012 7-landscape-history-review

012 History of Landscape

Design

A

REVIEW

Clemson University Presents

Certificate of Accomplishment inLandscape and Garden Design

Sponsored by Clemson’s

Department of Planning and Landscape

Architecture in the College of Art,

Architecture and Humanities

012-1 The Early

English Kitchen Garden:

A Persistent

Garden Form

012-1 Landscape History

Early Kitchen Garden lecture

• Put garden history into perspective by analyzing the earliest form of garden and its resilience to change despite social pressure.

• Homework: Begin thinking of a garden in Europe or America that is worthy of a discussion in class.

• Result: To learn about the social pressures that shaped landscape history, develop an aptitude for reading plans, to understand the 3 main periods of stylistic imprints.

Medieval Period

Geometric Period

Picturesque Period

012-2 Landscape

History

Conimbriga(118-138 c.e. ),

& Portuguese

Gardens(1528-1750 )

Early Roman GardensHadrian’s Villa

Pompeii

Venzano

Conimbriga

Conimbriga & Portuguese Gardens what makes these

early gardens special (ad 200-1550), their special decorative techniques and design motifs

(azulejos, mosaic, hydrology) Homework : Bring a short history of the garden you

chose to read/researchResult: To define a renaissance garden in both

descriptive and spatial terms, relate it to political events of the period.

012-2 Landscape History

Roman wall painting

Conimbriga

Conimbriga jets

Renaissance Gardens

Bacalhoa

Balcalhoa 1528-1554

Bacalhua

Quinta das torres

Quinta das torres

cypressWhat earmarks a Portuguese Garden?

Features of a Portuguese Garden

A water tank or basin

Walls with Ajulejos

Green backbone

Connection with the house

Beautiful pots, well-placed

Citrus

Frontiera Palace

Palacio dos Marqueses de Frontiera c 1624

Frontiera Palace

Geometric Period 1650

Queluz 1747- 52

Queluz Palace 1747- 52

queluz

Picturesque Period

Montserrat, Sintra

012-3Landscape History

Italian Renaissance & Italian Baroque

Gardens (1525-1800 )

Italian Renaissance gardens…what makes these early gardens special

Result: To define a renaissance garden in both descriptive and spatial terms,

relate it to political events of the period.

012-3Landscape History

Villa d’este 1550-72

Villa medici d’este tivoli

Villa Lante

Villa lante 1568

VILLAS Designed by

ANDREA PALLADIO

Absence of foundation plantings

Respect fort the genius loci

Villa Barbaro 1549-58

Villa Rotunda 1565

Villa rotunda 1565Villa Poiana

cypressWhat earmarks an Italian Garden?

Italian Renaissance Gardens have:

. Soaring cypresses

.fountains

.geometric layout

.grottoes, masks, mythological statues

.mazes

Giardino Guisti

Guisti 16th c

Villa rale

Villa Reale

Villa Barbarigo, Valsanbizzio

Valzazibbio rabittery

Valzam arch

Vigna maaggio

Villa Vignamaggio

Baroque Italian Gardens

Characteristics:

Elaborate Gateways/Gate Screens

Acqua d’Gnocci

Soaring Cypressses

Overscaled Plants & Formal Gardens

Grottoes

Villa torregiani 17th 715thVilla Torrigiani

Isola Bella

Sienna villa

Villa Cetinale

Villa Gamberaia

012-4History of Landscape

Design: France

Gardens of France (Review)Chateau de Fountainbleau c 1528

Chateau de Villandry c 1536

Potager de Roi Versailles c 1638

Manoir de Chez (Normandy)

Vaux le Vicomte c 1650

Giverney Musee Claude Monet 1883-1926

Chamont Exhibition (June-October)

Maison et Parc Floral des Moitiers (Normandy)

Chateaux de Fountainbleau

c 1528

Chateaux de Villandry c 1536

Versailles c 1638

Vaux-le- Vicomte c1653

Giverny -

Musee Claude Monet

c 1883-1926

Chamont

Moutier

Hallmarks of French Gardens

The geometric landscape movement was characterized by :

1. Outward facing views to the horizon

2. Clipped geometric forms of plant materials

3. Flat planes of terraced land

4. Formal water bodies & canals

5. Man’s dominance of the land

Hallmarks of French Gardens

However, one cannot characterize French gardens just in these ways…particularly since new ideas from artists and owners from abroad add fresh fuel to the canvas of nature.

Giverney, Chamont’s Garden Festival and the gardens at Moitier remind us to think “out of the box” while reaching to the past for inspiration.

Trademarks of French Gardens

Most French gardens illustrate a continuum of layers of garden design…most notably in our studies at Villandry where there is 16th c chateau and formal kitchen gardens plus a formal water garden.

Fountainbleau & Vaux le Vicomte are considered to be pure forms of geometric period landscapes

012-5History of Landscape

Design

The English

Picturesque

Gardens of England

Stowe

Castle Howard

Rousham

Ilford

Buscot

Barnsley

Sissinghurst

Hidcote

Visionaries of Georgian EnglandSir Issac Newton 1642-1727 optical properties of light

John Locke “Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690” & 1st Earl of Shaftsbury…Age of Enlightenment

Rousseau 1712-1778 visions of a more perfect society

3rd Earl of Shaftsbury 1671-1713 Genius of Place

Addison & Pope…….

Picturesque Period

Stowe & Castle Howard

Birth of the Emblematic gardens of the eighteenth century

Landscape Anatomy : Gardens of Romanticism featured…

Grottoes, cascades,wild scenery, temples, poetry, iconography …works resembling a painting

Influential works of art by Claude Lorraine & Nicholas Poisson (mid 1600’s) featured mythological subjects from the Roman countryside… wild green theatres of the imagination.

The visitor to an Enlightened Landscape would meditate and tell his own story by being in stage sets filled with allusions.

The ferme ornee “the farm-as-landscape”

Stephen Switzer (1682-1745)

Stowe c1713-1738

Lord Cobham, Richard Temple

Bridgeman & Kent

Castle Howard c1699-1732

Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle

Vanbrugh, Switzer,

Rousham c1737 Robert & James Dormer

Bridgeman, Pope, Kent

Villa Barbarigo (c1669)in Valsanbbio’s fountain backdrop…an influence on Kent at Rousham?? a great research project!

Ilford…

Sir Harold Peto (1854-1933)

Buscot

Barnsley

The Lasket

Sir Roy Strong

Gardens of England

Gardens in England today, like those of France and Italy, are often overlays of several landscape movements. Rousham, Stowe and Castle Howard represent “pure” evocations of the Picturesque Landscape movement.

There are many, earlier gardens designed in the geometric tradition which clearly embrace French & Italian influences.

Gardens of England

The effect of the National Trust in England and private landowners in opening their gardens to the public has had a profound impact on landscape preservation worldwide by educating visitors in the interpretation of landscape continuums and preservation methods.

Sissinghurst

Hidcote

012-6 History of Landscape Design The United States of America

012 -6 History of Landscape Design: USA

Understanding America’s pioneer ethos and the evolution of the landscape as powerful people created their versions of great country houses…or American farmsteads.

Periods of American Landscape History

A. Indians and Conquest

B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional

C. 1750-1820 Federal

D. 1820-1880 Antibellum/Reconstruction

E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian

F. 1920- present

Middleton Place

William Bartram

Willliam Paca House 1772

Governors Palace

Colonial Williamsburg

Hagley

Central Park, NY






E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian

F. 1920- present

Biltmore, Ashville, NC

Filoli, Woodside CA

Dumbarton Oaks

Beatrice Farrand, Landscape Architect

Longue Vue , NO

Brookgreen Gardens

Murrells Inlet , SC

Thomas Church, Landscape Architect

Cheekwood, Nashville, TN

Lotusland

Santa Barbara

The Garden Conservancy

Clemson University Presents

Certificate of Accomplishment inLandscape and Garden Design

012 7-landscape-history-review

Education

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