MS 416 P t k tMS 416 Pesawat angkat

MACAM-MACAM PESAWATANGKAT

Tito Shantika, MengMechanical Engineering Department

Prinsip dasarPrinsip dasar2

Outline3

Outline

Crane Hazards Crane Hazards Crane types

I d t i l Industrial cranes Construction cranes Rigging (and sling angle)

Controlling hazards Inspections and training Power lines Equipment failure and crane stability Other Other

Crane Hazards4

Crane Hazards

Over 250,000 cranes in operation 125 000 in construction 125,000 in construction 80,000 general and maritime80 fatalities per ear 80 fatalities per year

One death per thousand crane operators in their working lifetime (45 years)

Risk to citizens and other workers

Causing accident5

Causing accident

Electrocution 39%Crane assembly/disassembly 12%Crane upset/overturn 7%Rigging failure 7%Overloading 4%Struck by moving load 4%Manlifts 4%Struck by counterweight 2%Two-blocking 2%Two blocking 2%Hoist limitations 2%Other 6%Other 6%

A. Suruda,et al, Crane-Related Deaths in the U.S. Construction Industry, 1984-94

Crane Types6

Crane Types

"Industrial cranes Industrial cranesOverheadGantryGantry Jib"C t ti "Construction cranesMobile Tower Derricks

Industrial Cranes7

Industrial Cranes

Overhead Cranes Overhead CranesCommon in industrial facilities Supported by overhead rails Supported by overhead railsComponents

B idBridgeTrolleyHoist

Often pendant or remote operated Easy to use, little training required, no stability

problemsp

Industrial Cranes8

Industrial Cranes

Gantry cranes Gantry cranes Similar to overhead cranes,

but supported by a mobilebut supported by a mobile frame which travels on the groundg

S ll (1000 10 000 dSmall (1000 10,000 pound capacity) gantry crane

Large (600 ton capacity) gantry crane

Industrial Cranes9

Industrial Cranes

Jib cranes Jib cranes Pivot mounted boom

with trolley and hoistwith trolley and hoist

Fl t dFloor-mounted jib crane

Wall-mounted jib crane

Industrial Cranes10

Industrial Cranes

Power hoist Power hoistUsually electric

or air operatedor air operated Chain hoist (or

" h i f ll")"chain fall")Hand operated

Construction Cranes11

Construction Cranes

Tower cranes Tower cranes Variable

heightheight climbing cranescranes

Used for b ildibuilding construction

Construction Cranes12

Construction Cranes

Mobile cranes Mobile cranesCrawler cranes Truck cranes Truck cranesHydraulic cranes

B t lBoom telescopes May have jib

Equipped with outriggers for stabilityy

Hydraulic Cranes13

Hydraulic Cranes

Hydraulic Cranes14

Hydraulic Cranes

Construction cranes15

Construction cranes

Derricks Derricks Boom angle changes

to adjust horizontalto adjust horizontal distanceOften sed inOften used in shipyards, building

t ti tconstruction, etc.Gin pole

Chicago boom Chicago boom Stiff-leg Etc Etc.

Mine-shaft rescue using ai l d i k i i d

Stiff l t ti d i k

gin pole derrick improvised from an extension ladder

16Stiff-leg construction derrick

H d i k17

Hay derrick

COM ON N C AN SCOMPONEN CRANES

Rigging19

Rigging

Rigging: The hardware and equipment used toand equipment used to safely attach a load to a lifti d ilifting device Wire rope

U ll " " b t Usually a "core" member to increase flexibility Fiber Core (FC)Fiber Core (FC) Wire Strand Core (WSC) Independent Wire-rope Core

(IWRC)(IWRC)

Rigging20

Rigging

Fittings sheaves Fittings, sheaves Shackles Blocks Blocks Sockets

HooksHooksMay have safety latch

Eyes Eyes Turnbuckles

Rigging21

Rigging

Always use rigging to connect the load to the hookhook

Materials Wire rope Wire rope Fabric Chain

Slings Straight (regular)

Ch k Choker Basket Double triple etc Double, triple, etc.

Rigging22

Rigging

Sling angleSt li l Stress on sling legs varies with the angleDi id h l d b hDivide the load by the number of sling legs, and divide by sin of the angle lbs11551lbs2000 For a two-legged sling,

2000 lb load and 60 d t 1155 lb

leglbs1155

60sin1

legs2lbs2000

=

degree, stress = 1155 lbs on the sling leg lbs20001lbs2000

=leg30sinlegs2

L d Ch t23

Load Chart

Load charts inside the cab include Structural capacityand tipping limits forand tipping limits for the crane

Capacity is highest p y gfor short radius over front loads with outriggers extendedoutriggers extended.

Load ChartLoad Chartd

i

u

s

Rear Over Over Side Over Front

18 8' 24' 29 8' 18 8' 24' 29 8' 18 8' 24' 29 8'

R

a

d 18.8 Boom

24 Boom

29.8 Boom

18.8 Boom

24 Boom

29.8 Boom

18.8 Boom

24 Boom

29.8 Boom

6 65 600* 65 600* 66 720*6 65,600 65,600 66,720

8 57,250* 56,510* 57,250* 56,510* 61,150* 56,510*

10 50,760* 49,230* 47,060* 50,760* 49,230* 47,060* 52,520* 49,230* 47,060*

12 44,970 43,250* 41,310* 45,540* 43,250* 41,310* 46,390* 43,250* 41,310*

15 33,180 33,290 33,350 39,370 37,090 35,080 39,620 37,090 35,080

18 25,960 26,250 26,310 27,540 28,370 28,490 27,540 32,471 30,73018 25,960 26,250 26,310 27,540 28,370 28,490 27,540 32,471 30,730

20 22,940 23,010 22,910 23,030 29,820 28,430

25 16 910 15 330 23 77025 16,910 15,330 23,77029 13,030 11,870 16,750

Preventing Crane Accidents25

Preventing Crane Accidents

Dropped loads Dropped loads Operating anti-two block device (upper limit switch) Proper riggingp gg g Inspection

Boom collapse Boom collapse Inspection Stable base No overloading No horizontal loadingg

Crushing by the counter weight Stay away from the rear of the craney y

Preventing Crane Accidents26

Preventing Crane Accidents

Proper outrigger use Proper outrigger use Level Fully extended Fully extended Stable base

U ibbi tUse cribbing to distribute the load

Preventing Crane Accidents27

Preventing Crane Accidents

Rigging failure Rigging failure Inspection Proper usep temperature, angles, etc.

Fallsf Fall protection for workers

suspended by crane "man basket" or "suspended work platformor suspended work platform

Outrigger Use28

Outrigger Use

OutriggerOutriggerwithcribbing

Links29

Links

Managing Mobile Crane Hazards h // l h / /d /96/d000104/ http://www.elcosh.org/en/document/96/d000104/managing-mobile-crane-hazards.html

Crane, Derrick, and Hoist Safety http://www osha gov/SLTC/cranehoistsafety/index http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cranehoistsafety/index

.html

StandardStandard30

ASME B30.5 Code of Safety Standards for Cranes y(American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

ANSI B 30.2 Safety Codes for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists (American National Standards Institute)

ANSI B30.5, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck CCranes

Crane and Derrick Negotiated Rulemaking Advisory Committee (C DAC) under the Negotiated Rulemaking ActCommittee (C-DAC) under the Negotiated Rulemaking Act (NRA), the

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)These are the principle U.S. consensus standards. B30.1 Jacks B30 2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes B30.3 Construction Tower Cranes B30.4 Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes B30.6 Derricks B30.7 Base-Mounted Drum Hoists B30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks B30.9 Slings B30 10 Hooks B30.10 Hooks B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended from Rotorcraft B30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and Associated Equipment B30.14 Side Boom Tractors

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) cont. B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (withdrawnnow included in the latest edition of B30.5) B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung) B30 17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes B30.18 Stacker Cranes B30.19 Cableways B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices B30.21 Manually Lever-Operated Hoists B30.22 Articulating Boom Cranesg B30.23 Personnel Lifting Systems B30.24 Container Cranes B30 25 Scrap and Material Handlers B30.25 Scrap and Material Handlers B30.26 Rigging Hardware B30.27 Material Placement Systems B30.28 Self-Erect Tower Cranes

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

These are industrial consensus standards. J220 Crane Boom Stops

3 6 d d f C S J376 Load-Indicating Devices in Lifting Crane Service J765 Crane Load Stability Test Code J881 Lifting Crane Drum and Sheave SizesJ88 g C a e u a d S eave S es J959 Lifting Crane, Wire-Rope Strength Factors J983 Crane and Cable Excavator Basic Operating Control Arrangements J987 Crane Structures Method of Test J1028 Mobile-Crane Working Area Definitions J1078 A Recommended Method of Analytically Determining the Competence of J1078 A Recommended Method of Analytically Determining the Competence of

Hydraulic Telescopic Cantilevered Crane Booms J1289 Mobile-Crane Stability Ratings J1305 Two Block Warning and Limit Systems in Lifting Crane Service J1305 Two-Block Warning and Limit Systems in Lifting Crane Service J1939 Latticed Crane Boom SystemsAnalytical Procedure

Australian StandardAustralian Standard

AS1418 Cranes, hoists and winches

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

These are consensus standards. Z150 Mobile Cranes Z248 Tower Cranes Z248 Tower Cranes

Fdration Europene de la Manutention (FEM)These are European industrial consensus standards. FEM 1 001 R les for the Design of Hoisting FEM 1.001 Rules for the Design of Hoisting

Appliances FEM 1.004 Recommendation for the Calculation of

Wind Loads on Crane Structures FEM 1.005 Recommendation for the Calculation of

Tower Cranes Structures in Out-of-ServiceTower Cranes Structures in Out of Service Conditions

FEM 1 007 R d ti t i t i t FEM 1.007 Recommendation to maintain tower cranes in safe conditions

International Standards Organization (ISO) ISO 2374 Lifting AppliancesRange of Maximum Capacities for Basic Models ISO 4301 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesClassification ISO 4302 Wind Load Assessment ISO 4302 Wind Load Assessment ISO 4304 Cranes Other than Mobile and Floating Cranes General Requirements for Stability ISO 4305 Mobile CranesDetermination of Stability ISO 4306 Vocabulary ISO 4306 Vocabulary ISO 4308 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesSelection of Wire Ropes ISO 4309 Wire RopesCare, Maintenance, Installation, Examination and Discard ISO 4310 Test Code and Procedures ISO 4310 Test Code and Procedures ISO 7296 Graphic Symbols ISO 7363 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesTechnical Characteristics and Acceptance Documents ISO 7752 Lifting Appliances Controls Layout and Characteristics ISO 7752 Lifting AppliancesControlsLayout and Characteristics ISO 8087 Mobile CranesDrum and Sheave Sizes ISO 8566 Cabins and Control Stations

ISO 8686 D i P i i l f L d d L d C bi ti ISO 8686 Design Principles for Loads and Load Combinations

International Standards Organization (ISO) cont. ISO 9373 Cranes and Related EquipmentAccuracy Requirements for Measuring

Parameters During Testing ISO 9374 Information to Be Provided for Enquiries Orders Offers and Supply ISO 9374 Information to Be Provided for Enquiries, Orders, Offers and Supply ISO 9926 Training of Drivers (Operators) ISO 9927 Inspections ISO 9928 Crane Driving Manual ISO 9942 Information Labels ISO 10245 Limiting and Indicating Devices ISO 10245 Limiting and Indicating Devices ISO 10972 Requirements for Mechanisms ISO 10973 Spare Parts Manual ISO 11629 Measurement of the Mass of a Crane and Its Components ISO 11630 Measurement of Wheel Alignment ISO 11660 Access Guards and Restraints ISO 11660 Access, Guards and Restraints ISO 11661 Mobile CranesPresentation of Rated Capacity Charts

International Standards Organization (ISO) cont. ISO 11662 Mobile CranesExperimental Determination of Crane Performance ISO 11994 AvailabilityVocabulary ISO 12210 Anchoring Devices for In-Service and Out-of- Service Conditions ISO 12210 Anchoring Devices for In Service and Out of Service Conditions ISO 12478 Maintenance Manual ISO 12480 Safe Use ISO 12482 Condition Monitoring ISO 12482 Condition Monitoring ISO 12485 Tower CranesStability Requirements ISO 12488 Tolerances for Wheels and Travel and Traversing Tracks ISO 13200 Safety Signs and Hazard PictorialsGeneral Principles ISO 13200 Safety Signs and Hazard PictorialsGeneral Principles ISO 13202 Measurement of Velocity and Time Parameters ISO 14518 Requirements for Test Loads ISO 15442 Safety Requirements for Loader Cranes ISO 15442 Safety Requirements for Loader Cranes ISO 15513 Competency Requirements for Crane Drivers (Operators), Slingers, Signalers and Assessors ISO 15696 List of Equivalent Terms

ISO 16880 B id d G t C I t ti l St d d f D i d M f t i ISO 16880 Bridge and Gantry CranesInternational Standards for Design and Manufacturing Requirements and Recommendations

ISO 16881 Design Calculation for Rail Wheels and Associated Trolley Track Supporting Structure

International Standards Organization (ISO) cont. ISO 19961 Safety Code on Mobile Cranes ISO 20332 Proof of Competence of Steel Structures ISO 22986 StiffnessBridge and Gantry Cranes ISO 23813 Training of Appointed Persons ISO 23814 Competency Requirements for Crane Inspectors ISO 23815 Maintenance ISO 23853 Training of Slingers and Signalers ISO 25599 Jib CranesInternational Standards for Design,

Manufacturing Use and Maintenance Requirements andManufacturing, Use and Maintenance Requirements and Recommendations

ISO 27245 Tower CranesInternational Standards for Design, M f MManufacture, Use and Maintenance Requirements and Recommendations

European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

These are mandatory standards that must be adopted b all co ntries in the EUby all countries in the EU.

EN 13000 Mobile Cranes EN13001 General Design

EN13852 Off h C EN13852 Offshore Cranes EN 14439 Tower CranesN 9 EN14492 Power-Driven Hoists and Winches EN14985 Slewing Jib Cranes

Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)

JIS D6301 Safety Regulations for Cranes and Related MachinesRelated Machines

MA ASTERIMAKASIH