01€¦ · Web view11. carbon dioxide. 12. waste product; muscles Section 1: Chemical Energy and...

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Cells and Energy

Study Guide A

Answer KeySECTION 1. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

1. molecule; food molecules2. high-energy; lower-energy3. phosphate group4. a; d; b; c5. b; e6. c; d7. a; f8. chemical energy; light energy9. three; two

10. chemical; molecules

SECTION 2. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. chemical energy2. light energy; chemical energy3. visible light4. photosynthesis5. stroma; grana6. grana7. Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

8. 6CO2 and 6H2O9. 6O2 and C6H12O6

10. b11. require light; energy12. do not require light; sugars13. Refer to Figure 2.2 for a visual answer.

The four steps are: d, a, b, c14. energy; sugars15. green16. independent

SECTION 3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN DETAIL

1. capture; transfer2. molecules3. ATP; NADPH4. b, g, d, f, c, e, a5. carbon dioxide6. 1 b; 2 d; A a; 3 e; 4 c7. proteins8. synthesizes9. with no beginning or end.

SECTION 4. OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1. energy; oxygen2. oxygen3. mitochondria4. glucose; ATP5. b; c6. a; c7. Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O8. 6O2 and C6H12O6

9. 6CO2 and 6H2O10. d11. Refer to Figure 4.2 for a visual answer.

The four steps are: d, b, a, c12. sugar13. oxygen14. break down

SECTION 5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN DETAIL

1. glucose2. Pyruvate and NADH; ATP3. two; four4. c5. c, b, a, d, e6. inner7. electrons; hydrogen ions8. c, d, b, a9. electrons

SECTION 6. FERMENTATION1. ATP2. electrons3. hard exercise4. oxygen5. two6. For a visual answer, refer to the lactic acid

fermentation diagram in Section 6. The order of the four steps is: d, b, c, a

7. For a visual answer, refer to the alcoholic fermentation diagram in Section 6. The order of the four steps is: c, a, d, b

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology i Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A

Study Guide A continued

8. Uses pyruvate and NADH = Both; Recycles NAD+ to glycolysis = Both; Produces Lactic Acid = Lactic acid fermentation; Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide = Alcoholic Fermentation.

9. cheese, yogurt10. bread11. carbon dioxide12. waste product; muscles

Section 1: Chemical Energy and ATP

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTAll cells need chemical energy.

VOCABULARY

ATP ADP chemosynthesis

MAIN IDEA: THE CHEMICAL ENERGY USED FOR MOST CELL PROCESSES IS CARRIED BY ATP.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a molecule / organelle that transfers energy from the breakdown of ADP / food molecules to cell processes.

2. ATP is a high-energy / low-energy molecule that is converted into higher-energy / lower-energy ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.

3. ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group / food molecule.

4. Put the letter of the appropriate statement into each box of the cycle diagram below to show the relationship between ATP and ADP.a. High-energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP)b. Lower-energy adenosine diphosphate (ADP)c. Energy added from breakdown of carbon-based molecules, phosphate

addedd. Phosphate removed, energy released


Holt McDougal Biology 0 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 1: Chemical Energy and ATP


MAIN IDEA: ORGANISMS BREAK DOWN CARBON-BASED MOLECULES TO PRODUCE ATP.Put the letter for each of the following six statements into the appropriate list to identify the roles of different types of molecules when they are broken down to make ATP.

a. molecules least likely to be broken down

b. molecules most commonly broken down

c. molecules that store most of the energy in a person’s body

d. triglyceride yields about 146 ATP

e. glucose yields about 36 ATP

f. store about the same amount of energy as carbohydratesType of Molecule Role in ATP Production

5. Carbohydrates 4 calories per mg (4 Calories per gram)

6. Lipids 9 calories per mg (9 Calories per gram)

7. Proteins 9 calories 4 calories per mg

(4 Calories per gram)

MAIN IDEA: A FEW TYPES OF ORGANISMS DO NOT NEED SUNLIGHT AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

8. Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy / light energy instead of chemical energy / light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules.




Vocabulary CheckFill in each blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

9. The prefix tri- means “three,” and the prefix di- means “two.” Therefore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has ___________ phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has __________________ phosphate groups.

10. The prefix chemo- means “chemical,” and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means “to put together.” Therefore, chemosynthesis means “to put together with chemicals.” In chemosynthesis, ______________ energy is used to produce carbon-based ____________ that store energy.



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Section 2: Overview of Photosynthesis

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTThe overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

VOCABULARY

photosynthesis light-dependent reactions

chlorophyll light-independent reactions

thylakoid

MAIN IDEA: PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS ARE PRODUCERS.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of chemical energy / light energy for themselves and for other organisms.

2. Photosynthesis captures chemical energy / light energy to make sugars that store chemical energy / light energy.

3. Chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light / ultraviolet light.

MAIN IDEA: PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS OCCURS IN CHLOROPLASTS.

4. Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where _________ takes place in plants.

5. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: the _________ and the _________.

6. Thylakoids are coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the _________.

7. The overall process of photosynthesis can be written as a chemical equation. Fill in the blanks in the equation below using the appropriate compound from the box.

6O2 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6

_________ + __________ ________ + ________

8. The two reactants in the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _________.

9. The two products in the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _________.


Holt McDougal Biology 3 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 2: Overview of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

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10. Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows?a. Because many enzymes are added to the reactants to make the products.b. Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.c Because many reactants can enter into the photosynthesis reaction.d. Because many products can be made from the photosynthesis reaction.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

11. The light-dependent reactions require light / do not require light, and they absorb and transfer sugars / energy.

12. The light-independent reactions require light / do not require light, and they build sugars / energy.

13. Use the space below to sketch a chloroplast. Label the grana, thylakoids, and stroma. Indicate where each of the following steps of the photosynthetic process occurs.a. Energy carried along the thylakoid membrane is transferred to molecules

that carry energy to the light-independent reactions.b. Carbon dioxide is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger

molecules.c. A six-carbon simple sugar (usually glucose; C6H12O6) is formed.d. Energy from sunlight is absorbed and transferred along the thylakoid

membrane. Water molecules are broken down and oxygen is released.



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Vocabulary CheckFill in each blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

14. The prefix photo- means “light,” and synthesis means “to put together.”During photosynthesis, __________ from light is used to put together _________.

15. The prefix chloro- means “green,” and the suffix -phyll means “leaf.” Therefore, chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look _________.

16. The prefix in- means “not.” Therefore, the reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light are called light-_________.



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Section 3: Photosynthesis in Detail

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTPhotosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

VOCABULARY

photosystem ATP synthase

electron transport chain Calvin cycle

MAIN IDEA: THE FIRST STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURES AND TRANSFERS ENERGY.

1. The function of the light-dependent reactions is to __________ and __________ energy.

2. Photosystems are groups of _______________ that capture and transfer energy.

3. The two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are _______ and _______.

4. Using the diagram on the next page, put each letter from the statements below into a box to show the seven steps of the light-dependent reactions.a. ATP synthase produces ATP.b. Chlorophyll (in the thylakoid membrane) absorbs energy from sunlight, and

energized electrons enter the electron transport chain.c. Energized electrons leave the electron transport chain and are used to

produce NADPH.d. Energy from electrons in the transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions

across the thylakoid membrane.e. Hydrogen ions flow through a channel coupled to ATP synthase.f. More energy is absorbed and transferred to electrons.g. Water molecules are broken down. Oxygen is released as waste and

electrons enter chlorophyll.


Holt McDougal Biology 6 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 3: Photosynthesis in Detail

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MAIN IDEA: THE SECOND STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS USES ENERGY FROM THE FIRST STAGE TO MAKE SUGARS.

5. The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert _________________ into sugars.

6. Using the diagram on the next page, put the letter from each of the following statements into the appropriate box to show the four steps of the Calvin cycle.a. A three-carbon molecule exits the cycle. Other three-carbon molecules stay

in the cycle.b. Carbon dioxide is added to the Calvin cycle.c. Energy is used to convert the remaining three-carbon molecules into five-

carbon molecules.d. Energy is used to split six-carbon molecules. Three-carbon molecules are

formed and rearranged.e. When two three-carbon molecules have left the cycle they bond to form a

six-carbon sugar (glucose).



3.

A.4. 2.

1.

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Vocabulary CheckCircle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

7. The electron transport chain is a series of proteins / carbohydrates in the thylakoid membrane along which energized electrons travel.

8. The first part of an enzyme’s name tells you about its function. All enzymes end with the suffix -ase. Therefore, ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesizes / synchronizes ATP.

9. The word cycle tells you that the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle go from one to another with a beginning and an end / with no beginning or end.



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Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTThe overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

VOCABULARY

cellular respiration anaerobic

aerobic Krebs cycle

glycolysis

MAIN IDEA: CELLULAR RESPIRATION MAKES ATP BY BREAKING DOWN SUGARS.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. Cellular respiration is a process that releases glucose / energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen / carbon dioxide is present.

2. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process, because it needs oxygen / carbon dioxide to take place.

3. Cellular respiration takes place in the chloroplasts / mitochondria.

4. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose / protein is split into two three-carbon molecules and two ADP / ATP are formed.

MAIN IDEA: CELLULAR RESPIRATION MAKES ATP BY BREAKING DOWN SUGARS.

5. Circle the two ways in which cellular respiration seems to be the opposite of photosynthesis.a. The reactions occur at either end of the chloroplast.b. The overall chemical equations are the reverse of each other.c. Cellular respiration breaks down sugars to make ATP, and photosynthesis

uses ATP to make sugars.d. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, and photosynthesis produces carbon

dioxide.

6. Circle the two parts of a mitochondrion where cellular respiration takes place.a. matrixb stroma


Holt McDougal Biology 9 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________c. inner mitochondrial membraned. outer mitochondrial membrane


7. The overall process of cellular respiration can be written as a chemical equation. Fill in the blanks in the equation below using the appropriate compound from the box.

6O2 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6

__________ + __________ ________ + ________

8. The two reactants in the cellular respiration equation are ________ and _________.

9. The two products in the cellular respiration equation are ________ and _________.

10. Why is the cellular respiration equation written with several arrows?a. Because a series of products result from the reaction.b. Because a series of reactants enter into the reaction.c. Because a series of chemicals is added to the process.d. Because a series of chemical reactions occurs.

11. Use the space below to sketch a mitochondrion. Label the matrix and inner membrane. Indicate where each of the following steps of the cellular respiration process occurs.a. Energized electrons are passed along the electron transport chain in the

inner mitochondrial membrane. b. Energy is transferred to the second stage of cellular respiration (the electron

transport chain).c. A large number of ATP are formed. Oxygen picks up electrons, and water is

released as a waste product.d. Three-carbon molecules enter the Krebs cycle and are broken down. ATP

and other energy-carrying molecules are formed. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product.



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Vocabulary CheckFill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

12. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means “sweet.” The suffix -lysis comes from a Greek word that means “to loosen.” Therefore, during glycolysis, a _________ is broken down (or “loosened”).

13. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, because it takes place without __________________.

14. During the Krebs cycle, chemical reactions _____________________ carbon-based molecules.



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Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTCellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

MAIN IDEA: GLYCOLYSIS IS NEEDED FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

1. The function of glycolysis is to split _______________ and produce energy-carrying molecules.

2. Three molecules are formed during glycolysis when oxygen is available. ____________ and _________ are used in cellular respiration. ____________ can be used for cell processes.

3. Glycolysis results in a “net gain of two ATP molecules.” This means that _______ ATP are used to split glucose and _________ ATP are produced. Therefore, in the end, there are two additional ATP.

MAIN IDEA: THE KREBS CYCLE IS THE FIRST MAIN PART OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

4. What is the function of the Krebs cycle?a. To produce carbon-based molecules by cellular respiration.b. To produce carbon-based molecules by glycolysis.c. To produce energy-carriers from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules.d. To produce energy-carriers from the synthesis of carbon-based molecules.

5. Put the letter from each of the following statements into the appropriate box of the cycle diagram below to summarize the six steps of the Krebs cycle. a. Citric acid broken down, carbon dioxide released, NADH produced.b. Citric acid formed.c. Coenzyme A binds to two-carbon molecule; enters Krebs cycle.d. Five-carbon molecule broken down, carbon dioxide released, NADH and

ATP produced.e. Four-carbon molecule rearranged, NADH and FADH2 produced.


Holt McDougal Biology 12 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail

Pyruvate broken down

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MAIN IDEA: THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS THE SECOND MAIN PART OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

6. The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located on the inner / outer mitochondrial membrane.

7. The electron transport chain uses energy from electrons / protons to pump oxygen ions / hydrogen ions across the membrane, so that the ions can flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP.



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8. Use the statements below to fill in the sequence showing the four steps of the electron transport chain.a. Oxygen picks up electrons from the transport chain and hydrogen ions;

water is produced and released.b. Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase; ATP is produced.c. High-energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 by proteins in the

transport chain.d. Energy from the electrons used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner

mitochondrial membrane.

9. Cellular respiration can only operate when oxygen is available to pick up ____________ at the end of the electron transport chain.



Lactic Acid Fermentation

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Section 6: Fermentation

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTFermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

VOCABULARY

fermentation

lactic acid

MAIN IDEA: FERMENTATION ALLOWS GLYCOLYSIS TO CONTINUE.

1. Fermentation is important, because it allows glycolysis to continue making _________ when oxygen is unavailable for cellular respiration.

2. Fermentation removes ____________ from NADH and recycles NAD+ to glycolysis.

3. Fermentation takes place in your muscle cells during _____________________________, when not enough oxygen is available.

4. Fermentation is an anaerobic process, because it occurs without _______________.

5. Fermentation is involved in the production of ATP by allowing glycolysis to take place. Glycolysis yields _______________ net ATP.

6. In the space below, draw the process of lactic acid fermentation and label it with the statements listed.a. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis.b. NADH is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid.c. NADH is changed into NAD+. d. Pyruvate and glycolysis enter fermentation.


Holt McDougal Biology 15 Cells and EnergyStudy Guide A Section 6: Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation


MAIN IDEA: FERMENTATION AND ITS PRODUCTS ARE IMPORTANT IN SEVERAL WAYS.

7. In the space below, draw the process of alcoholic fermentation and label it with the statements listed.a. NADH is used to convert pyruvate into alcohol and carbon dioxide.b. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis. c. Pyruvate and glycolysis enter fermentation.d. NADH is changed into NAD+ .

8.

Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes below to show how lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are similar and how they are different.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation Both

Uses pyruvate and NADH

Recycles NAD+ to glycolysis

Produces lactic acid

Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide


9. Name one commercial use of lactic acid fermentation. ________________

10. Name one commercial use of alcoholic fermentation. ________________

Vocabulary CheckCircle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

11. The term fermentation is based on a word that means “to bubble.” This meaning is related to the fermentation process, because bubbles of carbon dioxide / oxygen are produced during alcoholic fermentation.

12. Lactic acid is the three-carbon reactant / waste product of lactic acid fermentation. It causes a burning feeling in your muscles / blood vessels during exercise

01€¦ · Web view11. carbon dioxide. 12. waste product; muscles Section 1: Chemical Energy and...

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