COMMON TERMINOLOGIES COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN ANIMAL SCIENCEUSED IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

ABATTOIR- slaughter house.ABATTOIR- slaughter house.

ABORTION- expulsion of fetus(es); ABORTION- expulsion of fetus(es); expulsion of fully developed piglets expulsion of fully developed piglets before the completion of pregnancy before the completion of pregnancy and before they are able to survive.and before they are able to survive.

ABRASION- tear in the skin ABRASION- tear in the skin due to friction or rubbing.due to friction or rubbing.

ABSCESS- localized collection of ABSCESS- localized collection of pus.pus.

ACCESSIBILITY- the state or ACCESSIBILITY- the state or quality to be reached.quality to be reached.

ACCLIMATIZATION- adjustment of ACCLIMATIZATION- adjustment of the breeding pig to the conditions the breeding pig to the conditions prevailing on the farm to which it prevailing on the farm to which it has been introduced to enable it to has been introduced to enable it to perform at optimum standards.perform at optimum standards.

ACCUMULATIVE - collective.ACCUMULATIVE - collective.

ACIDOSIS- a condition in which ACIDOSIS- a condition in which the acidity of body fluids and the acidity of body fluids and tissues is abnormally high.tissues is abnormally high.

ACUTE- referring to a disease ACUTE- referring to a disease which has a rapid onset, short which has a rapid onset, short course and pronounced signs.course and pronounced signs.

AGALACTIA - absence of milk; AGALACTIA - absence of milk; failure to secrete milk following failure to secrete milk following birth.birth.

ALL-IN/ALL-OUT- management ALL-IN/ALL-OUT- management method wherein a group of fattening method wherein a group of fattening pigs enters the unit at the same pigs enters the unit at the same time and leaves together at a time and leaves together at a certain period once they reach the certain period once they reach the market or slaughter weight.market or slaughter weight.

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE - ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE - macrophage found in alveoli.macrophage found in alveoli.

ALVEOLI- the terminal part of the ALVEOLI- the terminal part of the respiratory system (airway) where respiratory system (airway) where oxygen carbon dioxide exchanges oxygen carbon dioxide exchanges take place.take place.

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK- an ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK- an allergic reaction to an allergic reaction to an administered drug or vaccine, administered drug or vaccine, which may or may not kill the which may or may not kill the animals.animals.

ANEMIA- reduction in the quantity ANEMIA- reduction in the quantity of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrier in of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrier in the blood); the main symptoms the blood); the main symptoms are paleness, hurried breathing are paleness, hurried breathing and low resistance to infection.and low resistance to infection.

Aneuploid - Has more or less than exact number of multiple monoploid chromosomes.

Animal Agriculture - Production and use of animals for human consumption.

Animal Welfare Act (AWA) - Regulates the care and treatment of animals in research facilities, dealers, exhibits, and transportation.

Animal Welfare Act (AWA) - Regulates the care and treatment of animals in research facilities, dealers, exhibits, and transportation.

ANTIBIOTIC- a chemical ANTIBIOTIC- a chemical substance derived from a mold or substance derived from a mold or bacteria that inhibits the growth of bacteria that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms.other microorganisms.

ANTIBODY- a protein substance ANTIBODY- a protein substance developed or synthesized by lymphoid developed or synthesized by lymphoid tissues of the body in response to an tissues of the body in response to an antigenic stimulus; each antigen elicits antigenic stimulus; each antigen elicits production of a specific antibody. In production of a specific antibody. In disease defense, the animal must have disease defense, the animal must have an encounter with the pathogen/antigen an encounter with the pathogen/antigen before a specific antibody is developed before a specific antibody is developed in its blood.in its blood.

ANTIGEN- a high molecular- ANTIGEN- a high molecular- weight substance (usually a weight substance (usually a protein) which, when foreign to protein) which, when foreign to the bloodstream of an animal, the bloodstream of an animal, stimulates formation of a specific stimulates formation of a specific antibody and reacts specifically antibody and reacts specifically in in vivovivo or or in vitroin vitro with its with its homologous antibody.homologous antibody.

ANTISEPTIC- a chemical ANTISEPTIC- a chemical substance that prevents the substance that prevents the growth and development of growth and development of microorganisms.microorganisms.

ARTHRITIS- inflammation of the ARTHRITIS- inflammation of the joints.joints.

Artificial Selection - Human selection of animals for reproducing, based on selected traits that are desirable.

ASPHYXIATION- suffocation.ASPHYXIATION- suffocation.

ASSAY- determination of (1) the ASSAY- determination of (1) the purity of potency of a substance, purity of potency of a substance, or (2) the amount of any particular or (2) the amount of any particular constituent of a mixture.constituent of a mixture.

ATAXIA- shaky movements and ATAXIA- shaky movements and unsteady gaits.unsteady gaits.

ATONIC- uterus is not contractingATONIC- uterus is not contracting

ATRESIA ANI- no anal opening.ATRESIA ANI- no anal opening.

ATROPHY- shrinkage of a normal ATROPHY- shrinkage of a normal organ.organ.

AUTOINTOXICATION – self-AUTOINTOXICATION – self-poisoning.poisoning.

Autosomes - Not sex chromosomes.

AVERAGE DAILY GAIN (ADG)- AVERAGE DAILY GAIN (ADG)- the average increase in weight of the average increase in weight of an animal per day.an animal per day.

Avian - Bird species

BACTEREMIA- the presence of a BACTEREMIA- the presence of a bacteria or microorganisms in the bacteria or microorganisms in the blood.blood.

BARROW- a castrated male pig BARROW- a castrated male pig for fattening.for fattening.

Biotechnology - Use of living organisms to make or modify products. Increases reproduction, clone sheep, increase milk production, etc.

BOAR- sexually matured BOAR- sexually matured uncastrated male pig, at least 8 uncastrated male pig, at least 8 months old.months old.

BODY CONSTITUTION- ability of BODY CONSTITUTION- ability of the animal’s body to resist the animal’s body to resist diseases.diseases.

BOOSTER SHOT OR DOSE- a BOOSTER SHOT OR DOSE- a dose given at some time after an dose given at some time after an initial dose to enhance the effect, initial dose to enhance the effect, usually of antigens for the usually of antigens for the production of antibodies.production of antibodies.

Bovine- cattle

Breed - Animals in same species but differ from others within same species (Dog vs Boxer vs Great Dane)

Breed Character - Physical characteristics that differentiate between breeds (color, size, coat type, etc.)

BREEDER FEED- feed for sows, BREEDER FEED- feed for sows, gilts and boars, usually contains gilts and boars, usually contains about 3,000kcal DE and 140g about 3,000kcal DE and 140g protein/kg feed.protein/kg feed.

BREEDER MASH- feeds on a BREEDER MASH- feeds on a mash form given to sows, boars mash form given to sows, boars and gilts with 14% Crude Protein.and gilts with 14% Crude Protein.

BREEDERS- animals used for BREEDERS- animals used for reproduction, such as sows, gilts reproduction, such as sows, gilts and boars.and boars.

BRUISES- small broken blood BRUISES- small broken blood vessels that discolor the skin, vessels that discolor the skin, which is not broken.which is not broken.

BRUCELLOSIS- a chronic BRUCELLOSIS- a chronic disease with symptoms like loss disease with symptoms like loss of appetite, weakness, of appetite, weakness, progressing to chronic fever and progressing to chronic fever and swelling of lymph nodes.swelling of lymph nodes.

BRISKET- meat from a pig’s BRISKET- meat from a pig’s chest.chest.

BULL- a mature male cattle.BULL- a mature male cattle.

BURROW- to make a hole.BURROW- to make a hole.

Canine- dog

Caprine- goat

Carrier -Animal carries a non-dominant gene that is not expressed.

Centromere - Chromosome part where spindles are attached.

Chromosome – rod-like bodies or molecule containing genes of a living thing. Paired in most cells.

Co-dominance - Unlike alleles located at one loci.Neither allele is dominant.

CHRONIC- referring to a disease CHRONIC- referring to a disease condition that is continuous and condition that is continuous and long lasting.long lasting.

CLINICAL- referring to direct CLINICAL- referring to direct observation.observation.

COLOSTRUM- the first milk COLOSTRUM- the first milk secretion from the breast, secretion from the breast, occurring shortly after or occurring shortly after or sometimes before birth. It sometimes before birth. It contains serum, white blood cells contains serum, white blood cells and antibodies.and antibodies.

CONCEPTION - the act of getting CONCEPTION - the act of getting pregnant.pregnant.

CONCEPTION RATE- CONCEPTION RATE- percentage of sows that becomes percentage of sows that becomes pregnant after service/ pregnant after service/ insemination.insemination.

CONGENITAL- a condition or CONGENITAL- a condition or disease that has affected the disease that has affected the animal since birth.animal since birth.

CONJUNCTIVITIS - inflammation CONJUNCTIVITIS - inflammation of the conjunctiva manifested by of the conjunctiva manifested by severe eye discharge.severe eye discharge.

CONTAGIOUS- can be easily CONTAGIOUS- can be easily transferred.transferred.

CORROSIVE - gradually making CORROSIVE - gradually making something weaker, and possibly something weaker, and possibly destroying it.destroying it.

Cow- a mature female catlle

Cow-Calf Operation - Breeding cattle for market. Most are cross-bred.

CRESOL- type of disinfectant CRESOL- type of disinfectant used to increase solubility and used to increase solubility and applied in 2- 4% solution.applied in 2- 4% solution.

CRYPTORCHIDISM- most CRYPTORCHIDISM- most frequently encountered genital frequently encountered genital defect of male piglets whereby the defect of male piglets whereby the testes fail to descend from the testes fail to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum.abdominal cavity into the scrotum.

CRUSHING- mainly due to CRUSHING- mainly due to crumpling.crumpling.

CRUSTS- a thin, hard, dry layer CRUSTS- a thin, hard, dry layer on the surface.on the surface.

CULLING- the removal of CULLING- the removal of undesirable or unproductive undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd.animals within the herd.

CULLS- all CULLS- all unwanted/unproductive animals unwanted/unproductive animals remove from the herd.remove from the herd.

CUSHION- something that stops CUSHION- something that stops one thing from hitting another one thing from hitting another thing.thing.

CYANOSIS- bluish discoloration CYANOSIS- bluish discoloration of the extremities due to of the extremities due to circulatory disturbances.circulatory disturbances.

CYSTIC OVARY- an ovary which CYSTIC OVARY- an ovary which contains an abnormal sac contains an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid or a semi-containing gas, fluid or a semi-solid material, with a membranous solid material, with a membranous lining.lining.

DEHYDRATION- loss of body DEHYDRATION- loss of body fluids.fluids.

DELIVERED/MARKET PIG- a pig DELIVERED/MARKET PIG- a pig that has been sold for slaughter.that has been sold for slaughter.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Complex molecule with code of physical characteristics.

Dilution Gene - Affects the expression of another color gene. Dilutes one color to appear as another.

Diploid - Two sets of chromosomes.

DIARRHEA- fecal looseness.DIARRHEA- fecal looseness.

DIET/RATION- a selection or DIET/RATION- a selection or combination of different feedstuffs combination of different feedstuffs provided on a continuous provided on a continuous schedule.schedule.

DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE)- DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE)- gross energy minus fecal energy.gross energy minus fecal energy.

DILUENT- the water used to DILUENT- the water used to dissolve a lyophilized vaccine.dissolve a lyophilized vaccine.

DISH- SHAPED- slightly bent or DISH- SHAPED- slightly bent or curving.curving.

DRAFT- moisture.DRAFT- moisture.

DRESS WEIGHT - carcass DRESS WEIGHT - carcass weight; weight after slaughtering weight; weight after slaughtering and removal of entrails.and removal of entrails.

DOCILENESS- easily controlled, DOCILENESS- easily controlled, quiet.quiet.

DRY PERIOD- the time interval DRY PERIOD- the time interval from weaning to the next from weaning to the next conception.conception.

DRY SOWS- unbred sows which DRY SOWS- unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows.pregnant sows.

DISINFECTANT- a chemical DISINFECTANT- a chemical capable of destroying disease-capable of destroying disease-causing microorganisms or causing microorganisms or parasites.parasites.

Diversified Farms - Multi-purpose farm: dairy, vegetables, other livestock.

Domestic Animal - Thrives in environment of close human contact. Bred over generations to benefit humans.

Drylot - Do not contain grass for grazing. Grains are used to feed dairy cattle while they live in large pens.

DRYNESS - free from moisture. DRYNESS - free from moisture.

DUNGING AREA- where DUNGING AREA- where fasteners are supposed to fasteners are supposed to defecate.defecate.

DYSPNOEA - difficulty in DYSPNOEA - difficulty in breathing.breathing.

DYSTOCIA - difficulty in DYSTOCIA - difficulty in farrowing.farrowing.

EDEMA- swelling of a part or all EDEMA- swelling of a part or all of the body due to the of the body due to the accumulation of excess water.accumulation of excess water.

EDEMATOUS - a condition EDEMATOUS - a condition wherein the area (tissue spaces) wherein the area (tissue spaces) is filled with fluid.is filled with fluid.

ELECTROLYTES- a liquid ELECTROLYTES- a liquid solution or fresh salt.solution or fresh salt.

EMACIATION- excessive loss of EMACIATION- excessive loss of flesh.flesh.

ENERGY- vigor or power in ENERGY- vigor or power in action.action.

ENTERIC- relating to or affecting ENTERIC- relating to or affecting the intestine.the intestine.

ENZOOTIC- endemic; denoting a ENZOOTIC- endemic; denoting a disease of animals which is disease of animals which is indigenous to a certain locality.indigenous to a certain locality.

EPINEPHRINE - a hormone EPINEPHRINE - a hormone responsible for the “fight or flight” responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction.reaction.

Epistasis - One gene or allele affecting the expression of another gene somewhere else on the chromosome.

Equine- horse

Ethology - Study of animal behavior and well-being as related to the environment.

ESTRUS CYCLE- the period ESTRUS CYCLE- the period intervening between two intervening between two successive heat periods in the successive heat periods in the absence of pregnancy.absence of pregnancy.

ESTRUS PERIOD- the time ESTRUS PERIOD- the time during which the sow will accept during which the sow will accept the boar; also known as the heat the boar; also known as the heat period.period.

ESTRUS- the period of sexual ESTRUS- the period of sexual receptivity in females; also heat.receptivity in females; also heat.

EUTHANASIA - “MERCY EUTHANASIA - “MERCY KILLING”.KILLING”.

EXUDATE- any fluid that has EXUDATE- any fluid that has moved out of a tissue or its moved out of a tissue or its capillaries, specifically because of capillaries, specifically because of injury or inflammation.injury or inflammation.

FARROWING- the act of giving FARROWING- the act of giving birth in pigs.birth in pigs.

Farrow-to-Finish - Breeds and raises pigs though market weight at same location

Feeder Pig Operation - From weaning to finishing to market. Separate from mother.

Feline - cat

FARROWING CRATE- an FARROWING CRATE- an equipment where a sow is placed equipment where a sow is placed before farrowing till weaning to before farrowing till weaning to avoid crushing of piglets.avoid crushing of piglets.

FARROWING INTERVAL- period FARROWING INTERVAL- period from one farrowing to the next.from one farrowing to the next.

FATTENER- a pig raised for FATTENER- a pig raised for pork/meat purpose; usually weight pork/meat purpose; usually weight starts from 15-20kg.starts from 15-20kg.

FATTENING DAYS- the number FATTENING DAYS- the number of days a pig stays on a farm for of days a pig stays on a farm for fattening until marketing; the fattening until marketing; the duration of fattening.duration of fattening.

FECES- dung, stool, manure, FECES- dung, stool, manure, waste.waste.

FEED CONVERSION RATIO FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR)- the amount of feed (FCR)- the amount of feed needed to convert into one kg of needed to convert into one kg of gain in weight.gain in weight.

FEED TROUGH- a constructed or FEED TROUGH- a constructed or fabricated device where feeds are fabricated device where feeds are placed for pig consumption.placed for pig consumption.

FEEDERS- feed containers.FEEDERS- feed containers.

FEEDS CONSUMED - the FEEDS CONSUMED - the amount of feed consumed by the amount of feed consumed by the pig.pig.

FEEDS GIVEN- the FEEDS GIVEN- the amount/quantity of feed given to amount/quantity of feed given to the pig.the pig.

FEEDSTUFF- any material FEEDSTUFF- any material suitable for animal feed.suitable for animal feed.

FERTILIZATION- the process FERTILIZATION- the process wherein the sperm cell penetrates wherein the sperm cell penetrates the ovum. It is the union of the the ovum. It is the union of the male and female gametes to form male and female gametes to form a zygote.a zygote.

FETUS- a young organism in the FETUS- a young organism in the uterus from the time the organs uterus from the time the organs and systems develop until birth.and systems develop until birth.

FINISHER FEED- given to FINISHER FEED- given to fattener of 60kg until market fattener of 60kg until market weight with 14% Crude Protein.weight with 14% Crude Protein.

FINISHERS- pigs which are 60kg FINISHERS- pigs which are 60kg and above.and above.

FLUSHING- giving of excess FLUSHING- giving of excess amount of feeds to the gilts/sows amount of feeds to the gilts/sows prior to breeding; usually lasts prior to breeding; usually lasts from 3 to 10 days, or an average from 3 to 10 days, or an average of one week (7 days).of one week (7 days).

FORMALDEHYDE- type of FORMALDEHYDE- type of disinfectant which is an aqueous disinfectant which is an aqueous solution containing about 40% solution containing about 40% formaldehyde gas or formalin.formaldehyde gas or formalin.

GANGRENOUS- decayed flesh GANGRENOUS- decayed flesh because blood has stopped because blood has stopped flowing as a result of illness or flowing as a result of illness or injury.injury.

GASTROINTESTINAL- pertaining GASTROINTESTINAL- pertaining to the stomach and intestines.to the stomach and intestines.

GENOTYPE- an animal’s true GENOTYPE- an animal’s true (genetic) make up.(genetic) make up.

GILT - a female pig that has not GILT - a female pig that has not produced pigs and which has not produced pigs and which has not reached an evident stage of reached an evident stage of pregnancy.pregnancy.

GROWER MASH- feeds given to GROWER MASH- feeds given to fatteners at 30 -35kg up to 60kg fatteners at 30 -35kg up to 60kg with 16% Crude Protein.with 16% Crude Protein.

GROWERS- pigs from 30 to GROWERS- pigs from 30 to 60kg.60kg.

GUTTER – open pipe or channel.GUTTER – open pipe or channel.

HERITABILITY- characteristics of HERITABILITY- characteristics of parent stocks which can be parent stocks which can be passed on to their offspring.passed on to their offspring.

HERNIA- a protrusion of an organ HERNIA- a protrusion of an organ or tissue out of a body cavity in or tissue out of a body cavity in which it normally lies.which it normally lies.

HYBRID- the animals which HYBRID- the animals which posses hybrid vigor or heterosis posses hybrid vigor or heterosis resulting from the crossing of resulting from the crossing of different breeds. Normally, these different breeds. Normally, these animals perform better than their animals perform better than their parents.parents.

HYBRID VIGOR OR HYBRID VIGOR OR HETEROSIS- the superiority HETEROSIS- the superiority exhibited by the crossbred exhibited by the crossbred animals over the average of the animals over the average of the parental breeds.parental breeds.

HYDRAULIC- moved or operated HYDRAULIC- moved or operated by water pressure.by water pressure.

HYGIENE- the practice or HYGIENE- the practice or measures designed to attain and measures designed to attain and preserve health.preserve health.

HYPEREMIA- redness of a part of HYPEREMIA- redness of a part of an organ, can be a part of the an organ, can be a part of the skin, liver, etc.skin, liver, etc.

HYPOCALCEMIA- the presence HYPOCALCEMIA- the presence in the blood of an abnormally low in the blood of an abnormally low concentration of calcium.concentration of calcium.

HYPOGALACTIA- presence of HYPOGALACTIA- presence of little amount of milk.little amount of milk.

HYPOGLYCEMIA- a deficiency of HYPOGLYCEMIA- a deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream, glucose in the bloodstream, causing muscular weakness and causing muscular weakness and incoordination, mental confusion incoordination, mental confusion and sweating.and sweating.

HYSTERECTOMY - surgical HYSTERECTOMY - surgical removal of the womb.removal of the womb.

IMMUNITY- specific resistance of IMMUNITY- specific resistance of an animal against a specific an animal against a specific disease-causing organism.disease-causing organism.

INFANTILE- denoting conditions INFANTILE- denoting conditions occurring in adult animals that are occurring in adult animals that are recognizable in young ones; recognizable in young ones; immature/undeveloped.immature/undeveloped.

INFECTION- a disease caused by INFECTION- a disease caused by an organism.an organism.

INFECTIOUS- a disease caused INFECTIOUS- a disease caused by an organism.by an organism.

INFLAMMATION - the reaction of INFLAMMATION - the reaction of tissue to injury, characterized by tissue to injury, characterized by redness, swelling, pain and heat. redness, swelling, pain and heat. SwellingSwelling

INSEMINATION- the deposition of INSEMINATION- the deposition of seminal fluid with in the vagina.seminal fluid with in the vagina.

INVOLUTION- shrinking of the INVOLUTION- shrinking of the uterus to normal size after uterus to normal size after farrowing.farrowing.

IODINE- type of disinfectant IODINE- type of disinfectant typically used as an antiseptic.typically used as an antiseptic.

ISOLATE- to separate, to remove ISOLATE- to separate, to remove sick animals from its pen.sick animals from its pen.

LACTATION PERIOD- the period LACTATION PERIOD- the period from farrowing until weaning; from farrowing until weaning; period when the sow is nursing period when the sow is nursing the piglets.the piglets.

LACTATION- production of milk.LACTATION- production of milk.

LAMENESS- limping.LAMENESS- limping.

LARDINESS- presence of white LARDINESS- presence of white fat in pigs for cooking.fat in pigs for cooking.

LATERAL RECUMBENCY- the LATERAL RECUMBENCY- the animal lies on its side.animal lies on its side.

LEPTOSPIROSIS- an infectious LEPTOSPIROSIS- an infectious disease which begins with a fever disease which begins with a fever and may affect the liver (causing and may affect the liver (causing jaundice) or meninges (resulting jaundice) or meninges (resulting in meningitis).in meningitis).

LESIONS- disruptive changes in a LESIONS- disruptive changes in a cell, tissue or organ.cell, tissue or organ.

LIBIDO- sex drive (desire to LIBIDO- sex drive (desire to mount and mate).mount and mate).

LITTER INDEX- the number of LITTER INDEX- the number of farrowing of one sow per year; farrowing of one sow per year; also called farrowing index or litter also called farrowing index or litter /sow/year./sow/year.

LITTER NUMBER- number of LITTER NUMBER- number of farrowing/ parity.farrowing/ parity.

LITTER SIZE- the number of all LITTER SIZE- the number of all piglets born in one farrowing.piglets born in one farrowing.

LIVE WEIGHT- the weight of all LIVE WEIGHT- the weight of all live pigs.live pigs.

LOCOMOTOR - the act of moving LOCOMOTOR - the act of moving from one place to another.from one place to another.

LOST DAYS- the number of days LOST DAYS- the number of days a sow is neither pregnant nor a sow is neither pregnant nor lactating nor dry; ideal lost days in lactating nor dry; ideal lost days in about seven (7 ) days.about seven (7 ) days.

LYING AREA- where pigs LYING AREA- where pigs sleep/rest.sleep/rest.

MANGE- parasite.MANGE- parasite.

MARKET WEIGHT- the final MARKET WEIGHT- the final weight of a pig for weight of a pig for slaughtering/marketing; also end slaughtering/marketing; also end weight.weight.

MASTITIS - inflammation of MASTITIS - inflammation of breast or mammary gland.breast or mammary gland.

MAXILLARY- relating to the MAXILLARY- relating to the bones forming the upper jaw.bones forming the upper jaw.

METRITIS - inflammation of the METRITIS - inflammation of the uterus.uterus.

MORBIDITY - number of animals MORBIDITY - number of animals affected by a certain disease.affected by a certain disease.

MORPHOLOGY- structure of an MORPHOLOGY- structure of an object.object.

MORTALITY- the number of dead MORTALITY- the number of dead pig(s).pig(s).

MOTILITY- movement.MOTILITY- movement.

MUCOUS- a viscous fluid MUCOUS- a viscous fluid secreted by the mucous secreted by the mucous membranes in many parts of the membranes in many parts of the body, including the mouth, body, including the mouth, bronchial passages and gut; bronchial passages and gut; mucous acts as protective mucous acts as protective barriers over surfaces of the barriers over surfaces of the membranes.membranes.

NASAL CAVITY- referring to the NASAL CAVITY- referring to the nose, snout on pigs.nose, snout on pigs.

NECROPSY - an examination of NECROPSY - an examination of the internal organs of a dead the internal organs of a dead animal to determine the apparent animal to determine the apparent cause of death.cause of death.

NECROSIS- death of tissue.NECROSIS- death of tissue.

NUTRIENTS- the chemical NUTRIENTS- the chemical substance found in feed materials substance found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary that can be used, and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and for the maintenance, production, and health of animals; the chief classes of health of animals; the chief classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.water.

NYMPHS- late larval stage.NYMPHS- late larval stage.

OBESITY- over fatness; OBESITY- over fatness; excessive body condition.excessive body condition.

OCCLUSION- closing of a hollow OCCLUSION- closing of a hollow organ or part.organ or part.

OCCUPANCY- the number of OCCUPANCY- the number of days an animal stay in a pen.days an animal stay in a pen.

OLFACTORY- connected with the OLFACTORY- connected with the sense of smell.sense of smell.

OPISTHOTONOS- a titanic OPISTHOTONOS- a titanic spasm in which the spine and spasm in which the spine and extremities are bent with extremities are bent with convexity forward, the body convexity forward, the body resting on the head and the heels, resting on the head and the heels, sometimes with bulging of the sometimes with bulging of the eyes.eyes.

OVER-FEEDING- giving of feeds OVER-FEEDING- giving of feeds or ration more than the or ration more than the requirement, may be quantitative requirement, may be quantitative or qualitative.or qualitative.

OVULATION- the process of OVULATION- the process of releasing the ova from each ripe releasing the ova from each ripe follicle inside the ovary.follicle inside the ovary.

PARALYSIS- loss of power of PARALYSIS- loss of power of voluntary movement in a muscle voluntary movement in a muscle through injury or disease of its through injury or disease of its nerve supply.nerve supply.

PARITIES- farrowing.PARITIES- farrowing.

PASTERN- the narrow upper part, PASTERN- the narrow upper part, just above the hoof of the pig.just above the hoof of the pig.

PATHOGENIC- disease-causing.PATHOGENIC- disease-causing.

PATHOGENS- disease-causing PATHOGENS- disease-causing organisms.organisms.

PENILE INJURIES- injuries PENILE INJURIES- injuries affecting the penis (penile- affecting the penis (penile- adjective form of penis).adjective form of penis).

PERMEABILITY- allowing water, PERMEABILITY- allowing water, gas, etc. to pass through it.gas, etc. to pass through it.pH- symbol for the logarithm of pH- symbol for the logarithm of the reciprocal of the (H) ion the reciprocal of the (H) ion concentration; a solution with pH concentration; a solution with pH 7.00 is neutral, one with a pH of 7.00 is neutral, one with a pH of more than 7.00 is alkaline, one more than 7.00 is alkaline, one with pH lower that 7.00 is acidic.with pH lower that 7.00 is acidic.

PHENOTYPE- the observable PHENOTYPE- the observable characteristics of an animal that characteristics of an animal that can be seen and/or measured.can be seen and/or measured.

PIGLETS BORN ALIVE PER PIGLETS BORN ALIVE PER LITTER- the number of piglets LITTER- the number of piglets born alive in one farrowing.born alive in one farrowing.

PLACENTA- the organ of PLACENTA- the organ of metabolic interchange between metabolic interchange between the fetuses and the sow.the fetuses and the sow.

PLAQUES- scab.PLAQUES- scab.

PLEURITIS- inflammation of the PLEURITIS- inflammation of the pleura or membranous covering pleura or membranous covering of the lungs.of the lungs.

PNEUMONIA- inflammation of the PNEUMONIA- inflammation of the lungs; usually manifested by lungs; usually manifested by coughing.coughing.

PREGNANCY- the period from PREGNANCY- the period from fertilization to farrowing time; also fertilization to farrowing time; also known as gestation.known as gestation.

PRE-STERTER FEED- Given to PRE-STERTER FEED- Given to piglets at 14 to 21 days old with piglets at 14 to 21 days old with CP 20%CP 20%

PROCEEDS- money obtained PROCEEDS- money obtained from sales.from sales.

PRODUCTION CYCLE - the PRODUCTION CYCLE - the period from pregnancy to another.period from pregnancy to another.

PROLAPSE - abnormal protrusion PROLAPSE - abnormal protrusion of a part of organ.of a part of organ.

PROGENY (IES) - offspring(s).PROGENY (IES) - offspring(s).

PRURITUS- Itching PRURITUS- Itching

PSEUDOPREGNANCY- false PSEUDOPREGNANCY- false pregnancy.pregnancy.

PUBERTY- the age at which the PUBERTY- the age at which the reproductive organs become reproductive organs become functionally operative; sexual functionally operative; sexual maturity.maturity.

QUARANTINE- placing all animals QUARANTINE- placing all animals that have been bought in isolation for that have been bought in isolation for a certain period of time; compulsory a certain period of time; compulsory segregation of exposed susceptible segregation of exposed susceptible animals for a period of time equal to animals for a period of time equal to the longest usual incubation period of the longest usual incubation period of the disease to which they have been the disease to which they have been exposed.exposed.

REARED PIGLETS PER SOW REARED PIGLETS PER SOW PER YEAR- the number of piglets PER YEAR- the number of piglets reared.reared.

REARING REARING BOARS/REPLACEMENT BOARS/REPLACEMENT BOARS- male pigs primarily BOARS- male pigs primarily raised for breeding purposes.raised for breeding purposes.

REARING REARING GILTS/REPLACEMENT GILTS- GILTS/REPLACEMENT GILTS- female pigs primarily raised for female pigs primarily raised for breeding purposes.breeding purposes.

RECESSIVE GENE- of a RECESSIVE GENE- of a character possessed by one character possessed by one parent in which in a hybrid is parent in which in a hybrid is masked by the corresponding masked by the corresponding alternative or dominant character alternative or dominant character derived from the other parent.derived from the other parent.

RECUMBENT- not able to stand; RECUMBENT- not able to stand; too weak to stand.too weak to stand.

RECURRENT- happening or RECURRENT- happening or appearing repeatedly.appearing repeatedly.

REPEATERS- served/ bred sows REPEATERS- served/ bred sows coming back into heat after failing coming back into heat after failing to conceive.to conceive.

REPRODUCTION- the total REPRODUCTION- the total process by which pigs produce off process by which pigs produce off springs.springs.

RETARDATION- slowing up of a RETARDATION- slowing up of a process.process.

RHINITIS - inflammation of the RHINITIS - inflammation of the turbinate.turbinate.

RUDIMENTARY- simple.RUDIMENTARY- simple.

RUNT- a piglet of small size RUNT- a piglet of small size compared to its littermates.compared to its littermates.

SALMONELLA- pathogenic, SALMONELLA- pathogenic, diarrhea- producing organisms of diarrhea- producing organisms of which there are over 100 known which there are over 100 known strains, sometimes present in strains, sometimes present in contaminated feeds.contaminated feeds.

SANITATION - provisions of SANITATION - provisions of means whereby health is means whereby health is protected or arrangements for protected or arrangements for disposal of manure/ waste.disposal of manure/ waste.

SCOUR- fecal looseness; SCOUR- fecal looseness; diarrheadiarrhea

SELECTION CRITERIA- standard SELECTION CRITERIA- standard parameters to be seen in future parameters to be seen in future breeders (physical and breeders (physical and reproductive traits or reproductive traits or characteristics) that should be characteristics) that should be met.met.

SELF-FEEDER - feeding device SELF-FEEDER - feeding device used for ad-libitum feeding used for ad-libitum feeding practice.practice.

SEROLOGY- a term used in SEROLOGY- a term used in laboratory diagnosis where serum laboratory diagnosis where serum is checked for the presence of is checked for the presence of antibodies, antigens, which would antibodies, antigens, which would indicate presence of a specific indicate presence of a specific disease.disease.

SERUM - the colorless fluid SERUM - the colorless fluid portion of the blood remaining portion of the blood remaining after clotting and removal of after clotting and removal of corpuscles. It differs from plasma corpuscles. It differs from plasma in that, the fibrinogen has been in that, the fibrinogen has been removed.removed.

SERVICE- the act of breeding.SERVICE- the act of breeding.

SHEDDING- the passing off, or SHEDDING- the passing off, or emission of organisms from the emission of organisms from the animals.animals.

SHRINKAGE - weight loss.SHRINKAGE - weight loss.

SLAT- a thin or narrow piece of SLAT- a thin or narrow piece of wood, metal, iron, etc. used for wood, metal, iron, etc. used for flooring in the pens.flooring in the pens.

SNOUT- long nose of the pig.SNOUT- long nose of the pig.

SOW- a mature female pig which SOW- a mature female pig which have been served; served female have been served; served female pigs, bred to produce piglets.pigs, bred to produce piglets.

SPASM- an involuntary muscular SPASM- an involuntary muscular contraction; if painful, usually contraction; if painful, usually referred to as a cramp, if violent, a referred to as a cramp, if violent, a convulsion.convulsion.

SPASTICITY - muscle tremor or SPASTICITY - muscle tremor or spasm.spasm.

STALE - not fresh.STALE - not fresh.

STARTER FEED- given to piglets STARTER FEED- given to piglets and weaners; usually at 45 days and weaners; usually at 45 days (10kg) to 100 days old (30-35kg) (10kg) to 100 days old (30-35kg) with 18% Crude Protein.with 18% Crude Protein.

STARTERS- pigs from 15- to 30 STARTERS- pigs from 15- to 30 kg.kg.

STARTING WEIGHT- initial STARTING WEIGHT- initial weight.weight.

STERILITY- incapacity or inability STERILITY- incapacity or inability to reproduce.to reproduce.

STERNAL RECUMBENCY- the STERNAL RECUMBENCY- the animal lies on its chest.animal lies on its chest.

STERNAL- referring to the STERNAL- referring to the sternum or chest area.sternum or chest area.

STILL BORN- a fully developed STILL BORN- a fully developed piglet which was born dead; still piglet which was born dead; still birth.birth.

STOCK PROJECTION SHEET- STOCK PROJECTION SHEET- worksheet which allows a pig worksheet which allows a pig raiser to program and plan the raiser to program and plan the number of gilts and boars to be number of gilts and boars to be purchased and mated at any purchased and mated at any given time in order to achieve the given time in order to achieve the targeted population in a pig with a targeted population in a pig with a specified level of production.specified level of production.

STRAINS - a group of organisms STRAINS - a group of organisms having special properties having special properties distinguishing them from the other distinguishing them from the other members of the same species.members of the same species.

STRAY- to leave the place.STRAY- to leave the place.

SYSTEMIC- affecting the body as SYSTEMIC- affecting the body as a whole rather than individual a whole rather than individual parts/ organ.parts/ organ.

TECHNICAL PARAMETERS- TECHNICAL PARAMETERS- monitoring data which will enable monitoring data which will enable the pig raiser to have a clear the pig raiser to have a clear understanding on the farm results understanding on the farm results and the status of the farm and the status of the farm performance. performance.

TEMPERAMENT - disposition.TEMPERAMENT - disposition.

TETANY - spasm and twisting of TETANY - spasm and twisting of the muscles, particularly those of the muscles, particularly those of the face, hand and feet.the face, hand and feet.

TETHERED- tied to a post or tree. TETHERED- tied to a post or tree.

TOXEMIA - a condition where TOXEMIA - a condition where blood contains poisonous blood contains poisonous products produced by the body products produced by the body cells from microorganisms.cells from microorganisms.

TOXIN - poison.TOXIN - poison.

UDDER- composed of the teats UDDER- composed of the teats and mammary glands.and mammary glands.

ULCERS- wound in the stomach ULCERS- wound in the stomach or any hallowed organs.or any hallowed organs.

URINE- a fluid form in the kidneys URINE- a fluid form in the kidneys and excreted through the urinary and excreted through the urinary glands.glands.

UTERUS- the part of the female UTERUS- the part of the female reproductive tract where the reproductive tract where the embryo is implanted to become a embryo is implanted to become a fully mature piglet ready for fully mature piglet ready for expulsion.expulsion.

VACCINATION- an injection of VACCINATION- an injection of vaccine, bacterin, antiserum or vaccine, bacterin, antiserum or antitoxin to produce immunity or antitoxin to produce immunity or tolerance to disease.tolerance to disease.

VACCINE- a suspension of killed VACCINE- a suspension of killed microorganisms (bacteria, microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) administered for the viruses) administered for the prevention of infectious diseases.prevention of infectious diseases.

VENTILATION - system of VENTILATION - system of ensuring fresh air inside the ensuring fresh air inside the building.building.

VERMIN- small animals or kinds VERMIN- small animals or kinds that destroy crops, feeds, etc. and that destroy crops, feeds, etc. and are difficult to control.are difficult to control.

VIREMIA - presence of virus in VIREMIA - presence of virus in the blood.the blood.

VIRUS – one of a group of minute VIRUS – one of a group of minute infectious agents.infectious agents.

VULVA- the external genitalia of VULVA- the external genitalia of the female.the female.

WATERERS - drinkers.WATERERS - drinkers.

WEANED PIGLETS PER SOW WEANED PIGLETS PER SOW PER YEAR – the average number PER YEAR – the average number of piglets weaned from the one of piglets weaned from the one sow for one year.sow for one year.

WEANER- a pig which has been WEANER- a pig which has been separated from its mother to separated from its mother to become a fully mature piglet.become a fully mature piglet.

WEIGHT GAIN- the added weight WEIGHT GAIN- the added weight of a fattener from one period to of a fattener from one period to another.another.

WITHERS- the highest part of the WITHERS- the highest part of the pig’s back, above its shoulders.pig’s back, above its shoulders.

ZOONOTIC DISEASES - ZOONOTIC DISEASES - diseases and infections that are diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted from animal naturally transmitted from animal to man.to man.