 1997 based on location of the collapsed buildings during the 1977 earthquake in Bucharest.

Presently, the central Bucharest test area was extended to about 24000 buildings within European RISK-UE Project at University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, (UTCB) for including majority of the building listed as seismically vulnerable in Bucharest.

The damage score for the fragile building structures from the list of 115 buildings in Bucharest was computed with a simplified version of the damage methodology proposed by Gulkan (1994), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

The calculation of damage score, SD for a building is based on the level of damage of the structural members at the most severely damaged story of the buildings (usually the groundfloor). The damage level of structural member is classified as follows:

No damage MD score = 0 Moderate damage MD score = 2 Light damage MD score = 1 Extreme damage MD score = 4.

##

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

###

#

#

#

#

# ##

#

#

##

#

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

###

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

##

#

##

#

DACIA

MOS

ILO

VICTORIE I

BASARAB MATEI

LABIRINT

ICOANEI

H.BOTEV

KOGALNICEANU MIHAIL

BATIS

TEI

BRAT IANU I.C

.

POPA

SOAR

E

SEL

A RI

ARDELENI

LEMN

EA

SILV

ESTR

U

PLANTE

LOR

SMIRD

AN

NATIUNILOR

CORBENI

AMMAN

DOAM

NEI

OLARI

PREOT-VASILE-LUCACI

ARME

N EAS

CA

NEGUSTOR

I

PERI

LATI NA

ARGHEZI TUDOR

ROSETTI

C.A.

SCHIT U MAGUREANU

PALEOL OGU

STU

PINE

I

COLT

EI

LAS C

AR V

A SI LE

( FOS

TA G

A LA T

I )

ACAD

EMIEI

UMOAS

A

EFORIEI

SPAT

ARUL

UI

LUPU D IONISI E

VASELO

ARHI TECTU RI I DIAN EI

PITAR

MOS

VISA

RIO

N

ITALI ANA

RASURI

DRA

GOS

VOD

A

BISERICA

AMZEI

SLAN

IC

POPA PETREPO

AUR

ORA

ARGE S

POPA

RUSU

COVACI

PREC

UPET

II VEC

HI

REM

US

LEONIDA

VENEREI

MA GHE RU GH

EORG

HE - Gen.

ROM

ULUS

DUMBRA

VA ROSIE

SFI

NTU

L ST

E FA N

I LFO

V

CAIM

ATEI

BARA

ZZAVILL AN LUIGI

IAN

C UC

LICURG

SPER

ANTE

I

SALCIMILOR

ONC

IUL

DIM

ITR I

E

ZBORULUI

PIATA-AM

ZEI

MIN

TULE

ASA

ARC

UL U

I

LUTE

RAN

A

ZECE MESE

ROBESCU F.C.B LANARI

RADU

- Epis

copu

l

MOXA MIHAIL

BROSTEN

I

ENESC

U GEO

RGE

ROSETTI MARIA

ARM

ONIEI

OLTARULUI

ZEFIRULUI

RAM

ULUS

GABROVENI

GRIGORESCU

BANU

LUI

LUNI I

AD EREA BA STI LIE I

MECHELET

SAHIA A LE X.(CALDERON JEAN L.)

LIPSCANI

FI LI P ESCU N ICO

LAE

STELEA SPA

TARUL

MEN

D ELEE V D

. I.

DRO

BETA

SFINT

ILOR

POST

EI

RACOVIT

A DIMITR

IE

MIHAI VODA

RUSSO ALECU

GOLES CU N IC OLA E

IUL IU

CO

N TA

VAS I

LE

POL IT IE

MIH

A IL E

ANU

STEF

AN

RIGORE -Prof.

LOG.STRO

ICI

BURGHEL EA - D

o cto r

IERNII

DOBRESCU ION

URALI

RADU-IL IE

SP IRU HARET

ROMANO - Pic tor

DOMNITA ANASTASIA

VERII

CERC

ULUI

CAVAFII VECH

I

SF. MI NA

BOT

EANU

VALORII

LUMINEI

MILLE CONSTANTIN

FRANZELARILOR

CARAGIALE ION LUCA

FETITELOR

SAGE

TII

ACELARI

MALNAS

OCOLUL

UI

DA

STAVROPOLEOS

VIGILENTEI

PEST

ERI I

CR IS TIA N

TE LL -General

SUVE

NIR

BAC

ANI

GHICA

ION

EPIS

COPIE

I

ORBESCU DIMITRIE

SAPIENTEI

BREZOIANU ION

M INTU

LESA

DR.

V .SI

MIO

N

MO V

IL A I ON

ENERGIEI

UDRIS

TE LOG

OFAT

GUTEMBERG

MANDINESTI

FILIPIDE ALEXANDR

U

FRAN

KLIN B

ENJA

NIM

DON IC I ALE XANDRU

URSU ION-Prof.

SERGHIESCU MARIN

PATRASCU VODA

COMANITA

XENO

POL A

LEXA

NDRU

PREPELIT EI

PASULUI

DON

A N I

C OL A

E - G

ener

al

CULM

EA VECHE

PUTIUL -C U-PLOPI

CAVNIC

IORGA NICOLA E

SALIGN

Y ANG

HEL - Inginer

CAR

A DA

EUGE

N IU

COLUMBELOR

LUCHIAN S TEFAN - Pic tor

G-R AL-G

H.MAG

HER U

CA L

OTES

TI

BA LCE SCU

N I COLA E

SCH

ITU

DAR

VAR

I

TIBANA

SLAVESTI

FILITT I C. IO

BIJUTERIEI

SFI

NTU

L SP

IRI D

ON

BLANDU

Z IEI

BAIA

DE FI

ER

MAVROGHEN

I NICOLAE

BANIEI

BRUTUS MI

XANDRA

MONUME NTULUI

ION-Erou

QUINET E

DGAR

BOBEICAPRISTOLU

LUI

VIROAGEI

ZALOMIT ION

COB ILITEI

C-TIN-E

XARCU

DOMNESTI

ARON FLORIAN

General

VRAC

A GE

ORGE

TOPL

ICEN

I

GRAD

INA C

U CA

I

RUMEOARA

BOTEZ CORNELIU

SECUREI

SEVCENCO TARASCO

NS TA

NT INES CU M

I TRITA - Pro f.

COMEDIA

BALABAN EM IL - In g in er

IP ATE SCU GR

IGO

RE - Gen e ra l

VICTORIA

PACIUREA DIMITRIE

SIPO TUL F INTINILOR

L UCA ST

ROICI -

L ogofat

MAJESTIC

PICTOR-VERONASFI NTUL SAV A

PROGRESULUI

ION N

IST O

R

RIUREANU - Doctor

IANCU CA VA

VERMO

NT - Pi cto r

CRET ULE

S CU N

ICOL AE

URSEAN

U VASILE

- Ami ral

GIURESCU DIMITRIE - Maior

BACALO

GU EM

ANO

IL-d oct or

UNI

VERS

ITAT

I I

MARCOVICI

ALEXANDRU

- Doctor

BELDIMAN

A LEXAND

RUSS

IMA - P

rofeso

r

TOMES

CU TO

MA - Do

ctor

IOANID

GHE.-pi c

tor

NIC

OLAE- IORG

A

SCOALEI

POLO

N A

MIHAI BRAVU

DON ICI ALEXA NDRU

30 DECE

ORIZONT

UL

13-DECEMB

RIE

PAL EOLOGU

ITALIANA

SAH

I A A

LEX.

(CAL

DER

ON

JEAN

L.)

TREI SC

AUNE

EMINESCU

MIHAI

TR AIA N

ROSE

TTI C

.A .

DO

ROB ANT I

TOAM

NEI

IORGA NIC

OLAE

CERNICA

MIHAI-VODA

INDEPENDENTEI

REPUBLICII

REPUBLICII

BREZOIANU ION

IONESCU CRISTEA

AVRA

M IAN

CU

ROSET

TI C.A.

ROSETTI MARIA

LIPSCANI

BI SERIC A A M

ZEI

SF. VINER

MATEI MILLO

ARM

ENEA

SCA

LIPSCANI

LIPSCANI

CALA

RASI

VIITORU

LUI

ICO

A NEI

3

5

4

1

6

8

9 2

7

12

91

92

16

20

30

959461

11

19

13

1417

15

1865

63

3133

28

73

40

54

4748

49

43

35

68

7269

51

36

52

96

97 98

42

56

71

25 32

55

24

23

60

39

70

3446

38

87

64

50

80

78

90

88

99 57

76

59

6753

83 45

74

5893

7579

4422

1086

62

85

26

104100

105

109110

107

103

108

106

101

102

0.5 0 0.5 1 Kilometers

N

EW

S

ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI CaliforniaLungu & Arion, 2000

Figure 13. Central Bucharest area with buildings built prior to 1945 and identified as having high risk of collapse in case of a strong earthquake (Mw7.5)

The importance factor for structural elements, is selected as follows (Gulkan, 1994): Columns =2; Beams =1; Infill masonry =0.5.

The building structure damage score, SD can be computed as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )[ ] 1004 MDMDMDSD illsinfbeamscolumns illsinfbeamscolumns ++

++=

SD varies from 0 to 100. The vulnerability classes can be selected based on SD score.

The simple criteria might confirm the hierarchy of actual vulnerability of the fragile buildings in

Bucharest in the case of a strong earthquake: (i) Presence of visible damage after the 1977 earthquake as well as the presence of

visible local repairing made after that earthquake; (ii) Presence of the soft ground floor due to commercial use of that floor (no infilled

masonry walls); (iii) Number of storeys of building (taller the building, higher the risk); (iv) Lack of vertical and horizontal symmetry of the building (setbacks, asymmetrical

architecture of the corner buildings) as well as unintended local structural damage due to occupancy changes and activities, corrosion of the reinforcement, low strength concrete (mean compressive strength 100-200 daN/cm2). etc.

Table 5. Buildings with more than 5 stories built before 1940 located on the two most important boulevards of central Bucharest and identified as having highest risk of collapse in case of strong

(comparable to 1977) earthquake

Classification of damage in 1977 follows vulnerability classes of HAZUS methodology, 1998, (see Lungu, D.,

et al., 2000. Advanced Structural Analysis, Conspress, UTCB, 177p.);

No Address

Year of building

construction

Commercial occupancy of groundfloor

Storeys No. of Apt.

Total area sqm.

Damages after the 1977 earthquake in structural

elements

Repairing work after the 1977 earthquake

Gulkan Damage

score

1 Balcescu 24 (Pherekide) 1928 Yes 13 61 12197 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Extreme Extreme Extreme

Jacketing of columns and beams

Masonry Repairs Epoxy resins injections

Mortar injections Finishes

100

4 Calea Victoriei

101 A-B

1937 Yes 11 61 6111 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Extreme Extreme

-

Jacketing of columns Masonry Repairs

Epoxy resins injections 86

6 Magheru 20 1935 Yes 10 52 5484 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

- Light Light


Mortar injections 11

11 Magheru 27 1935 Yes 9.5 36 6405 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Light - -

Jacketing of columns 14

12 Calea Victoriei 2-4 1928 Yes 9 76 12994 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Light Medium

-

Masonry Repairs 29

16 Calea Victoriei 128A 1935 Yes 9 22 6675 Columns: Beams : Masonry:



Masonry Repairs 100

20 Calea Victoriei 112 1939 Yes 9 27 5210 Columns: Beams : Masonry:


Jacketing of 4 columns Masonry Repairs

Epoxy resins injections

100

27 Calea Victoriei 208 1940 Yes 8.5 44 5200 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Extreme Medium Extreme

Jacketing of beams Masonry Repairs

Epoxy resins injections 86


Light Light

Medium

Masonry Repairs

29

61 Balcescu 25 (Wilson) 1928 Yes 12 93 12287 Columns: Beams : Masonry:




Mortar injections Finishes

* partially collapsed in 1977

105


- -

Light/ Medium

Masonry Repairs 37



Jacketing of 6 columns Epoxy resins injections

100




100

94 Balcescu 32-34 1935 Yes 10 41 6996

Columns:

Beams :

Masonry:

Light/ Medium Light/

Medium -

Masonry Repairs 42.5

95 Balcescu 30 1936 Yes 9.5 25 2756 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Extreme -

Medium


Finishes 64

100 Balcescu 7 1933 Yes 7 15 2730 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Light Light

Extreme


36

104 Calea Victoriei 33-35 1930 Yes 6.5 39 4800 Columns: Beams : Masonry:

Medium Medium Medium

Jacketing of columns Masonry Repairs

50

Balcescu 24(Pherekide) Calea Victoriei 101 A-B Magheru 20

Magheru 27 Calea Victoriei 2-4 Calea Victoriei 128A

Calea Victoriei 112 Calea Victorie 208 Calea Victoriei 139

Balcescu 25 (Wilson) Calea Victoriei 124 Calea Victoriei 25

Calea Victoriei 95 Balcescu 32-34 Balcescu 30

Balcescu 7 Calea Victoriei 33-35

Figure 14 Seismic vulnerability class 1

buildings on the most important two boulevards in central

Bucharest

Table 5 and Figure 14 give the characteristics and the photos of 17 buildings seismic vulnerability class 1 located on the two most important boulevards of Bucharest. All of them were built before WWII (1940).

Seismic "risk class in present Romanian seismic code (P100-92) is actually seismic vulnerability class!

That is why the seismic risk matrix presented in Table 6 should be used for the classification of actual seismic risk of vulnerable buildings in Romania.

Table 6 Seismic risk classes

Importance and exposure class Seismic Vulnerability/or

fragility class

I Essential facilities

II Hazardous buildings

III General buildings

IV Minor buildings

1 1 1 1&2 3 2 1&2 2 3 3 3 3

Recently (Dec 2002/Jan 2003), 42 pre-1977 buildings built during the time interval 1945- 1977

were included into the most dangerous seismic vulnerability class 1 buildings in Bucharest, Table 7 and Figure 15.

They are tall RC buildings characterised by soft groundfloor located on soft soil condition of Bucharest city.

Table 7. Fragile tall RC buildings having flexible groundfloor, built prior to 1977 earthquake in Bucharest

No. Name of street No. of buildings No. of stories Address of buildings

1

Calea Grivitei

18

B*+GF+ (7......12)S No. 3-5, 134, 139, 148, 156, 158, 163, 164, 169, 196, 198, 200, 206, 236, 238, 395, 398, 399

2 Stefan cel Mare 11 B+GF+ (6...8)S No. 5, 15. 17, 27, 28, 31, 33, 40, 42, 128, 188 3 Bd. Mihalache (1 Mai) 4 B+GF+(8...10)S No. 170, 172, 174, 399 4 Gara de Nord 3 B+GF+8S No. 2-4, 6-8, no.2 Piata 5 Dinicu Golescu Bd., 1 B+GF+9S No. 23-25 6 Piata Chibrit C 1 B+GF+8S 7 Piata Amzei 1 B+GF+7S No. 12-22 8 Bd. N. Balcescu 1 B+GF+9S No. 33

9 Dorobanti/Stefan cel Mare corner 1 B+GF+12S Blocul Perla

10 Sos. Mihai Bravu, 1 B+GF+8S No. 107-119 * B basement. GF groundfloors, S - stories

Figure 15. Fragile tall RC buildings having flexible groundfloor, built

prior to 1977 earthquake in Bucharest

Various orthodox churches damaged by major historical earthquake in Bucharest are listed in Table 9 and in Figure17.

Table 8. List of cities with hospital buildings requiring strengthening work

Hospitals requiring technical assessment and retrofitting works (design, construction, financing) in various Romanian counties are listed in Figure 16 and Table 8.

Table 9 Churches damaged by major historical earthquakes in Bucharest

Level of damage No. Name Address 1802

event 1838 event

1940 event

1977 event

1 Manastirea Plumbuita, de la Podul Colentinei Str. Plumbuita 58 severe

2 Manastirea Marcuta Str. Gentianei din Sos. Pantelimon severe

3 Doamnei (fosta manastire) Intr. Bis. Doamnei 3, Calea Victoriei 28 medium

4 Sf. Gheorghe-Nou Bd. Bratianu 27 medium 5 Manastirea Antim Str. Mitropolitul Antim Ivireanu 29 light 6 Sf. Elefterie-Vechi Str. Sf. Elefterie 15C medium medium 7 Oborul-Vechi Str. Traian 204 medium medium 8 Sf. Pantelimon Str. Iancu Capitanu 24 severe 9 Popa Rusu Str. Popa Rusu 13-17 medium

10 Precupetii Noi Str. G-ral Ernest Brosteanu 12 medium 11 Doamna Ghica-Tei Str. Doamna Ghica 2 medium

12 Manastirea Sf. Spiridon-Nou Calea Serban Voda 29 medium

13 Sf, Nicolae Tabacu Calea Victoriei 180 medium medium

14 Sf. Nicolae-Selari Str. Blanari 16 / Intr. Selari collapse

15 Sf. Mina (Vergului) Str. C. F. Robescu 18A medium

16 Herastrau-Sfintii Apostoli Petru si Pavel Str. Nicolae Caranfil 28 medium

17 Dobroteasa Bd. Mircea Voda 35B medium 18 Amzei Str. Biserica Amzei 12 light medium

19 Biserica si Scoala Sf. Silvestru Str. Silvestru 36 medium

20 Boteanu (cu Bradu) Str. Boteanu 8 medium severe

21 Popa Nan Str. Popa Nan 47 bis si Str. Gh. Costa-Foru 5 severe severe

22 Sfantul Apostol Andrei-Chitila II Sos. Chitilei 138 severe

23 Aparatorii Patriei II Str. Lunca Barzesti 3 medium

Number of hospitals buildingsCitySeverely damaged.

Requiring immediatetechnical assessment

Having atechnical

report

Approvedproject forretrofitting

Retrofitting inwork

Bacau 3Bucharest 13 16 6 10Buzau 9Constanta 7Craiova 4Focsani 2Galati 6 2 1Giurgiu 1Iasi 21 17 2 5Pitesti 2 7Ploiesti 2Sibiu 1Targu-Mures

2

Vaslui 4 1Barlad 2

Figure 16

Figure 17

There is a certitude that, for about 50 years recurrence interval Vrancea earthquake, several

dozens of pre-WWII tall RC buildings in Bucharest will collapse (there are about 60-100 pers/bldg). More than half of those buildings and several pre - 1977, framed RC structures in are already identified by licensed experts as seismic risk class 1 buildings.

The governmental action of identification of dangerous buildings in Romania started in 1994. In 2001, a new Government Order stated that the Government will 100% advance the necessary

payment, for strengthening of the buildings, to the private owners of apartments in seismic risk class 1 buildings (more than 95%of housing units are private in Romania!).

If the owner salary is less then national average, he have to pay back(to the state) nothing. If it is not, he has to pay the money back in 25 years, with 5% interest.

Anyway, the owner has to agree on the strengthening of its apartment, in case he has to leave the housing unit during the construction work.

Of course, the owners do not like leaving and the necessity buildings for temporary housing during strengthening are not yet implemented.

Moreover, if one apartment owner does not like/agree on strengthening of its apartment, the strengthening of the whole building can not be done!!!

There is a promise of the Ministry of Public Works, during a May, 2003 Seminar, for promoting a new official act which will make compulsory the strengthening of the building structure if the majority of private owners will accept the strengthening(in spite of several owners who would not like to allow strengthening of their apartments).

Distribution per counties of residential buildings, hospital buildings and school buildings, requiring strengthening/retrofitting works in Romania is presented in Figure 18.

Present stage of construction work of the first 8 buildings under retrofitting/strengthening in Bucharest is give in Table 10.

Table 10.

Building 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Total area (sqm) 6050 1831 1615 1750 12313 2013 3706 2271

Height B+GF+8S B+GF+6S B+GF+6S B+GF+6S B+GF+11S B+GF+5S B+GF+8S B+GF+5S 1 ) Present stage of retrofitting work, 2070%; 2) Cost of structure strengthening 50 - 150/ sqm, 3) Duration of construction, 812 month

Figure 18

3 CONCLUSION

There is nothing more important in Seismic Risk Management then Strengthening of the most vulnerable/fragile buildings, damaged by post earthquake or to be severely damaged by the next strong earthquake.

REFERENCES

Ang A.H-S., 1987. Basis for earthquake-resistant design with tolerable structural damage, Proc. 5th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering (ICASP5), Vancouver BC, Canada, Vol.1, 407-416

ASCE 7-98, 2000. ASCE Standard: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, New-York, ASCE, SEI

ATC 20, 1989. Procedures for post-earthquake safety evaluation of buildings, Report ATC-20, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City CA.

ATC 40, 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Report ATC-40, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City CA.

Bard P.-Y., Durville J.L., Godefroy P., Mneroud J.P., Mouroux P., Pecker A., 1995. Guidelines for seismic microzonation studies. Association Franaise du Gnie Parasismique, Paris, October, 45 p.

Bolt B., (1995), Earthquakes, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 331 p.

Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japan, 1978. Digitized data of strong-motion earthquake accelerograms in Romania (March 4, 1977) by Observational Committee of Strong Motion Earthquake, Kenchiku Kenkyu Shiro No.20, January.

Coburn, A., Spence, R., (1992), "Earthquake protection", John Wiley & Sons., New York, 355p. Constantinescu D., Lungu D., 1978. Strengthening of the Faculty of Medicine in Bucharest after March 4, 1977

Vrancea Earthquake. Symposium at the institute "Proiect-Bucuresti", Proceedings, p. 295-318 (in Romanian) Constantinescu, L, Marza, V., (1980), A computer-compiled and computer-oriented catalogue of Romanias

earthquakes during a millenium (984-1979), Gophysique, Tome 24, No2, Bucharest, p.193-206. Demetrescu, G., Remarques sur le tremblement de terre de Roumanie du 10 novembre 1940, Comptes Rendus

des Sances de lAcadmie des Sciences de Roumanie. Numro consacr aux recherches sur le tremblement de terre du 10 Novembre 1940 en Roumanie, 1941, Tome V, Numro 3, Mai-Juin, Cartea Romaneasca, Bucuresti, p.224-242

Draghicenu M.M., 1896, Les tremblements de terre de la Roumanie et des pays environnants. Contribution a la thorie tectonique. Gologie Applique, LInstitut dart graphiques Carol Gbl, Bucharest, p.1-84.

Elnashai A., Lungu D., 1995. Zonation as a tool for retrofit and design of new facilities. Report of the Session A.1.2. 5th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Nice, France, Oct. 16-19, Proceedings Vol.3, Ouest Editions, Preses Academiques, p.2057-2082.

Enescu D., Cornea I., Misicu M., 1982. Source mechanism of the March 4, 1977 earthquake and associated effects of directivity. In: The March 4, 1977 earthquake in Romania, Editura Academiei R.S.Romania, Bucharest, p.36-71 (in Romanian).

Eurocode 8 - Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, 1994. Part 1-1: General rules - Seismic actions and general requirements for structures. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Oct.

HAZUS Technical Manual 1997. Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, 3 Vol. Hwang H.H.M., Huo J.R., 1994. Generation of hazard-consistent fragility curves for seismic loss estimation

studies. Technical Report NCEER-94-0015. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, Aug.

Kennedy R.P., Shinozuka M., 1989. Recommended minimum power spectral density functions compatible with NRC Regulatory Guide 1-60 response spectrum. Brookhaven National Laboratory. January, 28p.

Lungu D., Aldea A., Arion, C., Demetriu S.,Cornea T., 2000. Microzonage Sismique de la ville de Bucarest - Roumanie, Cahier Technique de lAssociation Franaise du Gnie Parasismique, No.20, p.31-63

Lungu, D., Aldea A., Cornea, T., Arion, C., 2000. Seismic microzonation of the City of Bucharest, 6ICSZ Sixth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Palm Springs, California, USA, Nov.12-15, p.489-496

Lungu, D., Vacareanu, R., Aldea, A., Arion, C., 2000. Advanced Structural Analysis, Conspress, UTCB, 177p. Lungu, D., Arion, C., Baur, M., Aldea, A., 2000. Vulnerability of existing building stock in Bucharest, 6ICSZ Sixth

International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Palm Springs, California, USA, Nov.12-15, p.837-846 Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Demetriu, S., Arion, C., 2000. Assessment of seismic risk for Bucharest building stock, Buletinul

AICPS, No 2. p.14- 36 (in Romanian). Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., 2000. "Engineering, state & insurance efforts for reduction of seismic risk in

Romania" In: Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, Jan/Feb.

Lungu D., 1999. Seismic hazard and countermeasures in Bucharest-Romania, Bulletin of the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering IISEE, Tsukuba, Japan, Vol.33, p.341- 373.

Lungu, D. & Aldea, A., 1999. Understanding Urban Risk Around the World. United Nations RADIUS Project at Geohazards Int., Ca., USA. Document City of Bucharest Seismic Profile, 29p.+25p.+8p.

Lungu, D., Arion, C., Aldea, A., Demetriu, S., 1999, Assessment of seismic hazard in Romania based on 25 years of strong ground motion instrumentation, NATO ARW Conference on strong motion instrumentation for civil engineering structures, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2-5, 1999.

Lungu D., Aldea A., Cornea T., 1999. Hazardul seismic in Bucuresti, Buletinul AICR No 39-40 p18-31. Lungu D., Aldea A., Nedelcu C., Cornea T., 1998. Seismic hazard assessment in Romania using GIS technology,

Bulletin of the Technical University of Civil Engineering, No.2/1998, p.2-11 Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., Cornea, T., 1998. "Seismic hazard zonation in Eastern Europe", Second

International Conference on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, September 15-21, Yerevan, Armenia , Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2000, p281-289.

Lungu, D., Demetriu, S., Arion, C. 1998. Seismic vulnerability of buildings exposed to Vrancea earthquakes in Romania. In Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wenzel F., Lungu D., editors, Proc. of First International Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes, p.215-224.

Lungu D., Aldea A., Moldoveanu T., Ciugudean V., Stefanica M., (1998). Surface geology and dynamical properties of soil layers in Bucharest. Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, Kluwer Academic publishers, Wenzel F., Lungu D. - Editors, p.137-148

Lungu D., Cornea T., Nedelcu C., 1998. Probabilistic hazard assessment and site-dependent response for Vrancea earthquakes. In Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, Kluwer Academic publishers b.v., Wenzel F., Lungu D., editors, p.251-268

Lungu D., 1996. Determination of the seismic loads assumptions in Romania and earthquake resistant design of essential facilities, especially of nuclear power plants. 304th Meeting of the Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) & 63rd Meeting of the RSK-Committee for Layout and Civil Works, Oct.21/22, Technische Univ. Mnchen.

Lungu D., Demetriu S., Coman O., 1994. Prediction of Vrancea strong motions for design. Second International Conference on Computational Stochastic Mechanics, Athens, Greece, June 13-15. Proceedings p.221-229, A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam

Lungu D., Cornea T., 1989. The 1986 and 1977 Vrancea earthquakes. Stochastic analysis of their spectral content and structural effects. Constructii Nr.3-4, p. 25-50. (in Romanian)

Marza V., 1995. Romanias seismicity file: 1. Pre-instrumental data. Special publications of the Geological Society of Greece, 1996.

Marza, V.I., Kijko, A., Mntyniemi, P., (1991), Estimate of earthquake hazard in the Vrancea (Romania) region, Pageoph, Vol.136, No.1, Birkhuser Verlag, Basel, p.143-154.

Munich Re, 1998. World Map of Natural Hazards Naeim F., Anderson J.C., 1993. Classification and evaluation of earthquake records for design. The 1993

NEHRP Professional fellowship report. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA, 287p.

Radu C., 1974. Contribution ltude de la sismicit de la Roumanie et comparation avec la sismicit du bassin Mditerranen et en particulier avec la sismicit du Sud-est de la France, Thse Dr.Sci. Universit de Strasbourg.

Radu C. manuscripts, 1994. Catalogues of earthquakes occurred on Romanian territory during the periods 984-1990 and 1901-1994.

Radu, C., 1994. The revised and completed catalogue of historical earthquakes occurred in Romania before 1801. European Seismological Commission, XXIV General Assembly, Sept 19-24, Athens, Greece, Proceedings (and enlarged manuscript).

Stefanescu Gr., 1901. Les tremblements de terre de la Roumanie sur une priode de 1391 ans (455 - 1846). Annales de lAcadmie Roumaine, Srie II, Tome XXIV, Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Gbl, Bucuresci, p.1-34 (en langue roumaine).

Tavera J., 1991. Etude des mcanismes focaux de gros sismes et sismicit dans la rgion Vrancea-Roumanie. Rapport de stage de recherche effectu sous la direction de Anne Deschamps et Hlne Lyon-Caen. DEA de Gophysique Interne, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universit de Paris 7.

Zanfir A., 2000. Assessment of damage buildings (Master thesis, in Romanian), UTCB, 75p. Wells D.L., Coppersmith K.J., 1994. New empirical relations among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width,

rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol.84, No 4, p. 974-1002.

ATC 40. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Report ATC-40, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City CA., 1996

Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japan, 1978. Digitized data of strong-motion earthquake accelerograms in Romania (March 4, 1977) by Observational Committee of Strong Motion Earthquake, Kenchiku Kenkyu Shiro No.20, January.

Chopra, A. K. (1995). Dynamics of structures: theory and applications to earthquake engineering. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Chopra A. K., Goel R. K., 1999 - Capacity-Demand-Diagram Methods For Estimating Seismic Deformation Of Inelastic Structures: SDF Systems, Report No. PEER-1999/02, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 72 p.

Cornea T., Vacareanu R. and Lungu D., 2000 Technical Report for Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 461 of SFB, Germany: Strong Earthquakes: A Challenge for Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Karlsruhe University, 64 p.

Galambos, T. V., Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C. A.. Probability based load criteria: Assessment of current design practice. Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, vol. 108, No. ST5, pp. 959-977, 1982

Freeman, S. A., Nicoletti, J. P., and Tyrell, J. V. (1975). Evaluations of existing buildings for seismic risk A case study of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington.

Proceedings of 1st U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 113-22. Berkeley, Calif.: EERI HAZUS Technical Manual 1997. Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, 3 Vol. Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J. (1982). Earthquake Spectra and Design. Berkeley, Calif. Earthquake

Engineering Research Inst. Park, Y.-J & Ang, A. H.-S.. Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete. Journal of Structural

Engineering. ASCE vol. 111 (4): 722-739, 1985 Rubinstein, R. Y. Simulation and the Monte-Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981 Sandi, H. (convener) - Vulnerability and Risk Analysis for Individual Structures and for Systems. Report of

EAEE WG 5/10 to the 8-th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, 1986 Singhal, A. & Kiremidjian, A. S. A method for earthquake motion-damage relationships with application to

reinforced concrete frames. Technical Report NCEER-97-0008. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo

Valles R. E., Reinhorn A. M., Kunnath S. K., Li C., Madan A. IDARC2D Version 4.0: A Computer Program for the Inelastic Damage Analysis of Buildings, Technical Report NCEER-96-0010, NCEER, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1996

Vcreanu R., 2000 Monte-Carlo Simulation Technique for Vulnerability Analysis of RC Frames An Example Scientific Bulletin on Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, pg. 9-18

Vcreanu R., 1998 - Seismic Risk Analysis for a High Rise Building - Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, Abstract Volume pg. 513 and CD-ROM

Vcreanu R., Cornea T., Lungu D. Evaluation of seismic fragility of buildings, Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings, Editors: Lungu D. & Saito T., Independent Film, Bucharest Romania

Williams, M. S. & Sexsmith, R. G. 1995. Seismic Damage Indices for Concrete Structures: A State-of-the-Art Review. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 11(2): 319-345, 1997

0151

Documents

Transcript of 0151