0132198576 Fusco FMptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780132198578/index/0132198576… · cscope, 211...

A

a command, vi, 151.a extension, 73a modifier, print and x, gdb, 543ABI (Application Binary Interface)

incompatible, 97–98for system calls, 225

abort function, 589–590accept function, 388, 391Acrobat Reader, 131Add/remove feature in revision control, 191addr2line utility, 588–589Adopted processes, 243Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller

(APIC), 462–463Advisory locks, 362Affinity masks, 507–509aic79xx module, 137–138alarm function, 237all target, 77Ampersands (&) in Ex mode, 159Analyzing code

cflow for, 207–210compiler for, 214–216ctags for, 210

Anonymous mapping, 73, 302, 308Anticipatory I/O scheduler, 284–285API (Application Programming Interface), 225APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt

Controller), 462–463Apostrophes (‘)

Ex mode, 159vi, 149–150

Application Binary Interface (ABI)incompatible, 97–98for system calls, 225

Application performance, 475gcov, 491–494gprof, 488–491instruction efficiency, 480–484ltrace, 484–485OProfile, 494–501processor architecture, 476–480strace, 485–487time, 475–476

Application Programming Interface (API), 225Application timing, 255–256apropos command, 118, 122apt-cache command, 35apt-get command, 35apt-key command, 35apt-setup command, 35Apt tool, 34–35ar files, 5, 12Archive files, 4–5

extracting, 11identifying, 6–7querying, 7–11

as scheduler, 285ascii man page, 113Assembly language

inline, 292in linker process, 68system calls in, 224–225

assert function, 589–590astyle artistic style, 206–207attach command, gdb, 553

Index

597

0132198576_Fusco_Index.qxd 2/14/07 3:53 PM Page 597

598 Index

Attaching running processes, 553__attribute__ directive, 524–525Authentication, 19–21

digital signatures for, 21–25problems in, 25–26

Autocompletion feature, 145Kate, 183vi and Vim, 147, 169

autoconf script, 82Autoindentation

Emacs, 171Vim, 167

automake tool, 77Automatic indenting, 145Automatic storage, 338Automatic variables, 57–58auxv files, 344awatch watchpoints, 540awk script, 322

B

b command, vi, 150b suffix, x, gdb, 545Background processes, 244Backticks (`), 49, 60–61backtrace command, gdb, 542, 555backtrace_symbols function, 588Backtraces, 587–589basename function, make, 60basic.S listing, 224bcopy function, 112Beautifiers and browsers, source code,

203–204astyle, 206–207cflow, 207–210compiler, 214–216cscope, 211ctags, 210Doxygen, 212–213indent code, 204–206

Big Endian byte order, 424, 426

Binaries, miscellaneous, 324–326Binary packages, 14–16Binary semaphores, 403—bindir option, 75binutils package, 569Black box for debugging, 584–587Block devices, 257–258, 274–276Blocked signals, 373Blocking

in process scheduler, 228–229timing with, 248–249

Bookmarks, 175boot man page, 113bootparam man page, 113Braces ({})

matching, 144, 182missing, 93–94variables, 52

Branching in revision control, 192break command, gdb, 531, 558breakpoint command, gdb, 532Breakpoints

conditional, 534–535gdb, 531–532setting, 535–537syntax, 532–534and templates, 548–549

brk system call, 310Browsing and building code

Emacs, 175–176Vim, 164–166

Brute-force man page matching, 110bsd autoindentation style, 171BSD syntax, 435Buffers

Emacs, 173file streams, 516–517file systems, 517–519I/O devices, 276–280overflows, 555–556, 571–572stack, 338text editor, 145trace, 584–587


Index 599

Builds, 41–42alternative approaches, 43–44background, 42documentation, 135–136errors and warnings, 78

build stage, 83–86compiler errors, 86–88compiler warnings, 88–98configure stage, 82–83linker errors, 98–100Makefile mistakes, 79–82

GNU tools, 43, 74–77imake, 42–43libraries for, 69–73linking, 67–69make program. See make program and

Makefilesprocess, 74

Bus contention, 459–461Bus error (SIGBUS) signal, 554bvi editor, 180, 421–422bzip2 tool, 4

C

C commandEmacs, 173vi, 153

C languagecompiler warnings, 93–94file streams, 516–517preprocessor, 81

C++ languagebreakpoints, 535–537compiler warnings, 95–98STL, 549–551and templates, 548–549

c modifier, print and x, gdb, 543cache-miss.c listing, 478–480Cache misses, 458, 481, 483cachegrind tool, 480–481

CachesCPU, 291–295I/O devices, 276–280memory, 295–296multiprocessor performance, 504

call command, gdb, 547call function, make, 63callgrind tool, 580cb filter, 204cfile command, Vim, 166CFLAGS, 66cflow command, 207–210cfq scheduler, 285–286Change commands, vi, 153Character devices, 257–258, 273–274charsets man page, 113Check in in revision control, 191Check out in revision control, 191–192chrt command, 236–237CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

processors, 501–502Clean blocks, 280clean target, 77Client/server example

local sockets, 387–392network sockets, 392–393

client_un.c listing, 390–392clock function, 249–251clock_getres function, 253clock_gettime function, 251–252CLOCK_ IDs, 252–253clock_t type, 249–251Clock ticks, 249, 253–255CLOCKS_PER_SEC macro, 249clone system call, 320Closing

device drivers, 257POSIX message queues, 398

cmdline file, in /proc, 344, 593cnext command, Vim, 166Code. See Source codeCoherency, memory, 295–296Coloring, stack, 339


600 Index

Command mode, vi, 147–148Communication, interprocess. See Interprocess

communication (IPC)Compatibility

ABI, 97–98text editor, 146

Compilercode analysis, 214–216errors, 86–88warnings, 88–89

C, 93–94C++, 95–98format, 91–93, 525–526implicit declarations, 89–91

Complete Fair Queuing I/O scheduler (CFQ),285

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)processors, 501–502

Concurrent Version System (CVS), 190–193,201

Conditional breakpoints, 532, 534–535Conditional constructs, 64–66configure.in file, 77configure script

build process, 74–77errors in, 82–83

Conflicts in revision control, 201CONFORMING TO man section, 112Cons project, 44Containers, 549Contention, bus, 459–461continue command, gdb, 532, 558control.tar.gz file, 32Cooperative multitasking, 227Copy on write technique, 319–320Core dumps, 589–591core-file command, gdb, 554Core files, debugging, 553–557coreutils info page, 119Corruption

memory, 578–579stack, 555–556

Counters, semaphore, 402–403cpio files, 5, 8, 11

cpp info page, 119CPPFLAGS variable, 82–83cppsym.c listing, 536cprev command, Vim, 166CPU

cache, 291–295multicore, 505–506multiprocessing, 456–458parallelism, 501–504utilization

affinity masks for, 507–509vs. efficiency, 458–459vmstat for, 469

CPU_ macros, 508cpu_idle function, 458cpu_set_t type, 508–509crazy-malloc.c listing, 303–304crazy-malloc2.c listing, 308–310crazy-malloc3.c listing, 312–315Cross-references

help, 121–122man pages, 111

cscope tool, 211ctags command, 164–166, 210Ctrl key

vi, 151, 154Vim, 161, 165

Cursor movement commandsEmacs, 173vi, 149–151

Cut commandsEmacs, 174vi, 155–158

CVS (Concurrent Version System), 190–193,201

cwd file, in /proc, 344, 593

D

d commandEx mode, 159, 161vi, 155

d modifier, print and x, gdb, 543


Index 601

-d option, GCC, 214–215data.tar.gz file, 32—datadir option, 75dbgprintf function, 586dd command, 246–247, 475–476deadline scheduler, 284–285Debian distribution

contents, 28–33package format for, 14updating, 34–35

Debugging, 513–514backtraces for, 587–589black box for, 584–587core dumps, 589–591GNU. See gdb debuggerIPC. See Interprocess communication (IPC)memory issues. See Memorypreprocessor macros, 214–216printf for. See printf functionprocfs for, 416, 591–594shared objects. See Shared objectsshell commands, 85–86signals for, 590–591

Declaration warnings, 89–91Decrypted passwords in memory, 343Default editors, 143–144Default shared object locations, 564–565#define directive, 520–521delete command

Ex mode, 160gdb, 532

Delete commandsEmacs, 174vi, 155–158

delete operator, C++, 572Dependencies

compiler, 214make program, 45–48, 79package, 13, 27–28in updates, 38

Deprecated features, 96–97Desktop help tools, 120Destructors, 95

detach command, gdb, 553/dev directory, 9, 241, 260–263devfs, 266Device Independent (DVI) system, 124Devices and device drivers, 257, 272–273

block, 257–258, 274–276buffer cache, 276–280bus contention, 459–461character, 257–258, 273–274file-system, 259file-system cache, 276–281interrupts, 461–462kernel modules, 259–260lspci for, 464–467network, 259nodes, 257, 260–262

major numbers, 264–265minor numbers, 263–264sources, 266–271

PIC vs. APIC, 462–463slots, 463–467

diff command, 193–197diff3 command, 198–201diffstat command, 123Digital signatures

authentication with, 21–25ELF files, 324renaming functions based on, 99

-dir option, 197Direct Memory Access (DMA), 295Dirty blocks, 280Dirty caches, 296display command, gdb, 551–552Displaying

expressions, 551–552variable values, 542–547

distclean target, 77Distribution formats, 3DMA (Direct Memory Access), 295do/while loops, 522–523doc-linux package, 121DocBook format, 126–127, 138docbook-utils package, 126


602 Index

Document Type Definition (DTD), 126Documentation. See also Help

builds, 135–136code, 212–213cross referencing and indexing, 121–122Emacs commands, 172formats, 124–131

Dollar signs ($), Ex mode, 159Domains, socket, 383down command, gdb, 542Doxyfile file, 212–213Doxygen tool, 212–213dpkg command, 32Drivers. See Devices and device driversDTD (Document Type Definition), 126Dual-core CPUs, 505–506Dumping

core files, 553–557file data, 420–426

DVI (Device Independent) format, 124dvipdf tool, 125Dynamic libraries, 69–73, 561Dynamic linker, 69, 300, 562–565Dynamic priority, 230–231

E

e command, Ex mode, 161-E option, GCC, 214–215echo command, 50ECOFF format, 324edit command, Ex mode, 160Editing source files. See Text editorsEF_ALLOW_MALLOC_0 variable, 582ef, Electric Fence tool, 581EF_PROTECT_BELOW variable, 583Effective scheduler priority, 231Electric Fence tool, 581–583Elevator algorithms, 282–284ELF format, 324ellemtel autoindentation style, 171else clause, 65

.emacs file, 177–178Emacs text editor, 143, 146, 170

browsing and building code, 175–176commands and shortcuts, 172–173cursor movement, 173deleting, cutting, and pasting, 174features, 170GUI mode, 179modes, 170–172search and replace, 174–175settings, 177–178text mode menus, 176–177for vi users, 178–179

environ file, in /proc, 344, 592ENVIRONMENT man section, 111–112error function, 63errorformat setting, 168Errors and warnings, build process, 78

build stage, 83–86compiler errors, 86–88compiler warnings, 88–98configure stage, 82–83linker, 98–100Makefile, 79–82

etags utility, 175etime format, 349evince tool, 124, 130Ex mode, 158–163Exact matching for man pages, 110Exception conditions, 370exe file, in /proc, 345, 593exec function

child processes, 318, 320, 330, 332, 334chrt, 238control transfer, 320–321

Executablesobject files, 324profiling

gcov for, 491–494gprof for, 488–491OProfile for, 494–501

scripts, 321–323Execution parallelism, 502

0132198576_Fusco_Index.qxd 2/14/07 3:53 PM 02

Index 603

execve function, 320–326expandtabs setting, 167.exrc file, 166–167Extracting archive files, 11

F

f command, vi, 156f modifier, print and x, gdb, 543factorial.c listing, 555–556FAQs, 133fcntl function, 335FD_CLOEXEC flag, 335fd directory, 336

description, 345for open files, 594for pipes, 437

fdatasync function, 281, 518–519Fedora distribution

GUI-enabled vim package for, 169man pages in, 107package format for, 14

fflush function, 517, 519fg command, 244Fibonacci function, 205Field groups with top, 450FIFO (first in, first out)

pipes, 437–438scheduling, 236–237

file command, 6–7, 418–419, 554File descriptors, 331–336

leaked, 415limits, 337–338lsof command, 336–337

file-ipc-better.c listing, 360–362file-ipc-naive.c listing, 358–360File streams, 516–517File systems

buffering, 517–519caches, 276–280drivers, 259I/O, 274–276

filedat.c listing, 420–422Files

dumping, 420–426locking, 362permissions, 8–10

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, 121for man pages, 105overview, 113

filter function, 62filter-out function, 62Filters, Synaptic, 37Finding

info pages, 118man pages

with apropos, 107–110with whatis, 110–111

open source tools, 2–3processes, 352–353

findstring function, 62firefox package, 23First in, first out (FIFO)

pipes, 437–438scheduling, 236–237

Fixed scheduler priority, 230flawfinder tool, 571Floating-point error (SIGFPE) signal, 553Floating-point types with printf, 526flock function, 413Flushing caches, 296Folding in Kate text editor, 183Footprint, process, 329–331fopen function, 362Forcing core dumps, 589–591Foreground processes, 244fork-file.c listing, 332–336fork function, 238, 242, 318, 320, 332, 334Forks, timing in, 255Formats

help documentation, 124–131man pages, 105package, 14printf, 91–92, 525–526process information, 349–351


604 Index

fprintf function, 91Fragmented memory, 305–306frame command, gdb, 542free command, 449, 452–453, 572Frequency, tick, 253–255Frontside bus (FSB), 456–458fsync function, 281, 517–519ftok function, 413ftpd function, 320ftruncate function, 366–367full device, 262funalloc.c listing, 579–580Functions

calling from gdb, 547declarations, 90hook, 178renaming, 99signal safe, 370user-defined, 63–64variable manipulation, 60wrapper, 523–525

fuser command, 417–418

G

G command, vi, 149g suffix, x, gdb, 545GCC. See GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)gcc info page, 119gcc project, 76gcore function, 590gcov tool, 491–494gdb debugger, 529–530

attaching to running process with, 553for core files, 553–557with Electric Fence, 582inspecting and manipulating data with gdb,

541–542C++ STL, 549–551display command, 551–552function calling, 547

print, 542–547templates, 548–549

for multithreaded programs, 557–558for optimized code, 558–561running code with, 530–531stopping and restarting execution with,

531–532breakpoints, 532–537watchpoints, 537–541

Gedit text editor, 184–185GENERATE_ tags, Doxygen, 213Gentoo distribution, 14getprotoent function, 384getrlimit function, 314–315, 340–342getrusage function, 250–251, 255, 328, 342Ghostscript tools, 129–130glibc, 569–570

MALLOC_CHECK_ for, 573memusage, 574–576mtrace, 573–574

glibc-utils package, 574–576gmon.out file, 498–499gnome-help tool, 107, 117, 120gnome-terminal, 176gnometerminal window, 171GNU arch tool, 190gnu autoindentation style, 171GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

build tools, 43, 74–77C compiler warnings, 93–94C++ compiler warnings, 95–98code analysis, 214debugger. See gdb debuggerGhostscript tools, 129–130heap, 305–307info pages, 115–119

GNU Privacy Guard (GPG), 22–25gprof tool, 488–491, 498–499Graphviz tool, 212groff language tool, 131gs command, 130gstack script, 587


Index 605

GUI text editors, 143, 182–183Emacs, 179Gedit, 184–185Kate and Kwrite, 183–184NEdit, 184–186SciTE, 186–187vi, 147Vim, 147, 168–169

gvim program, 168gvimdiff tool, 198–199gzip tool, 4, 7

H

h command, vi, 149h suffix, x, gdb, 545Hard limits, 340Hard real-time application, 236Hashes, 19–20HAVE_DOT tag, Doxygen, 213Heap memory

analysis, 579–581libraries for, 305–307overflows, 571–572, 581–583and virtual memory, 308–310

helgrind function, 580hello-sync.c listing, 405hello-unsync.c listing, 403–404Help, 103

cross referencing and indexing, 121–122documentation formats, 124–131Internet information sources, 131–134kernel information, 134–138miscellaneous documentation, 138online tools, 103–104

desktop, 120info pages, 115–119man pages. See man pages

package queries, 122–123/usr/share/doc directory, 121

help command, Ex mode, 161

hexdump command, 424–425hier man page, 113Hints, cache, 294–295hog.c listing, 448Hook functions, 178Hotplug feature, 266–268HOWTO documents, 133HTML for documentation, 127–129htons macro, 392Hyperthreading feature, 339, 505Hypertransport connections, 460HZ macro, 253

I

i command, vi, 151–152i modifier, print and x, gdb, 543IA32 architecture, 92ifdef conditional, 64, 66ifeq conditional, 64–66ifndef conditional, 64ifneq conditional, 64Illegal instruction (SIGILL) signal, 435, 554imake program, 42Implicit declarations, 89–91Implicit Makefile rules, 52–57in_addr structure, 393INADDR_ANY macro, 392Include files, 87Incompatible ABI, 97–98Incremental search mode, 175indent command, 204–206Indentation

code beautifiers, 204–206Emacs, 171

IndexesEmacs, 175help, 121–122Vim, 164–166

info command, gdb, 532, 536, 540, 542, 548,557


606 Index

info pages, 104, 115recommended, 119searching, 118viewing, 115–118

init function, 242, 317–318, 320Initializers, reordered, C++, 95–96Inline assembly, 292Inline functions, 523, 559Inline synchronization, 521Inodes, 440–442insecure.c listing, 342–343Insert commands, vi, 151–152Insert mode

vi, 147Vim, 161–162

Inspecting and manipulating data, gdbdebugger, 541–542

C++ standard template library, 549–551display command, 551–552function calling, 547print, 542–547templates, 548–549

install target, 77–78Installation scripts, 27–28Instantiation, 548Instructions

efficiency, 480–484latency, 503–504

Interactive processes, 230Internationalization, text editor, 188–189Internet information sources, 131–134Interprocess communication (IPC), 357

debugging, 415dumping file data, 420–426inodes, 440–442open files, 415–420pipes, 437–438POSIX, 431–434signals, 434–437sockets, 438–440System V, 426–431

message queues, 393POSIX, 397–402System V, 393–397

pipes, 381–382plain files, 358–363semaphores, 402–407

POSIX, 407–410System V, 410–412

shared memory, 363POSIX, 364–367System V, 367–370

signals, 370–371handling, 371–373masks for, 373–376real-time, 376–378sending, 371sigqueue and sigaction, 378–381

sockets, 382client/server, 387–393creating, 383–385debugging, 438–440example, 385–387

Interruptible process state, 239Interrupts

device, 461–462sar for, 473

Interrupts per second information, 469Invalidating cache entries, 295I/O

buffering, 517–519devices, 272–273

block devices and file systems, 274–276buffer cache and file-system cache, 276–280character, 273–274

informationsar for, 472–473vmstat for, 468–469

scheduler, 282–286I/O APIC, 462iostat tool, 473–475IPC. See Interprocess communication (IPC)


Index 607

IPC_PRIVATE macro, 393ipcrm command, 426, 430ipcs command, 370, 426, 428–430IPPROTO_ flags for socket protocols, 385Iterators, C++, 550

J

j command, vi, 149jadetex package, 126java autoindentation style, 171JBellz Trojan, 17–18Jed text editor, 181–182Jiffies, 253Jobs, process, 346Joe text editor, 181–182

K

k command, vi, 149Kate text editor, 183–184Kconfig files, 136kdvi tool, 124Kernel, 221–222

clock ticks, 253–255devices and device drivers. See Devices and

device driversinformation about, 134–138I/O scheduler, 282–286memory management. See Memory; Virtual

memoryprocess scheduler. See Process scheduleruser mode vs. kernel mode, 222–226

Kernel modules, 259–260Kernel space, 222–223, 226Kernel threads, 281Key mapping, vi, 148khelpcenter program, 107, 117–118, 120kill function, 354, 371, 378–380, 531, 591kmem device, 262

kmsg device, 262Knoppix distribution


.ko extension, 260konqueror tool, 130K&R autoindentation style, 171kswapd thread, 449kvim program, 168–169Kwrite text editor, 183

L

l command, vi, 149L1 cache, 291, 481–482L2 cache, 291–292, 482–483L3 cache, 292Labels in revision control, 192LAPIC (Local APIC), 462Last in, first out (LIFO) buffers, 338Latency

instruction, 503–504scheduling, 235

LaTeX system, 124Lazy TLB flushing, 290LBA (logical block addressing), 258ld command, 67LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable, 564ld info page, 119LD_PRELOAD variable, 564–565, 581–582ldconfig command, 564, 568ldd command, 68–69, 562–563, 566LDFLAGS variable, 82–83ldlinux.so linker, 564Leaks

file descriptors, 415memory, 570

mtrace for, 573–574valgrind for, 577–578

Leaky.c listing, 577–578


608 Index

Leaning toothpick syndrome, 163Least recently used (LRU) pages, 448less program, 116libc info page, 119—libdir option, 75Libraries

for builds, 69–73for heap, 305–307naming convention, 73STL, 549–551

librt library, 433Lifetime, variable, 52LIFO (last in, first out) buffers, 338Line buffering, 515–516#line directives, 215Linker errors, 98–100Linking builds, 67–69lint program, 88–89Linus Elevator algorithm, 282–284linux autoindentation style, 171Linux Documentation Project, 133listen function, 388, 391Listen sockets, 388Listing shared objects, 566–567Little Endian byte order, 424, 426Local APIC (LAPIC), 462Local sockets

client/server example, 387–392debugging, 439

Locating shared objects, 564–565Locked memory, 310–315, 339–340lockf function, 360, 362Logical block addressing (LBA), 258LRU (least recently used) pages, 448ls command, 418lsof command, 336–337

in debugging, 416–417inodes, 441pipes, 437semaphores, 434shared memory, 428sockets, 438–439

lspci tool, 464–467ltrace command, 434, 484–485

Mm command, vi, 154Macros

debugging, 214–216do/while in, 522–523POSIX scheduling policy, 238printf, 519–521

madvise function, 295–296magic field, 325Magic numbers, 324–326mailing-list archive (MARC), 134Mailing lists, 134Major device numbers, 264–265Major page faults, 289, 447make program and Makefiles, 42, 44–45.

See also Buildsconditional constructs, 64–66dependencies, 214error detection by, 84–86install stage, 77–78minimal, 52–57mistakes, 79–82, 84rules and dependencies, 45–48sources, 66–67targets, 77–78user-defined functions, 63–64variables

automatic, 57–58defining, 48–49in implicit rules, 53–55manipulating, 59–63referencing and modifying, 52white space and newlines in, 50–51

Vim, 166make target, 77makeinfo program, 125–126makeprg setting, 168makewhatis tool, 122MALLOC_CHECK_ variable, 573malloc function, 303–304

overcommitment by, 309–310and overflow, 572page table mappings with, 446–447with pointers, 569


Index 609

MALLOC_TRACE variable, 574mallopt function, 307Malware, 17–18man pages, 103–105

contents, 111–112organization, 105–107recommended, 112–114searching


Mandatory locks, 362mandb version, 122—mandir option, 76Mandriva distribution, 14Mangling, name, 99MAP_ANONYMOUS flag, 308map command, Ex mode, 160Maps, memory, 592

anonymous, 73, 302, 308virtual memory, 329–330

maps file, in /proc, 345MARC (mailing-list archive), 134Masks

affinity, 507–509magic numbers, 325signals, 435

massif tool, 579–581md5sum command, 20–21, 33md5sums file, 33mebibytes, 114mem driver, 258, 261–262, 264mem file, in /proc, 345memcheck function, 577memcpy function, 112Memory

debugging, 569–570buffer overflows, 571–572corruption, 578–579heap analysis, 579–581heap overflow, 581–583leaks, 570, 573–574, 577–578MALLOC_CHECK_, 573mtrace, 573–574

pointers, 569–570statistics, 574–576Valgrind tools, 576–581

decrypted passwords in, 343kernel modes, 222for libraries, 71locked, 310–315, 339–340mapping, 73, 302, 308, 592for processes, 303–310

resident and locked, 339–340usage, 353–354

system, 310in system performance, 446

page faults, 446–448swapping, 448–456

text editors, 187–188virtual. See Virtual memoryvmstat information, 468

Memory coherency, 295–296Memory leaks, 570

mtrace for, 573–574valgrind for, 577–578

Memory Management Unit (MMU), 288–289,581

Memory-related ps formats, 350memset function, 533memusage function, 574–576memusagestat function, 576mepis distribution, 14Merging revision changes, 192–197Message queues, IPC, 393

POSIX, 397–402, 432–433System V, 393–397, 429–430

Meta keys, 171Metadata, 5Minibuffer mode, 173Minimal Makefiles, 52–57Minor device numbers, 263–264Minor page faults, 289, 447Minus signs (-), vi, 149Missing braces, 93–94Missing include files, 87Missing parentheses, 93


610 Index

Missing public keys, 24–25Missing tabs, 79–80mkfifo function, 382mkfs command, 274mknod command, 260–261, 382mkswap command, 298mlock function, 310–311mlockall function, 311mmap function

devices, 274–275memory coherency, 295–296memory fragmentation, 306–308pointers, 570shared memory, 364

MMU (Memory Management Unit), 288–289,581

Modeless text editors, 170Modes

Emacs, 170–172vi, 147–148

Modifyingprocess affinity, 508variables, 52

modinfo command, 137–138Modules

documentation, 137–138kernel, 259–260

monotone tool, 190mostlyclean target, 77Motherboards, multiprocessor, 504–505mount command, 276mounts file, in /proc, 345mpg123 program, 17–18mpstat tool, 473–475mq_close function, 398mq_getattr function, 398mq_notify function, 433mq_open function, 397–398mq_receive function, 399, 402mq_send function, 399mq_setattr function, 398–399mq_unlink function, 398–399mqueue file system, 433

mqueuepseudo file system, 432MS_INVALIDATE flag, 296MS_SYNC flag, 296msg_receive function, 402msgctl function, 394msgget function, 393–394msgrcv function, 396–397msgsnd function, 394msync function, 295–296, 364Multicore CPUs, 505–506Multiprocessor performance, 501

Frontside Bus, 456–458SMP hardware, 501

CPU parallelism, 501–504motherboards, 504–505multicore CPUs, 505–506SMT, 505

SMP programming, 506affinity masks, 507–509scheduler, 506–507

Multitaskingcooperative, 227preemptive, 228process. See Process scheduler

Multithreaded programs, 557–558munlock function, 310munmap function, 364muntrace function, 574

N

n command, vi, 150-N flag, diff, 195Names

finding processes by, 352–353in libraries, 73in man pages, 106mangling, 99package, 28sending process signals by, 354–355

Nano text editor, 181–182


Index 611

nasty.c listing, 533Native POSIX Threads Library (NPTL), 509ncurses library, 450NEdit text editor, 184–186netstat command, 438–440Network devices, 259Network sockets

client/server example, 392–393debugging, 441

Network Time Protocol (NTP) package, 127new-corrupt.cpp listing, 578–579, 581new operator, 572Newlines

printf, 515–516in variables, 50–51

Newsgroups, 134next command, gdb, 531, 558nice command, 234–235, 238nm command

for linking, 72for symbols, 99, 567–568

Nodes, device, 257, 260–262major numbers, 264–265minor numbers, 263–264sources, 266–271

Nonvirtual destructors, 95noop scheduler, 282–284NPTL (Native POSIX Threads Library), 509NTP (Network Time Protocol) package, 127null device, 262Null pointer arguments, 93Number of buffers per session feature, 147NVRAM driver, 264nvram module, 267–268

O

o command, vi, 151o modifier, print and x, gdb, 543objdump command, 559–560, 567–568Object files, executable, 324

Octal dump command, 425–426od command, 425–426off_t type, 525Official package names, 28offset field for magic numbers, 325Offsets, memory pages, 288Online help tools, 103–104

desktop, 120info pages, 115–119man pages. See man pages

OOM (out-of-memory) killer, 297, 309oom_adj file, in /proc, 345oom_score file, in /proc, 345opannotate tool, 496, 499opcontrol tool, 495–497Open files

information for, 593IPC debugging, 415–420

open functiondevice drivers, 257permissions for, 332

Open source tools, 1archive files, 4–5

extracting, 11identifying, 6–7querying, 7–11

defined, 2distribution formats, 3finding, 2–3packages. See Packagessignificance, 2–3

Opening POSIX message queues, 397–398OpenSSH source code, 18operator man page, 113opgprof tool, 496, 498–499opreport tool, 496, 498.oprofile file, 496OProfile profiler, 494–495

for applications, 497–500opcontrol tool, 495–497remarks, 500–501

oprofiled tool, 496–498Opteron CPUs, 504–505


612 Index

Optimized code, debugging, 558–561Out-of-memory (OOM) killer, 297, 309Out-of-order steps in optimized code, 559Output modifiers, print and x, gdb, 543–544Overcommit, memory, 309–310Overflow

buffer, 555–556, 571–572heap, 581–583stack, 338, 555–556

Overlays, shared objects for, 562overrun.c listing, 540–541

P

p command, vi, 155-p option, patch, 197Packages

contents, 27–33package managers, 12–14queries, 29–30, 122–123security for, 17–26source and binary, 14–16updating, 33–39working with, 16–17

PAE (Physical Address Extension), 302Page faults, 289, 446–448Page tables, 289Pages in virtual memory. See Virtual memoryParallel bus, 463, 465Parallelism, CPU, 501–504Parentheses ()

macros, 520missing, 93

Partitions, swap, 297–298Passwords in memory, 343Pasting

Emacs, 174vi, 155–158

patch command, 193–197Patching, libraries for, 70patsubst function, 60, 62Pattern rules, 55pause function, 242

pax utility, 5PCI bus, 459, 463–465PCI Express (PCIe) connections, 460–461,

463PCI-X bus, 463PDF (Portable Document Format), 130–131PDF_HYPERLINKS tag, Doxygen, 213pdflatex tool, 125pdflush daemon, 281Percent signs (%)

Ex mode, 159vi, 149

Performance, 445application. See Application performancemultiprocessor. See Multiprocessor perform-

anceprintf, 514–515system. See System performance

Periods (.)Ex mode, 159vi, 154

Permissions, 8–10, 332permute.cpp listing, 551–552PF_ flags for socket domains, 383pgrep command, 352–353Physical Address Extension (PAE), 302PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller),

462–463Pico text editor, 181–182PID directory, 344–345PIDs

with gdb, 553System V memory, 428System V message queues, 430

pinfo command, 117pipe function, 381–382Pipelines, 502–505Pipes, IPC, 381–382, 437–438pkg-config tool, 567pkgtool package manager, 13–14pkill command, 354–355Plain files for IPC, 358–363Plus signs (+), vi, 149pmap function, 299–301, 305, 353–354, 592


Index 613

Pointersfreeing, 569–570null arguments, 93

Polling in IPC, 376pop command, vi, 165Popping, stack, 338port device, 262Portable Document Format (PDF), 130–131portage package manager, 13–14Position-independent code, 563POSIX API

IPC debugging, 431–434library, 69message queues, 397–402, 432–433semaphores, 407–410, 433–434shared memory, 364–367, 431–432

posix-msgq-ex.c listing, 399–402posix_sem.c listing, 407–410, 433–434posix-shm.c listing, 365–367Postmortem debugging, 554PostScript language, 129–130Pound signs (#)

Ex mode, 163macros, 520–521

Preemptable kernels, 229Preemption in process scheduler, 228–229Preemptive multitasking, 228Prefetching, cache, 294—prefix option, 75Preprocessor macros

debugging, 214–216printf, 519–521

print command, gdb, 541–547print_trace function, 588–589printf function, 514

bufferingand file streams, 516–517and file systems, 517–519

format warnings, 91–92, 525–526gdb, 541performance effects, 514–515preprocessor help, 519–521remarks, 528–529synchronization issues, 515–516

tips, 527–528wrapper functions, 523–525

Prioritiesprocess scheduler

and fairness, 229–233and nice, 234–235real-time, 235–237

queued messages, 397/proc directory, 268–269, 344–346/proc/cpuinfo file, 477–478/proc/pid/fd directory, 437Process scheduler, 226

blocking, preemption, and yielding in,228–229

overview, 226–227priorities

and fairness, 229–233and nice, 234–235real-time, 235–237

process states, 239–245real-time processes, 238–239timing, 246–249

applications, 255–256kernel clock tick, 253–255system time units, 249–253

Processes, 317–318clone, 320communication between. See Interprocess

communication (IPC)copy on write, 319–320environment, 592–593exec, 320–321executable object files, 324executable scripts, 321–323file descriptors, 331–338finding, 352–353footprints, 329–331fork and vfork, 318information for

displaying, 346–348formats for, 349–351sar for, 471–472vmstat for, 468

limits, 340–343


614 Index

Processes, continuedmemory for, 303–310

resident and locked, 339–340usage, 353–354virtual, 298–302

miscellaneous binaries, 324–326and procfs, 343–346real-time, 238–239scheduling. See Process schedulersignals for, 354–355stack for, 338–339states, 239

sleeping vs. running, 240–241stopped, 243–245zombies and Wait, 241–243

synchronizing, 327–329Processor architecture

instruction efficiency, 480–484x86info for, 476–480

procfs file systemfor debugging, 416, 442, 591–594process information provided by, 343–346vs. sysfs, 268–269

procps package, 346, 349–351Profiling executables

gcov for, 491–494gprof for, 488–491OProfile for, 494–501

profme.c listing, 488–491—program-prefix option, 76—program-suffix option, 76Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC),

462–463Projects in revision control, 191Protected output, 403Protocols, socket, 384–385ps function, 235, 243

for finding processes, 352–353formats, 349–351options, 233overview, 346–348for semaphores, 431for states, 239–240

Pseudotargets, 47–48pthread_create function, 320, 509pthread_self function, 509pthread_setaffinity_np function, 509pthread_setschedparam function, 238Public keys, missing, 24–25Pushing, stack, 338Put commands, vi, 155–158python autoindentation style, 171

Q

q command, Ex mode, 161Quad-core CPUs, 506Quantum, 228, 237Queries

archive file, 7–11package, 29–30, 122–123

queryformat option, 30Question marks (?)

Ex mode, 159vi, 150

Queues, message, 393POSIX, 397–402, 432–433System V, 393–397, 429–430

quit command, vi, 160

R

-R flag, patch, 195Race conditions, 334, 357raise function, 380, 591ramdisk device

memory for, 310vs. tmpfs, 280

random device, 262rbreak command, gdb, 549RCS (Revision Control System), 190–191Read operations

blocking, 248–249character devices, 273POSIX message queues, 399


Index 615

Readabilityautomatic variables for, 57–58indentation, 204–206

readelf command, 567–569README files, 121, 123, 135Real-time applications, 235–236Real-time priorities, 235–236

FIFO scheduling, 236–237round-robin scheduling, 237

Real-time processes, 238–239Real-time signals, 376–378Reaping processes, 327Red Hat distribution

package format, 14updating, 37–39

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)processors, 501–502

Referencing variables, 52regex man page, 114register pseudofile, 325Registers

SMT, 505vi, 157

Regular expressionsman pages, 110text editors, 145

Removing POSIX message queues, 398–399Renaming functions, 99renice command, 234Reordered initializers, 95–96Repeated vi commands, 148Resident memory, 339–340Restarting execution with gdb, 531–532

breakpoints, 532–537watchpoints, 537–541

Reviewing revision changes, 193–197Revision control, 189

basics, 189–190diff and patch, 193–197RCS, 190–191reviewing and merging changes, 193–197terms, 191–193

Revision Control System (RCS), 190–191

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)processors, 501–502

RLIMIT_ flags, 341–342rlimit structure, 314, 340–341rmmod command, 260, 267root file, in /proc, 345Round-robin scheduling, 237RPM (RPM Package Manager) package, 13–14

contents, 28–31updating, 35–36

rpm utility, 23rpm2cpio command, 31rt-sig.c listing, 377–378Rules, Makefiles, 45–48, 52–57run command, gdb, 531runex script, 232Running out of process memory, 303–310Running processes, 239

attaching to, 553vs. sleeping, 240–241

rwatch command, gdb, 540

S

S command, vi, 153s modifier, print and x, gdb, 543SA_SIGINFO flag, 379sar tool, 469–470

interrupt activity, 473I/O information, 472–473process information, 471–472remarks, 473–474virtual memory information, 470–471

—sbindir, configure, 75scanf function, 92SCHED_FIFO macro, 238–239sched_getaffinity function, 508SCHED_OTHER macro, 238SCHED_RR macro, 238sched_setaffinity function, 508sched_setscheduler function, 238–239sched_yield function, 228


616 Index

SchedulerI/O, 282–286process. See Process schedulerSMP programming, 506–507

Scheduler-lock feature, 558Scheduler-related process formats, 351schedutils package, 507SciTE text editor, 186–187Scons project, 44Scope, make variable, 52Scripts

executable, 321–323installation, 27–28typos in, 323

SCSI devices, 263, 269–271Search and replace feature

Emacs, 174–175Ex mode, 163

Searchinginfo pages, 118man pages


Securitykernel modes for, 222packages, 17–26shared objects, 565

SEE ALSO man section, 111Segmentation violation signal. See SIGSEGV

(segmentation violation) signalselect function, 388self directory, in /proc, 336sem_destroy function, 410sem_init function, 410sem_open function, 408–410sem_post function, 407sem_t type, 433sem_unlink function, 409sem_wait function, 406Semaphores, IPC, 402–407

POSIX, 407–410, 433–434System V, 410–412, 430–431

semop function, 412semtimedop function, 431Sending signals to processes, 371server_un.c listing, 388–390set command

Ex mode, 160gdb, 547

set args command, gdb, 530–531set scheduler-lock command, gdb, 558setaffinity functions, 509setgid bit, 8–10setrlimit function, 312, 314–315, 339–342Settings

Emacs, 177–178vi, 166–168

setuid bit, 8–10setvbuf function, 516–517, 519SGML Document Type Definition, 126Shared memory, IPC, 363

POSIX, 364–367, 431–432System V, 367–370, 426–429

Shared objects, 561creating, 563listing, 566–567locating, 564–565security with, 565symbols in, 567–569unused, 567using, 562

Shell commandsdebugging. See DebuggingMakefiles, 79–80syntax errors, 85–86

shell function, make, 60shiftwidth setting, 167shm_open function, 364, 366–367, 369shm_unlink function, 364shmat function, 368shmctl function, 368shmdt function, 368shmget function, 368–369Shortcuts, Emacs, 172–173


Index 617

SI_ flags used with struct siginfo, 381Side effects, printf, 528–529side-effects.c listing, 528–529SIGABRT signal, 554, 589sigaction function, 372–373, 378–381sigaddset function, 373SIGBUS signal, 554SIGCHLD signal, 243, 327, 375–376, 378SIGCONT signal, 244–245, 591sigdelset function, 373SIGFPE signal, 553sighander_t type, 372SIGILL signal, 435, 554siginfo structure, 380SIGINT signal, 436sigismember function, 373SIGKILL signal, 244, 372signal system call, 379, 532Signal safe functions, 370Signals

for debugging information, 590–591IPC, 370–371

debugging, 434–437handling, 371–373masks for, 373–376real-time, 376–378sending, 371sigqueue and sigaction, 378–381

for processes, 354–355Signatures

authentication with, 21–25ELF files, 324renaming functions based on, 99

sigpending function, 376sigprocmask.c listing, 374–376sigprocmask function, 373sigqueue function, 378–381SIGQUIT signal, 240SIGRTMAX macro, 376SIGRTMIN macro, 376, 378

SIGSEGV (segmentation violation) signalcore files, 553with Electric Fence, 583heap overflow, 572invalid addresses, 289pointers, 569stack overflow, 338, 342, 571

sigset_t type, 373SIGSTOP signal, 372, 591sigsuspend function, 376SIGTERM signal, 240, 244SIGTSTP signal, 244SIGTTIN signal, 244–245SIGTTOU signal, 245Single-stepping, 55864-bit types with printf, 525–526Size

container, 550executables, 72memory pages, 288

size method, 550skill command, 354–355Slackware distribution, 14Slashes (/)

Ex mode, 159vi, 150

sleep command, 246Sleeping process state, 240–241Slots, device, 463–467smaps file, in /proc, 345SMP. See Symmetric Multiprocessing System

(SMP) computersSMT (Symmetric Multithreading), 505snprintf function, 91.so extension, 73SOCK_ socket types, 384sockaddr structure, 393sockaddr_un structure, 391socket system call, 383, 387socketpair.c listing, 385–387socketpair system call, 385–387


618 Index

Socketsdomains, 383IPC, 382

client/server, 387–393creating, 383–385debugging, 438–440example, 385–387

protocols, 384–385types, 383

Soft limits, 340Soft real-time applications, 236son-of-hog.c listing, 451–456sort function, make, 62Source code, 141

analysiscflow, 207–210compiler for, 214–216ctags, 210

beautifiers and browsers, 203–204astyle, 206–207cflow, 207–210compiler, 214–216cscope, 211ctags, 210Doxygen, 212–213indent code, 204–206

code coverage, 491–494editing. See Text editorspackages, 14–16revision control, 189

basics, 189–190diff and patch, 193–197RCS, 190–191reviewing and merging changes, 193–197terms, 191–193

VPATH for, 66–67SourceForge.net site, 132–133Spaces in scripts, 323Split windows in SciTE, 187sprintf function, 91Square brackets ([]), vi, 149ssh-keygen tool, 115

sshd daemon, 320, 331–332Stack coloring, 339Stacks

corruption, 555–556overflow, 338, 342, 571for processes, 338–339tag, 164–166

Stale caches, 295Stalls, pipeline, 503–504Standard Template Library (STL), 549–551start command, gdb, 531Starved requests, 284stat command, 419–420, 442stat file, in /proc, 345States, process, 239

sleeping vs. running, 240–241stopped, 243–245zombies and Wait, 241–243

Static libraries, 69Static linking, 71–73Static priority, 231Static storage, 338statm file, in /proc, 345status file, in /proc, 345stdarg.h file, 524stdout stream, 516step command, gdb, 531, 558sticky bit, 8, 11STL (Standard Template Library), 549–551Stopped process state, 239, 243–245Stopping execution with gdb, 531–532

breakpoints, 532–537watchpoints, 537–541

strace commandfor program performance, 485–487purpose, 225for signals, 436–437timing with, 246–248, 360

strace package, 132strftime function, 92String types

for file data dumps, 422–423with printf, 526


Index 619

strings command, 422–423strip function, make, 62Stroustrup autoindentation style, 171strptime function, 92stty command, 245subst function, make, 62substitute command, vi, 163Substitution references, 59Subversion tool, 190, 201Suffix rules for object code, 54–55suffixes man page, 114summer-proj.c listing, 492summer-proj.c.gcov listing, 493–494Superscalar units, 502swapoff command, 297, 452swapon command, 297, 452Swapped memory. See Virtual memoryswapvals function, C++ template example, 548Switched fabric architectures, 460Symbols in shared objects, 567–569Symmetric Multiprocessing System (SMP)

computers, 295, 457hardware, 501

CPU parallelism, 501–504motherboards, 504–505multicore CPUs, 505–506

programming, 506affinity masks, 507–509scheduler, 506–507

Symmetric Multithreading (SMT), 505Synaptic tool, 36–37sync system call, 106, 281Synchronization

caches, 296inline, 521printf issues, 515–516processes, 327–329

Syntax highlighting, 144, 147syntax setting, 168/sys directory, in /proc, 268–269syscall function, 224–225sysconf function, 249, 254, 337sysfs feature, 268–272

sysstat packageiostat and mpstat, 474–475sar, 469–474

sysstat service, 472–474System calls, 223–226System memory, 310System performance, 445

CPU utilization, 456–459devices and interrupts, 459–467memory issues, 446

page faults, 446–448swapping, 448–456

sysstat packageiostat and mpstat, 474–475sar, 469–474

virtual-memory status, 467–469System software installation, 18System time units, 249–253System V API

IPC debugging, 426–431message queues, 393–397, 402, 429–430semaphores, 410–412, 430–431shared memory, 367–370, 426–429

sysv-msgq-example.c listing, 394–396sysv_sem.c listing, 410–412sysv-shm.c listing, 368–370

T

t command, vi, 156t modifier, print and x, gdb, 543Tab completion, gdb, 537Tab expansion, vi, 147Tabs, Makefiles, 79–80tabstop setting, 167tag command, vi, 165Tags, Vim, 164–166tags command, vi, 165Tape archive (tar) files, 4–6, 8, 12Targets, make, 77taskset command, 507tbreak command, gdb, 531


620 Index

Templates, C++, 548–549Temporary variables, 560Terminal-based text editors, 143tetex-bin package, 125tex command, 126TeX system, 124texi2dvi tool, 126Texinfo language, 115, 125–126Text editors, 141

categories, 142–143clones, 179–182default, 143–144Emacs. See Emacs text editorfeatures, 144–146GUI, 182–187memory usage, 187–188summary, 188–189vi. See vi text editor; Vim text editor

Text functions, 62–63Text mode menus, 176–177Text substitution patterns, 5932-bit types with printf, 525–526Thrashing, 297, 310–311, 455Thread Affinity API, 509Threads

affinity masks, 509gdb for, 557–558hyperthreading technology, 339kernel, 281timing, 255

3G/1G kernel split, 222, 329Throughput, pipeline, 503Ticks, 249, 253–255time command, 246, 256, 447, 475–476Time formats, 349–350times function, 250–251timespec structure, 226, 251–252timeval structure, 250–251Timing in process scheduler, 246–249

applications, 255–256kernel clock tick, 253–255system time units, 249–253

TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer), 289–291TLDP FAQs, 133

tmpfs file systemmounting, 367vs. ramdisk, 280semaphores, 433shared objects, 431

tms structure, 250tnext command, vi, 165–166top command, 450–456tostop setting, 245tprevious command, vi, 165trace-buffer.c listing, 584–587Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB), 289–291troff language, 104, 124, 131Trojans, 17–18tselect command, vi, 165Typos in scripts, 323

U

u command, vi, 152, 154u modifier, print and x, gdb, 543Ubuntu distribution


udev package, 128, 266–268ulimit function, 315, 339, 589UML_LOOK tag, 213Underruns, 583Undo feature, 147undocumented man page, 123Unified L2 cache, 482Uninitialized variables, 94Uninstall features, 13uninstall target, 77–78Uninterruptible process state, 239–241units man page, 114Unnamed semaphores, 409–410Unused shared objects, 567Unused variables, 559up command, gdb, 542up2date tool, 34, 37–39


Index 621

Updating packages, 33–39Upgrading packages, 13urandom device, 262uri man page, 114url man page, 114urn man page, 114USE_PDFLATEX tag, Doxygen, 213Usenet, 134User-defined functions, 63–64USER_HZ macro, 254User mode vs. kernel mode, 222–226User space

kernel modes, 222–223, 226memory management. See Memory; Virtual

memory

V

Valgrind tools, 576–577heap analysis, 579–581instruction efficiency, 480–484memory corruption, 578–579memory leaks, 577–578remarks, 580

Variablesdisplaying values of, 542–547make program

automatic, 57–58defining, 48–49in implicit rules, 53–55manipulating, 59–63referencing and modifying, 52white space and newlines in, 50–51

in optimized code, 559–560uninitialized, 94

Vectors, 549vfork system call, 318, 320vfprintf function, 524vi text editor, 143, 146. See also Vim text editor

change commands, 153command mode, 147–148cursor movement commands, 149–151cut, paste, and delete commands, 155–158

Ex mode, 158–161features, 147for info pages, 116–117insert commands, vi, 151–152miscellaneous commands, vi, 154modes, vi, 147–148settings, 166–168

vi users, Emacs for, 178–179vim-gnome package, 168–169vim-gtk package, 169Vim text editor, 143, 146, 181–182

browsing and building code, 164–166features, 147GUI mode, 168–169insert mode, 161–162

vim-X11 package, 168–169.vimrc file, 166–167Viper mode, Emacs, 178Virtual memory, 286–287

caches, 291–296coherency, 295–296and heap, 308–310map, 329–330MMU for, 288–289for processes, 298–302sar for, 470–471status, 467–469swap space, 296–298swapping, 448–456TLB, 289–291

Viruses, 17–18vmstat command, 278–279, 467–469volatile keyword, 561VPATH variable, 66–67, 80–82vprintf function, 524vsprintf function, 524

W

w commandEx mode, 161vi, 150


622 Index

w suffix, x, gdb, 545Wait for zero operation, 412wait system call, 241–243, 327–329Wait states, socket, 438wait3 system call, 327–328wait4 system call, 327–328waitpid system call, 327–328, 334-Wall option, 89–92Warnings, compiler, 88–89

C, 93–94C++, 95–98format, 91–93, 525–526implicit declarations, 89–91

watch command, gdb, 532, 538watch watchpoints, gdb, 540watchpoint command, gdb, 537Watchpoints, gdb, 537–541wchan file, in /proc, 345-Wformat-nonliteral option, gcc, 92-Wformat-y2k option, gcc, 92whatis command, 110–111, 541, 550White space, 50–51whitesmith autoindentation style, 171Windows text editor compatibility, 146WNOHANG flag, 328–329word function, make, 63wordlist function, make, 63words function, make, 63WordStar text editor, 180Wrapper functions, 523–525wrapscan setting, 167Write back, cache, 293–294Write combining, cache, 294write command, vi, 160write function, 366Write operations

blocking, 248–249character devices, 273CPU, 293–294Ex, 160POSIX message queues, 399shared memory, 366

Write through, cache, 294WUNTRACED flag, 328www.gnu.org site, 131–132

X

x commandEx mode, 161gdb, 541–547

x modifier, print and x, gdb, 543x86info tool, 476–480Xandros distribution, 14xdvi tool, 124xinetd daemon, 320, 441xit command, Ex mode, 160xman tool, 107xpdf tool, 130xxd command, 423–424xxdiff tool, 198, 201–202

Y

y command, vi, 155Yank commands, 155–156Yellowdog Updater Modified (yum), 34–36yelp tool, 120Yielding in process scheduler, 228–229

Z

zb command, vi, 154zero device, 262Zile text editor, 181–182.zip files, 6Zombie process state, 239, 241–243zt command, vi, 154zz command, vi, 154


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