006 160719 urban environment analysis for new and existing neighborhood

NTNU-SJTU 2016 SEniC Summer School

NTNU Teacher Team, Monday 18.07.2016

Urban Environmental Analysis for New and Existing Neighborhood Case studies and Experiences

Example of an interdisciplinary approach

Gabriele Lobaccaro Postdoctoral Research Fellow

EU Energy Roadmap 2050

0 CLIMATE

Luca Finocchiaro

Luca Finocchiaro Luca Finocchiaro

Luca Finocchiaro Luca Finocchiaro Luca Finocchiaro

Luca Finocchiaro

1 Solar Potential

The total solar energy absorbed from the earth is equal:

3,850,000 EJ

The use of primary energy in 2009 was equal to:

510 EJ

Electricity:

62EJ

Energy Unused

International research activities

SUBTASK C: Case studies and action research Lead: Gabriele Lobaccaro and Carmel Lindkvist, NTNU, Norway

Solar Radiation vs Orography

2 Solar Reflections

20 Fenchurch Street - London

Palazzo della Regione Lombardia - Milan

Case study - Milan

Generative parametric solar optimization process

Solar irradiation simulations- District analyses Considering the surrounding (mutual reflections)

3 Overshadowing

effect

The empire state building- NYC

Burj Khalifa - Dubai

Simulation criteria and design strategies for solar availability Use of dynamic simulation tools for case studies of urban planning

Clara Good - Gabriele Lobaccaro PhD Candidate - Postdoctoral research fellow

Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology

Siri Hårklau Master student

Department of Electric Power Engineering

IEA TASK 51 “Solar Energy in Urban Planning”

Subtask C - Case study

Localization of the area

Lerkendal district

NTNU

Gløshaugens

Campus

Lerkendal district

Trondheim Centre

N

View of the area from the top - Source: google maps

Surrounding environment

Lerkendal district - Stadium

Top view from the East side - Source: http://www.info-stades.fr/

Solar Radiation in Norway Trondheim case study ZEB/BiPV commercial building

View from the North side - Photo: Gabriele Lobaccaro

Solar Radiation in Norway Trondheim case study ZEB/BiPV commercial building

Data

• Total building area approx . 11000 m2 of which 7,300 m2;

• Annual consumption not more than 84 kWh/m2 must

meet energy class A.

• The building is connected to district heating plants ,

power grids and also has its own production of electricity

in a solar system.

Solar System

• 203 m2 on the south and west facades, 27.2 kWp, 9

strings;

• The estimated annual production of approx. 18,000 kWh;

• Actual production in 2013 approx . 15,000 kWh. 15%

higher than simulated.

Source: http://tronderenergi.no/


Lerkendal district - Trondheim case study

View before the construction of the Lerkendal Studentby - Source: http://lerkendalblogg.skanska.no/

Solar Radiation in Norway

Lerkendal Studenby

Rendering and model of the district Masterplan of the new student houses

Source: https://www.arkitektur.no/lerkendal-studentby

Solar Radiation in Norway

Lerkendal studentby

Different design solutions

Source: https://www.arkitektur.no/lerkendal-studentby

Solar Radiation in Norway – Trondheim case study Lerkendal district

View from the Tower Hotel - Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/


Lerkendal district

View from the South side - Photo: Gabriele Lobaccaro


Tower Hotel

View from the North side - Photo: Gabriele Lobaccaro

Solar Radiation in Norway - Trondheim case study Overshadowing effect - Lack of preliminary study

View from the South side - Photo: Gabriele Lobaccaro


View from the Tower Hotel - Source: http://www.adressa.no/


View from inside the Lerkendal Studentby - Photo: Gabriele Lobaccaro

Methodology of Analysis using dynamic simulation tools

Level of simulation

1: Local solar potential

(isolated scenario)

2: Influence from surroundings

(context scenario)

3: Evaluate solar technologies based on

energy demand

DiVA for Rhino Based on Radiance

ray-tracing method

Pvsyst

PV simulation

Polysun

Solar thermal

Source: Presentation from RERC 2014 presentation - Author: Clara Good

Solar Radiation in Norway - Trondheim case study

Solar Mapping Analysis - Context scenario (entire building envelope)

View from inside the Lerkendal Studentby - Author: Gabriele Lobaccaro

Scenario Surface [m2]

Direct

radiation

[kWh/yr]

Global

radiation

[kWh/yr]

Context

scenario 5591.38 1416210.24 3261902.7

- 20% of direct radiation

- 11.5% of global radiation

N

Compare to the isolated scenario

Solar Radiation in Norway - Trondheim case study

Solar Mapping Analysis - Context scenario (South Façade and PV part)

Scenario

Surface South

Facade [m2]

Direct

radiation

[kWh/yr]

Global

radiation

[kWh/yr]

Context

scenario 665 (entire) 232386 430666

Context

scenario

194.5 (only PV

part in blue) 68626 124007

- 49% of direct radiation for PV systems

- 50% of direct radiation for South Facade

- 42% of global radiation for PV systems

- 40% of global radiation for South Facade

+ 7% of solar reflection contribution

+ 10% of solar reflection contribution

Simulation analysis - Author: Gabriele Lobaccaro

N

Compare to the isolated scenario


Area B

Design criterion: Same system area (200 m2)

Least affected areas Localization of the most irradiated areas

Output from area A

(facade) has more

even profile

Solar energy output Area A – Façade


Output from area B

(roof) peaks in

summer

Solar energy output Area B - Roof


Percentage of energy demand Comparison among systems


PV covers 3-6% of electricity demand

Solar thermal covers 21-26% of thermal demand

4 High temperature

Green actions and design solutions to mitigate heat wave risk in the city of Bilbao

Gabriele Lobaccaro with collaboration: Acero Juan Angel (Tecnalia)

Postdoctoral research fellowship Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art NTNU Group: Annemie Wyckmans, Naia Landa (KTH), Fernanda Pacheco, James Kallaos, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology Krishna Bharathi

70

8th December 2015 - Berchem

71

FP7 EU RAMSES

Reconciling Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development for Cities

http://www.ramses-cities.eu/


Extract of the plan of the “Anillo verde de Bilbao”: in green the routes of “Gran Recorrido de Bilbao, in red the auxiliary routes and

in blue the path of the “Cammino di Santiago”.

Connection between the green belt and city parks

72 Source: http://www.bilbao.net/

Compact Midrise

Compact Lowrise

Casco Viejo

Abando/Indautxu

Open-set Highrise

Txurdinaga


Connection between the green belt and city parks

HOW

Reduction of the heat wave risk in the city of Bilbao

73


Analysis of the Urban Areas

1 N

Analysis of the built areas in the districts of Casco Viejo (compact lowrise), Abando/Indautxu (compact midrise) and the Txurdinaga (open-set highrise).

Analysis of the streets in the districts of Casco Viejo (compact lowrise), Abando/Indautxu (compact midrise) and the Txurdinaga (open-set highrise).

74

75


Analysis of the Urban Areas

1 N

Category Urban Areas Height Width H/W Façades mat. Roofs mat. Soil

Compact lowrise

Casco Viejo 16 m 4.5 m 3.5 concrete/brick/stone terracotta brick/stone

Compact midrise

Abando / Indautxu

24 m 16 m 1.5 concrete/brick/stone terracotta

/impervious asphalt

Open-set highrise

Txurdinaga 40 m 30 m 1.3 concrete/brick terracotta

/impervious asphalt

16

m

16m

24

m

4.5m

30m

40

m

Compact Lowrise

Compact Midrise

Open-set Highrise

Simulation analysis 76

Methodology


• Analysis conducted using ENVImet.

• Meteorological parameters, albedo of the surface and solid angle proportion.

• Outputs Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) to evaluate the thermal stress affecting the body;

• Building geometry/orientation, vegetation elements, urban parks, and street canyons;

• Analysis of urban thermal comfort and impact assessment of climate change scenarios in urban areas.

77 Source: http://www.envi-met.com/

Input for the ENVI-met simulations based on real data


Start and duration of the model

Start Date of simulation (dd.mm.yyyy) Summer: 07.08.2010

Start time (hh:mm:ss) 04:00:00

Total simulation time (h) 44

Output settings

Receptors and buildings (min) 10 (output interval for files)

Initial meteorological conditions

Wind speed measured in 10 m height (m/s) 4.0 m/s

Wind direction (deg) 315 º (0º = from North …180º =from South…)

Initial temperature of atmosphere (°K) 293.44 ºK (20.29 ºC)

Relative humidity in 2 m height (%) 63.3

78 The weather data used to initiate the models were provided by the meteorological station of Deusto, which is located in the northern part of the city at 3 m above sea level (latitude 43.28N, longitude 2.93W)


The study was conducted setting these local data

• Materials:

Facades: B2 - Brick wall (burned)

Roofs : R1 - Roofing: tile

• Soill:

Street : Asphalt/Brick red stones

Green areas: Loamy

• Vegetation:

Presence grass 50 cm average dense: 30% up to the total surface;

Trees: Tree 5m; 1/3 without leaves, Platanus 5m , Platanus 10m

Hypothesis

79

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=E0FP-CA49viLeM&tbnid=JLKX-if2PLqpBM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hdwallphotos.com/photoswall/brick-wall-home-wallpaper-pictures-hd.html&ei=U7mwU4fPMYWk0QXA2oHYBw&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNFy63h7LYJ3ZkSbKGZGjZ4_NahmeQ&ust=1404177093188760

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=4LnnyEiXlozYaM&tbnid=Tet8lwiKXwdn8M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejada_(surname)&ei=srmwU5eKF8ek0QWuv4GIAg&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNFZCXSBJMF6fHEjOecwhKm9_XJp-A&ust=1404177165904310

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=YLVGjosLbNLA4M&tbnid=DXeLZnJ1ZD6RWM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://pichost.me/1468141/&ei=J7qwU7z-F4qc0QXw9oDICQ&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNEbI3M8_Vb_tY0YcEaI9ubyMBe7mw&ust=1404177296511955

http://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=JjYWemjEGbRAPM&tbnid=8U5p6F2BSgyOKM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.creativelandscapesupplies.com.au/soil_batemans_bay.html&ei=67qwU66tJ-iw0AWMwoBo&bvm=bv.69837884,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNGyKuxLxEOV0oa2uC8W-ece4eYgZg&ust=1404177469897713

Scenarios 80


S0

Initial

S1

Pedestrian

S2

Grass

S3

Grass + trees

S4

Green roofs

S5

Grass + green

roofs

S6

Grass + trees +

green roofs

Compact Lowrise 82

Scenarios of the Compact Lowrise urban areas


83 S1 – Initial S2 – Grass S3 – Grass and Trees

S4 – Green roofs S5 – Grass and Green roofs

S6 – Grass, Trees and Green roofs

Compact Midrise 84

Scenarios of the Open set Highrise urban areas


85 S0 and S1 Initial S2 – Grass S3 – Grass and Trees

S4 Green roofs

S5 – Grass and Green roofs


Open set Highrise 86

Results of the Open set High-rise urban areas


87 S1 – Initial S2 – Grass S3 – Grass and Trees

S4 – Green roofs S5 – Grass and Green roofs


5 Others climate aspects Summer school SEniC 2015

Luca Italy

Gabriele Italy

Charles Sweden

Liu YuTing 刘昱婷

China

Xi Jia 席加 China

Wang Kun 王琨

China

Stergios Greece

Zhou LiWei 周丽薇 China

Li FangBing 李芳兵 China

Li WeiZhe 李玮哲 China

Yuan Chen 袁宸 China

Zhang ZhengYang 张正洋 China

Silvia Italy

Xiang Can 向璨 China

Li BoWen 李博文 China

Shimantika Bangladesh

Wang YuYuan 王钰圆 China

Shanghai, Zhoukanghang Six high rise residential buildings Height 50 m Volume 2400 m³/building Total volume 14400 m³

Site

Climate Climate

Temperature & Humidity

Temperature & Humidity Jun Jul Aug

Average Temp(℃)

23 27.5 27.7

Maximum Temp(℃)

31 35.5 38

Average RH(%)

83.54 81.21 77.90

Dec Jan Feb

Average Temp(℃)

6.5 4.3 6.1

Minimum Temp(℃)

-4.3 -8.7 -7.5

Average RH(%)

74.54 74.44 74.86

In summer, there are 48 days in which maximum temp is over 30 ℃. It’s comfortable in Jun and needs cooling in Jul and Aug.

In winter, there are 60 days in which minimum temp is below 10 ℃. We need heating in all these three months.

Climate

Climate

Winter Passive Strategies Summer Passive Strategies

Passive solar heating

Thermal mass

Shading

Natural ventilation

Passive solar heating

Key components: windows size, windows inclination, materials

Thermal mass

Key components: construction, materials

0%

100%

0%

100%

Jan Dec Year Jan Dec Year

Winter Passive Strategies

Shading

Key components: windows size & orientation and inclination, shading devices

Summer Passive Strategies

Natural Ventilation

Key components: windows size, windows distribution/orientation

0%

100%

Jan Dec Year 0%

100%

Jan Dec Year

Wind Speed & Direction

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Wind Speed Avg Daily Winter Summer

Wind Direction

Northwest Southeast &

East

Range of Speed

10-40km/h 5-30km/h

Average Wind Speed

6.5m/s 6m/s

Winter Summer

Climate

Solar Radiation

Climate Radiation Angle

Apr May Jun July Aug Sept

Ranging Time (h)

10--16 10--16 9--17 7--18 7--18 9--17

Bearing Angle (°)

E67--W82 E80--W94 E95--W105

E105--W110

E95--W100

E68--W81

Altitude Angle (°)

55--68--32

58--75--35

48--81--24

19--75--12

17--68--6 38--53--

12

0 120 120 10

90

0 120 120 10

90

Jun Jul Aug Sep

Time we need shading (h)

9:00-17:00 7:00-19:00 9:00-17:00 11:00-15:00

Climate Sunlight Time - Shading

Air Pollution

Air Pollution

Wind from north-west and south-east bring more pollutant

Solar Analysis

Building 1-6 and 7-9 Solar Analysis

Model Created in Rhinoceros Environment

Solar Dynamic Simulation Conducted Using DIVA for Rhino in Isolated & Context Scenarios

Methodology Solar Analysis

Roof : F G H Facade: A B C D E

Roof

Facade

Solar Radiation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1

38

2

76

3

11

44

15

25

19

06

22

87

26

68

30

49

34

30

38

11

41

92

45

73

49

54

53

35

57

16

60

97

64

78

68

59

72

40

76

21

80

02

83

83

kWh

/m²

yr

Hours

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

13

66

73

11

09

61

46

11

82

62

19

12

55

62

92

13

28

63

65

14

01

64

38

14

74

65

11

15

47

65

84

16

20

66

57

16

93

67

30

17

66

68

03

18

39

6

kWh

/m²

yr

Hours

Decrease of Radiation Due to Surroundings

kWh/

m2

Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4 Building 5 Building 6

Isolated Context Isolated Context Isolated Context Isolated Context Isolated Context Isolated Context

Direct 27.3 23.3 27.6 23.7 27.6 27.1 26.7 25.0 27.5 26.2 27.6 27.1

Global 82.1 60.8 82.2 62.6 81.4 79.0 81.3 68.4 81.7 74.2 82.1 71.2

Diffuse 54.8 37.5 54.6 38.9 53.8 52.0 54.6 43.4 54.1 47.9 54.4 44.1

Direct 14.5% 14.1% 1.8% 6.4% 4.8% 1.8%

Global 25.9% 23.9% 2.9% 15.9% 9.2% 13.3%

Diffuse 31.6% 28.8% 3.4% 20.6% 11.4% 19.0%

The worst one The best one

Solar Radiation

Radiation Map and Overshadowing Effect Solar Radiation

Percentage Decrease Facade B ab=0

Roof 708 -1389 kWh/m2yr

Facade 73-281 kWh/m2yr

Hei

ght(

m)

Width(m)

24 m

Direct Component

Solar Radiation Roof

708 -1389 kWh/m2yr

Facade 195-805 kWh/m2yr

Hei

ght(

m)

Width(m)

32 m

Radiation Map and Overshadowing Effect

Percentage Decrease Facade B ab=1

Global Component

Optimized Orientation

New layout

Optimal orientation from solar analysis on Ecotect

Solar System 28°

• System: photovoltaic solar shading louvre (imput from group B – Professor Dai)

• Optimal inclination for the entire year: 28° (Data Source: Optimal tilt-angles for solar collectors used in China Runsheng Tang, Tong Wu)

• Solar analysis on DIVA for calculating the optimal distance between the louvres: 75 cm

Solar System

24 m

Current Design New Design

Wind Flow

• Wind speed less than 5m/s Below 1.5m

• In summer the pressure difference of front and back side of the

building has to be about 2 Pa to ensure enough natural ventilation

• In winter the pressure difference of front and back side of the building has to be less than 5 Pa (except for the first row of the buildings towards wind)

(Data Source: Green Building Evaluation Criteria & Ecological Residential Building Technology Assessment Manual of China)

Wind Flow Simulation Assessment Standards

SUMMER (Wind Direction: SE)

3m/s

3m/s

Wind Speed Close to 0 m/s Pressure Diff. 0-0.5 Pa

WINTER (Wind Direction: N)

Wind Speed Close to 0 m/s Pressure Diff. 0-0.5Pa

3m/s

3m/s

Old Layout

New Layout

SUMMER SE, 3 m/s

Wind Flow Simulation

Green Strategies

Results • Green integrated in the facade of

the building

• Green roof

Goals

– Reduces the overheating effects, resulting in the reduction of the heating load

– Filter the pollution from the air

– Reduce local air and ground temperature

– Improve of the environmental comfort of the construction site

Internal Layout

Mean Daylight Factor 2,47%

Daylight Autonomy 56%

Daylight Analysis

Modified Layout

Layout Improvements

Original Layout

We want to thank you all for the past two amazing weeks together!!!

NTNU#SmartCities

http://smartsustainablecities.org/

Gabriele Lobaccaro NTNU - Norwegian of Science and Technology

[email protected]

006 160719 urban environment analysis for new and existing neighborhood

Education

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