01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013

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CONTEMPORARY

ISLAMICARCHITECTURE

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HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1) Time line. 2) Exemplary Monuments.

ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1) Design Principles

Introduction .A. Unity .B. Functionality.C. Pursuit of Knowledge.D. Creativity.E. Professionalism. F. Identity and Diversity.G. Sustainability.

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE 1) Classification Universal Architecture . Developed Islamic Architecture . 2) Directions of Application . FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CONCLUSION

CONTENTS

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HISTORICAL TIMELINE

CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

History of Islamic Architecture

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مرى بن الحمام الشاعر

ل,م* ف, ي,اة, ال*ح, ي ت,ب*ق6 س*أ, ت> ر* ت,أ,خ?

د* ج6أ,

ث*ل, م6 Hي,اة ح, ي س6 ل6ن,ف*ا د?م, ,ت,ق, أ أ,ن*

I waited for things to happen.I found out it is best to move forward for things to happen.

PROPHET MOSQUE

Medina-KSA(1AH/621AD)

DOME OF THE ROCK

Jerusalem- Palestine

(79AH/684AD)

GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS

Damascus- Syria(92AH/706AD)

CITY OF SAMURRA

Samarra- Iraq(232AH/847AD)

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE

(1) Early Years

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HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE

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MOSQUE OF UQBA

Kairowan- Tunisia

(261AH/875AD)

AL AZHAR UNIVERSITYCairo-Egypt

(361AH/971AD)

QUTB COMPLEX

AND MOSQUEDelhi-India(523AH/1129AD)

JANNATUL-UREIF

GARDENSGranada-Spain

(688AH/1290AD)


(2) Maturity

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AL-HAMBRA PALACE

Granada-Spain(738AH/1338AD)

SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE

Cairo-Egypt(756AH/1356AD)

HERAT FRIDAY

MOSQUE Herat-

Afghanistan(849AH/1446AD)

SELIMIYE COMPLEX

Edirne-Turkey(976AH/1569AD)


(3) Glory

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SHAH MOSQUE

Isfahan- Iran(1038AH/1629AD)

TAJ MAHALAgra-India(1057AH/1648AD)

BADSHAHI MOSQUE

Lahore- Pakistan(1083AH/1673AD)

AHMADIYYA MADRASSAAleppo- Syria

(1165AH/1752AD)


(4) Passiveness

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MUHAMMAD ALI CITADELCairo- Egypt(1264AH/1848AD)

LAHORE MUSEUM

Lahore-Pakistan(1311AH/1894AD)

AL-GOURNA VILLAGE

Gourna- Egypt(1367AH/1948AD)

PROPHET MOSQUE-

Reconstruction Medina- KSA(1410AH/1990AD)


(5) Reawakening

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ExampleProphet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. In 621 A.D., the mosque was simple andsmall adjacent to Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) house.


http://mybeliefs.co.uk/2012/11/18/mega-plan-images-of-the-expanion-plan-of-the-prophets-mosque-saw/attachment/13/

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Example

Madinah, during the late 19th century, was enclosed by a wall


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Example

Madinah, in the late 19th century Madinah, in the mid 20th century




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Example

Madinah is expanding and developing in radial direction but the central district still lies around the old city.

Today, Prophet’s mosque is built over an area equaling to area of the Madinah in 621 A.D.


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=SUiz-pX_RCwqYM&tbnid=AitXGBURvG79TM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://islaam_introduction.tripod.com/al-islaamPhotos.html&ei=4VVRUf7GNIfYObq1gaAN&psig=AFQjCNGJPa4IMDLzetV_f12GfsPtbhMOeg&ust=1364371267483279

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Example

The Prophet’s Mosque is planned to expand further in future in the west and the north directions. The green highlighted area shows the existing mosque, whereas, the white highlighted area shows the planned expansion of the mosque.

The model of Prophet’s Mosque showing the complete mosque after the planned expansion.

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=XB_0yoouhWWmnM&tbnid=MO6p06ile3dL7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://livinginmadina.blogspot.com/&ei=jYhRUYL5HcPBOOSpgAg&psig=AFQjCNEIx72l1gmwBBSlVnt8x6rG0dW1_w&ust=1364384255122630

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=sik6LJYqJMs75M&tbnid=zl3HbGtRPFNfMM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=552744&page=10&ei=qYhRUfOBHsmBOOCBgbAB&psig=AFQjCNEIx72l1gmwBBSlVnt8x6rG0dW1_w&ust=1364384255122630

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EXEMPLARY MONUMENTS


History of Islamic Architecture

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Jerusalem, 79AH/684AD Founded by Umayyad Caliph

“AbdulMalik bin Marwan”. Part of Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, to

shade the worshippers close to the “Rock” in the centre of the mosque.

Project Manager was “Raja’ bin Hayawa”

Octagonal plan, composed of three galleries around the rock, surrounded by a wall with four gates. The central space is constructed over 4 piers and four arcades, covered by a gilded dome.

Construction: the walls were built of local stone, with cedar wood trusses for the roof and the dome.

Highly decorated from outside and inside, originally with mosaics. Decorations included calligraphy and flowering context.

Exemplary Monuments (1-a) Dome of the Rock

HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments

Dome of the Rock; a plan. It shows the unique octagonal shape of the layout, which is connected to Islamic references by some researchers.

Reserved several times, external decorations were replaced with ceramics in the 19th century reservation works.

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Exemplary Monuments (1-b) Dome of the Rock

Dome of the Rock, Interior view. Rich Umayyad decorations in marble and mosaics, that included calligraphy and floral patterns.

Dome of the Rock, Exterior view. Mosaic and marble geometric decorations applied by the Ottomans in the 19th century. That included several calligraphic banners in the Thuluth style.HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments

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Granada- Andalus, 1333 AD A palace complex that was

originally constructed as a fortress in 889, and was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I; a local Sultan of Granada.

Post-Islamic modifications include Royal Palace of Charle’s V & St. Marry Church

Architect: Nasrid Rulers, Calligraphers & artisans

Plan: Court of lions, Court of Myrtle Trees, Royal Baths, Hall of Ambassadors, Hall of two sisters.

Construction: Stone, marble & wood Decoration: Highly detailed

calligraphy work in stucco, wood, ceramic, marble and metal, which gives an illusion of geometrical patterns from a distance.

Exemplary Monuments (2-a) Al-Hambra

Al Hambra Palace, Plan. Different areas of Nasrid periods demonstrate the space flow, with a unique sequence between the open and closed spaces.


Exemplary Monuments (2-b) Al-Hambra

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Al Hambra Palace, Details. This palace was designed with beautifully integrated landscape, light effects, ventilated spaces, with highly detailed interior decorations.It represents the zealous Islamic Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula.


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Exemplary Monuments (2-c) Al-Hambra

Poetry about Al-Hambra:

It's materialized, to visit Al-Hamra Palace.Tracing, I was zealous:- Who built ? Who wrote the version??Oh, what a splendid poem and sensation ! Published and nay.What was buried with its narrators !What is identified throughout ages !if birds and roses lament,if trees and rocks utter amazement,Victory is destined by Allah the Creator.Though days and ages alter.Be sage and sedate. Be tolerant, never haste.

Al Hambra Palace, Spain. Court of Lions was the main area of the palace where Sultans lived. The court was designed with central water fountain, which also served the purpose of a clock.


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Exemplary Monuments (3-a) Selimiye Complex

Edirne- Turkey, 1569-1575 AD Constructed by Ottoman Caliph Selim

II. The complex (kulliye) includes a

school, a student accommodation, a hospital, a bazar, and other annexed services besides the central mosque.

Project Architect was “Mimar Sinan” The mosque included an octagonal

system for the piers to hold the dome, which was surrounded by four minarets. Both of the dome and the minarets were of the world highest when constructed.

Highly decorated with mosaics and calligraphy from inside, with the multiple dome feature that characterizes the Ottoman style. Selimiye Complex, Plan. This royal complex

included several services for the public; such as a mosque, a school, a hospital, a bazar and a cemetery.HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments

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Exemplary Monuments (3-b) Selimiye Complex

Selimiye Complex, the prayer hall. The interior details show high central dome with ventilators for light and ventilation. The interior is decorated with calligraphy and other patterns. Externally; the four tall minarets define a cubic space that incubates the central dome.


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Exemplary Monuments (4-a) Taj Mahal

Agra- India, built 1632-1653AD Constructed by Mughal Emperor

Shah Jahan as a memorial complex. The story says that it was in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

The mausoleum, where the emperor and his wife are buried, is the central part of the complex. It is elevated on a central terrace, where two other identical buildings where flanking it from either sides. The western building is a sandstone mosque, while the eastern one is a guesthouse that is called “jawab”. The complex and its gardens were enclosed from three sides with a sandstone wall provided with a monumental gate (darwaza), while a river penetrated the site from the fourth side. External components included additional gardens and an external cemetery.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The overall master plan shows the following components: (1) Mehtab Garden, (2) Taj Mahal Flanked by Mosque and Meeting House/Library. (3) Main Garden of the Taj Mahal Complex. (4) Entrance Garden with four gates


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Exemplary Monuments (4-b) Taj Mahal

The mausoleum is constructed of white marble, surrounded by four 40m–high minarets. Its form is composed of a chamfered cube topped by an “onion” dome of almost the same height of the base surrounded by smaller domes on the corners.

Constructed Its exterior is highly decorated with flower decorations and calligraphy, with the domes topped by lotus flower.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Plan view showing the Taj Mahal with the landscape designed on the concept of Char Bagh


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Exemplary Monuments (4-c) Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The intimate details in Taj Mahal complex are not limited to buildings, the gardens also provided one of the most beautiful landscape examples of India. The controlled form design is well integrated within colorful and various decorations and materials.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_Mosque,_Agra.jpg

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Exemplary Monuments (4-d) Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The frames, the calligraphic banners, the colorful marble and the engraved marble screens. All of these are parts of the unique architectural design of this complex.


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Cairo-Egypt, 1211AH/1796AD Named after its last Sheikh Suheymi,

who died in 1928. Originally built in 1648 by A. Tablawi

along the Darb al-Asfar, a prestigious and expensive part of Medieval Cairo.

It was extended to the north and improved by the then new owner (Ismail Shelebi- from 1211AH/1796AD), incorporating neighbouring houses into its layout.

Currently, it is a three-storied large mansion built of stone, rather considered as a small palace with a total floor area of around 2,000 m2.

Characteristic of the architecture of its period, it was generally divided into two major zones: a semi-public guest zone (Salamlik ) and a private family zone (Haramlik ) around a courtyard (sahn) in the centre.

Exemplary Monuments (5-a) Suheymi House

Suheymi House, Cairo. The spacious house opens its entrance towards the crowded street area.


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The simple street elevation hides

several interesting features in the interior. Starting from the majaz in the entrance lobby, the visitor finds a water fountain, delicate wooden latticework (mashrabiyya) on all windows, a Tahtabsh/Maq’ad feature, various halls (Qa’a), and a steam bath (hammam), besides a small garden with plants and palm trees in the courtyard.

Plant and geometric decorations in addition to calligraphic lines could be found in several locations of the house.

Exemplary Monuments (5-b) Suheymi House

Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. View of central courtyard showing Mashrabiyas, which provides visual privacy and cools warm air before entering the interior space.


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=suhaymi+house&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=wk6copbQLuvn1M&tbnid=An92XRgQuvvXyM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/baytsuhaymi.htm&ei=d1VdUduiBYKitAbs7oCwAQ&psig=AFQjCNGSDOxbENXCVDGhJM6rAXGhsNkcbQ&ust=1365157480209503

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Exemplary Monuments (5-c) Suheymi House

Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. VariousSpaces of the house are shown, expressing the vernacular architecture.


(1)

DESIGN PRINCIPLES


ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

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Design PrinciplesINTRODUCTION

Design Principles to be discussed in this chapter are the following:

1)Unity .2)Functionality. 3)Pursuit of Knowledge. 4)Creativity . 5)Professionalism .

6)Identity and Diversity.

ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles

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Unity in Islam starts from the

unified belief of the entire nation in one God, one Book and one Prophet.

The Islamic nation developed a set of literature very early in its history; Quran and Hedith. They characterized the creed and the lifestyle of the Muslim in much of its details.

Other significant unifying elements of the Muslim Culture were Arabic language (as being the sole language to recite Quran) and the common history of Islam.

Design Principles(A) Unity

1ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles

Thus, the philosophies of the Muslims (or those accepted by the Muslims) were continuously refined to adhere with the mentioned resources.

samsung

Quran was finally set by the Prophet himself, which was to be documented in one book within 2 years beyond his death. While Hedith (the sayings of the prophet) was verified by a strict system of audition, and major Hedith references were documented during the first centuries of Islam.

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Design Principles(A) Unity

QuranHedith

HistoryLanguage

Unifying Resources

Islamic Philosophie

s

Cultural Interaction Islamic Architecture


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Design Principles(B) Functionality

Example (1)- The Mosque: The simple plan of the

mosque is distinguished by its circulation flow:1)Clear gateways that lead

from the public context into the mosque.

2)A semi public space, where a courtyard or an arcade are common solutions.

3)The main worshipping hall; which is sometimes covered by a dome.

Other common components of the mosque plan are the minaret, the mihrab and the minber.4) The Minaret: provided to

call for prayers and to guide worshippers to the mosque.

5) The Mihrab (~niche): provided to indicate the orientation of the prayer (qibla) from the mosque inside.

6) The Minber (~pulpit): provided in the grand mosques where the Friday speech is delivered.


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Sulaimaniyya Mosque, Istanbul built on 1558 AD. The flow of spaces and the characterizing components are identical in the common architecture of the mosque .

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http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YqXBhtRXH-FplM&tbnid=MIYAO3zn4mevPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.turkeyvacationplaces.com/suleymaniye-mosque.html&ei=KMJOUbrnEYPePdjNgfgF&psig=AFQjCNEViK8OKTwdV0UOLdYOsAKbwbXxbg&ust=1364202403778638

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Example (2)- Security and Defense (fortress): The squared plan of the fortress is distinguished by its

main components:1) A clear gate with defensive details2) Security towers on the corners and along the external

walls.3) Garrison quarters at the front.4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the frontal

sectors. 5) A buffering court for circulation organization.

6) beyond the court: Leader’s reception and offices.

7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.

8) Upper Floor: Leader’s quarters + Defensive services

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Example (3)- The Bimarstan (hospital): The squared plan of the palace is distinguished by

its main components:1) A clear gate with defensive details2) Security towers on the corners and along the

external walls.3) Garrison quarters at the front.4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the

frontal sectors. 5) A buffering court for circulation organization.

6) Leader’s seat and employees sector beyond the court.

7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.

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Example (3)- The Caravansaray (Inn): It provided accommodation for commercial,

pilgrim, postal, and especially official travelers.

The term kārvān-sarā was commonly used in Iran and is preserved in several place names.

The normal caravansary consisted of:

1) a square or rectangular plan

2) centered around a courtyard

3) with only one entrance

4) arrangements for defense if necessary.

5) at least provided security against beasts of prey and attacks by brigands.

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A constant research process was

initiated by Muslims to respond to the needs of the Muslim community.

The earliest example of a construction feature adapted from other cultures was in the days of the Prophet SAAS (year 5AH/624AD), which was a defensive trench in Medina. The idea was introduced by a Persian companion (Salman) according to a public consultancy process upheld by the prophet himself.

Early Islamic Architecture in Syria and Iraq also show the influence of previous styles and techniques.

Design Principles(C) Pursuit of Knowledge

This process took place in two directions, either by adapting the previous techniques or by employing their expertise and workmanship.

As abovementioned in section 2 (Functionality); the Muslims were aware of the purposes of their buildings, thus they were not passive-copiers to the works of others.

A constant effort of modification took place to approach high quality and to settle efficient professionalism. Additionally, reviewing the contributions of other nations was uninterruptedly held without sensitivity.


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Design Principles(C) Pursuit of Knowledge

Salman Farsi, a Persian companion of Prophet (PBUH) gave the idea of creating trench as a defense strategy.

Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunis, built on 670 AD was designed and built with the influence of Roman Architecture.


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DkWBVDYV9d9N2M&tbnid=IbwTtMUx5WUTXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com/2009/08/origins-of-guide-dogs-for-blind.html&ei=98ROUdejA8O1PIfWgKgL&psig=AFQjCNFotV9TMprpCWYCYYG1hz9lYDTNIw&ust=1364203064694287

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Islamic state spread over a vast geographical area in the range of 100 years after the Prophet. Its extension from today’s France to China enriched its cultural resources, and widened its architectural views.

The Muslim builders started to assign their well-defined design programs to the experienced architects of the time. The latters couldn’t have transferred these programs into designs without an enormous input of creativity.

These architects managed to create several monuments for the first time in history in the early years of Islam, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Lahore Fort, in addition to the Ruling Palaces of Kufa, Damascus and Medina.

Design Principles(D) Creativity

The spark of creativity was delivered to the later generations of architects, so that no “Order” for design was ruling the profession anymore.

Unlike most of the previous civilizations, the Muslim architect was free from any pre-imposed models to judge his performance.

Late Islamic states attempted to establish some order for there architectural styles, such as the Ottoman Architect Sinan, which did not last and did not spread.

As a constant review for their products; they were closely watched by their employers and by the scholars as well.


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Design Principles(D) Creativity

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Palestine, an innovative design with well proportions and intricate decoration.

Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, shows creating in designing of the main gate to Fort


Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, The Naulakha Pavilion is a prominent white marble personal chamber with a curvilinear roof, located beside the Sheesh Mahal Courtyard, in the northern section of the Lahore Fort.

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Experience: The great Muslim builders used to employ experienced architects for their major buildings, such as the Dome of the Rock which was designed and managed by Yezid b. Sallam and Raja b. Haywa. Sinan is another famous example who provided the Islamic Architecture with great master peices over the 16th century including Taj Mahal. Even non-Muslim architects were employed for their expertise (e.g. Umayyad Prophet Mosque in Medina, Kufa Complex, Qusair Amra).

Procedures: The design in the Muslim practice followed a well-defined procedure. A great example is the design of kufa city in the 638AD, which followed the steps of:

Design Principles(E) Professionalism

Regulations: Strict regulations ruled the practice of architecture in the traditional Muslim practice. Some of these regulations were imposed by the state (such as the width of roads and the neighbor rights. Other regulations were following non-written norms, such as privacy and environmental issues.

- Design Strategy (by Omer I, the caliph)- Design program (by Saad, the ruler)- Design Concept (by Abul-Hayyaj, the principal designer)- Detailed design (by local architects)


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Design Principles(E) Professionalism

Respect: It is obvious how the traditions of each state were established early in these states and respected by younger generations of architects. Examples of the Persian and Ottoman styles are not unique in that sense. In India, Morocco, Andalusia, the Mamlouks any almost all other examples the steadiness of the style outlines appear.

Prophets’ mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia, was design and constructed by employing non Muslim architect

Taj Mahal, Agra, India, an example of perfection and professionalism.



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Muslims lived within an active interaction with external cultures, which also influenced their Architectural products into diversity, supported by the freedom of creativity practiced by Muslim architects.

Consequently, the architectural manifestations of those Muslim communities shared certain directions, which affected the design lines throughout the Muslim history.

A significant identity for the Islamic Architecture was developed by the uninterrupted practice for centuries. which created unique Architectural procedures, technologies and archive for the Muslim nations.

Design Principles(F) Identity and Diversity

Palace of Seville, Spain, which shows the influence of Gothic Architecture, yet maintains the identity of Islamic Architecture


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Sustainability is another design factor which is

reflected in Islamic Architecture.

Sustainability of a building refers to its ability to comfort the building by using passive design techniques without using fossil fuel energy and to reduce negative impacts on the environment by using locally harvested materials.

In addition to this, it also refers to provide improved indoor environment quality by using daylight and natural ventilation, and to provide water for the end users from endless sources.

Lastly, it also refers to sustain its structure over hundreds of years. Sustainable buildings are economical to built, operate and maintain.

The buildings were designed as climate responsive by using passive design techniques such as:

- Ventilative cooling - Radiative cooling, - Evaporative cooling, - Mass effect cooling, - Minimizing temperature variations and - Solar heating.

Design Principles (G) Sustainability

Al Hambra Palace, Spain, a master piece of early Islamic Architecture, which was designed on the concepts of sustainability


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=A6BSKB2SXM0R1M&tbnid=qSXMTh2_Btl_DM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalife&ei=cP9jUYP2JorQsgamwICAAQ&psig=AFQjCNFBlKQufnroKARpRqW8PjO79Tq_kA&ust=1365594352825459

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=al+hambra&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YZG4tEFV-FlhKM&tbnid=_XYlgscpJiQ4-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.travelsignposts.com/Spain/sightseeing/court-of-the-lions&ei=gwBkUbq7Fo_FswavoIFI&psig=AFQjCNGZKVpY8UNJOYyJMv-dbFcFyjboQQ&ust=1365594505857114

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The buildings of Islamic Architecture were designed as

climate responsive by using passive design techniques such as:

- Ventilative cooling - Radiative cooling, - Evaporative cooling, - Mass effect cooling, - Minimizing temperature variations by massive walls

and cladding façade cladding material. - Solar heating.

Bin Yousef Madrassa, Morocco. An example of climate responsive building, using radiative, ventilative and evaporative cooling



Al Hambra Palace, Granada, Spain. Passive Solar Heating, evaporative and ventilative cooling was used by using wide and low height courtyards with high arches

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These buildings were also environment friendly as they used:

- Locally harvested materials - Building interior spaces were responsive to out door environment. - Sustainable water sources were used for landscape

and bathing.

These buildings were constructed with massive walls to:

- Give structural stability - Provide insulation for the buildings to keep the interiors cool in summer & warm in winter.

Generalife, Spain, an example of integrated indoor and outdoor spaces.

Shalimar Bagh, Pakistan. Sustainable water source (Canal originating from River Ravi) was used for fountains and irrigation



Madrassa Tilla Kori, Samarkand. Built with massive walls to give structural stability and provide insulation

http://nexttriptourism.com/shalimar-garden-tourism-pakistan/shalimar-garden-beautiful/

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=GENERALIFE&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=iXrMCDmNkG_tkM&tbnid=EcDvq8as61HSlM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.world-villa.co.uk/generalife-gardens-andalucia-spain-330-en-n.html&ei=1VcXUbbTD7Co0AWi_IDADQ&psig=AFQjCNH63B11Z8a6FWUHCJMDnqT-WgRnKA&ust=1360570567871722

INTRODUCTION


CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE

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Introduction

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– INTRODUCTION

The professional mediums has not yet established a set of standards to be called “Contemporary Islamic Architecture”.

However, “Contemporary Islamic Architecture” refers to the current practice with Islamic references or serving Muslim functions or communities.

Such a scheme is expected to work as an endeavor to re-establish the links between heritage and recent practices (Agha Khan Award for Architecture 1995)

It should also respond to the current problems of the practice; such as architectural expression, quality of design, humanitarian concepts and place identification (Agha Khan Award for Architecture 1995).

(1)

CLASSIFICATION



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ClassificationCriteria

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1: Classification

As a criteria to indicate the current practices of Islamic architecture, it is

supposed that the Contemporary Islamic Practice of Architecture has the

following characteristics:

It shows reference to some style(s) of the Islamic Architecture.

Might show a mixed Islamic style (not necessarily local) in the

components selection.

Influenced by of the modern styles in architecture.

Accommodates modern technologies of construction.

Follows the contemporary design philosophies and procedures.

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Architectural practice in the Muslim World is divided into three lines:

Universal Architecture:This line represents the practice that follows the recent universal styles of architecture, with no interest in incorporating any regional or traditional elements or lines.

Developed Islamic ArchitectureIncludes a certain amount of references to the Islamic Architecture or to the local/regional heritage.

Traditional Architecture:The architectural output has an overwhelming reference to the traditional/regional components.

ClassificationLines of Practice


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This line of practice is meant to be an extension to the common universal practice, following the lines of the day; such as Modernism, Post-Modernism, International or the current Formic styles.

In this direction this line has no intended reference to the Islamic Architecture, where it follows the principles and the factors of practicing Architecture of the Modern world.

This style was strongly introduced in the post-colonial period. That was encouraged by the new construction technology of the modern world, and by the western education and professionals of the time.

ClassificationUniversal Style


Muslim professionals responded to both the decision makers and the business men of, who were convinced of the style as a symbol of success and development.

Even supposing that a Muslim Architect practiced it, this line would still be culturally disconnected from the basics of the Islamic Architecture.

Therefore, this line of practice could be considered as a “Universal” practice implemented locally, rather than a part of the current practice of an Islamic style.

55

ClassificationUniversal Style


The contribution of such architects/designers is appreciated internationally. However, there products cannot be considered as Islamic Architecture rather than an important part of the profession in its universal position.

Saudi Economic Association,Saudi Arabia

56

Zaha Hadid

Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre 2007- UAE

King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art 2008- Jordan

ClassificationUniversal Style - Examples


King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art, Jordan

Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre, UAE

http://www.archdaily.com/51018/king-abdullah-ii-house-of-culture-art-zaha-hadid-architects/king-abdullah-ii-house-of-culture-art_exterior/

57

Fazlur - Rahman Khan (The Einstein of Structural Engineering) Sears Tower 1973 - Chicago - USA Hajj Terminal 1982 - Jeddah- KSA


Sears Tower, Chicago, USA Hajj Terminal, Jeddah, KSA

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Hajj+Terminal+jeddah&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pr3ABtd19e5FIM&tbnid=9gLzlWMT5myB6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/6823785352/&ei=VzwzUYLECqSS0QWpk4D4CA&psig=AFQjCNFI3SMO7-cOH36Y-I6z4ETdFMSztg&ust=1362398669461340

58



SOMKhalifa Tower 2004- Dubai- UAE

Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), musical fountains, Dubai, UAE

Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), tallest building of the world, Dubai, UAE

59

National Bank HQ

Skidmore, Owings and MerrillJeddah- KSA1983

The building is an attempt from the architect to create a monumental building that holds both the characters of modernity and rationality according to its sensitive location in the heart of the traditional city of Jeddah.


NCB HQ – JeddahShowing the traditional

context of the city in the foreground

Classification Universal Style - Examples

60

"...In the center, three columns allowed

openings and offices to be rotated to any side. The dramatic 100-foot-wide facade openings were designed to provide daylight without direct sunshine. Light filters into the three courtyards through these openings, reaching the inhabited spaces only indirectly. The shaded cavity of the building reduces air temperatures slightly before cooling is completed by air-conditioning machinery. Above the level of the first office floor, warm air is drawn up the building's small triangular core and vented in the center of the roof.


NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued

Site Plan and floor plans, NCB HQ-Jeddah


61

The office areas are protected from the

sun's glare by gray glazing, and the glass-walled executive offices on the top floor are shielded by a pierced wall covering a 10-foot recess behind the building's outer surface; these recessed windows are akin to the shuttered of screened balconies of traditional Saudi architecture. A computerized building management system adjusts the climate-control machinery as external thermal conditions change."

— from Carol Herselle Krinsky. Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. p268-271, 273.


NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued

Section view, NCB HQ-Jeddah


62

Franco Audrito and SAK

Yanbu Cement Co. Staff Housing- KSA


Yanbu Cement Co. Staff Housing- KSA


63

Franco Audrito and SAK SAK Consultant Yanbu

Cement Co. Administration Building -

KSA


Yanbu Cement Co. Administration Building- KSA


64

This style tries to incorporate the traditional lines and elements

within the recent practice of architecture.

As per Rifaa Chderji, the product shows a hybrid architecture.

This architecture represents the creativity of the architect within a background of keeping his cultural distinctiveness.

The architect in this line accepts the modern construction technology and regulations as effective factors, rather than the recent artistic and architectural trends.

Rifaa Chderji- Iraq and Rasem Bedran-Jordan are of the representatives of this line, via some of their works.

ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style


65

ClassificationDeveloped Islamic Style-

Examples


Atlantis Hotel, Dubai, UAE

66


Examples


Four Seasons Hotel, Qatar

67


Examples


Jabal Omar Project, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.T.R Hamzah & Yeang

68


Examples


ElKhereiji Head Office– JeddahSAK Consultant

69


Examples


Al Andalus School – JeddahSAK Consultant

70


Examples


Al Andalus School – JeddahSAK Consultant

71


ExamplesMosque– Jeddah .SAK Consultant

72


ExamplesRemal Media House

(2)

DEFINITION



74

DefinitionContents

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2: DEFINITION

Meaning of the Term

Variations of the Term

Origins of the Term

Criteria

75

DefinitionThe Meaning of the Term-

1


The definition of Islamic Architecture has been a controversial topic amongst researchers.

Cultural background influences the understanding of the term. Arabs/Muslims see it as their heritage, while others imagine it as exotic, mysterious, and aesthetically curious, carrying the whiff of far-distant lands. (Rabbat 2012: 1)

Traditional Muslim literature did not introduce the term, mainly because their architectural styles were globally leading. The term “Islamic” by then did not provide an accurate definition among other styles in the Muslim regions.

76

DefinitionThe Meaning of the Term-

2


The Architecture produced for and by Muslims to serve Islam as a religion, referring, consequently, only to the architecture which did serve a religious function (e.g. mosque, madrasa), or it may mean all the Architecture produced in the Muslim Lands (Michell 1978: 10)

Mostly, the term means that architecture which is recognized as being related to Islam, Islamic civilization or to the Islamic communities.

Practice of the “Islamic Architecture” in its traditional forms faced a major setback by the weakening of the Muslim world since the early 19th century.

77

DefinitionVariations of the Term


Islamic Architecture (Grabar 1974, Hillenbrand 1994)

Muslim Architecture (Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932)

Architecture of the Muslim Communities (Agha Khan Award for Architecture - AKAA)

Architecture of Islam (Fletcher 1896)

Muhammadan Architecture (Briggs 1924)

78

DefinitionOrigins of the Term- 1

The term cannot be traced in the traditional Muslim literature. Muslims simply referred to their architecture as Umran, Imarah or any close term.

Because of the western interest in introducing the historic styles of Architecture in the early 19th century, “Architecture of Islam” was introduced as part of the timeline of the history of Architecture (Fletcher 1896, Rabbat 2012).

In the early 19th century, Eurocentric terms appeared in the western literature such as Saracenic, Mohammedan, Moorish and Oriental.


79

DefinitionOrigins of the Term- 2

By the end of the 19th century; literature about the field (e.g. Fletcher 1896, Reviora 1914, Briggs 1924, Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932, 1952) settled to the term in various expressions related to Islam.

For recognition between historic styles of Architecture; the term “Islamic” was established amongst Art historians, and continued to be widely employed till date (Grabar 1973, Hillenbrand 1994, Hoag 1975, Jairazbhoy 1972).


(3)

DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS



82

Contents

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

Master Plan Plan Layout Façade Design Construction Technology Decorative Elements

83

Master Plan


84

Master Plan

Following their involvement in major projects

in the Middle East, several architects (Local

& International) submitted their master-

plans characterized by some local traditions,

habits, culture and other factors that

affected the master- plan.

According the classification mentioned in

Chapter (04-01) above, such projects’ styles

could be classified as “Developed” or

“Traditional”.


85

ManifestationsMaster Plan- Examples

Qasr Al-Hokm- RiyadhRasem Badran

Gourna – EgyptHassan Fathi

New Gourna Village, Gourna, Egypt

Qasr Al Hokm, Riyadh, Sauid Arabia


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Etq0f6ldnKeSXM&tbnid=tJ7O3ZA9EOf7mM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1999-Spring/rebirth.htm&ei=D-VKUbWWIsbYPYqPgYgD&psig=AFQjCNEpTdnsY5yeNQJYpus93Ndsz57saA&ust=1363949164643564

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jM_SQN1dABiCyM&tbnid=53RHcT79fDTjzM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbc-drawing.cgi/New_Gourna.html/New_Gourna_Town_Plan.html&ei=seVKUdTjGoTYPPWGgcgE&psig=AFQjCNH2D2beLLumizkg1XBJVuqbqp5KDw&ust=1363949340069279

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=FSO05y8z6_VkAM&tbnid=5gDtpCStvsCQyM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.aliraqi.org/forums/showthread.php?t=94676&ei=lMtNUfDACYiHOPnMgNAM&psig=AFQjCNEEIRWs9EHtoecb1Pd44brSKB9JPg&ust=1364139158800677

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=0DaQDGaE9-bQWM&tbnid=gGI1UW0DQhObIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://6y6s.wordpress.com/&ei=KsxNUeOTL8msPKPZgIgK&psig=AFQjCNGCBnHTChOz6FwgyAy0gkN4JIvsIQ&ust=1364139400160753

86

ManifestationsMaster Plan- Examples

Al Hasa Urban Planning Project /Hofuf

SAK Consultants


87

Plan Layout


88

Plan Layout

The current plans incorporated several components and their

articulation referring to the traditional plan designs.

Common plan components currently employed include the

gallery, the courtyard and the mall.

Common plan articulation include axiality, solid-void sequences,

bending entrances, etc.

Local culture and tradition affected the life style and use of the

space affected the plan layout.


OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Plan Layout


Use of Entrance Lobby-To provide a transition space.

-To create spaciousness and to welcome the guests.

Plan Layout

Concept of atrium in OKAZ building has been derived from entrance lobby of Islamic Architecture buildings.


Planning on Axis- Circulation is directional and based on axis.

Use of Atrium

-To create a central gathering space with

daylight, ventilation and water element.

Floor Patterns

- Integrated geometrical floor patterns were

used to create visual interest.

Plan Layout

OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia


Plan Layout

King Fahd Library Building, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaCONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

King Fahd Library Building, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Use of Lobby

-To provide a transition space for users before entering into the main building.

Use of Atrium

-To provide daylight and natural ventilation in the surrounding

corridors.

Plan Layout


Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School

Plan Layout


Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Use of Corridors

Courtyard Planning - Naturally ventilated courtyards with daylight provides a healthy space for the students.

- Shaded corridors helps air to circulate through them.

Planning on Axis- Circulation is directional and based on axis.

Plan Layout


Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Plan Layout


Natural Ventilation- Use of natural ventilation in the covered playing areas and corridors.

Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Plan Layout


Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Plan Layout


Use of Lobby

-To provide a transition space for users before entering into the main building.

Use of Atrium-To provide a daylight and natural ventilation in the surrounding corridors.

Plan Layout

Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia


Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi Arabia

Plan Layout


Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi Arabia

Floor Patterns

Central Sitting Space-To facilitate people to take rest and enjoy the environment during shopping.

-Integrated geometrical floor patterns were used to create visual interest.

Plan Layout


102

Façade Design


103

Façade Design

Talking about Sultan Hassan Complex in Cairo: “The proportions of this building are amongst the greatest I have seen.” Frank Lloyd Wright.

The current practice referred to the traditional sources either in elevation components or in the forms of the building.

Components and their articulation:

The arch is one of the commonly employed components to resemble the Islamic style. It is widely found in the current practice.

Wooden and steel screens are widely employed to add Islamic reference to the style.

Gates, riwaqs (porticoes), buttresses, engraves and stone laying was employed as well.

Sultan Hassan Complex, Cairo, Egypt.


104

Façade Design

Other components take place regionally, such as the vault, several shapes of arches, the material and the color of the façade.

opening/mass rhythms, façade patterns, and proportions of elevations and openings where a rich source for current practice.

Form:

Regarding form, the traditional Islamic compact urban fabric, did

not encourage much to give priority to form design. However, the

symbolic form of the Mosque is frozen by its traditional

components, such as the dome and the minaret.

On the other side, traditional isolated buildings such as pavilions,

mausoleums, palaces and tall buildings where reference to the

current practice.


Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Façade Design


Use of Atriums

-To provide daylight

-To provide ventilation

-To create spaciousness

Façade Design

Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia


Façade Design

G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

Emphasis on Entrance

- Entrances are emphasized to welcome guests- To add an element of unity in the facade

Use of Arches

-To add aesthetic value to the building form

- To provide shade for the pedestrians and to facilitate natural ventilation

Façade Design

G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Inspiration from Tilya Kori Madrassa, Samarkand,Great Mosque Damascus


King Fahd Library Building, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Use of Geometric Screens

- To provide shade to the fenestration.

- To add aesthetic value to the façade.

Façade Design


Aramco H.Q. Building, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Façade Design


Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia

Façade Design


Marshrabiya

Use of Arches in the Corridors- To provide shade for the pedestrians and

to facilitate natural ventilation.

- To provide a transition space between indoor and outdoor. This helps to reduce the temperature of the air entering into the building.

Façade Design

Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Inspiration from Cordoba Mosque and vernacular mashrabiyas of Saudi Arabia


http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-df2B2F7tNqk/TbgPmf9_EEI/AAAAAAAAAAo/vOSyOmFgkAs/s1600/Arches+in+Alhambra+mosque.jpg

Elkhereiji Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Façade Design


Water as an EssentialLandscape Element

-To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.

Façade Design

Elkhereiji Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia


Façade Design

Private Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia


International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Façade Design

Part III: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

Recessed Panels inElevation

Use of Arches

-To create shadows, depth and rhythm in elevation.

- To create shadows to improve insulation of the walls and keep interiors cool.- To break monotony of flat walls.

Façade Design

International Medical Center,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Part III: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

Façade Design

Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS

Water as an EssentialLandscape Element

- To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.

Mashrabiya

- To provide a transition space between indoor and outdoor. This helps to reduce the temperature of the air entering into the building.

Façade Design

Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia


120

Decorative Elements


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=heOq48oijBhoOM&tbnid=xfP9R9YbxesqRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://depositphotos.com/5703265/stock-photo-Decorative-motifs-of-Alhambra.html&ei=F-RKUdrFHMiXO8WcgKAN&psig=AFQjCNEvZ1bLFB4xvSo973CZ8d9e8oj-cw&ust=1363948874861493

121

ManifestationsDecorative Elements

Internally and externally, decorations is a part of architecture

universally.

Contemporary Islamic architecture has emphasis on such

elements, with special focus on traditional sources.

Dense decorative elements appear mainly on the mosques’

walls, domes, and minarets especially as calligraphic scripts.

Nevertheless, geometric and flowered lines are also provided

(e.g. King Saud Mosque, Sheikh Zayed Mosque).

Islamic decoration motifs can be found also on residential

buildings (e.g. El-Kheriji House), commercial buildings (e.g. G.

Group Office Tower), Hotels (Elaf Taiba Hotel), hospitals (e.g.

International Medical Center), in addition to other building types.


122

ManifestationsDecorative Elements-

Examples Calligraphic decorations emphasize mainly on the “Thuluth”

calligraphy style.

Moroccan and Egyptian geometric decorations are common in

the architecture of Saudi Arabia, while Indian decorations appear

on the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, in countries such as

UAE and Oman.


123


Examples King Saud Mosque - Jeddah


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=WHzocvHgpqbmSM&tbnid=yHcbgXLLX13_YM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.myspace.com/gaharu/photos/22616370&ei=-qNNUYuXB4PhOsKFgIAF&psig=AFQjCNE-tuzS8lNNWNTsSdZg7-M1a8fHgQ&ust=1364128823889465

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qD7Ifss4Ij2IRM&tbnid=ounvEJ0j2H0JpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://myminigallery.blogspot.com/2011/04/king-saud-mosque-jeddah.html&ei=7KhNUdPONcKSOOxB&psig=AFQjCNHvfIZn_B--h3cdD8kmp_kTrY1xvQ&ust=1364130203003946

124


Examples Sheikh Zayed Mosque - Abu Dhabi


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9ZpTiq8S603jTM&tbnid=v_BEZ8GyQlV5cM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://www.gnosis.us.com.php53-27.dfw1-2.websitetestlink.com/category/art/architecture/architecture-by-typeuse/top-ten-mosques/&ei=pKZNUefLC_KN7AaAwIGwAw&psig=AFQjCNFYxsk4B5jx4ENP2bssSdqi-gfUhg&ust=1364129828289590

http://www.servimg.com/image_preview.php?i=256&u=12025964

125


Examples International Medical Center - Jeddah


http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=TceP-Koga7ICrM&tbnid=ft5nKwPb95_ssM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/53093430@N05/4941438376/&ei=M6pNUcv2II7WPaT3gIgK&psig=AFQjCNHAk_Zc-X8x8iLWTNkwtYS5fI6Kdw&ust=1364130724788447


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

127

Contents

Adopting Architectural Elements Adopting Concepts of Sustainability

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

128

Adopting Architectural Elements Contents

The following are some of the architectural elements that could be

adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.

Mashrabiyat & Screens Mucarnasat Calligraphy Geometrical Patterns Arches Domes

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

129

Adopting Architectural Elements

Globalization is effecting people, culture, art and architecture. We believe architecture is effected and will be effected continuously in future due to the different forms of media, communication, traveling, technology and other factors. Future Islamic Architecture can still use architectural elements such as mashrabiat, mucarnasat, calligraphy, geometrical patterns, but in a global and creative way.

Globalization is effecting people, culture, art and architecture.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=globalization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=EO7gR6tkRR8f0M&tbnid=sOgVk-g7VzMbcM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://budowahoteli.pl/globalization-quotes&page=4&ei=W8ZKUZScEse1PdGXgaAG&psig=AFQjCNHJ5qFoE6L6y8ZzQg0uvylKb7UJRg&ust=1363941257458366

130


Mashrabiyat & Screens Mashrabiyat can be used in the future

Islamic Architecture to continue:

- Providing a transition space for the building to allow hot air to cool down before entering into it.

- Providing shade for the window.

- Providing visual privacy.

Top: Elaf Taiba Hotel, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.Left: King Fahad Library, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Right: Community Center,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

131


Mucarnasat Mucarnasat can be used in the future


- Adding aesthetic value to the interior space

- Enhancing acoustics of interior space

Alhambra Palace, Garnada, Spain

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=muqarnas&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=iT113o7MazMYHM&tbnid=87TO7qDce4_nCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/ContentLink.asp?type=cont.currentlang&id=106311&ei=dLlKUbm-CMyHPenUgYAP&psig=AFQjCNFZUVUgbheHbcv4GFvDmQLj3roveA&ust=1363937969528569

132


Calligraphy Calligraphy can be used in the future


- Delivering messages to the end users and educating them

- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking the monotony of walls

Right: Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaLeft: Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

http://www.google.com.sa/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alhambra+floor+pattern&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=CxRDDF5ysFenPM&tbnid=P-89z26wOBVVhM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://polynomial.me.uk/tag/pattern/&ei=lsFKUePlBIXJPOiogOgL&psig=AFQjCNHr_QYoRGjH7pmJc4YO6a-cS42rhQ&ust=1363940004071445

133


Geometrical Patterns Geometrical patterns can be used in

the future Islamic Architecture to continue:

- Creating floor patterns and guiding the people to find their way.

- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking the monotony of walls

Examples of geometrical patterns used for flooring and for wall decoration

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

134


Arches Arches can be used in the future


- Creating interest and enhance aesthetics of the building facade.

- Adding depth to the building façade

- Casting shadows and increasing façade insulation

- Facilitating natural ventilation to take place

G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

135


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136


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137


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138


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139


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

140


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

141


142


Domes Domes can be used in the future


- Increasing volume of interior space and facilitating natural ventilation to take place.

- Enhancing acoustics of the interior spaces.

- Enhancing visual appearance of the building.

A private House, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaFUTURE DIRECTIONS

143

Adapting Architectural Element of Domes

144


145


146


147


148

Adapting Concepts of Sustainability Contents

The below mentioned concepts of sustainability could be

adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.

Passive Design Strategies Environment Friendly Buildings Strategies Indoor Environment Quality Strategies

149

Adapting Concepts of Sustainability

Passive Design Strategies

Future Islamic Architecture can incorporate passive design strategies such as:

Ventilative cooling, Radiative cooling, Evaporative cooling and Earth Mass Effect CoolingMinimizing Temperature Variations by using InsulationSolar Heating

To reduce:

Energy ConsumptionGlobal warmingOzone Depletion

Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

150


Environment Friendly Building Strategies

In addition to this, future Islamic Architecture can also followthe principles of environment friendly buildings such as:

- Using locally harvested and manufactured materials-Reusing building instead of demolishing and constructing new buildings

To reduce:

-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with transportation of materials from foreign countries-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with harvesting and manufacturing new materials- Demolition waste storage in landfill areas- Reduce time and money- Global warming- Ozone Depletion

G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

151


Indoor Environment Quality Strategies

Furthermore, future Islamic Architecture can also use Indoor Environment Quality strategies such as:

- Daylight penetration in the interior of the buildings- Fresh air supply in the interior spaces

To reduce:

- Electricity consumption- Carbon emissions- Ozone Depletion- Global Warming- Suffocation (Carbon dioxide level) in the interior spaces

Ministry of Petroleum Building, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CONCLUSION


153

Conclusion

A successful Architect in any place and time is the Architect who can apply the following equation successfully

Function + Beauty + Economy = Successful Project

154

Conclusion

The architecture that consider the human scale and environment gives satisfaction and enjoyment to the users and viewers, this could be seen in many of the works of Sinan, Frank Lloyd Wright, Hasan Fathi, Le Corbusier.

155

Conclusion

The Relation Between Art & Architecture

Here are some architects that were successful in applying this relation:

Miss Van Der Rohe

Walter Gropius

Abdul Wahed Al Wakil

Abdul Aziz Kamel

156

Conclusion

Creative Design Process

Think

Creative Production

Study

Design

Review

157

Conclusion

A New World of architecture is possible

We need to set an Architecture and Art Compass in our societies to show the direction we are moving to. We need to have the knowledge and vision that help us rebuild our environment. We are part of the World but we should not be a copy of any other World or city or society.

Cultural Museum in China reflects Islamic Architecture in North Western China. 5 Story, 25,302 m2, a massive atrium in the middle, green design elements, automatic shading to help keep the building cool. It is a landmark designed by Sure Architecture

158

Conclusion

Architectural Styles can be developed using our Knowledge and Creativity.

A knowledge based society is an important step for change of the individual and society.

A new era of Islamic Architecture and Art can be establish that could have a positive and rewarding effect on people’s life. Green environment and sustainable architecture and products, Water and Energy Saving technologies could be part of the new era of Architecture.

Arab Cultural Center in USA.Design by Monalab for the Mosaic Foundation Islamic Web

159

Symbolic Architecture

160

H اال, ت6م, اح* ف, Hا اط6ر, خ, ف, Hا ل>م, ح> ك,ان, Hة يق, ق6 ح, ح,ى أ,ض* ث>م?

H ي,اال, خ, ال,It was a dream, then an idea then a possibility

Then it became a reality

01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013

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Transcript of 01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013