UNIT I: BASIC SPEECH

Visual Aid Speech

Public Speaking Inspires Us

1. Develop a basic understanding of public speaking.

2. Deliver a 1 ½ - 3 minute speech following the appropriate organizational format while using a visual aid.

Goals:

Basic Information

Why Study Public Speaking?

Vital life skill and a secret weapon in career development According to a 2006 Job Outlook Survey, it is the

number one skill that employers value. Public speaking ranked higher than honesty,

team work, strong work ethic, analytic skills, flexibility, interpersonal skills and motivation.

Recruiters of top graduate school programs convey that the most sought-after students are the ones with the “soft skills” of communication over the “hard” knowledge of a given career path.

(O’Hair, Dan. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking. 2007. Print.)

Why Study Public Speaking?

Helps you to reason and think critically Learn how to logically construct claims and

support them with evidence. Organizing and outlining speeches will help

you to structure ideas and strengthen ideas Offers a way to express yourself, beliefs

and values in a public format

Public Speaking Anxiety (Stage Fright)

What is Public Speaking?

Audience Centered Good speakers always consider an appropriate topic

for their audience and occasion They develop their speeches so that the audience

finds their speeches INTERESTING and UNDERSTANDABLE.

Emphasizes the Spoken Word Good speakers focus on speaking TO the audience. They choose their words wisely. Additionally, they use gestures, voice intonation,

eye contact and posture to emphasize their language.

What is Public Speaking?

Prepared Presentation Few speakers walk up to the lectern and make up

their speech as they go. The best speakers always prepare in advance. Occasionally, speakers must give an impromptu

speech. Impromptu speaking is when a speaker is given little or

no notice that they will be required to say something in public.

Most likely when this happens the speaker knows the topic well or will accept an award.

Even impromptu speakers know how to quickly prepare a speech when called upon.

Public Speaking Anxiety

What is it? Fear or anxiety associated with actual or anticipated

communication to an audience as a speaker. It is often referred to as “stage fright.” One study reports that at least 75 percent of

students enrolled in public speaking courses approach the course with anxiety.

Channeled properly nervousness can boost performance

The difference between veteran and novice speakers is that veterans have more practice at making their nervousness work for them rather than against them.

(O’Hair, Dan. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking. 2007.)

Public Speaking Anxiety

Why am I so nervous?1. Lack of positive experience or no experience2. Feeling different3. Being the center of attention

Pinpointing the onset of nervousness1. Pre-preparation anxiety – hits you when hear that you have

to give a speech2. Preparation anxiety – starts when you being to prepare for

your speech3. Pre-performance anxiety – begins when you start to practice

your speech and realize that you’ll e giving it soon4. Performance anxiety – commences when you start to speak.

It usually subsides as you continue giving your speech. This is type is most common.

Public Speaking Anxiety

Symptoms of stage fright/anxiety Dry mouth Fast breathing Pounding heart Shaky legs Sweaty palms Butterflies or churning stomach Tense voice Flushed Face

Public Speaking Anxiety

How to cope? No matter the stage or level of severity or

your stage fright, you must manage your anxiety and not let it control you.

Keep in mind that everyone at one time or another experiences public speaking anxiety.

There are several techniques that you can use to minimize your nervous feelings.

Coping Strategies

Prepare Don’t procrastinate. Start preparing as soon as the

speech is assigned Select a topic that you’re familiar with or will enjoy

researching When you’re naturally interested in a subject, your

interest adds enthusiasm to your speaking voice and engages the audience

Practice Practice your speech the same way you plan to give it. Give your speech to a parent or friend, practice it in front

of a mirror or use a web cam to view it on your computer Practice makes for a confident speaker

II. Coping Strategies

Visualize success Researchers have found that visualizing

success reduces anxiety Be specific when you visualize

For example, presenting your speech without a mistake, receiving a high score, audience applause, etc.

Relaxation techniques help to reduce muscle tension and negative thoughts

(Fraleigh, Douglas M. Speak Up. 2009. Print.)

Coping Strategies

Use relaxation techniques (cont.) Stress-Control Breathing

1. Inhale and exhale from your abdomen (diaphragm) slowly. Keep practicing until you develop a rhythm.

2. After you get the hang of it, think of a soothing word such as “calm,” “relax,” or “success” to add to your breathing routine.

3. Ex. Inhale calm, abdomen out, exhale calm, abdomen in

Other techniques Taking time to read, have a snack, exercise, listen to

music when preparing for a speech will help to spark creativity

Coping Strategies

Volunteer to speak first Anxiety is at its worst right before you go to

speak, so volunteer to go first If you go first or early on, you’ll have less

time to stress and worry Learn from your experience

By making the most of feedback, you’ll improve.

Research strongly suggests that you a lot from the objective evaluations of others.

Building a Speech

Extemporaneous Speaking

Extemporaneous Speaking

General Speech Purposes1. Inform – increase the audience’s

awareness on a particular subject2. Persuade – influence the beliefs, values

and behaviors of audience members3. Mark a special occasion – to entertain,

celebrate, commemorate, inspire or set a social agenda

Extemporaneous Speaking

Extemporaneous Speaking The majority of speeches delivered in this class are

extemporaneous in nature. Extemporaneous speaking is when a speech is

developed in advance by using an outline and given from note cards with spot words.

Benefits of Extemporaneous Speaking Makes the speech conversational

Talking to versus reading to Promotes better eye contact by removing the script barrier

Adaptability Change speech based on audience feedback Ability to clarify a point or shorten speech based on time

requirements

V. Basic Outline Format

Basic Format All speeches must have:

Introduction Body Conclusion

Outlining/Basic Format

Introduction

Establishes the purpose of the speech and shows its relevance to the audience

There are three main parts:1. Capture2. Motivate3. Assert/preview

Capture

Capture – gains the audience’s attention

Pose question(s) Questions can be real such as polling an audience Use rhetorical questions that get audience

members to think but do not invite an actual response

Make a reference – to people, surroundings, significance of occasion, audience experience

Use humor Make a startling statement - statistics Give a quotation – adds style, sophistication Tell a story/anecdote

Motivate

Motivate – provides an incentive for the audience to listen to the speech

Motivate statements are designed to create common ground between the audience and the speaker.

This part of your speech must be at least 3 – 5 sentences in length

Shows the audience the big picture Develops a bridge between the audience and the

topic Why is this topic important to me? How does it touch my life? How does it affect me?

Assert/Preview

Assert/Preview – states the focus (thesis) of speech and mentions the main topics of the body.

Statement that tells your audience exactly what you will be speaking about.

Should clarify the overall goal of your speech State your specific topic/or particular focus of

your topic. Give overview of the major areas/points that

will be discussed. Keep the points in the same order in the body

of speech

Body

The main portion of the speech where each preview point is expanded

How to develop supporting material Offer examples Share stories Provide facts and statistics

Body

Tips to creating a memorable speech Be concise in expressing your thoughts Use repetition to emphasis important ideas

and help listeners follow your logic Use vivid imagery to help listeners “see”

what you are saying Create a verbal “roadmap” with frequent

transitions and a clear organizational pattern

Conclusion

Provides the speaker the opportunity to close his speech by accomplishing the following goals:1. Signals that the speech is ending and

provides closure2. Summarizes key points 3. Challenges the audience or memorably

ends the speech. Has two specific parts: summary

statement and clincher

Summary Statement

Recaps the main assert statement and main points of the speech

Clincher

Ends the speech in a memorable way Must be the last line that a speaker says Use quotes, stories, questions, startling

statements, humor and references to the occasion

Should tie into the introduction

Outlining Tips

An outline is a road map of your speech It presents the main ideas and subparts

of any topic. Whether you're assigned to write a topic

outline or a full sentence outline, taking the time to organize your thoughts in outline form will help you to create a quality, complete speech.

For a formal outline, follow the general MLA pattern listed on the next several slides.

Outlining

Use the appropriate MLA headingName

Teacher

Class Period

Date

Sidney Crosby

Mrs. Sitler

Speech Period 3

September 3, 2009

Sidney CrosbyMrs. SitlerSpeech Period 3September 3, 2009

Visual Aid SpeechI. Introduction

A. Capture B. Motivate C. Assert/Preview 1. First main idea 2. Second main idea 3. Third main ideaII. Body

A. First main idea 1. Reason, example, or explanation

2. Reason, example, or explanationa. Supporting detailb. Supporting detailc. Supporting detail

B. Second main idea 1. Reason, example, or explanation 2. Reason, example, or explanationC. Third main idea 1. Reason, example, or explanation

2. Reason, example, or explanation 3. Reason, example, or explanation

III. Conclusion A. Summary Statement 1. Main idea 1 2. Main idea 2 3. Main idea 3 B. Clincher

Outlining

Additional Tips for Creating an Outline You should start by creating a full sentence

outline Write out your assert statement Establish your main points (optimally two to

five) Begin to figure out supporting points Fill in the rest of the outline in full

sentences Remember every “A” must have a “B” and

every “1” must have a “2.”

Delivery

Eye Contact

Establishing good sustained eye contact is the goal of a speaker.

Sustained eye contact is looking at all audience members during the course of a speech.

It is important to maintain direct eye contact with the audience.

Avoid looking over their heads or at a spot on the wall. The audience will be able to tell.

The goal for all speeches is to look at the audience between 85 – 100% of the time.

Rate

The pace at which a speech is conveyed The normal speaking rate for the

average adult is between 120 and 150 words per minute.

The most common problem with rate is that speakers deliver their speech too quickly which causes the audience to lose interest or become confused.

How do you control your rate? Use strategic pauses Carefully pronounce and articulate words

Volume

Is the relative loudness of a speaker’s voice The proper volume for delivering a speech is

somewhat louder than that of a normal conversation

Loudness depends on 3 factors1. Size of the room and number of people in it2. Background noise3. Microphone if present

Most common problem with volume is that speakers are too soft and this is corrected by projecting your voice and breathing correctly.

Fluency

Use of words such as like, uh, uhm, you know, and, etc.

These words fill dead space in a speech and must be avoided

You eliminate the use of fillers by being prepared to deliver your speech

Visual Aids

Visual Aids

Are a necessary part of the speech Focus the audience’s attention Introduce new concepts and reinforce

main ideas Set a mood and stimulate emotional

involvement Heighten listeners grasp and recall of

new or complicated material Add interest, humor or a visual break

Visual Aid Speech

Visual Aid Requirements

You are to create a digital visual aid for this speech.

It can be a power point, glogster or other type of multimedia presentation software.

It must contain pictures of what you’ll be talking about in your speech with little to no text.

It should be easy to see and not cluttered.

Delivery Goals for Visual Aid Speech

Eye contact – looking at the audience at least 85% of the time.

Rate – speaking at an appropriate pace that’s not to fast or too slow.

Volume – speaking loud enough so that everyone in the room can hear your speech.

Fillers – using no more than 3 fillers in your entire speech.

Examples of Visual Aid Power Points

Theme: Relating experiences with best friend to Dr. Seuss books.

Example #1

Roxanne

“Oh, The Places You’ll Go”

Laura

“The Cat in the Hat”

Sam

“Green Eggs and Ham”

“Don’t cry because it’s over. Smile because it happened.”

Example #2

Theme: Using a football analogy to describe family members

Mom

Dad

Kory

The Munchkins

KateKy

Example #3

Theme: Using the analogy of a hamburger to describe family members.

My Family Hamburger

Megan

• Meat• Likes to be the center of attention• Responsible

Katie• Toppings• Creative• Artsy

Michael

• Bun• Oldest• Stops us from fighting

Even if the bun doesn’t always taste good with the toppings or meat, and the flavors just don’t mix well, I know that the hamburger that represents my family would definitely not be better if one part was missing.

Theme: Using the elements earth, wind and fire to discuss family members.

Example #4

Earth. Wind. Fire

All that I need is my family.

My Earth Is My Dad• Always there for me• Provides support

My Wind Is My Mom• Picks me up

• Pushes me to go for anything

My Sister Is My Fire

• She is my best friend• Brings light

My Earth, Wind and Fire

You may use 1 or 2– 4x6 note cards with spot words for this speech.

Note Card

Tips for Using Note Cards

Leave blank space at the margins. This will help you to find your place as you glance at the cards

Number your note cards so that you can follow them with ease

Slide the cards under one another instead of turning them

Use only key words and phrases on them.

Only write out stats or direct quotes

A typed MLA outline with appropriate heading will be required for this speech.1-2 Note cards with spot words.

Required Documents

Bibliography

Fraleigh, Douglas M. Speak Up: An Illustrated Guide to Public

Speaking. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print.

Franklin, Sharon and Clark, Deborah. Essentials of Speech

Communication. China: McDougal Littell, 2001. Print.

O’Hair, Dan. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking. Boston:

Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. Print.