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UCSB Materials Research Laboratory: an NSF MRSEC 2014 Annual Report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 2. LIST OF CENTER PARTICIPANTS 8 3. LIST OF COLLABORATORS 11 4. STRATEGIC PLAN 15 5. RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS & PLANS IRG1 17 IRG2 22 IRG3 27 SEED PROJECTS 32 6. EDUCATION, HUMAN RESOURCES, OUTREACH 37 7. POSTDOCTORAL MENTORING PLAN 45 8. CENTER DIVERSITY 46 9. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 47 10. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 49 11. SHARED EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES 50

12. ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT 54 13. PLACEMENTS (PH.D & POSTDOCTORAL) 56

14. PUBLICATIONS & PATENTS 58 15. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 83 16. HONORS & AWARDS 86


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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Vision and Organization: The vision of the Materials Research Laboratory: an NSF MRSEC at UCSB, is to serve the greater US and international materials communities as an innovation engine for new materials. This emerging leadership role of UCSB in the broad science and engineering arena can also be seen in the recent Leiden ranking of the top 500 major universities in the world in terms of impact in the field of the sciences. UCSB ranked second only to M.I.T., and was the only public university in the top 5. While not solely attributable to the MRL, this international ranking is recognition of UCSB’s commitment to Materials research and the success of the multi-disciplinary approach to research that the MRL enables and helps to sustain. US News and World Report Engineering 2014 rankings listed the graduate materials programs as equal number 2 in the nation, following up on the 2010 National Research Council rankings that ranked the UCSB graduate program in Materials as number 1. The success of these efforts is built on foundation philosophies - all MRL programs are synergistic, continually evolving and focus on problems and opportunities of a scope and complexity that require the advantages of scale and interdisciplinarity. All MRL activities are designed to enhance and cultivate interdisciplinary activities through shared office and laboratory space, twice-a-month intra- and inter-IRG meetings, co-supervision of students by faculty members from different departments and a weekly seminar series. One of the strengths of the MRL management structure is a flexible and responsive approach to new challenges and opportunities in all aspects of the MRSEC program. This is clearly demonstrated in this annual report with a significant collection of ground-breaking results, new programs and success stories.

The success of the MRL can be gauged in many different ways, for example, the large number of awards to faculty and especially to our junior faculty and graduate students/post-doctoral research associates. Among the faculty participants, notable awards include the 2013 Fraunhofer-Bessel Research Award to Begley, the 2013 ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry to Hawker, the TMS Morris Cohen Award to Levi, and the AVS Medard W. Welch Award to Van de Walle. Some points of special pride include awards for undergraduate research to MRL interns Juan Camilo Castillo and Thomas Gonzalez who respectively received Merit and Special Recognition Awards at the 2014 California Alliance for Minority Participation Statewide Symposium. Undergraduate Maritza Sanchez was awarded first place in the Undergraduate Technical Paper Competition of the 2013 Society of Hispanic Professionals and Engineers National Conference in Indianapolis, Indiana. MRL research students Jason Douglas (graduate) and Carolyn Mills (undergraduate) received NSF Graduate Research Fellowships. Graduate student Jason Kawasaki received the 2013 Varian Student Award and the Falicov Student Award of the AVS.

The Center is organized into 3 IRGs and a dynamic and successful seed program. These include IRG-1: Bio-Inspired Wet Adhesion which has focused on synthetic materials inspired by the key building blocks of natural marine adhesives – catechol units and coacervate domains – coupled with developing quantitative mechanical tests for understanding these natural systems at unprecedented levels. The grand challenge continues to be a fundamental understanding of adhesion in wet and hostile environments allowing the translation to synthetic systems with high performance. The grand challenge of IRG-2: Correlated Electronics is the development of the scientific foundation of new technologies based on the unique transport properties of complex oxide heterostructures. A detailed understanding of the electrical and optical properties of oxide


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heterostructures, including the roles of strain, defects, interface polar discontinuities and band alignments, is a major focus of this multi-disciplinary program. IRG-3: Robust Biphasic Materials has focused on bulk thermoelectric and magnetic materials that display interfacial phenomena between the two designer phases that are spontaneously created within the material. Finally, multiple seed projects have now been awarded that have allowed new participants to be brought into the MRSEC.

Intellectual Merit - Research Highlights. The achievements of the MRL during the past

year have been substantial and wide-ranging with major break-throughs occurring within the Interdisciplinary Research Groups as well as the Seed projects. This provides excellent momentum for addressing the grand challenges that were identified at the beginning of this funding period. Key to this success has been rigorous external reviews from the MRL External Advisory Board.

IRG-1: Bio-Inspired Wet Adhesion is characterized by multidisciplinary efforts to understand and be inspired by the processes that take place at the interfaces that characterize reversible biological binding to inorganic surfaces. Understanding the adhesion of mussels and sandcastle worms at multiple length and time scales is allowing emerging design concepts to be implemented into synthetic platforms

During this past reporting period, the Waite-Israelachvili collaboration has expanded its use of the surface forces apparatus to explore the adaptability of mussel protein adhesion between different chemistries. The results indicate that amino acids other than Dopa can enhance surface dependent adhesion. Key metrical aspects of the surface hydroxyl groups have been examined that have allowed new models of biofouling suppression to emerge. Inspired by parallel catecholic chemistry in microbial siderophores, the Butler-Israelachvili collaboration has recognized parallels in the catechol chemistry associated with mussel adhesion, and the chemistry in microbial siderophores to investigate the adhesion of cyclic trichrysobactin (CTC) to mica surfaces in aqueous solution at pH 7. As with other examples, these studies emphasize the need to prevent the catecholic groups from being oxidized. Concurrently, Han and Waite have developed a methodology based on spin-resonance to investigate adhesive protein-surface interactions under bulk solution conditions. The results suggest that different proteins exhibit distinct intrinsic abilities to locally “dry” a surface in advance of binding interactions. At larger length scales, the Valentine group has studied the detachment of the mussel adhesive plaques from glass using a custom-built load frame capable of pulling on samples along any orientation and measuring the resulting force while imaging both the bulk deformation of the plaque and the debonding glass-plaque interface. In collaboration with Waite, Valentine has found that the shape of the mussel holdfast improves the bond strength by an order of magnitude compared to other simple geometries and that mechanical yielding of the mussel plaque further improves the bond strength by nearly two orders of magnitude as compared to the strength of the interfacial chemical bonds. Apropos translating the knowledge acquired from the understanding of mussel adhesion into synthetic platforms, Waite and Hawker have collaborated to make platforms that explore the utility of various DOPA analogues as structural crosslinking agents upon metal ion complexation. 3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinonone (HOPO) holds particular promise, as robust gelation with Fe3+ occurs at physiological pH and is found to be largely resistant to oxidative degradation. Gelation is triggered by other metal ions, such as Al3+, Ga3+ and Cu2+ as well.

The objective of IRG-2: Correlated Electronics is the development of the scientific foundation of new technologies based on the unique transport properties of complex oxide heterostructures.


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This past year has seen some changes. Research by PI Strukov has evolved in new directions, less well-aligned with the IRG-2, and his affiliation with the IRG has ended. IRG-2 added a new PI, Speck, who will investigate new binary oxides. During this past year, some of the research highlights include theoretical work from the Balents research group to explain and predict correlated electron phenomena in novel materials, in close collaboration with the experimental groups in the IRG. The goals have included developing theory that describes the competing charge, spin, and orbital states, and the phase transitions between them. The group has continued to develop the dynamical mean field theory calculations for titanates, especially to treat doping effects, in close collaboration with Stemmer, who has been studying titanate systems experimentally. The Balents group has also pursued studies of correlated oxides with strong spin-orbit coupling, with the notable accomplishment of developing a theory of the antiferromagnetic quantum phase transition in the pyrochlore iridates. The second theoretical effort in IRG-2 is focused on electronic structure and is led by Van de Walle, whose key accomplishments over the past year include elucidating the role of point defects and impurities in SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 and studying the role of interfacial connectivity in octahedral distortions and the impact on atomic and electronic structure. Research by the Stemmer group has continued to focus on high-mobility complex oxide heterostructures, adopting the strategy that is employed in III-V semiconductors of minimizing scattering from ionized impurities. This strategy of modulation doping requires using interfaces between SrTiO3 and a wider band gap material, Sr(Zr,Ti)O3. This has required the development of a new oxide hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) approach for Sr(Zr,Ti)O3, which has been successfully accomplished during this reporting period.

IRG-3: Robust Biphasic Materials is tackling the grand challenge of controlling bulk inorganic materials with built-in nanostructures, to develop composite architectures that enable new domains of electrical, thermoelectrical, and magnetic material properties to be accessed. During this reporting period, Levi, Pollock, and Seshadri have greatly expanded the understanding of spontaneously formed Heusler/half-Heusler architectures. The half-Heusler component, with 18 electrons, is a semiconductor, and between the half-Heusler TiNiSn, and the Heusler TiNi2Sn (which is a paramagnetic metal) there are no known stable phases in the ternary phase diagram, which allows the two phases to coexist. The small lattice mismatch allows the two phases to grow coherently, and the belief is that the Heusler phase can impede thermal conductivity without being detrimental to the electrical properties of the half-Heusler, thereby enhancing the thermoelectric zT. The thermal treatment conditions that allow these phases to form as desired have been developed. The compositional tuning that allows the second phase to grow also impacts the thermoelectric properties, and indeed, despite suggestions of the published ternary phase diagrams, there is some excess Ni solubility in TiNi1+xSn half-Heuslers. This excess Ni in fact enhances properties. Concurrently with the research on bulk materials, the Palmstrøm group has been successfully developing MBE-based methods for growing the two-phase materials. Concurrently with the development of biphasic intermetallic thermoelectrics, Seshadri has been advancing data-mining and data-driven efforts towards the discovery of new thermoelectric materials. This effort has been especially aimed to developing new oxide thermoelectrics. An advantage of transforming large swathes of the published thermoelectric literature into computable data is that parameters associated with thermoelectrics not presented in the original literature, such as parameters associated with resource scarcity and pressures, can be obtained. Such an analysis shows that the Ti–Ni–Sn system is in fact highly promising from considerations of resource scarcity and competition. Also determined in this review period for


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known classes of thermoelectric materials is the question of how much they can be optimized, in terms of decreasing the lattice part of the thermal conductivity. On this axis as well, Ti–Ni–Sn is highly promising. Also advanced by Gordon and Pollock during this review period are biphasic ferrimagnet/antiferromagnet (based on spinel and rock-salt transition metal oxides) architectures made by a novel microplasma-based method developed by Gordon. IRG-3 is also delighted to include a new participant, Professor Anton van der Ven, who will contribute to first-principles theory and modeling of functional biphasic systems.

The MRL also operates a dynamic and highly competetive Seed Program that attempts to

bring in high-risk science, and new participants into the MRL, usually supporting participants for up to two years. Three of the Seed projects have now completed the full two years: Active Gels (Saleh and Fygenson), Nanoscale scanned probe imaging of charge and spin at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces (Jayich), and Hydroxamic acids – an under-utilized functional group in materials chemistry (Alaniz). This last project has been completed and closed. Projects that have been in operation are: Developing Plasmonic materials for energy applications (Moskovits, Stucky, and McFarland), Multiscale modeling of polymeric materials (Shea), and Multipole spectroscopy (Schuller). The Seed Program route continues to enable the MRL to diversify the breadth of its faculty across various demographics, including age, gender, and department. Many of the Seed awardees are at the Assistant professor level, and only the list above draws faculty members from 6 different departments and programs. All of the programs that have existed for two years have tangibly led to new funding and directions.

Some of the key accomplishments of the seed program in the past year include advances towards the development by the Jayich group of an imaging tool to probe nanoscale magnetism. The ultimate aim of this instrumentation proposal is to employ the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, an atomic-scale defect in diamond, as scanning probes of magnetism in a system that can operate with single spin sensitivity. Saleh and Fygenson have continued the study of active DNA gels, and in the past year, have focused on creating larger ones: at least 100 microns in size, to permit more precise mechanical characterization. They find that DNA nanotube entanglement is the major limitation in scaling-up to larger active gels. The future direction that has emerged from this is to create DNA gels that span broad distances, but are confined to two dimensions. The collaborative Seed Program of Moskovits, Stucky, and McFarland has focused on harnessing plasmons in gold nanoarchitectures to harvest light for a number of photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications, and high impact publications are already emerging from this area. Schuller has focused over the past year on two major research accomplishments, of establishing a new theoretical framework for calculating light scattering and absorption of spherical metamaterial constituents interacting with un-conventional light beams, and fabricating spherical silicon nanoparticles and identifying their multipolar resonances. Finally, Shea has, in the past year, developed a new hybrid kinetic Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics (kMC/MD) algorithm that allows both efficiently sampling of conformational space, as well as access to rate information, allowing simulations to be carried out that have shed important new light into the competition between secondary and tertiary structure formation in governing folding rates of proteins. In addition, she has developed coarse-grained models for biopolymer assembly at interfaces that work by identifying the essential collective variables that are relevant, and allow highly complex systems to be studied. In the coming year, she will focus on utilizing these approaches to interface more closely with problems of direct relevance to IRG1.


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Key Accomplishments - Broader Impact Broader impacts are a cornerstone of the strategic vision to establish the MRL as an internationally-recognized center of excellence for materials research, mentorship, education and outreach. The vision for the MRL embraces the symbiotic nature of the intellectual merit and broader impact aspects of the MRSEC, and indeed, one cannot flourish without the other. The broader impacts take place at many different levels, associated with stakeholders who may be K-12 students and school teachers, undergraduates interns from within UCSB and from elsewhere, graduate students and post-doctoral researchers involved in MRSEC-supported research, the many users of the shared experimental facilities, and finally, industrial and academic partners, both small and large, and near and far. At the K-12 level, the MRL runs both formal and informal programs, leveraging a number of other funding sources. These include the formal program Research Experience for Teachers (RET), which is modeled on undergraduate research programs and serves local secondary school science teachers. The culminating event for the RET teachers is an annual March workshop where they present their projects to secondary teachers from an area representing two California counties. As of 2014, 57 curriculum projects are archived. A 2008 survey of RET alumni indicates that 80% of the projects are still in use, indicating a lasting impact on teaching methods. Informal K-12 education included a new outgrowth of the successful ScienceLine program: MRL Multimedia Highlights, which includes video interviews, answers and presentations, and YouTube-style videos on topics in Materials Science. Other informal programs include It’s a Material World, that in 2013 was presented at Family Science Nights at sixteen local elementary schools to over 1500 students and their families. The presentation was enabled by nearly 50 MRL graduate student, postdoc and faculty volunteers, who develop enthusiasm for outreach and key communication skills, particularly in describing complex science (for example, thermoelectric materials) to lay people. Also, the MRL is very proud to have become, in January 2014, an official site for the NOVA Making More Stuff outreach. Between January and March 2014, we presented the Making More Stuff activities to five elementary and middle school groups (150 students), as well as to 80 teachers at our annual Curriculum Workshop. MRL Education Programs currently run six undergraduate research intern programs including Research Interns in Science and Engineering (RISE), UCSB PREM with Jackson State University, UCSB PREM with University of Texas at El Paso, California Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP), which is a part of the larger Luis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation, Cooperative International Science and Engineering Internships (CISEI) and Community College Interns in Materials Research (CCIMR). CAMP, CISEI, and PREM leverage funding from other NSF awards. PREM is run concurrently with the RISE program and student projects are included with RISE. Running all of these programs allows efficiencies of scale, and flexibility to impact a number of very promising young scientists, who are also tracked carefully. The great successes of these programs in the past year include the number and proportion of URM students who have been involved, the number of interns who have co-authored publications in archival journals and the notable success of former interns in winning prestigious graduate fellowships including the NSF GRF. The MRL continues to broadly impact Materials development, characterization, and testing through the exceptional shared experimental facilities (SEF), that in conjunction with the MRFN program, (co-founded, and still directed by the UCSB MRSEC) have been impacting an ever-increasing population of scientists from Universities and Industry. A particular point of pride with regard to the SEF is the extent to which a number of smaller companies in the California


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Central Coast area, including numerous start-ups, crucially rely on the MRL SEF for even their day-to-day functioning. In the past year, the MRL has been continuing to add unique facilities, and has been strengthening links with the TeraHertz facility at UCSB, whose free-electron laser provides one of the world’s brightest sources of THz radiation. Apropos interaction with industry, in addition to collaborations with smaller companies, including start-ups, the MRL houses two major Industry/Academic initiatives: the Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials (MC-CAM) and the Dow Materials Institute (DowMI) that started in 2011. These partnerships greatly transcend collaborative research between some MRL actors and the Industry in question, and indeed, impact safety training and diversity. For example, Dow supports the MRL organization Graduate Students for Diversity in Science, who bring in distinguished speakers to deliver lectures, and simultaneously invite (usually URM) undergraduate and Master’s students from local California State Universities to expose and encourage them to consider graduate school.


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2. List of Center Participants i. Receiving Center support: S. James Allen Physics IRG2 Leon Balents Physics, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics IRG2 Matthew Begley Mechanical Engineering IRG1 Alison Butler* Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG1 Michael Chabinyc Materials IRG2 Glenn Fredrickson Chemical Engineering, Materials IRG1 Deborah Fygenson* Physics Seed Amorette Getty* Institute for Energy Efficiency MRFN Michael Gordon Chemical Engineering IRG3 Song-I Han* Chemistry & Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering IRG1 Craig Hawker, Co-Director Materials, Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG1 Jacob Israelachvili Chemical Engineering, Materials IRG1 Ania Jayich* Physics Seed Carlos Levi** Materials, Mechanical Engineering IRG3 Martin Moskovits Chemistry & Biochemistry Seed Dorothy Pak* Materials Research Laboratory, Marine Science

Institute Education Director

Chris Palmstrøm Electrical & Computer Engineering, Materials IRG3 Baron Peters Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG3 Tresa Pollock* Materials IRG3 Javier Read de Alaniz** Chemistry & Biochemistry Seed/Diversity Omar Saleh Materials Seed Ram Seshadri, Co-Director Materials, Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG2, 3 Jon Schuller Electrical & Computer Engineering Seed Joan-Emma Shea* Chemistry & Biochemistry, Physics Seed James Speck Materials IRG2 Susanne Stemmer* Materials IRG2 Megan Valentine* Mechanical Engineering IRG1 Chris Van de Walle Materials IRG2 Herbert Waite MCDB, Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG1 * female ** underrepresented Bold - IRG Leader/Co-Leader ii. Affiliated, not receiving Center support A. Bhattacharya Center for Nanoscale Materials-Argonne N.L. IRG2 I. J. Beyerlein CMIME-LANL IRG3 Claus Eisenbach Chemistry-Stuttgart IRG1 Claudia Felser* Max-Planck Institute, Dresden IRG3 Edward Kramer Materials, Chemical Engineering- UCSB IRG1


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G. R. Odette Mechanical Engineering, Materials-UCSB IRG3 Cyrus Safinya Materials, Physics, BMSE Facilities Galen Stucky Chemistry & Biochemistry IRG3 Matt Tirrell Molecular Engineering-U. Chicago IRG1 Anton Van der Ven Materials IRG3 iii. Users of shared Center facilities David Awschalom Physics Kaustav Bannerjee Electrical & Computer Engineering Gui Bazan Materials, Chemistry & Biochemistry Dan Blumental Electrical and Computer Engineering Jim Boles Earth Science Bodo Bookhagen Geography John Bowers Electrical and Computer Engineering Steve Buratto Chemistry & Biochemistry Oliver Chadwick Geography Brad Chmelka Chemical Engineering Andrew Cleland Physics Larry Coldren Electrical and Computer Engineering Mattanjah de Vries Chemistry & Biochemistry Rick Dahlquist Chemistry & Biochemistry Steve DenBaars Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Mike Doherty Chemical Engineering Peter Ford Chemistry & Biochemistry Art Gossard Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Claudia Gottstein MCDB, CNSI Elizabeth Gwinn Physics Trevor Hayton Chemistry & Biochemistry Alan Heeger Physics, Materials Matthew Helgeson Chemical Engineering Patricia Holden Environmental Microbiology Arturo Keller Biogeochemistry, Mech & Environmental Engr. Hunter Lenihan Marine Science Dan Little Chemistry & Biochemistry John Martinis Physics Eric McFarland Chemical Engineering Samir Mitragotri Chemical Engineering Dan Morse Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental

Biology

Martin Moskovits Chemistry & Biochemistry Shuji Nakamura Materials Quyen Nguyen Chemistry & Biochemistry G. Robert Odette Mechanical Engineering & Materials Stan Parson Chemistry & Biochemistry Sumita Pennathur Mechanical Engineering


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Pierre Petroff Materials, Electrical & Computer Engineering Kevin Plaxco Chemistry & Biochemistry Mark Rodwell Electrical & Computer Engineering Mark Sherwin Physics Susannah Scott Chemical Engineering H.T. Soh Mechanical Engineering & Materials James Speck Materials, SSLEC Todd Squires Chemical Engineering Dimitris Strukov Electrical & Computer Engineering Theofanis Theofanous Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Luke Theogarajan Electrical & Computer Engineering Kimberly Turner Mechanical Engineering David Weld Physics Les Wilson Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Fred Wudl Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Armen Zakarian Chemistry & Biochemistry


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3. LIST OF CENTER COLLABORATORS

Collaborator Institution e-mail Field of expertise IRG # association

User of Shared

Facilities Michael Andregg

Fathom Sensors [email protected]

N/A Yes

Anand Bhatacharya

Argonne National Lab

[email protected] MBE Growth IRG2 No

Andrey Antonov

Advanced Modular Systems

[email protected]

Film deposition systems

N/A Yes

David Awschalom

UCSB [email protected]

Spintronics Seed Yes

Frank Bates University of Minnesota

Bates001#umn.edu Experimental & polymer science

IRG1 Yes

F. Bechstedt Friedrich-Schiller-

Universität

[email protected]

Computational condensed matter

physics

IRG-2 No

Oliver Bierwagen

Paul Drude Institute, Berlin

[email protected]

Physical properties/ transport

IRG-2 No

Ranko Bontchev

Cool Planet mailto:[email protected]@coolplanet.com

Chemistry N/A Yes

Richard Bornfreund

FLIR-Indigo CVS

[email protected]

Infrared detectors N/A Yes

Michael Bremmner

SixPoint Materials, Inc.

[email protected]

N/A Yes

Hugh Brown

University of Woolongong

[email protected]

Adhesion of polymers and

coatings

IRG-1 Yes

Minseok Choi Korea Institute of Materials

Science

[email protected]

Computational Materials

IRG2 No

David R. Clarke

Harvard University

[email protected]

Materials research, resource

considerations, thermal transport

IRG-3 No

Jonathan Cook Soraa [email protected]

Optoelectronics N/A Yes

Kevin Dorfman

University of Minnesota

[email protected] Experimental & polymer science

IRG1 Yes

Brad Downey Soraa [email protected]



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Luis Echegoyen

University of Texas at El

Paso

[email protected]

Organic photovoltaics

IRG-1 Yes

David Emin University of New Mexico

[email protected] Theory of polaronic transport

IRG2 No

Miguel Enriquez

Soraa Laser Diodes

[email protected]

Thin film characterization

N/A Yes

Charles Fadley UC Davis [email protected]

Photoemission spectroscopy

IRG-2 No

Matthias Fehr Helmholtz-Zentrum, Berlin

[email protected]

Electron spin resonance &

defects in solids

IRG2 No

Cesare Franchini

University of Vienna

[email protected]


IRG2 No

Christoph Freysoldt

Max Planck Institute for

Steel Research

[email protected] Computational materials

IRG-2 No

Randi Gbur TriLypsa Hydrogels N/A Yes Yuval Golan Ben Gurion

University [email protected] Nano-particles IRG-1 Yes

Matthew Harrington

Max Planck Institute of Colloid and

Interface Science

[email protected]

Resonance Raman

microscopy

IRG-1 No

Tadao Hashimoto

Six Point Materials

[email protected]

Semiconductor materials

N/A Yes

Michael Haun Channel Industries

[email protected]

Ceramic materials N/A Yes

Mark Hillmyer University of Minnesota

[email protected] Experimental & polymer science

IRG-1 Yes

Anne Huang NanoPrecision [email protected]

Microscale assemblies

N/A Yes

Dongsoo Hwang

Pohang University of

Science & Technology

[email protected]

Mussel foot protein, wet

adhesion

IRG-1 No

Derrick Kamber

Soraa [email protected]


Emmanouil Kioupakis

University of Michigan


IRG-2 No

David Kisailus UC Riverside [email protected]

Nanomaterials N/A Yes


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Masao Kita Toyama National

College, Japan

[email protected]

Materials growth &

characterization

IRG2 No

Zach Komon Panavation [email protected]

N/A YES

Georg Kresse University of Vienna

[email protected]

Computational materials

IRG-2 No

Aaron Kushner UC Irvine [email protected] Polymer nanocomposites

N/A Yes

Tim Leidl LMU, Munich [email protected]

DNA self assembly

Seed No

Allan H. MacDonald

The University of Texas at

Austin

[email protected]

Theoretical condensed matter

physics

IRG-2 No

Ross MacDonald

Los Alamos National Lab

[email protected] Electron spin resonance

IRG-2

Melvin McLaurin

Soraa [email protected]


E.W. (Bert) Meijer

Eindhoven University of Technology

[email protected] Supramolecular chemistry

Seed, IRG-1

No

Sergey Mishin Advanced Modular Systems

[email protected]

Film deposition systems

N/A Yes

Jörg Neugebauer

Max Planck Institute for

Steel Research

[email protected]


IRG-2 No

Catherine Oertel

Oberlin College [email protected]

Inorganic Materials Chemistry

IRG-3 Yes

Evan Ohara Solution Deposition

Systems

Electronics N/A Yes

Henri Orland CEA, France [email protected] Theoretical soft materials physics

IRG1 Yes

Kyle Peterson Soraa [email protected]


Christiane Poblenz

Soraa Laser Diodes

CPoblenz#soraa.com


Paresh Ray Jackson State University

[email protected]

Nanoparticles IRG-1 Yes

Christie E. Reji Lifecel Technology

[email protected]

Battery technology

N/A Yes

Jacob Richardson

Solution Deposition

Systems

Electronics N/A Yes


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Paige Roberts Cool Planet [email protected] Alternative energy

N/A Yes

Ray Salafian FLIR-Indigo CVS

[email protected]

Infrared detectors N/A Yes

Matthias Scheffler

Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin

[email protected]


IRG-2 No

A. Schleife Lawrence Livermore

National Lab

[email protected] Computational condensed matter

IRG-2 No

Eric Smith Occidental College

[email protected]

Lipid nanostructures

N/A Yes

Catherine Stampfl

University of Sydney

[email protected]


IRG-2 No

Peter Stoimenov

Gas Reaction Technologies,

Inc

[email protected]

Materials N/A Yes

Joel Varley Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory


IRG-2 Yes

Leigh Weston University of Sydney

[email protected]


IRG-2 Yes

Greg Williams UC Irvine [email protected] Nanomaterials N/A Yes


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4. STRATEGIC PLAN

The basis for the strategic vision of the MRL is even stronger today than at the beginning of the recent MRSEC grant in 2011. The stunning position of UCSB as the #2 University in the world in the Leiden international ranking – a measure of the per-capita scientific impact of UCSB scholarship – is proof that the multi-discipline, center and team-based approach to research is working. As a result, the strategic plan for the MRL continues to be based on a portfolio of new and expanded programs with a focus on community, infrastructure and a dynamic response to new opportunities. The underlying philosophy of this vision is to invest in, invigorate, increase and integrate the student experience with transformative research and educational programs. These include:

- Investing in future scientific and engineering leaders at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral and Assistant Professor levels with co-supervision and mentoring being a focus

- Investing in high-risk transformative IRG and Seed projects that will address national needs in fundamental materials research

- Invigorating educational outreach through leveraging participant interest and modern communication strategies

- Invigorating and establishing a multi-faceted approach to mentoring of junior researchers - Increasing international exchanges, thereby engaging with the best materials researchers

worldwide and providing novel and lasting experiences for our students - Increasing access to materials research infrastructure nationwide through the MRFN - Increasing the diversity of center participants at all levels - Integrating industrial and national laboratory collaborators into the fabric of the MRL,

providing for improved experiences for all participants - Integrating and expanding inter-MRSEC collaborations and further contributing to the

creation and fostering of national/international networks. To fully address these broad mission statements and goals, projects have been designed to

allow impact over numerous aspects of the MRL mission and to operate in an integrated, synergistic manner. To illustrate this strategic approach, one can consider the IRG and Seed programs which focus on core research efforts but are also supported by significant investments in Shared Equipment Facilities which in turn impact the educational and industrial goals of the MRL. In addition, the SEFs enable the development of MRSEC-wide workshops/summer schools on the fundamentals of materials characterization and were the inspiration for the creation of the Materials Research Facility Network with the recent MRFN workshop illustrating the wider, national impact that these programs can have.

A number of core practices supports the vision and goals of the MRL and has been critical in the demonstrated success and achievements of the MRL during the past year. These include:

- Creation of a multi-disciplinary environment through shared space, joint programs, co-advised students and both formal and informal research and education events

- Leveraging of our proposed programs/infrastructure through external sources and partners is critical to supplementing and maximizing the impact of the core NSF funding;

- Centralized Management of all MRL activities and physical space permits optimal performance and alignment of the activities with overall MRL goals;


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- Mentoring at all levels and with all stakeholders builds enthusiasm for MRL activities and provides for a true community to be formed;

- Program Evolution and flexible management allows the MRL to respond quickly to opportunities and critical assessment;

- Synergistic Interactions between IRGs and all components of the MRL enhance and promote both the research and broader impact missions.

The Research Goal of the MRL is to significantly impact fundamental research in materials science and engineering in both the US and internationally. IRG-1, IRG-2 and IRG-3 represent high-risk projects that identify novel materials platforms and are designed to lead to innovative technologies and new interdisciplinary fields of research. The scope and complexity of these IRGs demand a cross-disciplinary, multi-PI approach that is greatly facilitated by the MRL infrastructure and involves strong collaborations within IRGs and where appropriate, between IRGs. To maintain the vitality and enthusiasm of the MRL, a vigorous Seed program has engaged junior faculty with Professors Jayich and Read de Alaniz being excellent examples. Their research is already significantly impacting future MRL directions and influencing more senior colleagues. For example, Read de Alaniz and Hawker have recently secured additional funding for the novel photochromic systems described below in the Seed reports. All aspects of the IRGs and Seed projects are judged against a series of metrics including impact of work, novelty and the need for a cross-disciplinary, multi-investigator environment. Annual evaluation by both an External Advisory Board and the MRL Executive Committee maintains the cutting-edge nature of the proposed research programs of the MRL.

The core Education Goals of the MRL at UCSB are dedicated to improving access to science for diverse groups and to building the next-generation workforce of scientists and engineers who share and further propagate MRL philosophies and goals. By mentoring a diverse group of researchers in a collaborative, multi-disciplinary environment, MRL undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral researchers will be positioned to assume leadership roles in the future. Their exposure and integration with innovative outreach, diversity, and international activities through the MRL will prepare them for future challenges in the broader materials enterprise. A consequence of this, and an associated goal of the MRL, is to serve as a regional and national resource for K-12 materials education. All of the Education programs at the MRL have benefited significantly from formative evaluation efforts, and we also continue to find effective ways to assess the impact of MRL programs through summative evaluation – for example, by partnering with other MRSEC programs in evaluation efforts. In additional to annual reviews of the Education and Broader Impact programs by the External Advisory Board and the Executive Committee, the Student Advisory Board of the MRL has been extremely valuable in critiquing these efforts.

An integral part of all MRL activities are compelling Diversity Goals that serve as a model for UCSB and the wider community. The immediate goal is the recognition that continual and vigorous efforts are necessary to further increase diversity in the MRL with the long-term goal of being a self-sustaining environment for a fully representative Center. To accomplish these short- and long-term goals, the MRL has a variety of internal efforts and external partnerships, providing leverage and increased opportunities. Inclusion of all MRL participants, from undergraduates to faculty, in diversity activities is central to the MRL mission and goals. A strategic goal is to gather appropriate diversity metrics in order to assess the impact of our programs, with increased participation rates and program influence being key.


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5. RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS & PLANS IRG 1: Bio-Inspired Wet Adhesion Herbert Waite MCDB/Chemistry Biomimetic materials, IRG Co-leader Songi Han Chemistry/ChemE Spectroscopy of soft matter, IRG Co-leader Matthew Begley MechE/Materials Microfluidics; Adhesion Alison Butler Chemistry Coordination chemistry Glenn Fredrickson ChemE/Materials Soft condensed matter theory/simulation Craig Hawker Chemistry/Materials Polymer synthesis Jacob Israelachvili ChemE/Materials Surface physics Ed Kramer ChemE/Materials Polymer physics Megan Valentine MechE/Materials Cytomechanics 4 Postdoctoral Associates and 11 Students (heavily leveraged with external fellowships) Post-doctoral researchers: Kuo-Ying Huang (female), Rachel Collino (female), Kenneth Desmond, Wei Wei (female). Graduate students: Debra Audus (female), Matthew Gebbie, Jeff Gopez, Kaila Mattson (Chem-NSF fellowship, female), Greg Maier, Matthew Menyo, Dusty Rose Miller, Nadine Martinez-Rodriquez (female minority), Alex Schrader, Vasisht Shastry (M.S. student), Nicholas Zacchia. Graduated PhD Student: Debra Audus (ChE, female, now NRC Postdoc at NIST) Contributing postdocs, students, visitors: Eric Danner, Saurabh Das, Steve Donaldson, Yasar Akdogan, Katherine Stone (female), Johannes Sprafke, Michael Rapp (NSF Fellow), Daniel Klinger, Nate Lynd, Bernhard Schmidt, Edward Toumayan, Brett Fors, Chiyuan Cheng (Chem), Maxwell Robb, Justin Poelma, Frank Leibfarth, Timothy Keller (Chem); Affiliated Undergraduates: John Errico, Allegra Latimer, Daniel Spokoyny, Markus DeMartini, Brenden McMorrow, Tim Thomas Awards: J. Israelachvili (Royal Society Tribology Gold Medal) A fundamental challenge in materials science is engineering durable adhesive bonds in wet environments. We are on the road to overcoming this challenge by understanding the adhesion of mussels and sandcastle worms well enough at multiple length and time scales to implement emerging design concepts into synthetic platforms. Progress of the past year can be divided into two areas: 1) defining the biosystems, and 2) translating key concepts. Defining activities: The Waite-Israelachvili collaboration has expanded its use of the surface forces apparatus to explore the adaptability of mussel protein adhesion between different chemistries. An important study compared the ability of three different adhesive proteins (mfp-1, mfp-3, mfp-5) to provide bridging adhesion between asymmetric mica and either methyl- or hydroxyl-functionalized SAMs surfaces. The results indicate that amino acids other than Dopa can enhance surface dependent adhesion. Mfp-3, for example, with a cluster of tryptophans at the C-terminus, achieves highest adhesion on methyl surfaces (~10 mJ/m3) (Fig. 1A). Surprisingly, the hydroxyl-terminated surface becomes a weak link in adhesion (<0.5 mJ/m3) when the SAM inter-OH

Fig. 1. Comparative interactions of mussel foot proteins on mica and methyl- (A) OH-terminated (B) SAM surfaces (PNAS 110, 15680-85 [2014]).


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distance is mismatched with the diols on Dopa to frustrate the bidentate H-bond (Fig. 1B). This could prove a useful concept for a nonfouling surface design. Future plans will fragment the best performing mussel adhesive proteins into smaller peptides to better define the role of local chemistry around Dopa in context to asymmetric adhesion. Inspired by parallel catecholic chemistry in microbial siderophores, Butler and Israelachvili investigated the adhesion of cyclic trichrysobactin (CTC). CTC bears a striking similarity to mussel Mfps, with equivalent mole % of the catechol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and lysine. Working with the SFA, they found strong adhesion of CTC confined between two mica surfaces in aqueous solution at pH 7 (e.g. -30 mN/m or Eadh < -6 mJ/m2). One challenge in working with CTC has been hydrolysis of the tri-serine lactone backbone (Fig. 2A). Thus, mimics of CTC were synthesized substituting trisaminoethyl amine (TREN) for the serine lactone scaffold (Fig. 2B). The SFA measurements show the greatest known catechol-based adhesion to mica at -70 mM/m or Eadh < -15 mJ/m2 at pH 3 that persists to pH 5.5.

Although the catechol, i.e., Dopa, in Mfps autoxidizes at neutral and elevated pH, the catechol in CTC shows impressive resistance to oxidation at near neutral pH conditions, which may arise from intramolecular hydrogen bonding (Fig. 2C). It was further found that the rate of catechol oxidation by dioxygen is reduced significantly in the presence of an electron withdrawing group on the catechol ring, including a carboxylate (as in DHBA) and a sulfonyl group (as in DHBA-SO3

-). Sulfonated 2,3-DHBA shows the highest stability, suggesting that the natural resistance of cyclic trichrysobactin to oxidation can be improved upon with promotion of robust adhesion at physiological pH. Future plans include adhesive testing of new catechol compounds on mica including pH effects. These compounds include substitution of the amine to investigate its participation in adhesion, and investigation of the optimum number of catechol and amine groups per molecule using the new TREN amine mediated backbone.

The SFA has been used to explore wet adhesion of proteins between two surfaces usually under compression. Whether mussels rely on compressive forces during adhesive deposition is not yet known. Han and Waite therefore developed a methodology to investigate adhesive protein-surface interactions under force-free and bulk solution conditions. Direct measurements of local surface water diffusivity (Fig. 3) hydrating various solid surfaces are made to determine what happens to interfacial water when adhesive proteins approach a solvated surface. Our results suggest that under force-free conditions, different proteins exhibit distinct intrinsic abilities to locally “dry” a surface in advance of binding

interactions. Notably hydrophobic side-chains, not the prominent DOPA functional groups, are the critical mediators of surface desolvation, prior to or concurrent with wet adhesion. The most hydrophobic natural

Fig. 3. (a) EPR line-shape of spin labels tethered on polystyrene beads, in the absence and presence of Mfp-3S adhesive proteins, and free spin labels. (b) ODNP-derived surface water diffusivity, where high translational correlation time reflects slowing of surface water diffusion due to strong adhesive adsorption to the solid (here polystyrene) surface.

Fig. 2. A. Cyclic tri-chrysobactin (CTC) siderophore, B. TREN-Lys-CAM compound, C. Possible pH dependent stabilization of 2,3-DHBA through intramolecular hydrogen bonding.


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and recombinant mfps, such as mfp-3S proteins/peptides, are best at desolvating test surfaces. Put in simple terms, anyone can adhere a piece of tape to a wet glass slide by applying a sustained pressure; our results predict that, with the right adhesive chemistry, that tape could achieve adhesion to a wet surface by spontaneous contact in the absence of compression. This represents the first attempt to utilize experimental measurement of interfacial water dynamics to study spontaneous approach and adhesion of adhesive polymers to macroscopic surfaces. The key, and somewhat surprising, conclusion is diametrically opposed to previous models regarding the role of DOPA in proteins/polymers for achieving wet adhesion: under force-free conditions DOPA is inadequate to overcome a strong hydration barrier and must be coupled with hydrophobic moieties to carry out this difficult job. Future studies will explore whether surface-water evicting proteins are the same for all surfaces or a different protein exists for each surface type. Also, synthetic block co-polymers combining different proportions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties will test whether synthetic water evicting agents can be engineered.

At the millimeter length scale, the Valentine group studied the detachment of the mussel adhesive plaques from glass using a custom-built load frame capable of pulling on samples along any orientation and measuring the resulting force while imaging both the bulk deformation of the plaque and the debonding glass-plaque interface. Using this device, they measured the bond strength, observed debonding initiation, and observed the dynamics of detachment. In collaboration with Waite, Valentine found that the shape of the mussel holdfast improves the bond strength by an order of magnitude compared to other simple geometries and that mechanical yielding of the mussel plaque further improves the bond strength by nearly two orders of magnitude as compared to the strength of the interfacial chemical bonds (Fig. 4). These results show that by optimizing for contact mechanics, adhesive strength can be finely tuned without even considering the interface chemical modification. Valentine has also developed high-force microrheology methods to enable the study of microscale coacervate samples, and has developed new injection processes to generate polysiloxane-based synthetic adhesive structures. Future plans with Begley include testing and modeling the adhesive performance of a mussel inspired PDMS-based “mushroom” geometry and, with the Hawker group, testing the adhesive self-healing properties of a polysiloxane with thiolene-coupled functionalities. With Waite and Helgeson, Valentine will also explore the role of plaque nano- and micro-structure on plasticity and adhesion strength using electron microscopy and SANS.

Translational activities: Mussels rely on DOPA–Fe3+ complexation to provide a strong, yet reversible cross-linked coating over the adhesive plaque. Synthetic constructs employing this design motif based on catechol units are plagued by oxidation-driven degradation of the catechol units and the requirement for highly alkaline pH conditions that lead to compromised supramolecular properties. Waite and Hawker

Fig. 4. Plaque detachment at pull angle 45˚ and pull rate 30 µm/s to adhesive failure. a) Force to extend plaque-sample ∆x. The labeled circular markers correspond to the images shown in panels (c-f). (b) Schematic showing the mechanism of adhesive failure in mussel plaques, where debonding is initiated at the plaque-glass interface via a center-initiated crack. (c) - (f) The images in the upper row show the thread-plaque deformations from a side-view perspective. Lower row images show the debonding interface from below. The dashed red circles are slightly larger than the crack edge and are meant to aid the reader in identifying the propagating crack. (scale bars = 1 mm).

Fig. 5 Dopa replaced by HOPO in a PEG-based hydrogel cross-linked by oxidation resistant tri- functional Fe3+ complexes.


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collaborated to make platforms based on a 4-arm poly-(ethylene glycol) hydrogel system to explore the utility of various DOPA analogues as structural crosslinking agents upon metal ion complexation. 3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinonone (HOPO) holds particular promise, as robust gelation with Fe3+ occurs at physiological pH (Fig. 5) and is found to be largely resistant to oxidative degradation. Gelation is triggered by other metal ions such as Al3+, Ga3+ and Cu2+ as well, enabling tuning of the release and dissolution profiles with potential application as injectable delivery systems. The Kramer-Hawker-Fredrickson groups explored a remarkable class of electrostatically

bound hydrogels created by the self-assembly of polyelectrolyte block copolymers in aqueous media as found in mussel-inspired adhesive assemblies. Cationic and anionic block copolymers were produced by functionalization of the triblock poly[(allyl glycidyl ether)-b-(ethylene oxide)-b-(allyl glycidyl ether)] with guanidinium or sulfonate groups, respectively. Simply mixing solutions of cationic and anionic triblocks yields robust hydrogels in which the oppositely charged end blocks assemble into nanometer-scale complex coacervate domains acting as physical crosslinks. Remarkably, conditions can be found where the coacervate domain positioning exhibits long-range order (microphases) and the gel properties

are tunable with polymer molecular weight and architecture, as well as solution variables such as pH and salt concentration. Over the past year, we have continued to improve our understanding of structure-property relations in these fascinating systems. On the experimental side using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) techniques, Han and Kramer found that the nanostructured domains are complex coacervate phases, signified by a high water content (~47%) and high water diffusion dynamics concurrent with high polymer density (~0.6 mg/ml). Having established that the ABA hydrogels are composed of fluidic, hydrated coacervate core domains embedded in a continuous PEO matrix, we project that a variety of water-soluble molecular cargos can be stored

in the coacervate core domains, and can readily receive environmental cues (pH, concentration etc.) for triggered functions. Theoretically, Debra Audus working under Fredrickson developed a fluctuation-renormalized mean-field theory that permitted the construction of detailed phase diagrams (delineating

Fig. 7: Robust hydrogels can be made from mixtures of the cationic guanidinium functionalized triblock and a variety of different carboxylates.

Fig. 6 Comparison of theoretically predicted domain spacings (mesophase lattice constants) with those determined experimentally for a series of samples by SAXS. f denotes the volume fraction of the ionic blocks on each block copolymer and S, C, L, and G, denote bcc spherical, hex cylinders, lamellar, and gyroid mesophases, respectively. M denotes a disordered micellar phase.


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regions of microphases, macrophases, and phase coexistence) and anticipates trends in self-assembly and properties with variables such as block molecular weights and polymer and salt concentrations. The phase diagrams and computed microdomain lattice constants (Fig. 6) were found to be in qualitative agreement with SAXS experiments conducted by the Kramer and Hawker groups, and the theory makes definitive predictions for the coacervate domain size, which is difficult to extract from SAXS. Exploiting the phase diagram predictions by Fredrickson, tandem experimental investigations were carried out by Han, Hawker and Kramer on local water mobility in the nanostructured domains and bulk polymer rheology that find highly immobilized water and polymer dynamics within the nanostructured domains to correlate with bulk polymer elasticity. Such structure-property relationship studies connecting local water diffusivity and polymer rheology have not been possible before. Recent experimental work by Hawker, Kramer, and Fredrickson has focused on extending the hydrogel platform by charge complexation of a single poly(allyl glycidyl ether) triblock copolyelectrolyte with a complementary ionic species of different size, functionality, and molecular weight, offering enhanced versatility in synthesis condition and variety. For example, by combining a cationic triblock copolymer with an anionic small molecule, a wide range of functionalities can be incorporated (Fig. 7). SAXS measurements revealed both body centered cubic and hexagonally packed cylinder microstructures; the rheological mechanical behaviors of the hydrogels are currently under investigation. Another bio-inspired hydrogel variant retains the cationic triblock copolymer, but replaces the anionic triblock with a sulfonated poly[styrene-b-(allyl glycidyl ether)] diblock copolymer. In aqueous solution, the diblock component forms strong micelles with the hydrophobic styrene block as the core and coronal chains of sulfonated PAGE. The micelles are linked by the cationic triblock copolymers that charge-complex with the micelle coronas and bridge the micellar domains (Fig. 8). This hydrogel system is highly tunable as block length, concentration, ionic strength, pH and temperature all affect gel properties.

In the extreme of combining coacervate binding with novel building blocks, guanidinium-functionalized ABA-triblock copolyethers were blended with anionically functionalized clay nanosheets (CNSs) to afford high-water-content moldable supramolecular hydrogels (Fig. 9). In contrast to the systems described above, the stiff nature of the inorganic clay nanosheets results in materials with excellent mechanical properties (3-4 orders of magnitude increase in moduli). The robustness of these coacervate composites is also demonstrated through the supramolecular gel network having a shape memory feature upon drying followed by rewetting with the gelling water being freely replaced with ionic liquids and organic fluids, affording novel clay-reinforced iono- and organogels, respectively. Future studies will examine the combination of user-friendly cross-linking blocks such as catechol or HOPO with coacervatable di- and triblocks for underwater surface applications including paints, coatings, adhesive tapes and glues.

Fig. 9: Linear ABA triblock binders for hydrogel network formation with clay nanosheets through coacervation.

Fig. 8: Ionic hydrogel made from the combination of a negatively charged polystyrene based diblock copolymer and a positively charged triblock copolymer


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IRG 2: Correlated Electronics Susanne Stemmer Materials Oxide Film Growth, IRG Co-leader Chris Van de Walle Materials DFT Theory, IRG Co-leader Jim Allen Physics Optical and electrical transport Leon Balents Physics/KITP Many body theory Michael Chabinyc Materials Electrolyte gating Jim Speck Materials Oxide Semiconductors Affiliates Anand Bhattacharya Argonne National Lab MBE growth Ram Seshadri Materials/Chem. Bulk oxides Number of postdocs and students involved (some are leveraged with external fellowships): 3 postdocs, 4 Ph.D. students, 1 M.S. student, 2 undergraduate interns Overview: The goal of IRG-2: Correlated Electronics is the development of the scientific foundation of new technologies based on the unique transport properties of complex oxide heterostructures. Research in this IRG is focusing on understanding the electrical and optical properties of oxide heterostructures, including the roles of strain, defects, interface polar discontinuities and band alignments; tailoring of the electrical and optical properties of complex oxides through dimensionality, strong correlations, heterostructuring and by field effect; and exploration of the potential of oxides for next-generation technologies. IRG-2 continues to hold about two meetings per quarter during the Fall, Winter and Spring quarters, which feature presentations by the students and postdocs involved in the IRG as well as participation of a wider group of faculty and students at UCSB. During the Fall Quarter (October 25, 2013) our affiliate, Dr. Anand Bhattacharya from Argonne National Laboratory, presented the Materials/MRL colloquium and discussed collaborations with the IRG members. During the past year, research by PI Strukov has evolved in new directions less well aligned with the IRG and his affiliation with the IRG has ended. The IRG-2 added a new PI, Speck, who will investigate new binary oxides. Research Progress: The Balents research group carries out theoretical research to explain and predict correlated electron phenomena in novel materials, transition metal oxide films and heterostructures, in close collaboration with the experimental groups in the IRG. During the past year, the Balents research group has pursued several goals. They have continued to study ultrathin SrTiO3 layers embedded in GdTiO3, and extended this to include different growth directions of the GdTiO3, and replacing Gd with other rare earth such as Nd, Sm, etc. This included collaboration with the Stemmer group to calculate structures by ab initio methods for comparison to TEM. The goal is to develop a theory that describes the competing charge, spin, and orbital states, and the phase transitions between them. The group has continued to develop the dynamical mean field theory calculations for titanates, especially to treat doping effects, and are preparing a manuscript discussing the critical doping for the metal-insulator transition. The group has also pursued other studies of correlated oxides with strong spin-orbit coupling. In particular they developed a theory of the antiferromagnetic quantum phase transition in the pyrochlore iridates (Fig. 10). A paper has been submitted on this subject and is under review.


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They are currently working to extend this to treat doping with charge carriers, and other iridate structures.

Fig. 10: A new type of quantum critical point describing the onset of antiferromagnetism in a nodal semimetal engendered by the combination of strong spin-orbit coupling and electron correlations, and which is predicted to occur in the iridium oxide pyrochlores.

The second theoretical effort in IRG-2 is focused on electronic structure and is led by Van de Walle. His group investigates the impact of doping, defects, and interfaces on the electronic properties of complex oxides through first-principles calculations as well as semi-empirical model simulations. Key accomplishments of the Van de Walle group over the past year include: (i) elucidating the role of point defects and impurities in SrTiO3 (STO) and SrZrO3 (SZO); (ii) investigating the impact of the electric-field dependence of the STO dielectric constant; (iii) assessing the role of strain in band alignments at complex oxide heterojunctions; and (iv) studying the role of interfacial connectivity in octahedral distortions and the impact on atomic and electronic structure.

Point defects can play a key role in the electronic and optical properties of complex oxides. The Van de Walle group has found that cation vacancies in STO act as compensating centers and also have distinct luminescence signatures. These vacancies strongly interact with hydrogen impurities (Fig. 11), and a study of this interaction has explained the puzzling behavior that was experimentally observed upon annealing. The studies have been extended to SZO, which is being pursued by the Stemmer group for alloying and modulation-doped heterostructures (see below).

Fig. 11: Lowest energy configurations for (a) interstitial hydrogen (b) an interstitial hydrogen molecule (H2) in STO.

For complex oxide heterostructures based on STO, the large dielectric constant and its strong dependence on electric field are expected to impact the distribution of electrons in a two-dimensional electron gas. The Van de Walle group has investigated this behavior within Schrödinger-Poisson simulations. Proper inclusion of the electric field (which involves careful


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analysis of experimental measurements of the dielectric constant) leads to significant shifts in the peak of the electron distribution. The Van de Walle group has continued investigations of band alignments at complex oxide interfaces, paying particular attention to the role of strain at lattice-mismatched heterojunctions. Strain has distinct effects on the bulk band structure (which can sometimes be employed to improve mobility), but can also affect the potential alignment. The effects have been quantified and included in band-offset results. A systematic study of deformation potentials is in progress. The Van de Walle group has also performed computational investigations of changes in octahedral tilts and rotations induced by connectivity at interfaces. This has been studied for the cases of GdTiO3 and LaNiO3 (LNO) on various substrates. The octahedral distortions affect the overall lattice parameters (in the case of LNO even leading to a negative Poisson ratio), but also the electronic structure; the studies elucidate the mechanisms through which the distortions control the metal-insulator transition. Development of a parametrized model is in progress. In addition Van de Walle, with partial support from the MRSEC, spearheaded a Reviews of Modern Physics article on “First-principles calculations for point defects in solids” [Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 253 (2014)], which is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers in this field.

Research by the Stemmer group has continued to focus on high-mobility heterostructures with complex oxides. An important prerequisite for a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is to minimize scattering from ionized impurities, which dominate the mobility at low temperatures. In comparison to conventional semiconductor 2DEGs, modulation doping remains underexplored as a route to 2DEGs in high-mobility complex oxides. The Stemmer group has developed a modulation doping approach, using interfaces between SrTiO3 and a wider band gap material, Sr(Zr,Ti)O3. This required the development of a new oxide molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) approach for Sr(Zr,Ti)O3. Similar to our previously developed approach for the titanates, we use a metal-organic precursor to supply Zr. The wider band gap Sr(Zr,Ti)O3 layer was n-type doped with La. The existence of a 2DEG in the SrTiO3 at the interface was confirmed experimentally, using angle-dependent Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. Current efforts, in collaboration with Allen, are focused on obtaining a complete understanding of the quantum oscillations. Experiments will be focused on further improving the mobility in these structures. Collaborations between the Allen and Stemmer groups focused on the completion and publication of a study of the low temperature Shubnikov–de Haas effect of high mobility, low-density La-doped SrTiO3 samples grown by MBE. The study (transport experiments were carried out at the NHMFL) determines the tetragonally induced band edge spitting and the low energy Luttinger band edge parameters. The experimental Luttinger parameters differed substantially from those predicted by ab initio calculations in the Van de Walle group and require an examination of the calculated band structure and/or mass enhancement by electron phonon coupling. Understanding of metal-insulator (M-I) transition in complex oxides would be greatly enhanced by the ability to reliably electrostatically modulate high carrier concentrations during transport measurements. Chabinyc and Stemmer examined the characteristics of the M-I transition in NdNiO3 thin films (25 monolayers) modulated by ionic liquid electrostatic gating. The goal of these experiments was to determine the electrostatic and electrochemical regimes of the response


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using a widely used ionic liquid gate, [BMpyr]+[TFSI]-. The Chabinyc group developed a novel sample transfer system to allow fabrication of ionic-liquid gated devices in an inert atmosphere glove box followed by transfer to the low-temperature transport system (PPMS). Due to the potential for electrochemical reactions with atmospheric contaminants in the IL during gating, such care is essential. In both the electrostatic and electrochemical regimes the temperature-dependence of the M-I transition was observed, with a relatively small effect in the purely electrostatic regime. Results by the Chabinyc group suggest that prior reports of larger shifts by IL gating may have been affected by environmental contamination of the IL prior to measurement. In the system investigated by the Chabinyc group, ~1014cm-2 charges could be induced in the electrostatic regime, but higher charge density is needed for stronger modulation. Alternative ILs, e.g. [EMIM]+[TCB]-, are known to have ~2.5 times higher capacitance, but are more reactive. The improved measurement method developed by the Chabinyc group will enable us to use these ILs while minimizing environmental contamination. Work is ongoing to determine if electrostatic gating can occur before electrochemical regime with these higher capacitance IL systems.

Chabinyc has also worked to developed methods to understand the mechanism of electrochemical stability during ionic liquid gating. Using thin films of amorphous ZnO gated by [EMIM]+[TCB]-, it was found that degradation of electrical behavior can occur within the electrochemical window determined using standard tests of the neat IL. Electrochemical degradation was found to occur only in full device configuration due the reactivity of all materials (electrodes, IL, semiconductor) as a system. Such behavior must be minimized to approach very high charge carrier densities. The Chabinyc group has discovered that the addition of oxygen scavengers, based on the catechols used in IRG1, leads to an apparent increase in the electrochemical window in the gated structures, providing a new means to increase the range of IL gating. The scope of this method, i.e. use with correlated oxide materials, will be studied during the next period.

Participation by the Speck group in IRG-2 commenced in early 2013. Research by the Speck group in IRG-2 has focused on β-Ga2O3, which is a remarkable material as it has the combination of a large direct bandgap, exceptionally high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Other than diamond, β-Ga2O3 has the largest bandgap of any semiconductor to show natural n-type conductivity either via shallow intentional donors or via native donors such as oxygen vacancies. The Baliga FOM for β-Ga2O3 exceeds nearly all known wide bandgap semiconductors except for AlN and diamond. Single crystal of the material can be grown by Czochralski and related processes. Commercial β-Ga2O3 substrates were obtained from Tamura and are being used in homoepitaxial MBE growth studies (∫). In the past year, we have systematically developed the plasma-assisted MBE (PAMBE) growth of β-Ga2O3. Major challenges for β-Ga2O3 include its low crystal symmetry (monoclinic, space group C2/m (unique axis b) and the presence of (100) and (001) cleavage planes. Previous work showed negligible growth on the cleavage plane due to high decomposition rates for these planes. In the current period, we demonstrated high growth rates on the higher symmetry (010) plane and no temperature dependence on the growth rate for temperatures in the range of 600 °C – 800 °C. Optimized conditions were slightly metal-rich growth conditions. For temperatures less than ~600 °C a reduced growth rate was observed and was attributed to site blocking by a metal adlayer (and active oxygen loss via volatile suboxide formation). For temperatures in excess of


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800 °C, the growth rate decreases – presumably due to direct decomposition of the β-Ga2O3. In the temperature range of 500 °C – 700 °C homoepitaxial films were realized with < 0.3 nm rms roughness in 1 µm × 1 µm atomic force microscopy scans. Immediate future work will focus on systematic n-type doping studies – first using Sn as a donor and in the longer term Si or Ge. Subsequently they will optimize compensation doping with Mg (we hold out little hope for realizing a shallow acceptor in this system) and develop the first heterostructures in this system: namely β-(Al,Ga)2O3/Ga2O3 and β-Ga2O3/ (In,Ga)2O3. These structures will be used for forming high conductivity 2DEGs that can subsequently be used for transistor structures.

Fig. 13: Top panel: (a) high resolution x-ray diffraction showing uniform thickness fringes from a 13 nm thick homoepitaxial β-Ga2O3 layer; (b) Dependence of growth rate on oxygen flux in PAMBE (010) β-Ga2O3 growth. Bottom panel: (a) Dependence of (010) β-Ga2O3 growth on Ga flux; (b) Dependence of (010) β-Ga2O3 growth on substrate temperature.

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Slightly Ga richO* plasma = 200 WO* flux = 1 nm/min


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IRG 3: Robust Biphasic Materials T. M. Pollock Materials Characterization, IRG Co-leader R. Seshadri Materials, Chemistry Synthesis and Modeling, IRG Co-leader M. J. Gordon Chem. Eng. Synthesis C. G. Levi Materials, Mech. Eng. Characterization C. J. Palmstrøm ECE, Materials Thin film growth B. Peters Chem. Eng., Chemistry Theory, modeling A. Van der Ven Materials Theory Other senior personnel: Galen Stucky Supported Post-doctoral fellows and percentage support: Vishal Agarwal (100%), Jakoah Brgoch (50%), and Nisha Verma (50%). Supported Students: Jonathan Bechtel (100%), Liz Decolvenaere (100%), Jason Douglas (NSF Fellowship), Michael Gaultois (Fulbright Fellowship), Jason Kawasaki (NSF Fellowship), Leo Lamontagne (100%), Andrew Pebley (100%), and Anthony Rice (100%). Formerly associated researchers, post-doctoral: Christina Birkel (Faculty, TU Darmstadt), Taylor Sparks (Faculty, U. of Utah). Undergraduate: Carolyn Mills (Graduate student, MIT), Christopher Borg (Graduate student, University of Maryland) Awards: Carlos Levi: TMS Morris Cohen Award, 2014; Baron Peters: Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, 2013; Ram Seshadri: Margaret T. Getman Service to Students Award, 2013 and UCSB Academic Senate Graduate Student Mentor Award, 2014; Galen Stucky: Elected to the National Academy of Science and Fellow of the American Chemical Society. Jason Douglas and Carolyn Mills: NSF Graduate Student Research Fellowships; Michael Gaultois: Selected to attend the 63rd Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting; Jason Kawasaki: Varian Student Award, 2013 and Falicov Student Award of the American Vacuum Society 2013. Scientific accomplishments, challenges, and plans: In the past year, Levi, Pollock, and Seshadri have continued to focus on both preparation and characterization of bulk thermoelectric materials, expanded efforts in ab-initio calculations and visualization of large datasets, for thermoelectrics as well as broader materials systems. Further development of biphasic magnetic materials systems has also been achieved. Van der Ven, who joined the IRG (and UCSB) in the past year, is developing theory of low thermal conductivity materials and anharmonic phonon effects.

The investigations of Nd2Ru2O7 for oxide thermoelectric applications led us to develop data mining and visualization techniques (Fig. 14, left), efforts which began at the time of the last annual report and have since led to articles on the subject, one of which was chosen as a


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cover article in Chemistry of Materials. These data mining efforts have focused our research efforts on new oxide and intermetallic materials with promising electrical properties.

One class of materials identified through our data mining efforts is early transition metal

oxides, being explored by Seshadri. These materials can exhibit high electrical conductivity (σ), and the tetragonal tungsten bronzes are known for complex crystal structures, defects, and a complex phase space, which are often indicators of low thermal conductivity (κ). These characteristics led us to prepare by spark plasma sintering (SPS) bulk WO3–Nb2O5 materials, which show promising electrical properties and opportunities to reduce the thermal conductivity through incorporation of secondary phases (Figure 1, right). These secondary phase inclusions are stable and the electrical transport properties of the materials do not change, even after repeated thermal cycling up to the maximum temperatures investigated, 950 K.

Another interesting new class of oxides is those

containing Pd. These compounds have been mostly unexplored as thermoelectric materials, yet they are readily hole doped, which can yield favorable electrical properties. We observe that the resistivity can be decreased by almost two orders of magnitude with 2% Li doping on the Pd site of PbPdO2, encouraging our investigation of the material as a thermoelectric. Such doping results in a large enhancement of the thermoelectric figure of merit, zT = (S2σ/κ)T (Fig. 15), where S is the Seebeck coefficient. Lithium doping in PdO decreased resistivity by a factor of 4 while also stabilizing the compound against reduction at higher temperatures.

Fig. 14, Left: A new way to visualize large amount of data in the thermoelectrics literature, plotting the Seebeck coefficient (S) against electrical resistivity (ρ). Larger marker size indicates better electrical performance. Dashed lines are values of constant power factor (S2/ρ). Right: Back-scattered electron micrograph of a polished pellet of Nb12WO33. White spots, 10 nm to 500 nm inclusions of a WO3–δ secondary phase, remain through repeated thermal cycling to 950 K.

Fig. 15: 2% Li doping in PbPdO2. Results in an almost two order of magnitude decrease in resistivity. At 850 K, pure PbPdO2 displays a zT of 0.01 while the doped sample displays a zT of 0.22.


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One of the most promising materials classes indicated by our data mining efforts is the half-Heusler compounds. The bulk, biphasic TiNi1+xSn system, in which minor phase (full-Heusler TiNi2Sn) particles precipitate into the half-Heusler semiconductor TiNiSn was found to have promising thermoelectric properties, and has been characterized in a published report. We have since begun studying the nature and distribution of the excess Ni in the material using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, to elucidate whether the Ni sits statistically in open tetrahedral positions or rather clusters into full-Heusler nanoinclusions. Initial results suggest the latter, that such nanoclusters are energetically favorable to random distribution (Fig. 16, left).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been extensively employed to explore the

effects of heat treatments on the microstructure and thermal conductivity of TiNi1+xSn. We have been able to achieve a nanostructure of densely distributed cube-on-cube precipitates by quenching samples from just below 1450 K, approximately the melting temperature of TiNiSn, the effects of which are a reduced thermal conductivity (Fig. 16, middle & right). However, the improvement is not maintained once heated to operating temperatures. Further work must be done to determine what changes occur upon heating and if alloying can increase the robustness of the microstructure.

Palmstrøm has begun to explore synthesis and properties of biphasic thermoelectric

films, initially focused on the TiNi1+xSn so as to augment the knowledge gained in bulk preparation of similar materials by Seshadri and Pollock. Growing these films via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) allows us to study these materials of a purity that is unattainable through other preparation methods. Growth expertise builds off of the single-phase half-Heusler films, reported during the initial stages of the IRG. Epitaxial growth was observed on MgO (100) substrates for the entire solid solution from pure half-Heusler to pure full-Heusler. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) demonstrates a shift from a (2×1) to a (1×1) reconstruction with increasing Ni content, consistent with increasing metallic bonding. X-ray diffraction confirmed epitaxial, ordered films with lattice constants increasing with Ni content. A single peak from the grown film was observed for each diffraction plane, unlike in bulk samples where peaks from both phases were observed.

Fig. 16, Left: Energy difference between randomly distributed and various clusterings of excess Ni atoms, as calculated by DFT. Middle: TEM of a TiNi1.15Sn quenched from 1150 ˚C. Right: Thermal conductivity of TiNi1.15Sn annealed at 850 ˚C, cooled from 1150 ˚C at 1˚/min, and rapidly quenched.


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Room temperature transport measurements show similar trends to bulk samples, with an increase in resistivity and Seebeck coefficient at low Ni excess and increasing metallic character at greater Ni excess, resulting in slight enhancement of power factor (Fig. 17). For high temperature measurements, while TiNiSn displayed reproducible behavior, significant annealing effects were observed from run to run in films containing excess Ni. Collaboration is underway with the Levi group to understand these effects with TEM and to determine the degree of phase separation occurring, both at growth and at measurement temperatures.

Near-term plans include studying Ni diffusion in TiNiSn using a variety of geometries

and techniques on in situ prepared diffusion couples. Longer-term plans include the microstructuring of TiCoSb, which has a much lower native carrier concentration than TiNiSn, by introducing a B2 phase into the films. Palmstrøm and Gordon plan to build a time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) system for measuring thermal conductivity of these thin films.

Another biphasic, thin-film system that we have been exploring is a collaboration of Gordon and Pollock, developing biphasic metal oxide films for use in exchange bias applications, with potential for inexpensive, hard magnetic materials. The microplasma-based rastering spray deposition technique developed by the Gordon lab is being used to synthesize biphasic NiO/NiFe2O4 (AFM/FiM) thin films of large area (~cm2) at a high deposition rate, without extreme vacuum conditions. Microplasma operating conditions (e.g., power, feed flux composition, pressure, and raster-scan speed) have been leveraged to synthesize a variety of NiFe2O4/NiO films with diverse nanomorphologies (Fig. 18, left).

Magnetic behavior measurements performed on these films show that an increase in the

coercivity (HC) does occur as NiO phase fraction increases (Fig. 18, right). When recording

Fig. 17: Room temperature electrical measurements of biphasic films. A peak in mobility and resistance is observed at 5% Ni excess before dropping off for higher Ni content

Fig. 18, Left: Representative plan and cross-sectional SEM micrographs of heat-treated plasma-spray deposited NiO/NiFe2O4 films. Right: Magnetic moment as a function of applied field at 20 K, as cooled under a field (red “+” markers) and zero field (black circles). Strongest exchange bias seen in XNi=0.74, highest NiO content.


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measurements under multiple conditions—i.e., different temperatures and magnetic fields—exchange bias field (HE) enhancement was observed in all films after field cooling, indicating an exchange interaction between NiFe2O4 and NiO. The largest effects are seen in the XNi = 0.74 film. They are also robust with respect to temperature, persisting even at room temperature. Exchange bias is also being explored in bulk (Mn,Fe)Ru2Z compounds.

Gordon and Peters, with Van der Ven, have been working to understand stable structures of Co–Pt compounds. Current literature predicts a wide range of defect-moderated stability of the L10 phase in near-stoichiometric CoPt alloys. Employing a DFT-based cluster-expansion Hamiltonian to describe the CoPt system, we have found evidence of additional, alternate ground states on the Pt-rich side of X = 0.5 composition (Fig. 19, left). These phases better preserve the high degree of magnetic anisotropy present in L10 CoPt by substituting entire planes of Co with Pt rather than randomly distributed antisite defects. We predict next-nearest-neighbor magnetic interactions to be the driving force behind the formation and stabilization of these phases.

Peters has used Potts-Lattice gas (PLG) simulations of nucleation as a platform for the development of methods that will eventually be used in atomistic simulations of nucleation. The PLG model is our multicomponent generalization of Potts models, which are used to investigate coarsening in compositionally uniform systems. In methods like kinetic Monte Carlo, or even standard umbrella sampling, growth of a nucleus depletes the driving force for its own creation—a non-physical finite size effect. By deriving the difference between the free energy as a function of nucleus size for open (semigrand) and closed (grand) ensembles, we are able to use standard—and relatively easy—canonical simulations with an analytic correction to remove finite size effects from our results.

We used the PLG to investigate nucleation near the eutectic composition, wherein the behavior is different from most solute-precipitate nucleation processes. Lowering the temperature through the eutectic point causes either of the two stable solids to nucleate first. Fig. 19, right, shows that the free energy landscape for nucleation at the eutectic point has two symmetric nucleation channels leading to the two possible nucleation products. Interestingly, nucleation and subsequent growth of the first eutectic nucleation product induces the nucleation of the second. (Fig. 19, right) Once initiated, the two phases grow together into exquisite phase-separated microstructures.

Fig. 19, Left: DFT-predicted formation energies of ground states of Co1-xPtx, showing the experimentally observed (open circles) and predicted (filled triangles) convex hulls. Right: Potts-Lattice Gas simulation of nucleation at the eutectic composition. Either of two solids can nucleate first, and the first component to nucleate induces nucleation of the second.


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SEED PROJECTS: Seed project: Nanoscale scanned probe imaging of charge and spin at semiconductor surfaces and interfaces Faculty: Ania Jayich Students: Bryan Myers, Anand Das, Ilan Rosen Postdocs: Matthew Pelliccione The Jayich group is developing a novel imaging tool to probe nanoscale magnetism in condensed matter systems. Ultimately, the diamond-based scanning probe magnetometer will offer nanometer scale resolution with single spin sensitivity, operation over a wide range of temperatures from ~ 1 K to 300 K, and minimal measurement back action. The magnetic sensing element is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, an atomic-scale defect in diamond. We have taken two approaches to scanning magnetometry. In the first, we functionalize an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip with a sample and image the sample by scanning it over

an NV inside a piece of bulk diamond. The NV is located within 3-20 nm of the diamond surface. Fig. 20 shows the results of scanning an AFM tip functionalized with Gd over an NV center. Gd was chosen because of its potential as a biological spin label; ultimately, with single-spin sensitivity, the NV could be used to image the structure of proteins labeled with Gd. We observe a strong dependence of the NV’s relaxation on the NV-Gd separation. Currently, we are working with Craig Hawker’s group to image single Gd ions chemically attached to an AFM tip with Gd-Gd separations of > 10 nm. The next big challenge is demonstrating single spin sensitivity. In the second approach to scanning magnetometry, we have fabricated single-crystal diamond cantilevers with nanowire tips and we are currently working on incorporating a single NV center at the apex of the tip to act as a scanning magnetic sensor. Focused ion beam welding was used to attach the cantilever to a glass probe that is scannable with our homebuilt AFM. The cantilever contains several

nanowire tips, which would allow for imaging simultaneously with several NVs at once. We have also designed and built a low temperature (4 K) combined atomic force

microscope (AFM) - confocal fluorescence microscope. Our next step is to use the diamond scanning probe to image magnetism in the complex oxide heterostructures, such as GdTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces, and elucidate the spatial character of correlated electronic effects in these materials. The samples are grown via molecular beam epitaxy in Stemmer’s group at UCSB.

Fig. 20. NV-based scanning magnetometry. (a) Gd sample is scanned over NV sensor. (b) NV relaxation time (T1) is dramatically affected by proximal Gd. (c) Dependence of T1 on NV-Gd separation as tip is scanned over NV.


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Seed Project: Developing Plasmonic Materials for Energy Applications Participants: Martin Moskovits, Galen Stucky, Eric McFarland (PIs) Katherine Kanipe, Jose Navarette (graduate students); Syed Mubeen, (Postdoc); Sai Che and Chris Siefe (undergraduate interns) The research program focused on synthesizing materials and devices with which to produce and harvest hot electrons in hybrid plasmonic/semiconductor systems, then utilizing those plasmonically-mediated charge carriers in novel photovoltaic and photosynthesis systems. The program’s success is illustrated by the following three examples. Liquid-junction photovoltaic cells were constructed consisting of a monolayer of gold nanoparticles coated with 6 nm of TiO2 and a 6 nm of (metallic TiN, a nanoparticulate platinum (2 nm mass thickness) counter-electrode, and an aqueous solution of I-/I3

- redox couple. The hot electron-hot hole pairs generated using AM 1.5 illumination of the gold nanoparticles separate under the influence of the built-in field at the metal-semiconductor interface. Hot electrons migrate to the metal-solution interface where reduction takes place. The hot-holes move through an external load to the FTO/Pt NPs anode. The oxidation and reduction balance out producing no net chemical reaction. Preliminary results are illustrated in the accompanying figure.

Au-nanorod based Janus particles consisting of an Au nanorod coated on one side with a

semiconductor such as TiO2 or Cu2O, and capped with a hydrogen-evolution catalyst such as Pt, were produced which can be tuned by altering the Au-NR’s aspect ratio so that a sample containing as few as 2 judiciously-chosen NR lengths can absorb ~95% of the solar spectrum. An ensemble of such particles deposited on a transparent substrate were successfully used to split water to H2 in the presence of CH3OH. The degree to which the particle’s photoelectrochemical properties derive from plasmon excitation can be gauged from the ability of a sample based on the Janus particle shown (AR=1.9) to photoreduce methyl orange.

An all-metal plasmonic photovoltaic was successfully constructed based on arrays of parallel gold nanorods ALD-coated with TiO2. Highly-encouraging current-voltage characteristics were obtained from the device (as shown in the accompanying figure) The incident photon to current efficiency for the device exceeded 1% and faithfully followed the plasmon extinction spectrum of the arrays corroborating the fact that the device’s current derives solely from plasmonic excitation.


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Seed Project: “Active Gels” Faculty: Omar Saleh, Deborah Fygenson Students: Sam Willardson, Dan Nguyen, Andrew Barisser; Lourdes Velazquez; Nathanial Conrad Postdocs: Chang Young Park Research Accomplishments Active gels are non-equilibrium soft materials that consist of crosslinked filaments activated by force-generating molecular motor proteins. They have tremendous potential as responsive, shape-changing and/or stress generating hydrogels. In initial work in this project, we synthesized and activated mesoscale DNA hydrogels. In the past year, we have focused on creating larger active DNA gels: gels at least 100 microns in size will permit more precise mechanical characterization, as well as representing a first instance of the long-term goal of creating a bulk material. We found that our gel microstructural design did not permit scale-up in size, and have been investigating the cause of this through precision micro-rheological investigations (Fig. 21). A major finding is that linker length only slightly modified gel modulus (Fig. 21B); this indicates that nanotube entanglement is the major limitation in scaling-up to larger active gels. Thus, a clear path forward is to create large gels that have less-entangled nanotubes; we are pursuing this through creation of gels with shorter and/or less concentrated nanotubes. As an alternative strategy, we continue to pursue the creation of active gels that contain tensegrity structures, as this design would also bypass the entanglements. With our collaborator (Tim Liedl, LMU Munich), we have successfully made tensegrity polymers (Fig. 22), and we have begun to test the mechanics and activation of those structures. A final path forward is provided by a new idea: to create DNA gels that span broad distances, but are confined to two dimensions. Along with providing large size, these networks directly mimic the two-dimensional spectrin networks that are attached to red blood cell membranes. Initial tests have demonstrated the ability to synthesize a 2-D DNA nanotube network immobilized on a supported lipid bilayer, and to activate this network with motor proteins.

Fig. 21) (A) Fluorescent image of a large DNA nanotube gel (scale bar: 10 um). (B) Micro-rheology data showing the effect of various linker lengths (in basepairs; bp) on the gel’s storage and loss moduli.

Fig. 22. Sketch (left) and EM image (right) of ‘kite’-based tensegrity polymers synthesized from DNA.

A B


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Seed Project: Multipole Spectroscopy Faculty & Senior Participants: Prof. Jon A. Schuller, Electrical and Computer Engineering Students and Postdocs: 2 (Tanya Das & Dr. Tomer Lewi) Research Accomplishments and Plans The goal of this project is to develop a novel experimental method, “Multipole Spectroscopy”, to selectively excite and enhance coupling to “forbidden” multipolar optical processes in engineered metamaterials and organic semiconductors. The proposed technique relies first on designing and constructing new optical sources that mimic the electromagnetic field patterns of oriented multipoles (i.e. magnetic dipoles and electric quadrupoles). Ultimately, we aim to use this method to quantify the multipolar nature of light scattering from engineered nanoscale metamaterial constituents, demonstrate at least an order of magnitude increase in coupling efficiency to a multipole resonator, and to identify novel multipolar phenomena in molecular materials. Over the last year we have achieved two major research accomplishments towards these objectives. (1) We have established a new theoretical framework for calculating light scattering and absorption of spherical metamaterial constituents interacting with unconventional light beams and (2) fabricated spherical silicon nanoparticles and identified their multipolar resonances. (1) Light scattering and absorption of spherical nanoparticles under plane-wave illumination can be calculated using an analytical technique known as Mie Theory. We have extended Mie theory to account for the superposition of plane-waves of any arbitrary illumination source. Using this new framework, we have looked at how multipolar optical processes depend on the properties of the illumination source. We recently discovered that one can simultaneously eliminate coupling to electric dipole resonances while enhancing coupling to higher order multipoles by using azimuthally-polarized beams of light. (2) Our Mie theory calculations show that silicon nanospheres exhibit a sequence of multipole resonances. Multipole spectroscopy will enable us to experimentally resolve these multipolar interactions. Fabricating spherical particles with a top-down (i.e. lithographically) approach is prohibitively challenging. We recently demonstrated a new method to fabricate Silicon nanospheres via a bottom-up approach. By irradiating a Silicon wafer with a femtosecond laser, we ablate material which forms a spherical nanoparticle upon cooling. We recently measured scattering spectra from such particles which nicely matches the expectations from conventional Mie theory.

Going forward, our new theoretical framework is informing our ongoing efforts to design and construct our Multipole Spectrometer. In the next year we will look at multipolar light scattering and absorption from spherical nanospheres. We aim to experimentally verify the multipolar nature of scattering/absorption in an unprecedented fashion and to demonstrate at least an order of magnitude increase in multipolar coupling efficiency.


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Seed Project: Multiscale Modeling of Polymeric Materials PI: Joan-Emma Shea Students: Partial Support for Emanuel Peter (Postdoc) and Alex Morriss-Andrews (graduate student) The aim of the seed proposal was to develop multiscale modeling methodologies to study polymeric materials. We have made significant headway in two areas: 1) the development of a novel hybrid kinetic Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics (kMC/MD) algorithm to access biopolymer conformational changes on experimentally relevant timescales, and 2) the development of a coupled polymer – membrane coarse-grained model. These developments, along with plans for next year, are summarized below: 1. A new hybrid kMC/MD algorithm Large conformational changes in biopolymers present a computational challenge because of the long timescales involved. We have recently developed a novel hybrid kinetic Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics (kMC/MD) algorithm that allows both efficient sampling of conformational space, as well as access to rate information. We have applied this methodology to the folding of the Trpcage protein and obtained ms folding rates that are in excellent agreement with experiment. Our simulations have shed important new light into the competition between secondary and tertiary structure formation in governing folding rates. We are currently working on optimizing the performance of our algorithm, as well as focusing on the study of conformational changes occurring in larger proteins. 2. Coarse-grained models for biopolymer assembly at interfaces In a second project, we have addressed the multiscale aspect of polymeric materials in a different way, namely by developing a coarse-grained force field to study polymer assembly on surfaces. This approach seeks to identify the essential collective variables at play, and reduces the complexity of both the representation and interactions of the polymers. We successfully used this coarse-graining approach to study polymer aggregation on membrane surfaces. We showed that the surface mediated the assembly of the polymers, while, in turn, the polymer aggregates led to a structural deformation of the membrane.

In the coming year, our efforts will focus on utilizing the multiscale approaches

developed in the context of this seed grant to interface more closely with problems of direct relevance to IRG1. In particular, we will focus on a study of the adhesion of mussel foot proteins to both titanium dioxide and self-assembled monolayer surfaces. We aim at providing atomistic information about adsorption that will help guide future experimental studies.


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6. Education and Human Resources: (a) Current Activities MRL education staff and researchers are dedicated to improving access to science for diverse groups and to building a competent work force of scientists and engineers. Our education programs provide undergraduate research opportunities, graduate student training, outreach to K-12 students and teachers, and community outreach. MRL Undergraduate Research Programs MRL Education Programs currently run six undergraduate research intern programs including Research Interns in Science and Engineering (RISE), UCSB PREM with Jackson State University, UCSB PREM with University of Texas at El Paso, California Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP), Cooperative International Science and Engineering Internships (CISEI) and Community College Interns in Materials Research (CCIMR). CAMP, CISEI, and PREM leverage funding from other NSF awards, and are not described in detail here. CAMP and CISEI students and project titles are listed on our website. PREM is run concurrently with the RISE program and student projects are included with RISE. Research Interns in Science and Engineering (RISE) and PREM: The MRL RISE program supports laboratory research experiences for undergraduate students in science and engineering. This program has two major components, a summer program and a school-year program. In both components students are placed in research laboratories and assigned a personal mentor, usually a graduate student or postdoctoral researcher. Students also participate in weekly RISE group meetings, practice giving oral presentations on their research, and produce final written and oral reports. Students in the summer program also attend a weekly seminar series and career building workshops, including research ethics training and laboratory safety training. All interns participate in a final Summer Undergraduate Research Colloquium (poster session) with undergraduates on campus from many different summer research programs in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. 2013 Outcomes Summer RISE ran from June 17 to August 23, 2013. 18 students participated fully in the RISE program, of which 11 were funded directly by the MRSEC. In addition to center funding, RISE also leveraged funding from the College of Engineering, the UCSB/JSU PREM, the UCSB/UTEP PREM and individual PI funding. Students were recruited nationally and selected with a particular focus on women, under-represented minority students, first generation college-goers, and students from non-PhD granting and other non-UCSB colleges and universities. The participating interns came from 11 different colleges and universities. In this cycle we supported 24 UCSB undergraduate research interns through the School-year RISE program. Interns were included on ten refereed publications in 2013 (listed below). RISE research project information can be found on the MRL website. Demographics for the summer RISE program are provided below:

Summer RISE Interns 2013 No. of Interns Percent of Total Total 18 Female 11 61% Under-rep. minority 6 33%


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1st generation college 2 11% Non-PhD granting Inst 5 45% Non- UCSB students 13 72%

City College Interns in Materials Research (CCIMR) The CCIMR program brings science and engineering students from local community colleges into research laboratories for an eight-week program that includes structured group meetings, practice in communicating scientific ideas and findings, a weekly seminar, and occasional workshops, in addition to the laboratory work experiences. Since 2001, this program has run concurrently with the Interns in Nanoscience Engineering and Technology (INSET) program, which is offered through the California Nanosystems Institute. Because that program modeled itself on CCIMR and had the same aims, in the interests of non-duplication MRL Education Programs ceded the bulk of the administrative duties to INSET while continuing to support two intern placements through Center funds. MRL Teacher Programs Research Experience for Teachers (RET) The RET program is modeled on undergraduate research programs and serves local secondary science teachers. Summer 2012 marked the program’s fourteenth year. Teacher participants work in a research laboratory with a mentor for six weeks. They attend weekly group meetings where they share details of their research through structured presentations. They also attend the weekly summer seminars and do a final oral presentation on their projects, an event to which their mentors are also invited. Unlike the undergraduate programs, the RET program is a two-year commitment. During the school year after the research experience, program staff meet with the teachers at least twice to guide them in considering how some aspect of their research experiences might be integrated into their instructional programs. During a second summer, the teachers return to UCSB for four weeks in order to design lessons or units reflecting this instructional integration. They then test their lessons during the subsequent school year. The culminating event for the RET teachers is an annual March workshop where they present their projects to secondary teachers from the two-county area. This workshop has also been an effective mechanism for recruiting new teachers for the next summer’s cohort. Teachers are recruited from middle and high schools in Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles Counties. Preference is given to teachers from low-performing schools and those without prior research experience. 2013 Outcomes: During Summer 2013, four RET I teachers were funded by the MRL to pursue research projects. Four teachers developed lesson plans under RET II and presented them at the March 14, 2014 MRL Secondary Curriculum Workshop, “Engaging Interest through Novel Materials, Inquiry-Based Activities and Demonstrations for the Science Classroom,” which was attended by 80 local science teachers. All RET lesson plans and curriculum materials are available online on the MRL website (http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/RET). As of 2014, 57 curriculum projects are archived. A 2008 survey of RET alumni indicates that 80% of the projects are still in use, indicating a lasting impact on teaching methods.


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Informal K-12 Education UCSB ScienceLine: ScienceLine is an internet-based question and answer service that connects MRL researchers with K-12 schools. Students and teachers submit questions online and receive a response from one or more scientific researchers within a week. All the questions and responses are entered into a searchable online archive, which itself is a useful curriculum supplement for science teachers. A new outgrowth of ScienceLine is MRL Multimedia Highlights (http://www.mrl.ucsb.edu/mrl/outreach/educational/multimed2.html), which includes video interviews, answers and presentations, and YouTube-style videos on topics in Materials Science. 2013 Outcomes In 2013 we received 663 questions bringing the total archived questions and answers to 4261. ScienceLine is designed to primarily serve local schools and teachers; in 2013 21% of all questions came from Santa Barbara and Ventura County schools, largely reflecting an increase in questions from international sites. Overall, questions were received from 600 different schools, both US and international. In 2013, 59 UCSB scientists, including faculty, postdocs, and graduate students, participated by answering questions. ScienceLine also serves as a forum for teacher requests: in 2013 and 2014 we provided presenters for a science assembly entitled The Elements at Monroe Elementary School (Santa Barbara). It’s a Material World: In spring 2006 the MRL introduced a set of hands-on exhibits of new materials designed for presentation to K-6 students and their families in an informal setting. In 2013, we presented It’s a Material World at Family Science Nights at sixteen local elementary to over 1500 students and their families. It’s a Material World was presented by 50 MRL graduate student, postdoc and faculty volunteers. Build a Buckyball workshop: In 2007 MRL professor Ram Seshadri and Education Director Dorothy Pak received a Faculty Outreach Grant (FOG) to update and extend our popular presentation centered on a carbon-60 molecular model kit. MRL Education Staff and graduate students regularly present a carbon-60 molecular model kit designed to teach K-12 students about nanoscience, chemical bonding and the relationship between structure and properties in materials. In 2013 we presented the activity to over 200 middle and high school students, assisted by 15 graduate student, post doc and faculty volunteers. The Buckyball workshop was filmed by the Santa Barbara County Education Office to air as part of their “Innovations in Education” television series. Solar Car Workshops: In 2011 MRL Associate Director (now co-Director) Ram Seshadri and Education Director Dorothy Pak received a Faculty Outreach Grant (FOG) to develop a new hands-on workshop on alternative energy and photovoltaics. Over 150 middle and high school students participated in the workshop, assisted by over 25 graduate student, post doc and faculty volunteers. In particular, we partner with the UCSB Office of Education Partnerships to present the workshop to students from UCSB partner schools with high minority enrollments and low college-going rates. NOVA Making More Stuff: In January 2014, the MRL was selected as an official site for the NOVA Making More Stuff outreach program (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/making-more-stuff.html). The PBS television series consisted of four parts: Making Stuff Faster, Making Stuff Colder, Making Stuff Safer and Making Stuff Wilder. NOVA developed and distributed


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outreach activities related to each episode to the official outreach sites, and connected the sites through a Google+ community. Between January and March 2014, we presented the Making More Stuff activities to five elementary and middle school groups (150 students), as well as to 80 teachers at our annual Curriculum Workshop. Postdoctoral Mentoring: MRL faculty participants have been active in developing and providing mentoring activities for postdoctoral scholars both within and outside of the MRSEC. MRSEC faculty and staff have been active workshop leaders for the UCSB Professional Development for Postdoctoral Scholars (PDS) program (http://csep.cnsi.ucsb.edu/postdoc/pds), including ethics workshops (Ram Seshadri), negotiation (Tresa Pollock) and presentation skills (Craig Hawker and Ram Seshadri), and have co-sponsored visiting speakers on Entrepreneurship and “Creating Your Own Job,” among others. Two MRL faculty (Hawker and Nguyen) have also run career development courses for graduate students and postdocs (CHEM 219 “Proposal Writing” and MATR 286 “Technical Communication and Presentation Design.”) In addition, the MRL co-sponsored the UCSB Science and Industry Exchange for Women Summer Career Workshop (August 14, 2013), and conference travel fellowships to 18 graduate students and postdocs. Education Program REU and RET Projects 2013-present CCIMR Summer 2013 Trang Nguyen, Oxnard College, “Hydrocarbon interactions: Determination of interfacial energy through contact angle measurements” Mentor: Saurabh Das; PI: Jacob Israelachvili Charlene Cuellar, Contra Costa College, “Improving resolution in wide-field fluorescence microscopy using deconvolution techniques,” Mentor: Nikhil Chacko; PI: Michael Liebling RISE Summer 2013 Edward Bickham, University of California, Santa Barbara, Mentors: Kenneth Desmond and Nick Zacchia; PI: Megan Valentine, “Effect of the mushroom shape on adhesion performance”. Ariana del Toro, University of San Francisco, Mentors: Rush Patel; PI: Francesco Bullo, “Dynamic Asynchronous communication and partitioning using robotic agents”. Jasmine Douglas, Jackson State University, Mentor: Jokoah Brgoch; PI: Ram Seshadri, “Optimizing Cerium in sodium yttrium silicate phohphors for solid state white lighting”. Aurora Ginzburg, California State University, Channel Islands, Mentors: Sameh Helmy; PI: Javier Read de Alaniz, “Towards an emantioselective aza-Pincatelli rearrangement: Synthesis of a highly soluble trip catalyst”. Danielle Hamann, Lake Superior State University, Mentor: Megan Chui; PI: Peter Ford, “Valorization of biomass using porous metal oxide (PMO) catalysts”. Kathryn Hasz, Oberlin College, Mentor: Jakoah Brgoch; PI: Ram Seshadri, “Europium-substituted phosphors for solid state white lighting”. Gustavo Hernandez, University of Texas, El Paso, Mentors: John Cowart; PI: Michael Chabinyc and Craig Hawker, “Electron diffusion studies in ternary blend organic photovoltaic devices”. Carolyn Jensen, University of Virginia, Mentors: Elizabeth Decolvenaere; PI: Michael Gordon, “Use of microplasmas for growing cobalt films”.


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Catherine Keiner, University of California, Santa Barbara, Mentors: Peter Chung; PI: Cyrus Safinya, “Tau protein and microtubule interactions”. Karrington Lewis, Jackson State University, Mnetors: Yan Shoshitaishvili; PI: Giovanni Vigna and Christopher Kruegel, “Designing support software in cybersecurity exercise preparations”. Alex Peek, University of California, Santa Barbara, Mentors: Andrew Pebley; PI: Michael Gordon, “Microplasma deposition of biphasic metal oxide thin films exhibiting magnetic exchange bias”. Tim Phillips, University of California, Santa Barbara, Mentors: Luke Rettberg; PI: Tresa Pollock, “Characterizing single crystal nickel-based superalloy damage through resonant inspection”. Katherine Ramos, University of Texas, El Paso, Mentors: Nicolas Treat; PI: Craig Hawker, “New mediator for controlled radical polymerization”. Richard Roberts, Columbia University, Mentors: Claire McLellan; PI: Ania Jayich, “Depth control of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond”. Sebastian Russell, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mentors: Alaina McGrath; PI: Craig Hawker, “9-Triptycene sulfinyl radical: A new mediator for free radical polymerizations”. Madeline Shortt, Mount Holyoke College, Mentors: Moureen Kemei; PI: Ram Seshadri, “Evolution of magnetic properties in the pyrocholores: Yb2+xTi2-x07-x/2”. Daniel Spokyny, University of California, Mentor: Justin Poelma; PI: Craig Hawker, “Temperature regulated polymerization”. Bezawit Sumner, Jackson State University, Mentors: Ramsey Majzoub; PI: Cyrus Safinya, “Investigating intracellular structure using X-ray scattering”. RISE School Year Participants Spring 2013, Fall 2013 and Winter 2014 Avni Bhatt, UCSB, Mentor: Mensi Seth; PI: Gary Leal, “Effect of tail saturation on the mechanical properties of charged surfactant vesicles” Julia Callendar, Mentor: YerPeng Tan; PI: Herbert Waite, “The effect of metal incorporation on byssal thread mechanics” Mark Duggan, Mentor & PI: Michael LUdkovski, “Strategic R&D in competitive resource markets”. Gino Graziano, Mentor & PI: Ania Jayich, “A novel cryogenic diamond-based atomic force microscope and magnetometer”. Christopher Hojjatnia-Borg, Mentor: Jakoah Brgoch; PI: Ram Seshadri, “Preparation of new cerium-substituted silicate phosphors.” Aditi Krishnapriyan, Mentor: Maosheng Miao; PI: Ram Seshadri, “First principles study of electronic properties of p-type semiconductors”. Annabelle Lee, Mentor: Nathaniel Lynd; PI: Craig Hawker, “Synthesis of isotactic polyether materials: Stereocomplex formation and semicrystalline hydrogels”. Bethany Lettiere, Mentor: Christina Birket; PI: Galen Stucky, “Thermoelectric materials”. Ryan Ng, Mentor: Alex Heilman; PI: Michael Gordon, “Optimization of graphene growth for use as a substrate in Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Shawn Tabrizi, Mentor: Bob Lansdorp; PI: Omar Saleh, “GPU accelerated mic theory simulation”. Mollie Touve, Mentor: Norbert Reich; PI: Norbert Reich, “Spatially and temporally controlled delivery of mRNA using hollow gold nanoshells”.


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Adrian Molzon, Mentor: David Jacobson; PI: Omar Saleh, “Force threshold of DNA hairpin structures in differing salt and buffer conditions”. Alex Peek, Mentors: Andrew Pebley; PI: Michael Gordon, “Microplasma deposition of biphasic metal oxide thin films exhibiting magnetic exchange bias”. Catherine Keiner, Mentors: Peter Chung; PI: Cyrus Safinya, “Tau protein and microtubule interactions”. Elizabeth Levy, Mentor: Tony DeMartino; PI: Peter Ford, “Light activated nitric oxide release by plasmonic hollow gold nanoparticles”. Margaret Lumley, Mentor: Kimberley See; PI: Ram Seshadri, “MC-CAM IRP-8 Battery project”. Allegra Latimer, Mentor: Kaila Mattson; PI: Craig Hawker, “Using ESR to study catechol-functionalized surface-anchored polymers”. Niccolo Villafria, Mentor: Donald Weinz; PI: Javier Read de Alaniz, “Development of an aza-Piancatelli rearrangement”. Ananda Das, Mentor: Bryan Myers; PI: Ania Jayich, “TI based imaging of gadolinium spins using NV centers in diamond”. Euiyoung Caroline Park, Mentor: Maxime Theillard; PI: Frederic Gibou, “Simulation of solidification of binary allows with diffusion dependent concentration”. Andrew Smith, Mentor: Adam Lucio; PI: Otger Campas, “Topological simulation of embryogenesis”. Bretton Fletcher, Mentor: Ramsey Majzoub; PI: Cyrus Safinya, “Lipid structure in gene therapy”. Joseph Mann, Mentor: Nic Treat; PI: Craig Hawker, “Exploration in light catalyzed polymerization”. Son Tran, Mentor: Hunter Neilson; PI: Steve Buratto, “Use of scanning tunneling microscopy to observe arrangements of V3O8 on TiO2 surfaces”. RET 1 & 2 Javier Cervantes Oxnard High School “Bringing ecological and evolutionary research into the classroom” Jessica Thompson Staten Island Academy “Using marine science technology in an integrated science class” Julia Pustizzi Fesler Junior High School “Learning Logic: Units for introducing and developing reasoning and communication” Kyla Gupta Adolfo Camarillo High School “A study of plankton: Collection, analysis and ecology” Catherine Borgard Cabrillo High School Mentor: Julia Sweet PI: Uta Passow “A comparative investigation on the formation of marine snow in a hydrocarbon contaminated environment vs. an uncontaminated environment” Brendan Carroll Franklin Elementary School Mentor: Dr. Pan Yeong Jeong PI: Joel Rothman “Activating a protein in a mutant C. elegans phenotype” Megan Cotich, La Colina Junior High School Mentor: Kevin Solomon PI: Michelle O’Malley “Expression of gut fungal cellulase in a bacterial host”


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Megan Nesland, Anacapa School Mentor: Tracy Chuong PI: Galen Stucky Nanoparticles and blood coagulation: Measuring the effect of silica nanoparticles on clot time of human plasma b) Evaluation and Impact of Education and Outreach Activities Education program staff members are committed to evaluating our programs to assess their impact and effectiveness. Formative assessment is conducted as part of each program, in the form of participant surveys, interviews, and collection of demographic data. In January 2010 the UCSB MRL was selected to participate in Cohort 2 of the CORE (Cornell Office of Research on Evaluation) Netway evaluation project. As part of this project, Education Director Dorothy Pak and Coordinator Julie Standish have been trained in the use of the Netway software, participated in three intensive evaluation training workshops, and developed a comprehensive evaluation plan for the ScienceLine program. We have also been active in promoting cross-site assessment of MRSEC Education programs, including adoption of the URSSA evaluation instrument for our REU programs, long-term involvement in RETNetwork evaluation and support of Prof. Robert Tai’s (University of Virginia) recently funded NSF PRIME grant to develop instruments for cross-site assessment of informal science programs.

Birkel, A., N. A. DeCino, N. C. George, K. A. Hazelton, B.-C. Hong, and R. Seshadri (2013) Eu2+-doped M2SiO4 (M = Ca, Ba) phosphors prepared by a rapid microwave-assisted sol-gel method: Phase formation and optical properties, Solid State Sci.19, 51–57.

Brgoch J, Borg CKH, Denault KA, DenBaars SP, Seshadri R (2013a) Tuning luminescent properties through solid-solution in (Ba1-xSrx)9Sc2Si6O24:Ce3+,Li+. Solid State Sciences 18:149-154

Brgoch J, Borg CKH, Denault KA, Douglas JR, Strom TA, DenBaars SP, Seshadri R (2013b) Rapid microwave preparation of cerium-substituted sodium yttrium silicate phosphors for solid-state white lighting. Solid State Sciences 26:115-120

Brgoch J, Borg CKH, Denault KA, Mikhailovsky A, DenBaars SP, Seshadri R (2013c) An Efficient, Thermally Stable Cerium-Based Silicate Phosphor for Solid State White Lighting. Inorganic Chemistry 52:8010-8016

Fors BP, Poelma JE, Menyo MS, Robb MJ, Spokoyny DM, Kramer JW, Waite JH, Hawker CJ (2013) Fabrication of Unique Chemical Patterns and Concentration Gradients with Visible Light. Journal of the American Chemical Society 135:14106-14109

Hauser AJ, Mikheev E, Moreno NE, Cain TA, Hwang J, Zhang JY, Stemmer S (2013) Temperature-dependence of the Hall coefficient of NdNiO3 thin films. Applied Physics Letters 103

Kemei MC, Barton PT, Moffitt SL, Gaultois MW, Kurzman JA, Seshadri R, Suchomel MR, Kim YI (2013) Crystal structures of spin-Jahn-Teller-ordered MgCr2O4 and ZnCr2O4. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 25


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Lundberg, P., Lynd, N. A., Zhang, Y. N., Zeng, X. H., Krogstad, D. V., Paffen, T., Malkoch, M., Nystrom, A., Hawker, C. J. (2013) pH-triggered self-assembly of biocompatible histamine-functionalized triblock copolymers. Soft Matter, 9, 82-89.

McIntosh DB, Duggan G, Gouil Q, Saleh OA (2014) Sequence-Dependent Elasticity and Electrostatics of Single-Stranded DNA: Signatures of Base-Stacking. Biophysical Journal 106:659-666

Miao MS, Brgoch J, Krishnapriyan A, Goldman A, Kurzman JA, Seshadri R (2013) On the Stereochemical Inertness of the Auride Lone Pair: Ab Initio Studies of AAu (A = K, Rb, Cs). Inorganic Chemistry 52:8183-8189

Intern Presentations at National Meetings (Interns in bold) Juan Camilo Castillo, SACNAS, San Antonio, TX, October 2013 Thomas Gonzalez, SACNAS, San Antonio, TX, October 2013 George Villatoro, SACNAS, San Antonio, TX, October 2013


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7. POST-DOC MENTORING PLAN

For many years the UCSB Materials Research Laboratory has recognized the critical importance of mentoring (PD). As a result the MRL has developed a number of stand-alone and partnered programs to guide post-doctoral researchers in reaching their career goals. These programs range from traditional academic careers to founders of start-up companies or national laboratory positions and established industrial jobs.

During 2013 we have continued to provide funds for every MRL-supported post-doctoral

fellow to attend at least one major national conference (ACS/APS/MRS/Gordon Research Conference) and at least one international conference or workshop per year. The success of this program can be judged by the level of engagement with our PDs. The MRL also engages closely with post-doctoral scholars with respect to seminars and visitors to campus. Funds and administrative support have been provided to allow our PDs to invite and host one colloquium speaker per quarter in the joint MRL/Materials department seminar series. In addition, time is allocated in the schedule for each seminar visitor to the MRL to meet with a group of MRL post-doctoral scholars. By closely interacting with the speakers without interference from faculty, the PDs are able to maximize their interactions with these world-class scientists, gaining additional insights into professional development and future contacts for their independent careers. This program has been warmly received by MRL PDs and is a major success.

To complement these mentoring opportunities, Hawker, Pollock, Read de Alaniz, and

Seshadri run workshops for post-doctoral fellows on career-building, and specifically, on making the transition to a faculty position. These workshops address the whole application process from the initial application/research proposal preparation to the final interview/visit, as well as expectations of interviewers. One gratifying outcome of the workshops has been the large numbers of non-MRL attendees, who usually learn of the workshops by word of mouth. Hawker and Seshadri have also run workshops (outside of Hawker's new graduate course) on the preparation of scientific talks, and the preparation of figures for publication and presentation. The MRL is formalizing and expanding these workshops and are currently running them on a twice-a-year basis, right before the Spring and Fall National Society meetings. A recently initiated mentoring program involves inviting recent graduates back to UCSB to give non-technical presentations related to their careers.

Another aspect of post-doctoral mentoring whose time has come is training in research ethics.

The NSF policy on ethics is already in place at the MRL and Seshadri has expanded this effort to a quarterly series of seminars on the topic of research ethics that will be mandated for all MRL-supported undergraduate/graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. It is proposed to fully integrate MRL PDs in these new ethics initiatives, both as students as well as mentors for undergraduate and graduate students. Again, all aspects of this post-doctoral mentoring plan are greatly facilitated by the strong sense of community that the MRL encourages and the many opportunities for interacting with all levels of stakeholders within the MRL. This provides a nourishing environment for the development of post-doctoral fellows into scientific and technological leaders.


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8. CENTER DIVERSITY - PROGRESS AND PLANS

The MRL is strongly committed to involving under-represented groups as Center participants, and increasing the participation of women and under-represented minorities at all levels. Intrinsic to this effort is the careful collection and analysis of diversity metrics, to the extent permitted, in order to evaluate and assess the impact of our programs. We recognize the need for continued and vigorous efforts towards the goals of further increasing diversity in the MRL in the both the short and long terms in a sustainable manner, that genuinely reflects reflects the population, and results in a robust and inclusive scientific workforce being trained. Strategic plan and metrics: Our K-12 efforts continue to involve a predominantly Chican@/Latin@ population with emphasis on local, largely agricultural communities in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, with aspects of the K-12 efforts such as ScienceLine having broader reach. For this group of students our diversity aims include providing class modules and training for teachers with targeted outreach through ScienceLine and in-school demonstrations. The MRL student community has been particularly helpful in this arena, and they also provide excellent role models for K-12 students.

At the undergraduate level a key focus of this effort has been to establish strong partnerships with external partners – PREM programs with Jackson State University and the University of Texas, El Paso have been major successes – and to assume leadership or administrative roles for existing UCSB programs – for example, the MRL manages the California Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP) program at UCSB. This leverage has allowed our undergraduate diversity programs to have over 50% URM participation. This is appropriate since UCSB is on the verge of being considered a Hispanic Serving Institution, with recent published statistics from 2011 suggesting 24% of the undergraduates self-report as Chican@/Latin@. To complement these REU programs, the MRL also actively pursues other avenues to engage with undergraduate students. Building on the strong sense of community within the MRL, undergraduate students are provided with additional opportunities through MRL study halls, career-building workshops, graduate student panels, financial support for the GREs and graduate school application fees.

At the graduate student level, the MRL has a number of programs that reflect our commitment to diversity. This includes our MRL Diversity Fellowships for attracting and retaining minority Ph.D. students, many of whom are subsequently mentored with national fellowship applications (NSF, NDSEG, etc.) where MRL students have a very successful record. The Graduate Students for Diversity in Science (GSDS) group continues to be a major opportunity for all graduate students to be involved in diversity activities and has secured funding through 2014 from the DOW Foundation. Earlier this year they organized a Distinguished Lecture by Professor Mildred Dresselhaus of MIT (right) that was attended by a number of students from nearby California State Universities. At the faculty level, the strong commitment to women in the MRL is seen in the increase in the number of women participants (over 30% presently). Read de Alaniz has also substantially contributed to setting new directions as the MRL Diversity Coordinator with support in this role from Hawker and Pak.

Desired outcomes: Our improving networks and the integration of new programs such as the expanded PREM relationships provide a strong foundation for achieving our diversity goal of full participation. To highlight and reinforce these efforts, the MRL will continue with MRL Diversity Awards which encourage participation while also recognizing the enthusiastic service of graduate students towards fostering a more diverse research workforce.


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9. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER TO INDUSTRY AND OTHER SECTORS The intellectual and educational diversity of the materials research effort at UCSB is significantly strengthened by multi-faceted interactions/collaborations with industry and national laboratories such as the Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials (MC-CAM) and the Dow Materials Institute (DowMI). A special feature of these center-based interactions is that many of the activities are open to all MRL stakeholders and the size of these efforts allows them to focus on enhanced programs/projects that cannot be addressed individually.

A major new program that was initiated within the MRL in 2011 was the formation of the Dow Materials Institute which continues to grow and provide valuable resources and interactions for all members of the MRL. For example, the DowMI also provides funds to the MRL Shared Facilities, co-sponsorship of a wide range of seminars, support for educational outreach activities and travel fellowships. Together with MC-CAM and the Complex Fluids Design Consortium (CFDC), these partnerships represent a unique and major academic-industry research opportunity that will be of significant value to all aspects of the MRL mission including (1) establishing joint research programs; (2) leveraging NSF funding for research and graduate fellowships; (3) providing off-campus research experiences and employment opportunities for graduate students and post-docs; (4) promoting world-class facilities and resources for engagement with industry and national laboratories, (5) providing a focal point for broader industrial and national laboratory interactions, and (6) providing skills and opportunities to transfer newly-gained scientific knowledge into technological innovations. Materials Research Outreach Program (MROP): Another showcase for industrial outreach is the annual MROP program of the MRL which is designed to stimulate collaborative research between faculty groups at UCSB and industry scientists. To sharpen the focus of the annual MROP symposium, we have recently increased the number of industrial speakers (ca. 30%) and broadened the spectrum of organizations participating. The February 2014 meeting attracted participants from many international and US companies, institutions and national laboratories. The seventh annual Cheetham Lectureship was awarded to Professor Ellen Williams from the University of Maryland (also chief scientist BP). This lectureship has become a highlight of the program.

The success of MROP reflects the national prominence of the materials program at UCSB and serves as an excellent platform for sharing the latest high-impact MRL accomplishments with external collaborators. A major focus of MROP is a poster session in which our graduate students and postdocs present their most recent and exciting research results. For the students and post-docs, poster sessions provide a convenient venue for meeting and engaging with the industrial visitors. A number of former UCSB students can directly trace their current industrial positions to contacts made at MROP. In addition, several UC-industry joint research efforts and successful start-up companies have begun as a result of interactions initiated during this forum, with the above mentioned Dow Materials Institute being a perfect example.


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Translating Science/Engineering into Innovation: The recent MRL initiative to assist students in the translation of their research results into innovative applications has gathered momentum through an expanded partnership with the UCSB Technology-Transfer Office (TIA) and UCSB’s Technology Management Program (TMP). This includes promoting of student research to outside venture groups, workshops on intellectual property and entrepreneurship issues such as a new topical “Material-to-Market” seminar series and the very successful New Venture Competition. The annual New Venture Competition allows student entrepreneur teams to participate in a series of planning and information sessions that occur over a three-month time period. During this time they develop business plans before making formal “pitches” to a panel of corporate leaders, investors and serial entrepreneurs. The 2012 competition winner James Rogers (PhD student in the Materials Department and MRL) described his start-up aPEEL, which creates ultrathin preservation barrier that can be applied to fruits and vegetables, at the 2014 MROP. Resident Researchers: To further build on these industrial and national laboratory partnerships, a focus on resident non-academic visitors is proposed. While the MRL currently hosts both short-term and long-term industrial and national laboratory visitors, we have recently expanded the focus and long-term viability of their residency through joint supervision of students, mentoring programs, and the establishment of long-term research projects. This program has expanded significantly in the last 2 years with a total of 10 companies now having researchers at UCSB for periods of 12 months or more.


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10. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Background: The UCSB Materials Research Laboratory has, since its inception, established a strong tradition of international collaboration that has been crucial in helping to elevate the reputation of Santa Barbara as a premier center for Materials Research. Recent activities: In training the next generation of global science and engineering citizens, the MRL targets all stakeholders in the MRL with tailored programs geared to undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students, as well as faculty members. In 2013, two very successful international partnership workshops were run by the MRL, with some assistance from the UCSB-based NSF-IMI, the International Center for Materials Research (ICMR). The two workshops were the UCSB-Chalmers University Joint Workshop on Advanced Materials, September 23-24, 2013 at UC Santa Barbara Agenda (See the photograph of the workshop above), and the Joint UCSB/CWMI/KAIST Workshop on Biologically-Inspired Soft Matter, September 23-25, 2013 at UC Santa Barbara. Both workshops have become an annual bilateral tradition, with the Chalmers workshop being the 3rd in the series (the second one was held at Chalmers University in Gothenberg, Sweden in June 2012), and similarly, the longstanding relation with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) having resulted in a workshop previously in Daejon, Korea in 2011. When the UCSB team visited Sweden in 2012, 5 MRL graduate students were a part of the team, and they received “equal billing” with UCSB and Chalmers faculty. Chalmers students did not speak in the 2012 Workshop. However, when the Chalmers group visited UCSB in 2013, they indeed brought along student speakers, pointing to how the empowerment of MRL graduate students is impacting our partners as well.

At the undergraduate level, our continuing effort towards addressing the international

training of our students has been in the form of the Cooperative International Science and Engineering Internships (CISEI) program. This program sends UCSB and other US science and engineering undergraduates to international partner institutions for a ten-week summer research experience. Our internship partners are Santiago de Chile, Eindhoven, Dublin, Cork, Oxford, Shanghai, Saarbrücken, Seoul, Lyon and Stockholm. A key success of CISEI, described separately under the Educational Programs section, is the number of participants who have gone on to graduate school.

The training of graduate student researchers is equally an emphasis of our international

program with many graduate students from the MRL traveling either for workshops or collaborations outside the country last year.


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11. SHARED EXPERIMENTAL/COMPUTATIONAL FACILITIES (Director: Hawker). World-class facilities are a cornerstone of the UCSB MRL and an

enabler of the core research, mentoring and education aspects of the CEMRI. Showcasing the promise and potential of shared experimental facilities, the MRL at UCSB supports six SEFs and partners with an additional two on the UCSB campus. Each one is maintained by one to four dedicated staff members whose primary responsibilities include training users and supporting the equipment. Significantly, all facilities also participate in undergraduate teaching and are actively involved in research and publishing. An essential aspect of the MRL-supported SEFs is that all equipment is managed by the MRL and is available to all members of the UCSB campus and the surrounding academic/industrial community. Maintaining the cutting-edge nature of the facilities, MRL’s SEFs have received continued improvements to existing instrumentation, additional new technologies, and additions of personnel in the last year. The success and impact of the SEFs is reflected in the significant number of active users for each facility, with 59,000 recharge hours clocked annually for the last two annual reporting periods by upwards of 1200 trained users across the eight facilities.

MRL shared equipment facilities (SEFs) continue to be a major resource for the broader research community at UCSB, and are influenced and supported by UCSB’s support of the Materials Research Facilities Network (MRFN). The MRL has continued to drive and champion the MRFN since its inception in 2007. Dr. Amorette Getty, continuing as MRFN coordinator, provides oversight of local MRFN activities and acts as a central point-of-contact for external user relationships, as well as providing leadership and a central contact point for broader MRFN efforts. This year the redeveloped MRFN.org website has been fully operational, boasting an instrumentation database which details 891 instruments for materials characterization, analysis, and fabrication across the 26 member centers, with integration with the MRSEC.org website and some member sites.

Additionally in the last year, the MRL collaborated with the UCSB campus community to share the code set used to create the MRFN.org site. The basic website has been duplicated and reskinned to create a database for shared instrumentation and facilities across the UCSB campus, leveraging the MRFN investment even further to benefit the local research community. All MRL-funded instrumentation, as well as the many open-access staffed facilities the campus maintains are listed on this new site, permitting enhanced collaboration, more efficient use of existing investments in instrumentation, and a greater awareness of the resources available to researchers on the UCSB campus. This forking and re-skinning of the existing code set can be duplicated at any other interested institution to encourage greater awareness of open-access instrumentation among research communities.

The MRL Facilities Committee (Hawker – chairperson) is composed of the MRFN coordinator (Getty), the facilities directors and facilities managers, and meets quarterly to discuss the current operation of each facility and to plan for future operation and instrumentation acquisition. The facility managers and support staff maintain and develop instrumentation while also providing user training to students and assisting with undergraduate/graduate courses and outreach activities. A critical feature of the SEFs is that ALL instrumentation is available on a recharge basis to all researchers at UCSB and the greater academic community. Support is also given to industrial users in an attempt to foster collaborations and initiate research partnerships; however, preference for instrument access is given to academic users. Recharge rates, which are approved by a campus committee, are set such that each facility operates on a zero income/loss basis with industrial users being charged at a higher rate. The facilities committee also plays a synergistic role in major instrument acquisition with funds from non-MRL sources such as the


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DoD DURIP, NSF IMR, NIH, DOE programs being highly leveraged to support the world-class mission of the facilities.

The MRL's Computational Facility (Director: Brown; Managers: Dr. P. Weakliem; N. Rogers) served over 300 users affiliated with more than 40 research groups in the past year. The vast majority of users are affiliated with UCSB. The Center for Scientific Computing (CSC), of which the MRL is a founding member, has added over 1000 cores of computational power, partially funded with NSF MRSEC funding, to local clusters to address computational problems in materials characterization. The clusters have been running at around 85% utilization with more than 15 million hours of aggregate compute time in the past year. Future projects include unifying the local storage architecture for both archival and high performance storage and integrating donated GPUs into existing clusters.

The Polymer Characterization Facility (Director: Hawker; Manager: Dr. K. Brzezinska) has served over 200 users affiliated with more than 48 research groups from at least 12 departments. Recent developments in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) have been focused on molecular size sensitive detectors in the form of light scattering detectors and viscometer detectors for the determination of absolute molecular weight distribution and polymer chain branching. The facility continues to upgrade its existing infrastructure and significantly enhance campus capabilities for the measurement of absolute molecular weight and size of macromolecules in solution. In 2012 new installations included a Wyatt Multi-angle Light Scattering system acquired via MRSEC funding. Last year, the Polymer Characterization Facility brought online the new Wyatt ViscoStar system. The ViscoStar detector measures specific viscosity, which can be used to derive the hydrodynamic radius and shape information about polymers in solution. In February 2013, the Viscolite 700HP Bench Viscometer was added and is very useful for kinetics measurements during polymerization (temperature range -40°C to 150°C and viscosity range 0-20,000 cP). The Facilities Online Manager (FOM), installed in the previous year, has streamlined user communication, instrument scheduling and billing.

The year of 2014 has been a transitional period for the TEMPO Facility (TEMPO = Thermal, Electrical/Elemental, Magnetic, Pore structure, and Optical properties: Director: Seshadri; Manager: Dr. T. Amanda Strom) as long-time Technical Director, Joe Doyle, retired and Dr. Strom took over management of the facility. Given the strategic overlap of their times here, the transition has been a smooth one, as shown by a further 10% increase in usage over the previous reporting period. TEMPO has added two new spectroscopy instruments to its optical characterization suite. The first addition was a bench top fluorimeter, the Fluoromax 4, with an integrating sphere accessory for determining quantum yields of photo-, bio- and electro-luminescent materials. The integrating sphere accessory has already resulted in several publications. TEMPO also added an FTIR with an all diamond ATR accessory for simple and fast analysis of solids, liquids, films and gels and a new pycnometer for ultra-precise density measurements of solids, slurries and powders.

In addition to the new instrumentation, TEMPO has upgraded the capabilities of several other instruments through both software and hardware updates. Beyond research and measurement capabilities, TEMPO was also the first lab on the UCSB campus to be evaluated by the UCSB LabSYNC program for sustainability assessment and will continue to be a leader in sustainable research practices by implementing recommendations and encouraging others to take part. Finally, TEMPO continues to serve its over 200 active users with a rigorous training schedule, offering 25 to 30 training classes annually on our instrumentation as well as many self-training modules.

As planned, the Spectroscopy Facility (Director: Han; Manager: Dr. J. Hu) has added a brand new solid-state 400MHz WB NMR to its heavily-utilized suite of spectrometers. The


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instrument features a high-definition (HD) electronic console, two advanced magic-angle spinning (MAS) probes, and an ultra-shielded wide-bore magnet with a build-in sweep coil which open the avenue for the cutting-edge dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). A grant proposal for a DNP setup has been submitted to NSF and hopefully will get funded. The machine is very user-friendly in terms of setup and sensitivity, and has greatly satisfied the UCSB spectrometry community.

The spectroscopy facility is proud to be the home of a multi-million dollar, high-field 800 MHz NMR spectrometer, which was transferred from Prof. Rick Dahlquist of the Chemistry & Biochemistry Department at UCSB. The machine is valuable, not just in its $3 million price, but more importantly in its research capabilities. Because of its high field, the high resolution and high sensitivity opens extra avenues to cutting edge research. Samples with low sensitivity such as natural products and those with low loading, low frequency, and quadrupolar nuclei will benefit to a large degree. For macromolecules including polymers and proteins, high resolution is critical. Furthermore, the cryoprobe system equipped on the instrument offers additional sensitivity enhancement. The instrument is loaded with both advanced solution NMR and solid-state NMR setups. This instrument is indispensable to researchers on the UCSB campus. Coming with the growth of the spectroscopy facility is the expansion of the staff. Last year, Shamon Walker joined the facility as an NMR specialist. We are proud to have him on the team.

The X-ray Facility (Director: Safinya; Lab Manager: Dr. Y. Li) operates a combination of commercial and custom developed x-ray diffractometers for powder diffraction, thin film reflectometry, and small and wide-angle x-ray scattering. In addition to supporting a large user base of university researchers and R&D staff from industry, the facility staff is actively engaged in research projects to develop cutting edge x-ray diffraction techniques and instrumentation for broad application in nanoscale structure characterization. In the current cycle, we secured funding for a new Pilatus300K pixel array detector, which will significantly enhance the performance of an ultra small angle x-ray diffractometer under construction in the facility. A collaborative effort has been established between the facility staff and a research team at Lund University and MaxLab synchrotron in Sweden to develop microfluidic sample cells for in-situ x-ray diffraction studies. The MRL continued its implementation of the Facilities Online Manager (FOM) designed to increase accuracy in usage reporting and simplify the recharge process. After wrapping up the TEMPO and Polymer Characterization facilities, the MRL focused FOM expansion efforts on the X-Ray and Spectroscopy facilities in Elings Hall, necessitating several minor network upgrades to traverse the campus core. Currently the X-Ray and Spectroscopy facilities are testing FOM on a few instruments to determine how best to deploy it in their environment. The TEMPO and Polymer Characterization facilities have given valuable feedback for modifications and enhancements that the FOM programmers are working on now with a summer 2014 release date.

The Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (Director: Speck; Managers: M. Cornish; Dr. S. Kraemer, Dr. T. Mates) provides a range of advanced methods for the analysis of both “hard” and “soft” materials. The facility reports the recent purchase of a new Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS), to be installed in November of this year. The Cameca IMS 7f-Auto is a state-of-the-art magnetic-sector instrument that will bring much higher mass resolution and spatial resolution than the facility’s existing quadrupole SIMS. This will allow in-house performance of the large amount of SIMS work that faculty have been sending out to private analytical firms for many years.

The Facility for the Characterization of Materials for Energy Applications (Director: Chabinyc; Manager: Dr. J. Gerbec) addresses the growing need for development of novel materials for energy. This facility, which increased its usage by 44% in the last year,


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boasts capabilities for testing of photovoltaic devices and for testing of electrochemical systems such as batteries, with a preference for turn-key systems which enable researchers who are not experts in these areas to obtain high quality results without lengthy training. Three instruments are newly added to the facility in the last year in support of electronic battery research efforts. An environmental chamber allows researchers to operate battery coin cells at temperatures from -30C to 80C. A 100-Amp high-power galvanostat permits cycling of super capacitors, large-format Li-ion batteries, and battery packs. Finally, new battery fabrication equipment in the facility includes an automated blade coater and heated roll press for large-scale electrode fabrication.

The Terahertz Facility (Director: Sherwin; Manager: D. Enyeart), an MRL partner in collaboration with the Institute for Terahertz Science and Technology, provides one-of-a-kind and state-of-the-art instrumental capabilities which rely on radiation frequencies at the heart of the electromagnetic spectrum in the terahertz (THz) and sub-terahertz range, offering tremendous new opportunities for the study of synthetic and biological materials in solution and solid state. The Terahertz facility uniquely closes the gap with the UCSB Free Electron Lasers (FELs) covering 0.1-4.8 THz at kW power with vector network analyzers and time-domain and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers. Dr. Nikolay (Nick) Agladze joined ITST in August 2013 as a Principal Experimentalist, bringing over 25 years' experience in infrared spectroscopy and all aspects of scientific instrument building, including accelerator-based light sources. In addition to assisting users of the terahertz facility with their experiments, he is also an integral part of the team that is building a new free-electron laser for the facility.


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12. ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT The success of the MRL is built on a solid foundation of dedicated leadership and administration commitment to being national and international leaders in materials research. To fulfill this mission, a tradition of strong management continues with Professor Craig Hawker providing inspired leadership at UCSB and within the larger MRSEC community. The expanded role of Co-Director rests in the very capable hands of Ram Seshadri, who brings enthusiasm and fresh ideas to the MRL leadership. Together with the MRL Business Officer and Assistant Director, Maureen Evans, Hawker and Seshadri have ultimate responsibility for the day-to-day operation of the center and devote considerable effort to its continued success. The MRL management team receives valuable input from the MRL Executive Committee, the External Advisory Board and the new Student Advisory Board. The former two bodies play a significant role in the selection of new seed funding and IRG renewal proposals, while all bodies serve a vital function in evaluating the research, education, outreach and diversity activities of the center and providing new ideas for maintaining the cutting-edge nature of these programs.

A Diversity Officer, Professor Javier Read de Alaniz, provides recognition and a central

point for organization of our critical diversity efforts, and has in fact been key in establishing and running the PREM collaboration with UTEP. The increasing national importance of the Materials Research Facilities Network (MRFN), coupled with our desire to further impact the greater materials community, has been in no small part due to the efforts of Dr. Amorette Getty who coordinates the MRFN at UCSB and nationwide. One of her key achievements is liasing with the different MRFN partners and with Irina Zaks, a web specialist associated with MRSEC websites, to ensure that as instruments are added in the different MRFN partners institutions, that they automatically are reflected on the mrfn.org website. Other stakeholders who provide valuable input to the MRL management team are the IRG co-leaders as well as Dr. Dorothy Pak, who directs our educational outreach office and Professor Craig Hawker, who has oversight of our significant commitment to facilities development and is Chair of the MRL facilities committee. The overall organizational chart is shown above with all representatives and IRG leaders meeting monthly to discuss MRL organizational issues and to plan future MRL programs and initiatives.


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Committees and Boards. The stated goal of the UCSB MRL to be a world leader in materials research, having significant national and international impact in research, educational and outreach activities, necessitates a continual evaluation of MRL activities. These evaluations must involve a true 360-degree process for all the stakeholders to be represented and for their ideas and suggestions to be acted upon. Three main committees provide this indispensable input to MRL management. From an external perspective, the External Advisory Board (EAB), which is composed of outstanding scientists and engineers from a diverse range of backgrounds, is critical in providing feedback on all MRL activities. The reconstituted External Advisory Board is listed below and meets at least once per year in person. In 2013, this was following the Materials Research Outreach Program, where they reviewed all center activities and initial progress during the first few months of this grant.

Prof. Kenneth Carter - UMASS Dr. Scott Chambers – Pacific Northwest Prof. Sossina Halle – Caltech Prof. Glake Hill – Jackson State (PREM) Prof. Richard LeSar – Iowa State Dr. Cora Leibig – Segitis Professor Paul McIntyre - Stanford Dr. Katharine Page – LANL Dr. Ahmet Tezel – Allergan Prof. Karen Wooley – Texas A&M Prof. Luis Echegoyen – UTEP PREM

In addition to the EAB, two internal committees, an Executive Committee (EC) and a Student Advisory Board, will guide the MRL and ensure its future development within the UCSB and greater materials community. The Executive Committee has recently been reconstituted, decreasing the size from 18 to 10 members with four main stakeholders being represented – University Administration (Deans of Engineering and Science), major related campus centers (Directors of CNSI and Institute for Energy Efficiency), IRG leaders (three co-leaders rotating yearly) and outreach (Education Director, Facilities representation and Diversity coordinator). Hawker, Seshadri and Evans are ex-officio representatives.


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13. PLACEMENTS: STUDENTS & POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLARS Graduate Student Placements 2013/14 Audus, Debra* Ph.D. NIST Bakus, Ronald Ph.D. Barton, Philip Ph.D. Chen, Ru Ph.D. Postdoc, UC Berkeley George, Nathan Ph.D. Kim, Bongjae Ph.D. Samsung Lee, Dong Woog Ph.D. Postdoc, UCSB Mester, Zoltan Ph.D Postdoc, Princeton University Moutakef, Pouya Ph.D. Postdoc, University of Maryland Oinkoyi, Adetunji** Ph.D. Kaplan Oullette, Daniel Ph.D. Intel Perez, Louis Ph.D. aPEEL Technology Rogers, James Ph.D. aPEEL Technology Stahl, Brian Ph.D. aPEEL Technology Venkatesh, Srinivasan

M.S. TE Connectivity, Menlo Park, CA

Yu, Jing Ph.D. Postdoc, Cal-Tech Zacchia, Nicholas M.S. Ph.D. Program, University of British

Columbia Zell, Zachary Ph.D. Intel Corporation, Oregon *female ** under-represented minority


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Postdoctoral Scholar Placements 2013/14 Agarwal, Vishal Areephong, Jetsuda* Postdoc, Dalhousie University, Canada Akdogan, Yasar Asst. Prof., Izmir Institute of Technology,

Turkey Birkel, Alexander Iticon consulting, Frankfurt, Germany Birkel, Christina* Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Collins Sprafke, Hazel* BASF, Germany Desmond, Kenneth Exxon-Mobil R&D, Annandale, NJ Gbur, Randi* Trilypsa, Inc. San Francisco Cromer, Michael** NIST Gacal, Burcin* Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Kim, Jong Soo Samsung Corning Precision Materials, Suwon,

South Korea Ku, Sung-Yu The Dow Chemical Company Kuehhorn, Julia* Boehniger Ingleheim, Erlanger, Germany Jonathan Landy Postdoc, UC Berkeley Lynd, Nathaniel Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Man, Xingkum Associate Prof., SBeihang University, Bejing,

China Moon, Eun-Gook Postdoc, U. Chicago Monternal, Damien CNRS, University of Lyon, France Pascal, Laetitia* Sparks, Taylor Asst. Prof., University of Utah Sprafke, Johannes BASF, Germany Taylor, Warren Postdoc, Patagonia Tseng, Hsin-Rong Merck, Germany Yee, Chuck-Hou Postdoc, Rutgers University *female ** under-represented minority


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14. MRSEC SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS

2013-2014 MRL PUBLICATIONS IRG1 a. Primary MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award S.H. Donaldson Jr., M. Valtiner, M.A. Gebbie, J. Harada, J.N. Israelachvili, “Interactions and visualization of bio-mimetic membrane detachment at smooth and nano-rough gold electrode surfaces,” Soft Matter 9, 5231-5238 (2013) S.G. Jang, D.J. Audus, D. Klinger, D.V. Krogstad, B.J. Kim, A. Cameron, S.W. Kim, K.T. Delaney, S.M. Hur, K.L. Killops, G.H. Fredrickson, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, “Striped, ellipsoidal particles by controlled assembly of diblock copolymers,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 6649-6657 (2013) D. Klinger, M.J. Robb, J.M. Spruell, N.A. Lynd, C.J. Hawker, L.A. Connal, “Supramolecular guests in solvent driven block copolymer assembly: From internally structured nanoparticles to micelles,” Polym. Chem. 4, 5038-5042 (2013) M. Menyo, C.J. Hawker, J.H. Waite, “Versatile tuning of supramolecular hydrogels through metal complexation of oxidation resistant catechol inspired ligands,” Soft Matter 9, 10314-10323 (2013) J.H. Ortony, S.H. Choi, J.M. Spruell, J.N. Hunt, N.A. Lynd, D.V. Krogstad, V.S. Urban, C.J. Hawker, E.J. Kramer, S. Han, “Fluidity and water in nanoscale domains define coacervate hydrogels,” Chem. Sci. 5, 58-67 (2014). DOI: 10.1039/C3SC52368C J.H. Ortony, D.S. Hwang, J.M. Franck, J.H. Waite, S. Han, “Asymmetric collapse in biomimetic complex coacervates revealed by local polymer and water dynamics,” Biomacromolecules 14(5), 1395-1402 (2013) L.M. Pitet, A.H.M. van Loon, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, E.W. Meijer, “Nanostructured supramolecular block copolymers based on polydimethylsiloxane and polylactide,” ACS Macro Lett. 2, 1006-1010 (2013) S. Tamesue, M. Ohtani, K. Yamada, Y. Ishida, J.M. Spruell, N.A. Lynd, C.J. Hawker, T. Aida, “Linear versus dendritic molecular binders for hydrogel network formation with clay nanosheets: Studies with ABA triblock copolyethers carrying guanidinium ion pendants,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 15650-15655 (2013) J. Yu, Y. Kan, M. Rapp, E. Danner, W. Wei, S. Das, D.R. Miller, Y. Chen, J.H. Waite, J.N. Israelachvili, “Adaptive hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of mussel foot proteins with organic thin films,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15680-15685 (2013)


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b. Partial MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award D.J. Audus, K.T. Delaney, H.D. Ceniceros, G.H. Fredrickson, “Comparison of pseudo-spectral algorithms for field-theoretic simulations of polymers,” Macromolecules 46, 8383 (2013). DOI 10.1021/ma401804j K.P. Barteau, M. Wolffs, N.A. Lynd, G.H. Fredrickson, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, “Allyl glycidyl ether-based polymer electrolytes for room temperature lithium batteries,” Macromolecules 46, 8988-8994 (2013) S. Das, X. Banquy, B. Zappone, G.W. Greene, G.D. Jay, J.N. Israelachvili, “Synergistic interactions between grafted hyaluronic acid and Lubricin provide enhanced wear protection and lubrication,” Biomacromolecules 14(5), 1669-1677 (2013) M.D. Dimitriou, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, “Advanced techniques for the characterization of surface structure in polymer thin films and coatings,” Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 39, 1-13 (2014) S. Donaldson, S. Das, M. Gebbie, M. Rapp, L. Jones, Y. Roiter, P. Koenig, Y. Gizaw, J.N. Israelachvili, “Asymmetric electrostatic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction forces between mica surfaces and silicone polymer thin films,” ACS Nano 7(11), 10094-10104 (2013) B.P. Fors, J.E. Poelma, M.S. Menyo, M.J. Robb, D.M. Spokoyny, J.W. Kramer, J.H. Waite, C.J. Hawker, “Fabrication of unique chemical patterns and concentration gradients with visible light,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 14106-14109 (2013) J.M. Franck, R. Kausik, S. Han, “Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced NMR relaxometry,” Microporous and Mesoporous Mater. 178, 113-118 (2013) J.M. Franck, A. Pavlova, J.A. Scott, S. Han, “Quantitative cw Overhauser effect dynamic nuclear polarization for the analysis of local water dynamics,” Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. 74, 33-56 (2013) R. Groote, B.M. Szyja, F.A. Leibfarth, C.J. Hawker, N.L. Doltsinis, R.P. Sijbesma, “Strain-induced strengthening of the weakest link: The importance of intermediate geometry for the outcome of mechanochemical reactions,” Macromolecules 47, 1187-1192 (2014) J.N. Israelachvili, K. Kristiansen, M.A. Gebbie, D.W. Lee, S.H. Donaldson Jr., S. Das, M.V. Rapp, X. Banquy, M. Valtiner, J. Yu, “The intersection of interfacial forces and electrochemical reactions,” J. Phys. Chem. B 117(51), 16369-16387 (2013) A. Lee, P. Lundberg, D. Klinger, B.F. Lee, C.J. Hawker, N.A. Lynd, “Physiologically relevant, pH-responsive PEG-based block and statistical copolymers with N,N-diisopropylamine units,” Polym. Chem. 4, 5735-5742 (2013) D.W. Lee, C. Lim, J.N. Israelachvili, D.S. Hwang, “Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions,” Langmuir 29(46), 14222-14229 (2013)


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F.A. Leibfarth, C.J. Hawker, “The emerging utility of ketenes in polymer chemistry,” J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 51, 3769-3782 (2013) X. Man, K.T. Delaney, M.C. Villet, H. Orland, G.H. Fredrickson, “Coherent states formulation of polymer field theory,” J. Chem. Phys. 140, 024905 (2014). DOI 10.1063/1.4860978 S.C.T. Nicklisch, S. Das, N. Martinez, J.H. Waite, J.N. Israelachvili, “Antioxidant efficacy and adhesion rescue by a recombinant mussel foot protein-6,” Biotech. Progress 29, 1587-1593 (2013) S.P. Paradiso, K.T. Delaney, C.J. Garcia-Cervera, H.D. Ceniceros, G.H. Fredrickson, “Block copolymer self assembly during rapid solvent evaporation: Insights into cylinder growth and stability,” ACS Macro. Lett. 3, 16 (2014). DOI 10.1021/mz400572r L.M. Pitet, A.H.M. van Loon, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, E.W. Meijer, “Nanostructured supramolecular block copolymers based on polydimethylsiloxane and polylactide,” ACS Macro Lett. 2(11), 1006-1010 (2013) L.M. Pitet, S.F. Wuister, E. Peeters, E.J. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, E.W. Meijer, “Well-organized dense arrays of nanodomains in thin films of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(lactide) diblock copolymers,” Macromolecules 46(20), 8289 (2013) P. Plunkett, B.A. Camley, K.L. Weirich, J.N. Israelachvili, P.J. Atzberger, “Simulation of edge facilitated adsorption and critical concentration induced rupture of vesicles at a surface,” Soft Matter 9, 8420-8427 (2013) J.E. Poelma, B.P. Fors, G.F. Meyers, J.W. Kramer, C.J. Hawker, “Fabrication of complex three-dimensional polymer brush nanostructures through light-mediated living radical polymerization,” Angew. Chemie, Int. Ed. 52, 6844-6848 (2013) R. Pötzsch, H. Komber, B.C. Stahl, C.J. Hawker, B.I. Voit, “Radical thiol-yne chemistry on diphenylacetylene: Selective and quantitative addition enabling the synthesis of hyperbranched poly(vinyl sulfide)s,” Macromol. Rapid Comm. 34, 1772 (2013) M.J. Robb, S.Y. Ku, C.J. Hawker, “No assembly required: Recent advances in fully conjugated block copolymers,” Adv. Mater. 25, 5686-5700 (2013) D. Yu, N.E. LaPointe, E. Guzman, V. Pessino, L. Wilson, S.C. Feinstein, M.T. Valentine, “Tau proteins harboring neurodegeneration-linked mutations impair kinesin translocation in vitro,” J. of Alzheimer's Disease 39, 301-314 (2014) c. Publications Resulting from IRG Research, but do not Acknowledge the MRSEC Award None


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IRG2 a. Primary MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award S.J. Allen, B. Jalan, S. Lee, D.G. Ouellette, G. Khalsa, J. Jaroszynski, S. Stemmer, A.H. MacDonald, “Conduction-band edge and Shubnikov-de Haas effect in low-electron-density SrTiO3,” Phys. Rev. B 88(4), 045114 (2013) A.P. Kajdos, D.G. Ouellette, T.A. Cain, S. Stemmer, “Two-dimensional electron gas in a modulation-doped SrTiO3/Sr(Ti,Zr)O3 heterostructure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 082120 (2013) S. Raghavan, S.J. Allen, S. Stemmer, “Subband structure of two-dimensional electron gases in SrTiO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 212103 (2013) J.B. Varley, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Hydrogenated vacancies and hidden hydrogen in SrTiO3,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 075202 (2014) b. Partial MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award L. Bjaalie, B. Himmetoglu, L. Weston, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Oxide interfaces for novel electronic applications,” New J. Phys. 16, 025005 (2014) S. Bubel, M.L. Chabinyc, “Model for determination of mid-gap states in amorphous metal oxides from thin film transistors,” J. Appl. Phys. 113, 234507 (2013) S. Bubel, S. Meyer, F. Kunze, M.L. Chabinyc, “Ionic liquid gating reveals trap-filled limit mobility in low temperature amorphous zinc oxide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 152102 (2013) R. Chen, S. Lee, L. Balents, “Dimer Mott insulator in an oxide heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 161119(R) (2013) G. Conti, A.M. Kaiser, A.X. Gray, S. Nemsak, G.K. Palsson, J. Son, P. Moetakef, A. Janotti, L. Bjaalie, C.S. Conlon, D. Eiteneer, A.A. Greer, A. Keqi, A. Rattanachata, A.Y. Saw, A. Bostwick, W.C. Stolte, A. Gloskovskii, W. Drube, S. Ueda, M. Kobata, K. Kobayashi, C.G. Van de Walle, S. Stemmer, C.M. Schneider, C.S. Fadley, “Band offsets in complex-oxide thin films and heterostructures of SrTiO3/LaNiO3 and SrTiO3/GdTiO3 by soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 113, 143704 (2013) C. Freysoldt, B. Grabowski, T. Hickel, J. Neugebauer, G. Kresse, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “First-principles calculations for point defects in solids,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 253 (2014) W-H. Ko, H-C. Jiang, J.G. Rau, L. Balents, “Ordering and criticality in an underscreened Kondo chain,” Phys. Rev. B 87, 205107 (2013)


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J.L. Lyons, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Theory and modeling of oxide semiconductors,” Semicon. and Semimetals 88, 1 (2013) P. Moetakef, J.Y. Zhang, S. Raghavan, A.P. Kajdos, S. Stemmer, “Growth window and effect of substrate symmetry in hybrid molecular beam epitaxy of a Mott insulating rare earth titanate,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 31, 041503 (2013) A. Schleife, J.B. Varley, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Conductivity and transparency of TiO2 from first principles,” Proc. of SPIE, Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology VIII 8822, 882205 (2013) S. Stemmer, A.J. Millis, “Quantum confinement in oxide quantum wells,” MRS Bulletin 38, 1032-1039 (2013) S. Stemmer, P. Moetakef, T. Cain, C. Jackson, D. Ouellette, J.R. Williams, D. Goldhaber-Gordon, L. Balents, S.J. Allen, “Properties of high-density two-dimensional electron gases at Mott/band insulator interfaces,” Proc. of SPIE, Oxide-based Materials and Devices IV 8626, 86260F (2013) J.B. Varley, A. Schleife, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Ambipolar doping in SnO,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 082118 (2013) c. Publications Resulting from IRG Research, but do not Acknowledge the MRSEC Award None IRG3 a. Primary MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award V. Agarwal, B. Peters, “Nucleation near the eutectic point in a Potts-Lattice gas model,” J. Chem. Phys. 140, 084111 (2014) C.S. Birkel, J.E. Douglas, B.R. Lettiere, G. Seward, Y.C. Zhang, T.M. Pollock, R. Seshadri, G.D. Stucky, “Influence of Ni nanoparticle addition and spark plasma sintering on the TiNiSn-Ni system: Structure, microstructure, and thermoelectric properties,” Solid State Sci. 26, 16-22 (2013) J.E. Douglas, C.S. Birkel, N.Verma, V.M. Miller, M. Miao, G.D. Stucky, T.M. Pollock, R. Seshadri, “Phase stability and property evolution of biphasic Ti-Ni-Sn alloys for use in thermoelectric applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 115, 043720 (2014) M.P. Echlin, A. Mottura, M. Wang, P.J. Mignone, D.P. Riley, G.V. Franks, T.M. Pollock, “Three-dimensional characterization of the permeability of W-Cu composites using a new ‘Tribeam’ technique,” Acta Mater. 64, 307-315 (2014)


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M.W. Gaultois, T.D. Sparks, C.K.H. Borg, R. Seshadri, W.D. Bonificio, D.R. Clarke, “Data-driven review of thermoelectric materials: Performance and resource considerations,” Chem. Mater. 25, 2911-2920 (2013) J.K. Kawasaki, T. Neulinger, T.R. Rainer, M. Hjort, A.A. Zakharov, A. Mikkelsen, B.D. Schultz, C.J. Palmstrøm, “Epitaxial growth and surface studies of the Half Heusler compound NiTiSn (001),” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 31, 04D106 (2013) b. Partial MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award J.K. Kawasaki, B.D. Schultz, H. Lu, A.C. Gossard, C.J. Palmstrøm, “Surface-mediated tunable self-assembly of single crystal semimetallic ErSb/GaSb nanocomposite structures,” Nano Letters 13, 2895 (2013) G. Kieslich, C.S. Birkel, J.E. Douglas, M.W. Gaultois, I. Veremchuk, R. Seshadri, G.D. Stucky, Y. Grin, W. Tremel, “SPS-assisted preparation of the Magnéli phase WO2.90 for thermoelectric applications,” J. Mater. Chem. A. 1, 13050-13054 (2013) R.G. Mullen, J.E. Shea, B. Peters, “Transmission coefficients, committors, and solvent coordinates in ion-pair dissociation,” J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 659-667 (2014) c. Publications Resulting from IRG Research, but do not Acknowledge the MRSEC Award None SEEDS/INITIATIVES a. Primary MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award None b. Partial MRSEC Support that Acknowledge the MRSEC Award N. Singh, S. Mubeen, J. Lee, H. Metiu, M. Moskovits, E.W. McFarland, “Stable electrocatalysts for autonomous photoelectrolysis of hydrobromic acid using single-junction solar cells,” Energy and Environ. Sci. 7, 978-981 (2014). DOI: 10.1039/C3EE43709D c. Publications Resulting from Seed Research, but do not Acknowledge the MRSEC Award None


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SHARED FACILITIES A. Adeleye, A.A. Keller, “Long-term colloidal stability and metal leaching of single wall carbon nanotubes: Effect of temperature and extracellular polymeric substances,” Water Research 49(1), 236 (2014) M. Alabduljalil, X. Tang, T. Yang, “Cache-conscious performance optimization for similarity search,” SIGIR '13 Proc. of 36th Int’l. ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 713-722 (2013). M.A. Alexandrou, B.A. Swartz, N.J. Matzke, T.H. Oakley, “Genome duplication and multiple evolutionary origins of complex migratory behavior in Salmonidae,” Molec. Phylogen. and Evol. 69(3), 514 (2013) A.C. Anselmo, V. Gupta, B.J. Zern, D. Pan, M. Zakrewsky, V. Muzykantov, S. Mitragotri, “Delivering nanoparticles to lungs while avoiding liver and spleen through adsorption on red blood cells,” ACS Nano 7(12), 11129 (2013) S. Artyukhin, K.T. Delaney, N.A. Spaldin, M. Mostovoy, “Landau theory of topological defects in multiferroic hexagonal manganites,” Nat. Mat. 13(1), 42 (2014) P.T. Barton, Y.D. Premchand, P.A. Chater, R. Seshadri, M.J. Rosseinsky, “Chemical inhomogeneity, short-range order, and magnetism in the LiNiO2–NiO solid solution,” Chem. Eur. J. 19(43), 14521-14531 (2013) P.T. Barton, R. Seshadri, A. Llobet, M.R. Suchomel, “Magnetostructural transition, metamagnetism, and magnetic phase coexistence in Co10Ge3O16,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 024403(1-7) (2013) S.W. Bennett, A. Adeleye, Z. Ji, A.A. Keller, “Stability, metal leaching, photoactivity and toxicity in freshwater systems of commercial single wall carbon nanotubes,” Water Research 47(12), 4074 (2013) A. Bezzola, B.B. Bales, L.R. Petzold, R.C. Alkire, “Numerical scaling studies of kinetically-limited electrochemical nucleation and growth with accelerated stochastic simulations,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 161(8), E3001-E3008 (2014) C. Bleiholder, T.D. Do, C. Wu, N. Economou, S. Bernstein, S. Buratto, J.-E. Shea, M.T. Bowers, “Ion mobility spectrometry reveals the mechanism of amyloid formation of ABeta(25-35) and its modulation by inhibitors at the molecular level: Epigallocatechin gallate and scyllo-inositol,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 16926-16937 (2013) E.G. Brandt, “Fluctuating hydrodynamics simulations of coarse-grained lipid membranes under steady-state conditions and in shear flow,” Phys. Rev. E 88(1), 012714 (2013)


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J. Brgoch, C.K.H. Borg, K.A. Denault, J.R Douglas, T.A. Strom, S.P. DenBaars, R. Seshadri, “Rapid microwave preparation of cerium-substituted sodium yttrium silicate phosphors for solid state white lighting,” Solid State Sci. 26, 115-120 (2013) J. Brgoch, C.K.H. Borg, K.A. Denault, A.A. Mikhailovsky, S.P. DenBaars, R. Seshadri, “An efficient, thermally stable cerium-based silicate phosphor for solid state white lighting,” Inorg. Chem. 52, 8010-8016 (2013) J. Brgoch, S.P. DenBaars, R. Seshadri, “Proxies from Ab-initio calculations for screening efficient Ce3+ phosphor hosts,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 17955-17959 (2013) J.J. Burk, S.K. Buratto, “Electrodeposition of Pt nanoparticle catalysts from H2Pt(OH)6 and their application in PEM fuel cells,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(37), 18957 (2013) T.A. Cain, A.P. Kajdos, S. Stemmer, “La-doped SrTiO3 films with large cryogenic thermoelectric power factors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 182101 (2013) R. Chen, H.J. Ju, H.C. Jiang, O.A. Starykh, L. Balents, “Ground states of spin-1/2 triangular antiferromagnets in a magnetic field,” Phys. Rev. B 87(16), 165123 (2013) C.Y. Cheng, J. Varkey, M.R. Ambroso, R. Langen, S. Han, “Hydration dynamics as an intrinsic ruler for refining protein structure at lipid membrane interfaces,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(42),16838–16843 (2013) V. Chobpattana, T.E. Mates, W.J. Mitchell, J.Y. Zhang, S. Stemmer, “Influence of plasma-based in-situ surface cleaning procedures on HfO2/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stack properties,” J. Appl. Phys. 114, 154108 (2013) M. Choi, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Hydrogen passivation of impurities in Al2O3,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 4149 (2014) M. Choi, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Native point defects in LaAlO3: A hybrid functional study,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 214117 (2013) M. Choi, J.L. Lyons, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Impact of carbon and nitrogen impurities in high-κ dielectrics on metal-oxide-semiconductor devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 142902 (2013) M. Choi, J.L. Lyons, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Impact of native defects in high-k dielectric oxides on GaN/oxide metal–oxide semiconductor devices,” Phys. Status Solidi B 250, 787 (2013) W. Chun, J.-E. Shea, “Structural similarities and differences between amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) sequences and implications for the dual physiological and pathological activities of these peptides,” Plos. Comput. Biol. 9(8), e1003211 (2013)


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J.R. Conway, S.K. Hanna, H.S. Lenihan, A.A. Keller, “Effects and implications of trophic transfer and accumulation of CeO2 nanoparticles in a marine mussel,” Env. Sci. and Tech. 48(3), 1517-1524 (2014) S.M. Copp, D. Schultz, S. Swasey, J. Pavlovich, M. Debord, A. Chiu, K. Olsson, E. Gwinn, “Magic numbers in DNA-stabilized fluorescent silver clusters lead to magic colors,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(6), 959 (2014) M. Cromer, M.C. Villet, G.H. Fredrickson, L.G. Leal, “Shear banding in polymer solutions,” Phys. Fluids. 25, 051703 (2013) M. Cromer, M.C. Villet, G.H. Fredrickson, L.G. Leal, R. Stepanyan, M.J.H. Bulters, “Concentration fluctuations in polymer solutions under extensional flow,” J. Rheology 57(4), 1211 (2013) D.F. Cusack, O.A. Chadwick, T. Ladefoged, P.M. Vitousek, “Long-term effects of agriculture on soil carbon pools and carbon chemistry along a Hawaiian environmental gradient,” Biogeochemistry 112, 229 (2013) S. Das, S. Chary, J. Yu, J. Tamelier, K.L. Turner, J.N. Israelachvili, “JKR theory for the stick–slip peeling and adhesion hysteresis of gecko mimetic patterned surfaces with a smooth glass surface,” Langmuir 29(48), 15006-15012 (2013) S. Das, S.H. Donaldson Jr., Y. Kaufman, J.N. Israelachvili, “Interaction of adsorbed polymers with supported cationic bilayers,” RSC Adv. 3, 20405-20411 (2013) J. Deek, P.J. Chung, J. Kayser, A.R. Bausch, C.R. Safinya, “Neurofilament sidearms modulate parallel and crossed-filament orientations inducing nematic to isotropic and re-entrant birefringent hydrogels,” Nature Comm. 4, 2224 (2013) K.T. Delaney, G.H. Fredrickson, “Polymer field theory simulations on graphics processing units,” Computer Phys. Comm. 184(9), 2102 (2013) K.A. Denault, M. Cantore, S. Nakamura, S.P. DenBaars, R. Seshadri, “Efficient and stable laser-driven white lighting,” AIP Advances 3, 072107(1-6) (2013) K.A. Denault, Z. Cheng, J. Brgoch, S.P. DenBaars, R. Seshadri, “Structure–composition relationships and optical properties in cerium-substituted (Sr,Ba)3(Y,La)(BO3)3 borate phosphors,” J. Mater. Chem. C 1(44), 7339-7345 (2013) A.R. Derk, B. Li, S. Sharma, G.M. Moore, E.W. McFarland, H. Metiu, “Methane oxidation by lanthanum oxide doped with Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, Nb, Ti, Zr, or Ta: The connection between the activation energy and the energy of oxygen-vacancy formation,” Catalysis Lett. 143, 406-410 (2013)


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A.R. Derk, G.M. Moore, S. Sharma, E.W. McFarland, H. Metiu, “Catalytic dry reforming of methane on ruthenium-doped ceria and ruthenium supported on ceria,” Topics in Catalysis 57(1-4), 118-124 (2014) M. Detrixhe, F. Gibou, C. Min, “A parallel fast sweeping method for the Eikonal equation,” J. Comput. Phys. 237, 46 (2013) B.C. Dickinson, A.M. Leconte, B. Allen, K.M. Esvelt, D.R. Liu, “Experimental interrogation of the path dependence and stochasticity of protein evolution using phage-assisted continuous evolution,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 110(22), 9007 (2013) T.D. Do, N. LaPointe, N. Economou, S. Bernstein, S. Buratto, S. Feinstein, J.-E. Shea, M.T. Bowers, “Effects of pH and charge state on peptide assembly: The YVIFL model system,” J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 10759-10768 (2013) E.M. Donohue, N.R. Philips, M.R. Begley, C.G. Levi, “Thermal barrier coating toughness: Measurement and identification of a bridging mechanism enabled by segmented microstructure,” Mater. Sci. and Eng. A 564, 324-330 (2013). DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.126. C.E. Dreyer, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Absolute surface energies of polar and nonpolar planes of GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 081305(R) (2014) C.E. Dreyer, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Effects of strain on the electron effective mass in GaN and AlN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 142105 (2013) N. Duff, Y.R. Dahal, J.D. Schmit, B. Peters, “Salting out the polar polymorph: Analysis by alchemical solvent transformation,” J. Chem. Phys. 140, 014501 (2014) N.D. Eisenmenger, G.M. Su, G.C. Welch, C.J. Takacs, G.C. Bazan, E.J. Kramer M.L. Chabinyc, “Effect of bridging atom identity on the morphological behavior of solution-processed small molecule bulk heterojunction photovoltaics,” Chem. Mater. 25, 1688–1698 (2013) R.M. Farrell, A.A. Al-Heji, C.J. Neufeld, X. Chen, M. Iza, S.C. Cruz, S. Keller, S. Nakamura, S.P. DenBaars, U.K. Mishra, J.S. Speck, “Effect of intentional p-GaN surface roughening on the performance of InGaN/GaN solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(24), 241104 (2013) D.F. Feezell, J.S. Speck, S.P. DenBaars, S. Nakamura, “Semipolar (20(2)over-bar(1)over-bar) InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes for high-efficiency solid-state lighting,” J. Display Tech. 9(4), 190 (2013) J.M. Franck, J.A. Scott, S. Han, “Nonlinear scaling of surface water diffusion with bulk water viscosity of crowded solutions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(11), 4175-4178 (2013) J.M. Frostad, J. Walter, L.G. Leal, “A scaling relation for the capillary-pressure driven drainage of thin films,” Phys. of Fluids 25(5), 052108 (2013)


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C.C. Fu, P.M. Kulkarni, M.S. Shell, L.G. Leal, “A test of systematic coarse-graining of molecular dynamics simulations: Transport properties,” J. Chem. Phys. 139(9), 094107 (2013) N.C. George, A. Birkel, J. Brgoch, B.-C. Hong, A. Mikhailovsky, K. Page, A. Llobet, R. Seshadri, “Average and local structural origins of the optical properties of the nitride phosphor La3-xCexSi6N11(0< x ≤3),” Inorg. Chem. 52, 13730-13741 (2013) N.C. George, A. Pell, G. Dantelle, K. Page, A. Llobet, M. Balasubramanian, G. Pintacuda, B. Chmelka, R. Seshadri, “Local environments of dilute activator ions in the solid-state lighting phosphor Y3-xCexAl5O12,” Chem. Mater. 25, 3979-3995 (2013) L. Gordon, J.L. Lyons, A. Janotti, C.G. Van de Walle, “Hybrid functional calculations of DX centers in AlN and GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 085204 (2014) L. Gordon, J.R. Weber, J.B. Varley, A. Janotti, D.D. Awschalom, C.G. Van de Walle, “Quantum computing with defects,” MRS Bull. 38, 802 (2013) V. Gupta, B.H. Hwang, J. Lee, A.C. Anselmo, N. Doshi, S. Mitragotri, “Mucoadhesive intestinal devices for oral delivery of salmon calcitonin,” J. Controlled Release 172(3), 753 (2013) C.I. Hammetter, R.G. Rinaldi, F.W. Zok, “Pyramidal lattice structures for high strength and energy absorption,” J. Appl. Mech. - Trans. of the ASME 80(4), 041015 (2013) C.I. Hammetter, F.W. Zok, “Compressive response of pyramidal lattices embedded in foams,” J. Appl. Mech . - Trans. of the ASME 81(1), 011006 (2014) S.K. Hanna, R.J. Miller, E.B. Muller, R.M. Nisbet, H.S. Lenihan, “Impact of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles on the individual performance of mytilus galloprovincialis,” PLOS ONE 8(4), e61800 (2013) S.K. Hanna, R.J. Miller, D. Zhou, A.A. Keller, H.S. Lenihan, “Accumulation and toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in a soft-sediment estuarine amphipod,” Aquatic Toxicology 142-143, 441 (2013) M.T. Hardy, C.O. Holder, D.F. Feezell, S. Nakamura, J.S. Speck, D.A. Cohen, S.P. DenBaars, “Indium-tin-oxide clad blue and true green semipolar InGaN/GaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(8), 081103 (2013) M.T. Hardy, F. Wu, P.S. Hsu, D.A. Haeger, S. Nakamura, J.S. Speck, S.P. DenBaars, “True green semipolar InGaN-based laser diodes beyond critical thickness limits using limited area epitaxy,” J. Appl. Phys. 114(18), 183101 (2013) M.T. Hardy, F. Wu, C.-Y. Huang, Y. Zhao, D.F. Feezell, S. Nakamura, J.S. Speck, S.P. DenBaars, “Impact of p-GaN thermal damage and barrier composition on semipolar green laser diodes,” IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett. 26(1), 43 (2014)


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A.J. Hauser, E. Mikheev, N.E. Moreno, T.A. Cain, J. Hwang, J.Y. Zhang, S. Stemmer, “Temperature-dependence of the Hall coefficient of NdNiO3 thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 182105 (2013) M.E. Helgeson, Y. Gao, S.E. Moran, J. Lee, M. Godfrin, A. Tripathi, A. Bose, P.S. Doyle, “Homogeneous percolation versus arrested phase separation in attractively-driven nanoemulsion colloidal gels,” Soft Matter 10, 3122 (2014) Z.B. Henson, Y. Zhang, T.Q. Nguyen, J.H. Seo, G.C. Bazan, “Synthesis and properties of two cationic narrow band gap conjugated polyelectrolytes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(11), 4163 (2013) K. Hoang, C.G. Van de Walle, “LiH as a Li+ and H- ion provider,” Solid State Ionics 253, 53 (2013) Y-L. Hu, E. Rind, J.S. Speck, “Antiphase boundaries and rotation domains in In2O3(001) films grown on yttria-stabilized zirconia (001),” J. Appl. Crystall. 47, 443 (2014) C.-Y. Huang, J.J.M. Law, H. Lu, M.J.W. Rodwell, A.C. Gossard, “Development of AlAsSb as a barrier material for ultra-thin-channel InGaAs nMOSFETs,” MRS Proc. 1561, mrss13-1561-cc01-10 (2013). doi:10.1557/opl.2013.821. S. Hur, A.L. Frischknecht, D.L. Huber, G.H. Fredrickson, “Self-assembly in a mixed polymer brush with inhomogeneous grafting density composition,” Soft Matter 9(22), 5341 (2013) J. Hwang, J.Y. Zhang, A.J. D'Alfonso, L.J. Allen, S. Stemmer, “Three-dimensional imaging of individual dopant atoms in SrTiO3,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 266101 (2013) M.J. Isaacman, E.M. Corigliano, L.S. Theogarajan, “Stealth polymeric vesicles via metal-free click coupling,” Biomacromolecules 14(9), 2996 (2013) T. Iwama, N. Laachi, K.T. Delaney, B. Kim, S. Hur, R. Bristol, D. Shykind,C.J. Weinheimer, G.H. Fredrickson, “The hole shrink problem: Directed self-assembly using self-consistent field theory,” J. Photopolymer Sci. & Tech. 26(1), 15-20 (2013) C.A. Jackson, S. Stemmer, “Interface-induced magnetism in perovskite quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 180403(R) (2013) H.-C. Jiang, R.R.P. Singh, L. Balents, “Accuracy of topological entanglement entropy on finite cylinders,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 107205 (2013) M.N. Joswiak, N. Duff, M.F. Doherty, B. Peters, “Size-dependent surface free energy and Tolman-corrected droplet nucleation of TIP4P/2005 water,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4(24), 4267 (2013)


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A.J. Young, B.D. Schultz, C.J. Palmstrøm, “Lattice distortion in single crystal rare-earth arsenide/GaAs nanocomposites,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 073114 (2014) N.G. Young, R.M. Farrell, Y.L. Hu, Y. Terao, M. Iza, S. Keller, S.P. DenBaars, S. Nakamura, J.S. Speck, “High performance thin quantum barrier InGaN/GaN solar cells on sapphire and bulk (0001) GaN substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(17), 173903 (2013) J. Yu, M. Scheffler, H. Metiu, “Oxidative dehydrogenation of methane by isolated vanadium oxide clusters supported on Au (111) and Ag (111) surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(36), 18475 (2013) J. Yu, W. Wei, M.S. Menyo, A. Masic, J.H. Waite, J.N. Israelachvili, “Adhesion of mussel foot protein-3 to TiO2 surfaces: The effect of pH,” Biomacromolecules 14(4), 1072 (2013) H. Zhang, A.K. Scholz, Y. Merckel, M. Brieu, D. Berghezan, E.J. Kramer, C. Creton, “Strain induced nanocavitation and crystallization in natural rubber probed by real time small and wide angle X-ray scattering,” J. of Polymer Sci. Part B: Polymer Phys. 51(15), 1125 (2013) J.Y. Zhang, J. Hwang, S. Raghavan, S. Stemmer, “Symmetry lowering in extreme-electron-density perovskite quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 256401 (2013) J.Y. Zhang, C.A. Jackson, R. Chen, S. Raghavan, P. Moetakef, L. Balents, S. Stemmer, “Correlation between metal-insulator transitions and structural distortions in high-electron-density SrTiO3 quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. B 89, 075140 (2014) J.Y. Zhang, C.A. Jackson, S. Raghavan, J. Hwang, S. Stemmer, “Magnetism and local structure in low-dimensional Mott insulating GdTiO3,” Phys. Rev. B 88, 121104(R) (2013) Y. Zhang, J-H. Bahk, J. Lee, C.S. Birkel, M.L. Snedaker, D. Liu, H. Zeng, M. Moskovits, A. Shakouri, G.D. Stucky, “Hot carrier filtering in solution processed heterostructures: A paradigm for improving thermoelectric efficiency,” Adv. Mater. (published online January 28, 2014). DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304419 J. Zhao, X.C. Chena, P.F. Green, “Nanoparticle encapsulation in thin film micellar structures: A physical method for functional materials design,” Soft Matter 9, 6128 (2013) Y.J. Zhao, F. Wu, T.J. Yang, Y.R. Wu, S. Nakamura, J.S. Speck, “Atomic-scale nanofacet structure in semipolar (20(2)over-bar1) and (20(2)over-bar1) InGaN single quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Exp. 7(2), 025503 (2014) H. Zhou, Y. Zhang, C.-K. Mai, S.D. Collins, T.-Q. Nguyen, G.C. Bazan, A.J. Heeger, “Conductive conjugated polyelectrolyte as hole-transporting layer for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells,” Adv. Mater. 26, 780-785 (2014) Z.M. Zhou, A.C. Anselmo, S. Mitragotri, “Synthesis of protein-based, rod-shaped particles from spherical templates using layer-by-layer assembly,” Adv. Mater. 25(19), 2723 (2013)


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Z. Zhu, H.C. Jiang, Y. Qi, C.S. Tian, Z.Y. Weng, “Strong correlation induced charge localization in antiferromagnets,” Scientif. Rep. 3, 2586 (2013) PATENTS a. Patents granted during the current period “DNA-DNA sensor” G. Bazan, B.S. Gaylord, S. Wang U.S. Patent 8,617,814 (12/31/13) “Interconnected pore carbon mat” B.F. Chmelka, G. Athens, A.-H. Lu U.S. Patent 8,563,124 (10/22/13) “Oxyfluoride phosphor” S.P. DenBaars, W.-B. Im, R. Seshadri U.S. Patent 8,535,565 (9/17/13) “Semiconducting nano materials” D.E. Morse, B. Schwenzer, J.R. Gomm, K.M. Roth, B. Heiken, R. Brutchey U.S. Patent 8,568,686 (10/29/13) “Hydrocarbon conversion process improvements” J.H. Sherman, E.W. McFarland, M.J. Weiss, I.M. Lorkovic, L.E. Laverman, S. Sun, D.J. Schaefer, G.D. Stucky, P.C. Ford, P. Grosso, A.W. Breed, M.F. Doherty U. S. Patent 8,415,512 (4/9/13) “Mesocellular oxide foams as hemostatic compositions and methods of use” G. Stucky, S. Baker, A. Sawvel U. S. Patent 8,603,543 (12/10/13) b. Patent applications (excluding provisional applications) during the current period “Regiochemical constructions for the synthesis of thiadiazolo(3,4-c)pyridine containing narrow band-gap conjugated polymers” G. Bazan, P.S. Hsu, G.C. Welch, Q. Wen, L. Ying Applic. filed 11/22/13 Applic. # 14/087,702 “Conjugated polymers with chiral side chain for organic thin film transistors” G. Bazan, T.-Q. Nguyen, L. Ying, P. Zalar Applic. filed 4/24/13


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Applic. # 13/869,533 “Additive processing for single-component solution processed organic field-effect transistors” G. Bazan, T.-Q. Nguyen, L. Ying, P. Zalar, Y. Zhang Applic. filed 4/24/13 Applic. # 13/869,498 “A single phase and full color phosphor” C.S. Birkel, J. Gerbec, B.-C. Hong, R. Seshadri Applic. filed 9/17/13 Applic. # 14/029,486 “A modular strategy for introducing end-functional segments into conjugated copolymers” M. Chabinyc, C.J. Hawker, S.Y. Ku, M. Robb Applic. filed 03/25/2013 Applic. # 13/850,040 “Benzodipyrrolidones and their polymers: Synthesis and applications for organic solar cells” W. Cui, F. Wudl Applic. filed 4/8/13 Applic. # 13/858,755 “Precise control of a living radical polymerization via visible light” B.P. Fors, C.J. Hawker Applic. filed 3/26/13 Applic. # “PCT/US2013/033933 “Hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives through incorporation of methylene ethylene oxide units” C.J. Hawker, A. Lee, P. Lundberg, N.A. Lynd, E. Pressly, S.A. van den Berg Applic. filed 3/15/13 Applic. # PCT/US2013/031882 c. Patents licensed during the current period “Methods and compositions for detection and analysis of polynucleotides using light harvesting multichromophores” G. Bazan, B.S. Gaylord, S. Wang Application filed 11/21/13 Application # 14/086,532 Licensed. “Organic small molecule semiconducting chromophores for use in organic electronic devices” G. Bazan, C.V. Hoven, T.-Q. Nguyen, G.C.Welch Applic. filed 10/11/13 Applic. # 13/988,756


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Licensed. “Spatial and temporal control of brush formation on surfaces” B.P. Fors, C.J. Hawker, J. Poelma Applic. filed 10/9/13 Applic. # 14/050,098 Licensed. “Composition for controlled assembly and improved ordering of silicon-containing block copolymers” G.H. Fredrickson, C.J. Hawker, E.J. Kramer, D. Montarnal Applic. filed 1/13/14 Applic. # 14/153,355 Licensed.


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15. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES FOR NEW INVESTIGATORS Martin Moskovits Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510; email: [email protected] Professional Preparation Ph.D. Chemical Physics University of Toronto, 1971 B.Sc. Physics and Chemistry University of Toronto, 1965 Appointments 2012-present Professor of Chemistry, UC Santa Barbara. 2011-2012 Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost, the City

College of New York 2007-2010 Chief Technology Officer, API Technologies (Nasdaq: ATNY) 2000-2007 Dean of Science, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2000-2004 Director, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research,

Nanoelectronics program. 1993-1999 Chair of Chemistry, University of Toronto 1971-2000 Asst., Assoc. and full Professor of Chemistry, University of

Toronto 1994-1998 Faculty governor, Governing Council, University of Toronto. 1986 – 1987 Guggenheim Fellow, Department of Chemistry, UC, Berkeley. 1970 - 1971 Researcher, Alcan Research and Development 1965-1967 Vice-President and Manager: OHM Distributors and

Manufacturers Ltd., an Ontario Corporation that designed and fabricated micro-electronic components.

Recent Honors 2010 Ellis R. Lippincott award of the Optical Society of America 2010 Martin Moskovits Festschrift, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2010: Vol. 114, Iss. 16 2009 Fellow, Optical Society of America 2008 NanoTech Briefs Nano 50 Innovator award 2005 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science Products (306 papers, 22 patents in total, h-index=68) (1) Naomi Halas and Martin Moskovits, Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Substrates and materials for research application, MRS Bulletin, 38, 607-611, 2013. (2) Chrysafis Andreou, Mehran R. Hoonejani, Meysam R. Barmi, Martin Moskovits, and Carl D. Meinhart, Rapid Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Saliva Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Microfluidics, ACS Nano, 7, 7157–7164, 2013. (3) Syed Mubeen, J. Lee, Nirala Singh, S. Krämer, G. D. Stucky and M. Moskovits, An autonomous photosynthetic device in which all charge carriers derive from surface plasmons, Nature Nanotech., 8, 247-251, 2013. (4) Joun Lee, S. Mubeen, X. Ji, G. D. Stucky, and M. Moskovits, Plasmonic Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting with Visible Light, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5014−5019.


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(5) Syed Mubeen, G. Hernandez-Sosa, D. Moses, J. Lee, and M. Moskovits, Plasmonic Photosensitization of a Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Converting Plasmons to Charge Carriers, Nano Lett., 11, 5548–5552, 2011. Other significant products (1) Alessia Pallaoro, Mehran R. Hoonejani, Gary B. Braun, Carl Meinhart, and Martin Moskovits, Combined surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biotags and microfluidic platform for quantitative ratiometric discrimination between noncancerous and cancerous cells in flow, J. Nanophotonics 7, 073092, 2013. (2) Meysam R Barmi, Chrysafis Andreou, Mehran R Hoonejani, Martin Moskovits, Carl D Meinhart, Aggregation Kinetics of SERS-Active Nanoparticles in Thermally Stirred Sessile Droplets, Langmuir, 29, 13614-13623, 2013. (3) Syed Mubeen, Joun Lee, Nirala Singh, Martin Moskovits and Eric W. McFarland, Stabilizing inorganic photoelectrodes for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1633–1639. (4) Syed Mubeen, Nirala Singh, J. Lee, G. D. Stucky, M. Moskovits, and E. W. McFarland, Synthesis of Chemicals Using Solar Energy with Stable Photoelectrochemically Active Heterostructures, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2110−2115. (5) Syed Mubeen, Shunping Zhang, N. Kim, S. Lee, S. Krämer, H. Xu, and M. Moskovits, Plasmonic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Separated from a Gold Mirror by an Ultrathin Oxide, Nano Lett., 12, 2088−2094 (2012). Synergistic Activities: Member of the Advisory Committee, Molecular Foundry, LNBL; Member and Vice Chair of DOE’s BESAC, 2001-2010; Member of Scientific Advisory Committee of Canada’s National Institute of Nanotechnology; Member of Technical Advisory Committee of Alberta Ingenuity, 2001-2009; Chair of Scientific Advisory Committee, Urban Electric Power Corp. NY; Member of Scientific Advisory Committee of Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, 2007 – 2011. Primary Collaborators (last 5 years) H. Metiu, Eric McFarland, Carl Meinhart, Kevin Plaxco, Norbert Reich, Galen Stucky, (all UCSB); Dr. Tsachi Livneh, Israel; V. Shalaev (Purdue); Dr. Blanka Vlčkova, Charles, University Prague; Dr. Laurent Servant, University of Bordeaux, France; Dr. Jung Sang Suh, University of Seoul, Korea. Graduate Advisor: Professor Michael J. Dignam (deceased) Thesis Advisor or Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor (past 5 years, out of 44 graduate students and 65 postdocs): Andrew Morrill (deceased), Nick Hight-Huff, Matrin Schierhorn (Wacker Chemie) SeungJoon Lee (Samsung Corp.), JeongMin Baik (Asst. Prof. Materials Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Korea); Nam Hoon Kim, Syed Mubeen, Sylvia (Joun) Lee, Alessia Pallaoro (co-advised with Meinhart), Matthew Snedaker, Dayton Horvath (co-advised with Stucky), Katherine Kanipe, Jose Navarette, William Elliott, Chrysafis Andreou (co-advised with Meinhart), Mehran Hoonejani (co-advised with Meinhart)


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Jon A. Schuller Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121 Phone: (805) 893-4295; Email: [email protected] (a) Professional Preparation

UC Santa Barbara Physics B.Sc. 2003 Stanford Applied Physics Ph.D. 2009 Columbia Fellow, 2010-2012 Energy Frontier Research Center

(b) Appointments 2012-present Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC Santa

Barbara 2011-2012 Visiting Scientist, College of Engineering, Brown Universitt Honors: 2013 Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award 2013 UC Santa Barbara Regents’ Junior Faculty Award 2003 Stanford University Diversity Fellowship Award

(c) Publications (out of 15 peer reviewed) – h-index 11. (i) Five publications most closely related to the proposed project:

J.A. Schuller, S. Karaveli, T. Schiros, K. He, S. Yang, I. Kymisses, J. Shan, and R. Zia, " Orientation of Luminescent Excitons in Layered Nanomaterials," Nature Nanotech. 8, 271 (2013)

J.A. Schuller, W. Cai, Y.C. Jun, E.S. Barnard, J.S. White, and M.L. Brongersma, " Plasmonics for Extreme Light Concentration and Manipulation” (invited review) Nature Mater. 9, 193 (2010)

J.A. Schuller and M.L. Brongersma, "General Properties of Dielectric Optical Antennas," Opt. Express 17, 24084 (2009)

J.A. Schuller, T. Taubner, and M.L. Brongersma, "Optical Antenna Thermal Emitters," Nature Photon. 3, 658 (2009).

J.A. Schuller, R. Zia, T. Taubner, and M.L. Brongersma, " Dielectric Metamaterials Based on Electric and Magnetic Resonances of SiC Particles," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 107401 (2007)

(d) Collaborators & Other Affiliations (i) Collaborators (past 48 months): Mark Brongersma (Stanford); Wenshan Cai (Georgia Tech); Linyou Cao (North Carolina State); Bruce Clemens (Stanford); Shanhui Fan (Stanford); Ioannis Kymissis (Columbia); Richard Osgood Jr. (Columbia); Jon Owen (Columbia); Theanne Schiros (Columbia); Matt Sfeir (BNL); Jie Shan (Case Western Reserve); Thomas Taubner (Aachen); Rashid Zia (Brown) (ii) Graduate Advisor and Postdoctoral Sponsor: Mark Brongersma (Stanford) Tony Heinz (Columbia); James Yardley (Columbia); Jeff Kash (Columbia) [postdoctoral co-advisors]


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16. HONORS AND AWARDS

MRL FACULTY HONORS/AWARDS 2013-14 Balents, Leon Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2014 Begley, Matthew 2013 Fraunhofer-Bessel Research Award. The award is given for “an outstanding

performance in applied research. Fredrickson, Glenn Elected Fellow AAAS, 2014 Hawker, Craig

ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry, 2013 Helgeson, Matthew

NSF “CAREER: Engineering Colloidal Assembly of Nanoemul- sions for Material Design.”, 2014

Israelachvili, Jacob Tribology Gold Medal Laureate, 2013

Levi, Carlos TMS Morris Cohen Award 2014 Peters, Baron Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, 2013 Schuller, Jon UC Regents Junior Faculty Fellowships, 2013 Seshadri, Ram Margaret T. Getman Service to Students Award, 2013 UCSB Academic Senate Outstanding Graduate Mentor Award, 2014 Stemmer, Susanne Elected Fellow Materials Research Society, 2014 Stucky, Galen Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 2013 Van de Walle, Chris

AVS Medard W. Welch Award, 2013 Inaugural recipient of the “Herbert Kroemer Chair in Materials Science


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MRL STUDENT HONORS/AWARDS 2013-14

Graduate Students Justin Poelma and Saemi Oh awarded Best Poster Prizes at the 2013 International Symposium for Stimuli-Responsive Materials.

Undergraduate Juan Camilo Castillo received a Merit Award for his presentation and undergraduate Thomas Gonzalez was awarded Special Recognition prize at the 2014 California Alliance for Minority Participation Statewide Symposium held in Irvine, CA.

Undergraduate Maritza Sanchez was awarded first place in the Undergraduate Technical Paper Competition at the 2013 Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE) National Conference in Indianapolis, Indiana. Maritza, a third year Mechanical Engineering major, presented research she conducted in Prof. Carlos Levi’s lab under the supervision of graduate student Chandra Macauley during the summer California Alliance for Minority Participation (CAMP) program.

Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Jinwoo Hwang won the 2014 Albert Crewe Award. This award was initiated to recognize the distinguished contributions to the field of microscopy & microanalysis. Ilan Rosen, an undergraduate in the Jayich Group was awarded a scholarship by the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation, which encourages students to


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pursue advanced studies and careers in science, engineering and mathematics. Dr. Matthew Pelliccione, a postdoctoral scholar in the Jayich Group won the 2013 Harvey L. Karp Discovery Postdoctoral Award at UCSB. Jason Douglas and Carolyn Mills: NSF Graduate Student Research Fellowships Jason Kawasaki: Varian Student Award, 2013 and Falicov Student Award of the American Vacuum Society 2013.

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