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Drug Enforcement AdministrationOffice of Diversion Control
N F L I SNATIONAL FORENSIC LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
Y E A R 2 0 0 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T
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CON T EN T S
Fo r ewo r d 3
Introduction 4
Section1
NationalandRegionalEstimates 6
11DrugItemsAnalyzed 6
12DrugCasesAnalyzed 8
13 NationalandRegionalDrug
Trends 9
Section2
Major DrugCategories 11
21NarcoticAnalgesics 11
22Benzodiazepines 12
23 ClubDrugs 13
24 AnabolicSteroids 14 25 Stimulants 15
Section3
Drug Combinat ions 16
31CocaineCombinations 17
32HeroinCombinations 17
33 Methamphetamine
Combinations 17
Section4
DrugsIdentifiedbyLocation 18
Section5
GISAnalysis:TopFourDrugs,
byPlaceofOrigin 20
Section6
Drug Pur i t y 2 3
61HeroinPurity 23
62 CocainePurity 24
DEAUpdate 26
AppendixA:ParticipatingandReporting
ForensicLaboratories 27
AppendixB:NFLISBenefits
andLimitations 28
AppendixC:NFLISInteractive
DataSite 29
AppendixD:NationalEstimates
Methodology 30
The new DEA-NFLIS Web site, which provides access
to the Interactive Data Site (IDS), is now available.
The address is
https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov
As part of the enhanced IDS, various access levels are assigned to
satisfy users specific NFLIS data needs. Basic information about NFLIS,
published reports, NFLIS contact information, information relevant to
drug control efforts, and links to agency Web sites are available to the
general public. Participating NFLIS laboratories have access to their own
case- and item-level data, as well as to aggregate national-, regional-,
state-, and city-level data. Laboratories in the process of joining
NFLIS have access to aggregate state- and city-level data. Approved
government agency staff have access to the aggregate data. Dependingon the level of access, users can conduct analyses using preset queries.
New usernames and passwords are required to gain access to restricted
areas of the IDS.
Laboratories with high-speed Internet access are no longer limited
to using dial-up to access the IDS. Laboratories without high-speed
Internet access can still use a modem to make a direct dial-up
connection to the IDS.
Please visit the new NFLIS Web site
for additional information.
NewDEA-NFLISWebSite
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Foreword
TheDrugEnforcementAdministrations(DEAs)OfficeofDiversionControlispleased
topresenttheNationalForensicLaboratoryInformationSystem(NFLIS)2005Annual
Report.NFLISrepresentsapartnershipthatincludes263federal,state,andlocalforensiclaboratories.TheinformationcollectedthroughNFLISsupportsDEAsmissiontoenforce
thecontrolledsubstanceslawsandregulationsoftheUnitedStates,includingtrackingthe
diversionofcontrolledpharmaceuticalsandthediversionofcontrolledchemicalsinto
illegalmarkets.
NFLISprovidesauniquesourceofinformationonthenationsdrugproblem,providing
detailedandtimelyinformationonsubstancessecuredinlawenforcementoperationsacross
thecountry.TheNFLIS 2005 Annual Reportpresentsnationalandregionalfindingsondrug
casesanalyzedduringthepastyear,includingcity-andcounty-levelresultsondrugseizure
locations.AmongthekeyfindingspresentedintheNFLIS 2005 Annual Report:
Anestimated1.7milliondrugitemswereanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesin
theUnitedStatesin2005.Cannabis/THCwasthemostfrequentlyidentifieddrug
(573,904items),followedbycocaine(570,176),methamphetamine(247,288),and
heroin(87,402).
Nationally,cannabis/THC,heroin,andMDMAdeclinedsignificantlyfrom2001
to2005,whilemethamphetamine,oxycodone,andhydrocodoneitemsincreased
significantly.
Regionally,methamphetamineincreasedsignificantlyintheSouth,morethandoubling
overthe5-yearperiod,whilecocaineandheroindeclined.Methamphetaminealso
increasedintheNortheast,whileheroindeclined.
Amongotherdrugsinthetop25,oxycodone,hydrocodone,andalprazolam,
allavailableinpharmaceuticalproducts,increasedsignificantlyintheNortheast
between2001and2005.Inaddition,oxycodoneincreasedintheWestandMidwest,
hydrocodoneincreasedintheSouthandMidwest,andalprazolamincreasedin
theMidwest.
Overall,hydrocodone(39%)andoxycodone(30%)accountedformorethantwo-thirds
ofallidentifiednarcoticanalgesics,whilealprazolam(e.g.,Xanax)accountedfor61%
ofreportedbenzodiazepinesandMDMAaccountedfor84%ofreportedclubdrugs.
TheDEAstandscommittedtocontinuallyimprovingdrugintelligencedataavailable
toU.S.drugcontrolagencies.Wefullyunderstandthatthesystemwouldnotbesuccessful
withouttheparticipationofforensiclaboratoriesfromacrossthecountry.TheDEAwould
liketoextendaspecialthankyoutothelaboratoriesthathavejoinedNFLISandencourage
thoselaboratoriesthatarenotcurrentlyparticipatinginNFLIStocontactusaboutjoining
thisimportantprogram.
Thankyouagainforyourongoingsupport.
Joseph T. RannazzisiDeputy Assistant AdministratorOffice of Diversion ControlU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
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Section 1
Thefollowingsectiondescribesnationalandregional
estimatesfordrugitemsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratorie
in2005.Trendsarealsopresentedforselecteddrugsfrom200through2005.Themethodsusedinpreparingtheseestimates
aredescribedinAppendixD.
1.1 DRUGITEMSANALYZEDIn2005,anestimated1,749,275drugitemswereanalyzedb
stateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesintheUnitedStates.Thisi
aslightincreasefromthe1,734,658drugitemsanalyzeddurin
2004.Table1.1presentsthe25mostfrequentlyidentifieddrug
forthenationandforcensusregions.
The top 25 drugs accounted for 94% of all drugs analyzed
in 2005, an estimated 1,641,130 items. As in previous years,the vast majority of all drugs reported in NFLIS were
identified as the top 4 drugs, with cannabis/THC, cocaine,
methamphetamine, and heroin representing 85% of all
drugs analyzed. Nationally, 573,904 items were identified as
cannabis/THC (33%), 570,176 as cocaine (33%), 247,288
as methamphetamine (14%), and 87,402 as heroin (5%).
Amongotherdrugsinthetop25,morethanhalfare
availableinpharmaceuticalproducts.Ofthese,therewere
sevennarcoticanalgesics:hydrocodone(23,549items),
oxycodone(19,274items),methadone(7,302items),morphine
(3,619items),codeine(3,346items),propoxyphene(1,970items),andhydromorphone(1,218items).Alsoincludedwere
fourbenzodiazepines:alprazolam(24,631items),diazepam
(6,871items),clonazepam(6,723items),andlorazepam
(1,557items).Othercontrolledsubstanceswerephencyclindin
(PCP)(3,047items)andthepharmaceuticalmethylphenidate
(1,370items).Thenon-controlledpharmaceuticalcarisoprodo
(3,020items)aswellaspseudoephedrine(8,249items),alisted
chemical,werealsoincludedinthetop25mostfrequently
identifieddrugs.
N AT I O N A L A N D RSince 001, NFLIS has produced
estimates of the number of drug
items and drug cases analyzed
by state and local laboratories from
a nationally representative sample
of laboratories.
www.Erowid.org
LSD microdot
2-CB tablet
LSD blotter
2C-T-2 tablet
MDMA tablet
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Table11 NATIONALANDREGIONALESTIMATESFORTHE25MOSTFREQUENTLYIDENTIFIEDDRUGS* Estimated number and percentage of total analyzed drug items, 2005.
National West Midwest Northeast South
Drug Number Percent NumberPercent NumberPercent Number Percent Number Percent
Cannabis/THC ,90 .81% ,91 1.% 19,0 .8% 8, 1.98% 1,9 1.09%
Cocaine 0,1 .9% ,08 0.0% 11,1 .% 11,19 1.% ,0 9.%
Methamphetamine ,88 1.1% 19,080 0.8% ,91 8.8% 99 0.0% 9,9 8.%
Heroin 8,0 .00% 1,8 .% , .1% ,0 11.9% 19,9 .91%
Alprazolam ,1 1.1% ** ** ,10 1.1% , 1.1% 1,1 .1%
Hydrocodone ,9 1.% ,1 0.% ,088 0.9% ,0 0.9% 1, .11%
Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 0,19 1.1% ,9 1.0% ,8 1.% , 1.8% , 0.8%
Oxycodone 19, 1.10% , 0.0% , 1.0% ,18 1.% , 1.1%
MDMA 1,00 0.% ,0 0.8% ,1 0.1% 1,98 0.% ,8 0.9%
Pseudoephedrine*** 8,9 0.% 1,1 0.% , 0.8% ** ** ,1 0.0%
Methadone ,0 0.% 1,0 0.9% 1,0 0.% 1,8 0.8% , 0.9%
Diazepam ,81 0.9% 1,0 0.9% 1,9 0.% 89 0.% ,1 0.%
Clonazepam , 0.8% 0.1% 1,0 0.1% 1, 0.8% , 0.9%
Acetaminophen**** ,08 0.% ** ** ,0 0.% ** ** 8 0.1%
Morphine ,19 0.1% 88 0.% 900 0.1% 1 0.% 1,8 0.18%
Amphetamine ,1 0.19% 19 0.11% 1,001 0.% 0.1% 1,88 0.%
Codeine , 0.19% 9 0.1% 0.1% 0 0.1% 1,8 0.%
Phencyclidine (PCP) ,0 0.1% 8 0.1% 0.0% 1,0 0.% 81 0.1%
Psilocin ,08 0.1% 980 0.% 1,0 0.% 111 0.0% 81 0.1%
Carisoprodol ,00 0.1% ** ** 9 0.0% 1 0.0% 1,910 0.8%
Propoxyphene 1,90 0.11% 1 0.0% 88 0.0% 1 0.0% 8 0.1%
Lorazepam 1, 0.09% 0.08% 9 0.1% 08 0.08% 8 0.08%
MDA 1,9 0.08% 8 0.08% 18 0.0% 0.1% 08 0.09%
Methylphenidate 1,0 0.08% 1 0.0% 0 0.10% 0.08% 98 0.0%
Hydromorphone 1,18 0.0% 1 0.0% 9 0.0% 0.0% 0.09%
Top 25 Total 1,1,10 9.8% ,8 9.% 09,9 9.% ,0 9.% 8,8 9.01%
All Other Analyzed Items 108,1 .18% ,0 .% 18,1 .% 1,1 .8% 8,0 .99%
Total Analyzed Items 1,9, 100.00% ,8 100.00% ,9 100.00% 0,019 100.00% 8,908 100.00%
Numbers may not sum to totals due to suppression and rounding.
MDMA=3,4 MethylenedioxymethamphetamineMDA=3,4 Methylenedioxyamphetamine
* Sample ns and 95% confidence intervals for all estimates are available upon request.** The estimate for this drug does not meet standards of precision and reliability due to few laboratories reporting this specif ic drug.***Includes items from a small number of laboratories that do not specify between pseudoephedrine and ephedrine.****Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceutical products.
G I O N A L E S T I M AT E S
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MOSTFREQUENTLYIDENTIFIEDDRUGSINSTRIDE,20
Drug Number Percen
Cocaine 1,0 .01%
Cannabis/THC 1,0 .%
Methamphetamine , 1.%
Heroin ,9 8.1%
MDMA 1,1 .1%
Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 1,01 1.9%
Pseudoephedrine 81 1.%
Hydrocodone 91 1.1%
Alprazolam 0.8%Oxycodone 1 0.1%
All Other Drugs , 9.0%
Total All Drugs 1, 100.00%
System To Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence I(STRIDE)TheDEAsSystemToRetrieveInformationfromDrug
EvidenceII(STRIDE)collectstheresultsofdrugevidence
analyzedatDEAlaboratoriesacrossthecountry.STRIDE
reflectsevidencesubmittedbytheDEA,otherfederallaw
enforcementagencies,andsomelocalpoliceagenciesthatwas
obtainedduringdrugseizures,undercoverdrugbuys,andotheractivities.STRIDEcapturesdataonbothdomesticand
internationaldrugcases;however,thefollowingresultsdescribe
onlythosedrugsobtainedintheUnitedStates.
During2005,atotalof51,467drugexhibitsoritemswere
reportedinSTRIDE,about3%oftheestimated1.7million
drugexhibitsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesduringthi
period.MostdrugsinSTRIDEwereidentifiedascocaine
(34%),cannabis/THC(27%),methamphetamine(12%),or
heroin(9%).Amongotherdrugs,3%werereportedasMDMA
and2%aspseudoephedrine.
Table12 NATIONALCASEESTIMATES Number and percentage of cases containing the
25 most frequently identified drugs, 2005.
Drug Number Percent
Cocaine 1,99 8.%
Cannabis/THC ,88 .%
Methamphetamine 18,8 1.8%Heroin 9, .9%
Alprazolam 1,1 1.81%
Hydrocodone 19,9 1.%
Oxycodone 1, 1.%
Non-controlled, non-narcotic drug 1,0 1.0%
MDMA 10,1 0.9%
Methadone , 0.%
Diazepam ,1 0.%
Clonazepam ,01 0.%
Pseudoephedrine* ,8 0.8%
Acetaminophen** ,89 0.%
Morphine ,0 0.%
Amphetamine ,91 0.%
Carisoprodol ,80 0.%
Phencyclidine (PCP) ,9 0.%
Codeine ,8 0.%
Psilocin , 0.%
Propoxyphene 1,89 0.1%
Lorazepam 1, 0.1%
MDA 1,0 0.11%
Methylphenidate 1, 0.11%
Dihydrocodeine 1,10 0.10%
Top 25 Total 1,, 109.%
All Other Substances 8,1 .%
Total All Substances 1,, 11.81%***
* Includes cases from a small number of laboratories that do notspecify between pseudoephedrine and ephedrine.
** Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceutical products.
*** Multiple drugs can be reported within a single case, so thecumulative percentage exceeds 100%. The estimated national totalof distinct cases that drug case percentages are based on is 1,167,307.
Cocainewasthemostcommondrugreportedinalaborator
drugcaseduring2005.Nationally,anestimated39%ofanalyzed
drugcasescontainedoneormorecocaineitems,followedby
cannabis/THC,whichwasidentifiedin37%ofalldrugcases.
About16%ofdrugcaseswereestimatedtohavecontainedone
ormoremethamphetamineitems,and6%ofcasescontained
oneormoreheroinitems.About2%ofcasescontainedoneormorealprazolamorhydrocodoneitems,whileoxycodoneand
MDMAwerereportedinabout1%ofdrugcases.
1.2 DRUGCASESANALYZEDDruganalysisresultsarealsoreportedtoNFLISatthe
caselevel.Thesecase-leveldatatypicallydescribealldrugs
identifiedwithinadrug-relatedincident,althoughasmall
proportionoflaboratoriesmayassignasinglecasenumberto
alldrugsubmissionsrelatedtoanentireinvestigation.Table1.2
presentsnationalestimatesforthenumberofcasescontainingthe25mostcommonlyidentifieddrugs.Thistableillustrates
thenumberofcasesthatcontainedoneormoreitemsofthe
specifieddrug.
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1
2001 2002 2003
MDMAAlprazolamOxycodoneHydrocodone
Numbero
fItems
2004 2005
Figure12Nationalestimatesforotherselecteddrugs byquarter,20012005.
1.3 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DRUGTRENDS
National drug trendsFigure1.1presentsnationaltrendsforthenumberof
drugitemsanalyzedbystateandlocallaboratoriesin3-month
incrementsfor2001through2005forthetopfourdrugs
reportedinNFLIS.Whilethesedatamaydescribetrafficking
andabusepatterns,theymayalsoreflectdifferingdrug
enforcementprioritiesandlaboratorypolicies.
Overall,amongthetopfourdrugs,therewasadecrease
intotalanalyzeditemsbetween2001and2005from457,967
itemsduringthe1stquarterof2001to436,769itemsduring
the4thquarterof2005.Amongthetopfourreporteddrugs,
cannabis/THCandheroinitemsdeclinedsignificantlyacross
thequartersfrom2001to2005( =.05).Reportsofcannabis/
THCdeclinedfrom161,343itemsto140,974items,while
heroindecreasedfrom26,750itemsto20,939items(Figure
1.1).Reportsofmethamphetamineincreasedsignificantlyacrossthequarters,from52,674itemsto62,971items.
Regional drug trendsFigure1.3presentsregionaltrendsper100,000persons
aged15orolderforthetopfourreporteddrugs.Thisillustratchangesindrugsreportedovertime,takingintoaccountthe
populationofeachregion.
Cannabis/THCreportingdeclinedsignificantlyinthe
SouthandMidwest(=.05).Overall,thehighestrateof
cannabis/THCcontinuestobereportedintheMidwest,
followedbytheSouthandtheNortheast.IntheSouth,report
ofcocainealsodeclinedsignificantlyoverthe5-yearperiod.
Methamphetaminereportingsignificantlyincreasedinthe
NortheastandtheSouth.Therateofmethamphetamineitem
reportedintheSouthmorethandoubled,from8to20items
per100,000persons(6,534itemsto15,631items).Figure1.4showsregionaltrendsper100,000persons
aged15orolderforotherselecteddrugshydrocodone,
oxycodone,MDMA,andalprazolamfromJanuary2001
throughDecember2005.ReportsofMDMAdeclined
significantlyacrossallcensusregions,andreportsofoxycodon
increasedsignificantlyintheWest,theMidwest,andthe
Northeast( =.05).IntheNortheast,thereportedrateof
oxycodoneitemsanalyzedmorethandoubled,from1.5
to3.1per100,000(636itemsto1,308items).Reportsof
hydrocodoneincreasedsignificantlyintheNortheast(from
0.3to1.2per100,000persons),theMidwest(from0.7to2.2itemsper100,000),andtheSouth(from2.3to5.0itemsper
100,000persons).Reportsofalprazolamincreasedsignificantl
intheNortheast(from1.3to2.2itemsper100,000persons)
andtheMidwest(from0.9to2.6itemsper100,000persons).
Figure1.2describesnationalreportingtrendsforselected
drugs:MDMA,alprazolam,oxycodone,andhydrocodone.
Amongthesedrugs,reportsofMDMAexperienceda
significantdecrease(from5,427itemsto3,396items).
Reportsofoxycodoneandhydrocodoneexperiencedsignificantincreases.Oxycodonereportingincreasedfrom2,771itemsin
the1stquarterof2001to4,892itemsinthe4thquarterof
2005.Hydrocodonereportingincreasedfrom2,742items
to6,182.
Figure11 Nationalestimatesforthetopfourdrugsby quarter,20012005.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1
NumberofItems
Cannabis/THCCocaineMethamphetamineHeroin
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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Section 2 Ma jor drug
categoriesSection presents analytic results
for major drug categories reported
by NFLIS laboratories during 00.
It is important to note differences
between the results presented
in this section and the national
and regional estimates presented
in Section 1. The estimates
presented in Section 1 are basedon data reported by the NFLIS
national sample of laboratories.
Section and subsequent sections
present data reported by all NFLIS
laboratories that reported or
more months of data during 00.
During 00, NFLIS laboratories
analyzed a total of 1,01,
drug items.
2.1 NARCOTICANALGESICSNarcoticanalgesicsarepainrelieversavailablebyprescriptio
Accordingtothe2005NationalSurveyonDrugUseand
Health(NSDUH),approximately5%ofpersonsaged12or
older,or11.8million,usedpainrelieversinthepastyearfor
non-medicalreasons.Amongadolescentsaged12to17,an
estimated7%,or1.7million,reportedsuchuseduringthe
pastyear.1
Atotalof51,432narcoticanalgesicswereidentifiedby
NFLISlaboratoriesin2005,representingnearly4%ofall
itemsanalyzed(Table2.1).Hydrocodone(39%)andoxycodone
(30%)accountedforthemajorityofallnarcoticanalgesics
reported.Thefollowingdrugsmadeupmorethanone-quarter
ofnarcoticanalgesics:methadone(11%),morphine(6%),
codeine(5%),propoxyphene(3%),dihydrocodeine(2%),
andhydromorphone(2%).
1SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Results from the 2005 NationalSurvey on Drug Use and Health: NationalFindings(DHHSPublicationNo.SMA06-4194,NSDUHSeriesH-30).Rockville,MD,2006.
Fentanyl
www.Erowid.o
rg
Table21 NARCOTICANALGESICS Number and percentage of identified narcotic
analgesics, 2005.
Analgesics Number Percen
Hydrocodone 19,89 8.8
Oxycodone 1, 0.0
Methadone , 10.
Morphine ,9 .
Codeine ,8 .8
Propoxyphene 1,9 .91
Dihydrocodeine 1,11 .
Hydromorphone 1,011 1.9
Tramadol* 90 0.9
Buprenorphine 0.8
Fentanyl 8 0.
Meperidine 0.9
Pentazocine 0.1
Oxymorphone 1 0.0
Nalbuphine* 11 0.0
Butorphanol 0.01
Total Narcotic Analgesics 1, 100.00
Total Items Analyzed 1,01,
*Non-controlled substance.
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Figure22Distributionofbenzodiazepineswithinregion,200
Figure21Distributionofnarcoticanalgesicswithinregion,2005.
During2005,differenceswerefoundinthetypesof
analgesicsreportedbyregion(Figure2.1).Thehighest
percentagesofhydrocodonewerereportedintheSouth(48%)
andWest(37%).Oxycodonerepresented45%ofanalgesics
reportedintheNortheast,comparedto33%intheMidwest,28%intheWest,and25%intheSouth.TheNortheastalso
reportedthehighestrelativepercentageofmethadone(15%),
whiletheWestreportedthehighestpercentageofmorphine(9%).
2.2 BENZODIAZEPINESBenzodiazepinesareusedtherapeuticallytoproducesedation,
inducesleep,relieveanxietyandmusclespasms,andprevent
seizures.Benzodiazepineabuseisoftenassociatedwithyoung
adultsandadolescentswhotakebenzodiazepinestoget"high."2
During2005,alittlemorethan2%ofallanalyzeddrugs,
or33,834items,wereidentifiedasbenzodiazepinesinNFLIS(Table2.2).Alprazolam(e.g.,Xanax)accountedfor61%
ofreportedbenzodiazepines.Approximately17%of
benzodiazepineswereidentifiedasdiazepam,and16%
wereidentifiedasclonazepam.
MorethanhalfofbenzodiazepinesreportedintheSouth
(68%),Northeast(58%),andMidwest(53%)wereidentified
asalprazolam(Figure2.2).Diazepamaccountedfornearlyone
thirdofbenzodiazepinesidentifiedintheWestandmorethan
one-fifthofthoseidentifiedintheMidwest.Aquarterormore
ofitemsidentifiedintheWestandNortheastwereidentified
asclonazepam.
2DrugEnforcementAdministration.Drugs of Abuse. (2005).
Table22 BENZODIAZEPINES Number and percentage of identified
benzodiazepines, 2005.
Benzodiazepines Number Percen
Alprazolam 0, 1.1%
Diazepam ,81 1.19%
Clonazepam ,9 1.%
Lorazepam 1,9 .9%
Temazepam 8 0.%
Chlordiazepoxide 10 0.0%
Triazolam 9 0.1%
Flunitrazepam 0 0.0%
Midazolam 11 0.0%
Total Benzodiazepines ,8 100.00%
Total Items Analyzed 1,01,
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Figure24Distributionofanabolicsteroidswithinregion,2005.2.4 ANABOLIC STEROIDSWhileanabolicsteroidsarelegallyavailableintheUnited
Statesbyprescription,manyusersobtainthesteroidsillegally
throughproductioninclandestinelaboratories,smugglingfrom
othercountries,ordiversionfromU.S.pharmacies.The2005
MonitoringtheFutureStudyshowsasignificantdeclineinpast
yearsteroiduseamong12thgradestudents,from2.5%in2004to1.5%in2005.However,pastyearsteroiduseremained
relativelythesamefrom2004to2005among8thand10th
gradestudents.3
During2005,atotalof1,728itemswereidentifiedas
anabolicsteroids(Table2.4).InNFLIS,themostcommonly
identifiedanabolicsteroidwastestosterone(38%),followedby
methandrostenolone(17%),nandrolone(13%),andstenozolol
(12%).Approximately44%ofitemsintheMidwestandSouth,
31%intheWest,and28%intheNortheastwereidentifiedas
testosterone(Figure2.4).Slightlylessthanone-fifthofitems
acrossallcensusregionswereidentifiedasmethandrostenolone.
Steroids
Table24 ANABOLICSTEROIDS Number and percentage of identified anabolic steroids,
2005.
Steroids Number Percent
Testosterone 8.0%
Methandrostenolone 0 1.8%
Nandrolone 0 1.%
Stenozolol 0 11.%Anabolic steroids, not specified 11 .%
Boldenone 1 .11%
Oxymetholone .%
Oxandrolone .01%
Mesterolone 1 0.98%
Methenolone 9 0.%
Methyltestosterone 9 0.%
Methandriol 0.%
Drostanolone 0.1%
Fluoxymesterone 0.1%
Androstene dione* 0.1%
Total Anabolic Steroids 1,8 100.00%
Total Items Analyzed 1,01,
*Non-controlled substance.
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4ElPasoIntelligenceCenters(EPICs)ClandestineLaboratorySeizureSystem(CLSS).(2005).
5SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003:Interim National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency DepartmentVisits. DAWNSeriesD-26,DHHSPublicationNo.(SMA)04-3972.Rockville,MD,2004.
2.5 STIMULANTSMethamphetamineisahighlyaddictivestimulant.The
numberofmethamphetaminelaboratoriesseizedbylaw
enforcementagenciesincreasedby25%between2001
and2004.4Stimulants,includingmethamphetamineand
amphetamine,wereinvolvedin42,538emergencydepartment
(ED)visits,accountingforabout7%ofalldrug-relatedEDvisitsduringthelasttwoquartersof2003.5
Atotalof230,769stimulantswereidentifiedinNFLIS
during2005,accountingforabout16%ofallitemsreported
(Table2.5).Anestimated97%ofstimulants,or224,605items,
wereidentifiedasmethamphetamine.Anadditional2,888items
wereidentifiedasamphetamine,and1,468asmethylphenidate.
Methamphetamineaccountedformorethan9outof10
stimulantsreportedintheWest,Midwest,andSouth,and
foralmost6outof10stimulantsreportedintheNortheast
(Figure2.5).IntheNortheast,24%ofstimulantswerereported
asamphetamineand12%asmethylphenidate.
Total Number
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
West Midwest Northeast South
Other
Amphetamine
Ephedrine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
122,569 1,154 64,18342,863 230,769
356
121,8
51
113
185
64
809
41,2
12
377
350
115
664
1,4
45
134
71
7
60,8
78
278
844
626
390
Figure25Distributionofstimulantswithinregion,2005.
Table25 STIMULANTS Number and percentage of identified stimulants,
2005.
Stimulants Number Percent
Methamphetamine ,0 9.%
Amphetamine ,888 1.%Methylphenidate 1,8 0.%
Ephedrine* 0.%
Phentermine 0.19%
Caffeine** 0.19%
N,N-dimethylamphetamine 9 0.0%
Cathinone 9 0.0%
Phendimetrazine 1 0.0%
Benzphetamine 0.0%
Cathine 0.01%Methcathinone 1 0.01%
Modafinil 1 0.01%
Diethylpropion 11 0.00%
Pemoline 10 0.00%
Phenylpropanolamine* 0.00%
Clobenzorex 0.00%
Propylhexedrine 0.00%
Chlorphentermine 0.00%
Fenproporex 0.00%
Phenmetrazine 0.00%
Fenfluramine 0.00%
Sibutramine 0.00%
Aminorex 1 0.00%
Mazindol 1 0.00%
Mefenorex 1 0.00%
Total Stimulants 0,9 100.00%
Total Items Analyzed 1,01,
*Listed chemical.
**Substance is an ingredient of many controlled pharmaceuticalproducts and is often used as a cutting agent for illicit drugs.
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Takingmultipledrugssimultaneouslyormixingsubstances
canbedeadly.Thetypicaldrugmisusedeathreportedaspart
ofthe2003DrugAbuseWarningNetwork(DAWN)involved
twoormoredrugs.Cocainewithopiates/opioidswasthemost
commonillicitdrugcombinationinvolvingdeath.6
During2005,19,560itemsidentifiedinNFLIS,about
1%ofallreporteditems,containedtwoormoresubstances
(Figure3.1).Thefivemostcommoncombinationsin2005
cannabis/THCandcocaine(8%),methamphetamineand
MDMA(7%),cocaineandheroin(7%),methamphetaminean
dimethylsulfone(6%),andmethamphetamineandephedrine/
pseudoephedrine(4%)accountedfornearlyone-thirdofall
combinationsreported.
Figure31Distributionofdrugcombinations,2005.
Section 3
In addition to tracking the types
of substances identified by state
and local forensic laboratories,
another important function
of NFLIS is the systems ability
to capture information on
drug combinations or multiple
substances reported within a
single drug item. Combinations
reported in NFLIS are both mixtures
of substances and separately
packaged substances within
the same item or exhibit.
Drug combinations reported in STRIDE, 2005Atotalof17,045drugcombinations,or33%ofalldrugs,werereportedinSTRIDEduring2005.
STRIDEcollectsresultsofdrugevidenceanalyzedatDEAlaboratoriesacrossthecounty.Themost
commoncombinationidentifiedwasmethamphetamineanddimethysulfone,whichaccountedfor6%ofall
combinationsreported.Manyoftheothermostfrequentlyreportedcombinationsincludedexcipientsused
todiluteoradulterateeithercocaineorheroin,includingcocaineandprocaine(2%),cocaineandsodium
bicarbonate(2%),heroinandcaffeine(2%),andcocaineandcaffeine(2%).MDMAwasreportedin
combinationwithmethamphetamineinapproximately2%ofallcombinations.
6SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies.Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003: Area Prof ilesof Drug-Related Mortality. DAWNSeriesD-27,DHHSPublicationNo.(SMA)05-4023.Rockville,MD,2005.
Drug
Combinations
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3.1 COCAINECOMBINATIONSCocaine,includingpowderandcrackcocaine,waspresentin
24%ofalldrugcombinationsreportedduring2005(Table3.1).
Themostcommoncocainecombinationcontainedcannabis/
THC(8%).Cocaine/heroin,whichisoftenreferredtoasa
speedball,representednearly7%ofcocainecombinations,and
cocaine/methamphetaminerepresentedabout3%.Manyoftheothercocaine-relatedcombinationsincludedexcipients
usedtodilutecocaine.Theseincludednon-controlledsubstances
suchasprocaine(alocalanesthetic),inositol,caffeine,boricacid,
benzocaine,andlactose.
3.2 HEROINCOMBINATIONSHeroinwaspresentin15%ofalldrugcombinations,or
2,899items,reportedin2005(Table3.2).Almostone-half
oftheheroincombinationswerereportedasheroin/cocaine.
Amongtheothersubstancescombinedwithheroin,manywereexcipientsdesignedtodiluteoradulterateheroin,including
procaine,caffeine,mannitol,lidocaine,inositol,andlactose.
3.3 METHAMPHETAMINECOMBINATIONSMethamphetaminewaspresentinatotalof6,012
items,orinabout31%ofalldrugcombinations(Table3.3).
Methamphetamine/MDMA(1,446items),methamphetamine/
dimethylsulfone(1,131items),methamphetamine/ephedrine
orpseudoephedrine(752items),methamphetamine/cocaine
(577items),andmethamphetamine/cannabis(548items)werethemostcommonlyreportedcombinations.MDMA
wasreportedin7%ofmethamphetaminecombinations,up
from5%in2004.
Table31 COCAINECOMBINATIONS
Items identified as cocaine combinations, 2005.
SubstanceOne SubstanceTwo Number Percent
Cocaine Cannabis/THC 1,8 .%Cocaine Heroin 1,1 .%Cocaine Methamphetamine .9%
Cocaine Procaine 9 .0%Cocaine Inositol 1 1.8%Cocaine Caffeine 90 0.%Cocaine Boric Acid 8 0.%Cocaine Oxycodone 9 0.0%Cocaine Benzocaine 0.%Cocaine Lactose 0.%Other cocaine combinations 1.%
Total Cocaine Combinations ,8 .9%
All Combinations 19,0 100.00%
Table32 HEROINCOMBINATIONS Items identified as heroin combinations, 2005.
SubstanceOne SubstanceTwo Number Percent
Heroin Cocaine 1,1 .%Heroin Procaine 19 .%Heroin Cannabis/THC 1 0.90%Heroin Caffeine 1 0.%Heroin Mannitol 1 0.%Heroin Lidocaine 8 0.%Heroin Methamphetamine 0.8%Heroin Diphenhydramine 0.8%Heroin Inositol 9 0.1%
Heroin Lactose 0.1%Other heroin combinations 8 1.8%
Total Heroin Combinations ,899 1.8%
All Combinations 19,0 100.00%
Table33 METHAMPHETAMINECOMBINATIONS Items identified as methamphetamine combinations,
2005.
SubstanceOne SubstanceTwo Number Percent
Methamphetamine MDMA 1, .9%
Methamphetamine Dimethylsulfone 1,11 .8%Methamphetamine Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine .8%Methamphetamine Cocaine .9%Methamphetamine Cannabis/THC 8 .80%Methamphetamine Amphetamine 8 .9%Methamphetamine MDA 11 0.%Methamphetamine Heroin 0.8%Methamphetamine Chlorpheniramine 0.%Methamphetamine Caffeine 8 0.%Other methamphetamine combinations .81%
Total Methamphetamine Combinations ,01 0.%All Combinations 19,0 100.00%
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NFLIS can be used to monitor and analyze
drugs reported by forensic laboratoriesacross the country, including large U.S.
cities. The drug analysis results presented in
this section were reported during 00 by
NFLIS laboratories in selected large cities.
Section 4 DRUGS IDENTIFIED
Thetypesofdrugsreportedvaryacrossregionsofthe
country.Thefollowingresultshighlightgeographicdifferences
inthetypesofdrugsabusedandtrafficked,suchasthehigher
levelsofreportingmethamphetamineontheWestCoastand
cocaineontheEastCoast.Thisanalysispresents2005datafor
thefourmostcommondrugsreportedbyNFLISlaboratories
inselectedlocations.Drugsreported2%orlessarenotpresentedeveniftheywereoneofthetopfourdrugsfor
aselectedlocation.
EastCoastcitiessuchasthefollowingreportedthehighest
relativepercentagesofcocaine:Miami(61%),Newark(54%),
Atlanta(52%),NewYorkCity(51%),Baltimore(44%),
Philadelphia(44%),andTampa(42%).Denver(49%)and
Cincinnati(45%)alsoreportedahighpercentageofdrugs
identifiedascocaine.Nationally,33%ofalldrugswereidentifie
ascocaine.Thehighestpercentagesofmethamphetaminewere
reportedincitieslocatedintheMidwestandWest,suchas
8
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BY LOCATION Lab locations include:Atlanta (Georgia Bureau of
InvestigationDecatur Laboratory)
Baltimore (Baltimore City Police
Department)
Boston (Massachusetts Department of
Public HealthBoston Laboratory)
Chicago (Illinois State PoliceChicago
Laboratory)
Cincinnati (Hamilton County Coroners
Office)
Dallas (Texas Department of Public
SafetyGarland Laboratory)
Denver (Denver Police Department
Crime Laboratory)
Detroit (Detroit Police Department)
Houston (Harris County Medical
Examiners Office)
Las Vegas (Las Vegas Police
Department)
Los Angeles (Los Angeles Police
Department and Los Angeles County
Sheriffs Department)
Miami (Miami-Dade Police Department
Crime Laboratory)
Minneapolis (Minnesota Bureau
of Criminal Apprehension
Minneapolis Laboratory)
Newark (Newark Police Department)
New York City (New York City PoliceDepartment Crime Laboratory)
Philadelphia (Philadelphia Police
Department Forensic Science
Laboratory)
Phoenix (Phoenix Police Department)
Pittsburgh (Allegheny County Coroners
Office)
Portland (Oregon State Police Forensic
Services DivisionPortland Laboratory)
Sacramento (Sacramento County
District Attorneys Office)
Seattle (Washington State Patrol Crime
LaboratorySeattle Laboratory)
St. Louis (St. Louis Police Department
Crime Laboratory)
San Diego (San Diego Police
Department Crime Laboratory)
Santa Fe (New Mexico Department of
Public Safety)
Tampa (Florida Department of Law
EnforcementTampa)
Minneapolis(47%),Sacramento(40%),Portland(34%),
Phoenix(33%),LosAngeles(32%),Dallas(32%),and
SantaFe(31%).Nationally,13%ofdrugswereidentifiedasmethamphetamine.Highpercentagesofheroinwerereported
inNortheasterncities,suchasNewark(32%),Baltimore(29%),
Pittsburgh(23%),Boston(13%),NewYorkCity(11%),and
Philadelphia(9%),althoughChicago(17%),Detroit(10%),and
St.Louis(10%)alsoreportedheroinataratehigherthanthe
nationalaverageof5%.Cannabis/THCreportingdidnotshow
thesametypeofpatternswithrespecttoregions,withChicago
(48%),Boston(44%),Cincinnati(38%),SanDiego(36%),
St.Louis(35%),andDetroit(34%)reportingcannabis/THC
atahigherratethanthenationalaverageof33%.
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Section 5
Thissectionpresents2005dataatthestateandcountylevelsfor
thepercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasoneofthetopfou
drugs.TheGISanalysisisbasedoninformationprovidedtothe
forensiclaboratoriesbythesubmittinglawenforcementagencies.
TheinformationsubmittedbylawenforcementincludestheZIP
Codeorcountyoforiginassociatedwiththedrugseizureincidentor
thenameofthesubmittinglawenforcementagency.WhentheZIP
Codeorcountyoforiginisnotavailable,thedrugseizureorincident
isassignedtothesamecountyasthesubmittinglawenforcement
agency.Ifthesubmittingagencyisunknown,theseizureorincidenti
assignedtothecountyinwhichthelaboratorycompletingtheanalyse
islocated.
Itisimportanttonotethatthesedatamaynotincludeall
drugitemsseizedatthestateandcountylevels.Instead,thesedata
representonlythoseitemsthatweresubmittedandanalyzedby
forensiclaboratories.Inaddition,somelaboratorieswithinseveral
statesarenotcurrentlyreportingdatatoNFLIS.However,thesedata
canserveasanimportantsourceforidentifyingabuseandtrafficking
trendsandpatternsacrossandwithinstates.
GIS ANALYSIS:
TOP FOUR DRUGS, BY
One of the new features of NFLIS is
the ability to analyze and monitor
variations in drugs reported by
laboratories by the county of origin.
This is part of the larger initiative to
use geographic information system
(GIS) analyses in providing more
detailed geographical information
on drug seizure location.
Figure51Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascannabis/THC,bystate,2005.
35.056.0
25.034.9
17.024.9
10.016.9
0.09.9
No Data
Percent/State
0
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ACE Of origin
Figure53Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascocaine,bystate,2005.
30.058.0
25.029.9
17.024.9
6.016.9
0.05.9
No Data
Percent/State
Figure52Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasmethamphetamine,bystate,2005.
25.062.0
17.024.9
6.016.9
2.05.9
0.01.9
No Data
Percent/State
Figure54Percentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasheroin,bystate,2005.
10.016.2
4.09.9
2.03.9
1.01.9
0.00.9
No Data
Percent/State
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Cleveland
Toledo
Cincinnati
Dayton71
675
75
70
470
77
80 475 280
Akron
90
271
490 480
68076
Columbus
50.078.5
35.049.9
25.034.90.124.9
0.0
No Data*
Percent/County
Figure55PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascannabisinOhio,bycounty,2005.
Winston-Salem GreensboroDurham
Raleigh
FayettevilleCharlotte40
7377240
26
85
95
55.0100.035.054.9
20.034.9
0.119.9
0.0
Percent/County
Figure57PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedascocaineinNorthCarolina,bycounty,2005.
Figure58PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasheroininNewJersey,bycounty,2005.
Medford
Portland
Eugene
Salem
84
205
105
5
70.0100.0
50.069.930.049.9
0.129.9
0.0
No Data*
Percent/County
Figure56PercentageofanalyzeddrugitemsidentifiedasmethamphetamineinOregon,bycounty,2005.
15.025.0
10.014.9
7.09.9
0.16.9
0.0
Percent/County
295
76
676
Trenton95
195
78
80
Elizabeth47
Newark280
Paterson287
Atlantic City
*Based on information submitted by law enforcement agencies,no analyzed drug items came from these counties.
*Based on information submitted by law enforcement agencies,no analyzed drug items came from these counties.
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Section 6 DRUG PURITY
One of the unique functions of
NFLIS is the systems ability to
monitor and analyze drug purity
data. NFLIS drug purity data reflect
results verified by chemical analysis
and therefore have a high degree
of validity. In addition, the NFLIS
purity data are timely, allowing for
recent fluctuations in purity to be
monitored and assessed.
Somestateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesperform
quantitative(orpurity)analyses,butthemajoritydosoonly
underspecialcircumstances,suchasaspecialrequestfrom
lawenforcementorfromtheprosecutor.Asmallernumber
oflaboratoriesperformquantitativeanalysisonamoreroutine
basisduetostatelawsthatrequiretheamountofpureheroin
orcocaineinanitemtobedetermined.During2005,atotal
of12stateorlocallaboratoriesorlaboratorysystemsreported
puritydatatoNFLIS.
Itisimportanttoconsiderthelaboratorypoliciesfor
conductingquantitativeanalysiswhencomparingpurity
dataacrosslaboratories,asthesefactorscanimpacttheresults
presented.Forexample,theIllinoisStatePoliceandtheTexas
DepartmentofPublicSafetytypicallylimitquantitative
analysistolargerseizures(e.g.,powdersover200gramsor1
kilogram).Otherlaboratories,suchastheBaltimoreCityPoli
DepartmentCrimeLaboratory,performquantitativeanalyses
onamoreroutinebasis,includingsmallercocaine
andheroinseizures.
6.1 HEROINPURITYThissectiondescribesheroinpurityanalysesreportedby
theBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentandtheMassachusetts
StatePoliceCrimeLaboratory.TheBaltimoreCityPolice
Departmentlaboratoryperformsquantitativeanalysison
allwhitepowdersgreaterthan1/4ounceorifmorethan30
dosageunitsarepresentinacase,especiallyforheroinseizure
TheMassachusettsStatePoliceCrimeLaboratoryexpresses
purityintermsoffreebaseandhasapolicyofroutinely
performingquantitativeanalysesforheroinandcocaine
submissions.Theaveragepurityofheroin,asreportedby
bothoftheselaboratoriesaswellasbyDEAlaboratoriesin
STRIDE,hasdeclinedsince2001.AccordingtoSTRIDE,th
averagepurityofheroinexhibitswas45%in2005,compared
to40%in2004,42%in2003,49%in2002,and48%in2001.
Heroin
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Crack Cocaine
TheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentreportedheroin
purityresultsfor236drugitemsin2005(Figure6.1).The
averagepurityofheroinwas35%,downslightlyfrom38%in
2004andconsiderablylowerthantheaveragepurityof45%in
2003and49%in2002.Overall,morethan40%ofheroinitems
reportedbytheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentwereless
than25%pure.
TheMassachusettsStatePolicereportedheroinpurityresults
for685itemsin2005(Figure6.2).Theaveragepurityofheroin
was31%,thesameaveragepurityasreportedin2004butlower
thantheaverageof40%in2003and47%in2002.Overone-
thirdofheroinitemsreportedbytheMassachusettslabwereless
than25%pure.
6.2 COCAINEPURITYCocainepurityispresentedforfourNFLISlaboratories:
theTexasDepartmentofPublicSafety(DPS),theArkansas
StateCrimeLaboratory,theBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmen
CrimeLaboratory,andtheMassachusettsStatePoliceCrimeLaboratory.Incontrasttothedeclineinheroinpurity,NFLIS
laboratoriesreportedcocainepurityaveragesin2005atlevels
eitherequaltoorincreasedfrom2001to2004levels.Cocaine
purityreportedbyfederallaboratoriesinSTRIDEincreased
duringthisperiod,fromanaverageof58%in2001to73%
in2005.
TheTexasDPSlaboratorysystem,whichtypicallyconducts
quantitativeanalysesforpowdersof200gramsormore,reporte
puritydatafor231cocaineitemsduring2005(Figure6.3).The
averagecocainepurityfor2005was71%,upfrom66%in2004
63%in2003,60%in2002,and56%in2001.
Figure63 Cocainepurity,2005:TexasDepartmentofPublic SafetyCrimeLaboratory.
Figure62Heroinpurity,2005:MassachusettsStatePolice CrimeLaboratory.
Figure61Heroinpurity,2005:BaltimoreCityPoliceDepartment CrimeLaboratory.
2004LGC
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TheMassachusettsStatePolicereportedcocainepurityfor
1,694itemsin2005(Figure6.6).Theaveragecocainepurity
reportedbyMassachusettshasincreasedsteadily,withaverage
purityof60%in2005,55%in2004,53%in2003,and48%in
2002.
TheArkansasStateCrimeLaboratoryreportedcocaine
purityfor119itemsin2005(Figure6.4).TheArkansasState
CrimeLaboratorytypicallyconductsquantitativeanalysisif
thedrugexhibitcontainsanamountforwhichpossessionwith
intenttodeliverischarged.Theaveragecocainepurityreported
inArkansaswas69%in2005,thesameaveragepurityreported
in2004and2003.
TheBaltimoreCityPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory
reportedcocainepurityfor65itemsin2005(Figure6.5).
Theaveragecocainepurityreportedduring2005was71%,
comparedto79%in2004,75%in2003,67%in2002,and
61%in2001.
Figure64Cocainepurity,2005:ArkansasStateCrime Laboratory.
Figure66Cocainepurity,2005:MassachusettsStatePolice CrimeLaboratory.
Figure65Cocainepurity,2005:BaltimoreCityPolice DepartmentCrimeLaboratory.
Powder Cocaine
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DEA UpdateIllicit Manufacture of Fentanyl
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is
concerned about the apparent increase in the illicit manufacture
and distribution of fentanyl. Within the last two and a half
years, at least three fentanyl clandestine laboratories, akilogram of high-purity fentanyl hydrochloride, a variety
of fentanyl-containing tablets (both Ecstasy mimics and
OxyContin mimics), and various mixtures of fentanyl
powders, heroin, and cocaine have been seized throughout the
United States. Several hundred overdoses and overdose deaths
in the Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas
have been attributed to fentanyl since September 2005. The
initial review of this fentanyl activity has indicated the
presence and distribution of illicitly manufactured fentanyl.
The DEAs Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section (ODE)
is considering controlling fentanyls precursor chemicals. ODEis interested in obtaining information on all seizures of illicitly
manufactured fentanyl within the past 4 years, as well as all
seizures through the end of 2007, to document the extent
of the problem. It is seeking information concerning the
synthetic route used by clandestine laboratories to manufacture
fentanyl. Furthermore, to evaluate the impact on public health,
ODE is requesting data on the number of overdoses and
overdose deaths attributed to illicitly manufactured fentanyl
only (i.e., not to legitimately manufactured fentanyl patches
or to pharmaceutical-grade fentanyl citrate, both of which
are occasionally abused).In 1965, Janssen Pharmaceutica patented the original
synthesis route for fentanyl, which uses N-benzyl-4-piperidone
as its starting material. The challenging Janssen synthesis route
is beyond the skill level of most chemists manufacturing drugs
illicitly; however, it has been used illicitly by chemists with
advanced technical training. In the early 1980s, an alternative
fentanyl synthesis route was published in the scientific
literature. This route, which uses N-phenethyl-4-piperidone
(NPP) as its starting material, has been used in a number
of clandestine laboratories.
Illicit fentanyls synthesis route can be determined byidentifying marker contaminants in the seized material.
The presence of benzylfentanyl (also known as N-1-benzyl-
4-piperidyl-N-phenylpropanamide) suggests that the Janssen
synthesis route was used to manufacture the illicit fentanyl.
From a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS)
analysis of the drug exhibits, the benzylfentanyl contaminant
can be tentatively identified by matching the four primary
mass fragments (82, 91, 146, 173) in benzylfentanyls mass
spectrum (see the May 2006 Microgram Bulletin for a printed
mass spectrum).7 If present, the benzylfentanyl contaminant
peak has a relative retention time of about 0.963 to that of
fentanyl, depending on the type of capillary column used
and the GC temperature program used.
In contrast, the presence of the immediate precursor
4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (ANPP) suggests that
the NPP synthesis route was used. Likewise, the ANPPcontaminant can be tentatively identified by matching the
three primary mass fragments (146, 189, 280) in ANPPs
mass spectrum (see the May 2006 Microgram Bulletin for a
printed mass spectrum).7 If present, the ANPP contaminant
peak has a relative retention time of about 0.891 to that of
fentanyl. The NPP synthesis route was independently tested
by F. Taylor Noggle et al., and the results were published
inMicrogram.8
Unfortunately, the information on fentanyl seizures in
databases such as DEAs System To Retrieve Information fro
Drug Evidence (STRIDE), the El Paso Intelligence CentersClandestine Laboratory Seizure System (CLSS), and DEAs
National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)
does not include sufficient detail to identify the synthesis
route. Therefore, ODE is soliciting information from all
federal, state, and local agencies and offices (e.g., law
enforcement, forensic and crime laboratories, toxicology
laboratories, coroners offices, and medical examiners) to
document the presence or absence of the contaminants
benzylfentanyl and ANPP in fentanyl seizures within the
past 4 years, as well as all seizures through the end of 2007.
ODE is requesting the documentation of all occurrences ofillicitly manufactured fentanyl (again, not from pharmaceutic
sources), the synthesis route used (e.g., as determined from
the presence of marker compounds), and the number of
known overdoses and overdose deaths cause by illicitly
manufactured fentanyl. Please contact Michael Wilson,
Drug Science Specialist, at 202-307-7183 with any related
information.
Contact Us
Michael Wilson
Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section
Office of Diversion Control
Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington, DC 20537
Phone: 202-307-7183
Fax: 202-353-1263
E-mail: [email protected]
7Microgram Bulletin.May2006,[http://www.usdoj.gov/dea.gov/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0506/mg0506.html].
8Noggle,F.Tayloretal.(1993).Microgram.(26)12:285.WashingtonDC:U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration(DEA).
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participating and reporting
FORENSIC laboratories
Appendix A
LabState Type Lab Name Reporting
AK State Alaska Department of Public Safety
AL State AlabamaDepartmentofForensic Sciences (9s ites)
AR S tate A rkansasStateCr imeLaboratory
AZ Local Mesa Police Department Local Phoenix Police Department
Local Scottsdale Police DepartmentCA State CaliforniaDepartmentofJustice(10sites) Local Contra Costa County Sheriff s Office Local Fresno County Sheriff s Forensic Laboratory Local Kern County District Attorneys Office (Bakersfield) Local LongBeachPoliceDepartment Local LosAngelesPoliceDepartment(2sites)
Local Los Angeles CountySher if fs Department (4 s ites ) Local Orange County Sheriff s Department Local SacramentoCountyDistrictAttorneysOffice
L oc al S anBerna rd ino Sher iff s Off ic e (2 si te s) Local San Diego County Sheriff s Department Local SanDiegoPoliceDepartment
Local SanFranciscoPoliceDepartment Local San Mateo County Sheriff s Office (San Mateo) Local Santa Clara District Attorneys Office (San Jose) Local Ventura County Sheriff s Department
CO Local Aurora Police Department
Local Colorado Springs Police Department Local DenverPoliceDepartment Local Grand Junction Police Department Local Jefferson County Sheriff s Office (Golden)
CT S tate Connect icut Departmentof Publi c Sa fe ty
DE State Chief Medical Examiners Office
FL State FloridaDepartmentofLawEnforcement(8sites) Local BrowardCountySheriffsOffice(Ft.Lauderdale)
Local Miami-DadePoliceDepartment Local Indian River Crime Laboratory Local Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory (Largo) Local Sarasota County Sheriff s Office
GA State GeorgiaStateBureauofInvestigation(7sites)
HI Local Honolulu Police Department
IA State IowaDivisionofCriminalInvestigation
ID State Idaho State Police ( sites)
IL State IllinoisStatePolice(8sites)
Local DuPage County Sheriff s Office (Wheaton) Local NorthernIllinoisPoliceCrimeLaboratory(Chicago)
IN State IndianaStatePoliceLaboratory(4sites) Local Indianapolis-Marion County Forensic Laboratory
KS State Kansas Bureau of Investigation ( sites) Local Johnson County Sheriff s Office (Mission) Local Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center (Wichita)
KY State KentuckyStatePolice(6sites)
LA State LouisianaStatePolice L oc al Ac ad iana Cr im inal ist ics L aborator y (New Iber ia )
Local Jefferson Parish Sheriff s Office (Metairie) Local NewOrleansPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory Local North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory System ( sites) Local Southwest Louisiana Regional Laboratory (Lake Charles)
MA State MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth(2sites) State MassachusettsStatePolice
Local University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Worcester)
MD Local AnneArundelCountyPoliceDepartment(Millersville) Local Baltimore City Police Depar tment
Local Baltimore County Police Department (Towson) Local Montgomery County Crime Laboratory (Rockville)
ME State Maine Department of Human Services
MI State MichiganStatePolice(7sites) Local DetroitPoliceDepartment
MN State Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension ( sites) Local St. Paul Police Department
MO State MissouriStateHighwayPatrol(6sites) Local Independence Police Department Local KCMO Regional Crime Laboratory (Kansas City) Local MSSU Regional Crime Laboratory (Joplin) Local St. Charles County Criminalistics Laboratory Local St. Louis County Crime Laboratory (Clayton) Local St.LouisPoliceDepartment
Local South Eas tMi ssou ri Regiona lCr imeLaboratory (CapeGi ra rdeau)
LabState Type Lab Name Reportin
MS State MississippiDepartmentofPublicSafety(4sites) Local Jackson Police Department Crime Laboratory Local Tupelo Police Department
MT State Montana Forensic Science Division
NC State NorthCarolinaStateBureauofInvestigation(2sites) Local Charlotte-Meck lenburg Police Department
NE State NebraskaStatePatrolCriminalisticsLaboratory(2sites)
NJ State NewJerseyStatePolice(4sites) Local Burlington County Forensic Laboratory (Mt. Holly) Local Cape May County Prosecutors Office Local Hudson County Prosecutors Office (Jersey City) Local Newark Police Department Local Ocean County Sheriff s Department (Toms River) Local UnionCountyProsecutorsOffice(Westfield)
NM State NewMexicoDepartmentofPublicSafety
NV Local LasVegasPoliceDepartment
NY State NewYorkStatePolice(4sites) Local Erie County Central Police Services Laboratory (Buffalo) Local Monroe County Department of Public Safety (Rochester) Local NassauCountyPoliceDepartment(Mineola) Local NewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentCrimeLaboratory* Local Niagara County Police Department (Lockport) Local OnondagaCountyCenterforForensicSciences(Syracuse) Local Suffolk County Crime Laboratory (Hauppauge) Local Westchester County Forensic Sciences Laboratory (Valhalla) Local Yonkers Police Department Forensic Science Laboratory
OH State OhioBureauofCriminalIdentification&Investigation(3sites) State OhioStateHighwayPatrol Local Canton-Stark County Crime Laboratory Local Columbus Police Department
L oc al Hami lton County Co roner s O ffi ce (C in ci nnat i) Local LakeCounty Regiona l Forens ic Laboratory (Painesv il le )
Local Mansfield Police Department Local Miami Valley Regional Crime Laboratory (Dayton) Local Newark Police Department Forensic Services
Local Toledo Police Forensic Laboratory
OK State OklahomaStateBureauofInvestigation(5sites)
OR State OregonStatePoliceForensicServicesDivision(8sites)
PA State Pennsylvania State Police Crime Laboratory ( sites)Local AlleghenyCountyCoronersOffice(Pittsburgh)
Local PhiladelphiaPoliceDepartment SC State SouthCarolinaLawEnforcementDivision
Local Charleston Police Department Local Spartanburg Police Department
SD Local Rapid City Police Department
TN State TennesseeBureauofInvestigation(3sites)
TX State TexasDepartmentofPublicSafety(13sites) Local AustinPoliceDepartment Local BexarCountyCriminalInvestigationsLaboratory(SanAntonio)
Local Brazoria County Crime Laboratory (Angleton) Local Harris County Medical Examiners Office (Houston) Local Jefferson County Sheriff 's Regional Crime Laboratory (Beaumont)
Local Pasadena Police Department Local Fort Worth Police Department Criminalistics Laboratory
UT State Utah State Crime Laboratory ( sites)
VA State VirginiaDivisionForensicScience(4sites)
WA State WashingtonStatePatrol(6sites)
WI State Wisconsin Department of Justice ( sites) WV State WestVirginiaStatePolice
WY State Wyoming State Crime Laboratory
PR Territory Puerto Rico Crime Laboratory
This list identifies participating and reporting laboratories as of September 9, 00.
Laboratories in bold are part of our national sample.
*The New York City Police Department Crime Laboratory currently reports summary data.
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Available since September 2001, the NFLIS Interactive Data
Site (IDS) allows NFLIS laboratories to run queries on their
own case-level data as well as on aggregated regional and
national data.
The IDS operates as a secure Web site located on a restricted
server. To access the IDS, each NFLIS laboratory is assigned a
laboratory-specific username and password.
Over the past year, a number of enhancements have been
made to the IDS, including providing World Wide Web access
to the IDS. This provides more secure and confidential IDS
access, as well as improved system performance for laboratories
with high-speed/broadband Web access. Laboratories without
Internet access can still use a modem to make a direct dial-up
connection to the IDS. As part of the enhanced IDS, different
access levels are assigned to satisfy the specific NFLIS data
NFLIS Interactive Data Site
needs of various users. Information about NFLIS, published
reports, links to agencies, information relevant to drug control
efforts, and NFLIS contact information are available to the
general public. Participating NFLIS laboratories have access
to their own case- and item-level data, as well as to aggregated
state- and metropolitan-level data. Nonparticipating laboratori
have access to aggregated state- and metropolitan-level data.
Approved government agency staff and researchers are able to
access the aggregated and summarized data. Depending upon
the level of access, users have the ability to conduct analyses
using preset queries. New usernames and passwords are require
to access restricted areas of the IDS. To request a username and
password, please visit the NFLIS Web site at https://www.nflis
deadiversion.usdoj.gov.
Appendix C
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Appendix D
NATIONAL ESTIMATES METHODOLOGY
Since2001,NFLISreportshaveincludednationaland
regionalestimatesforthenumberofdrugitemsanddrugcases
analyzedbystateandlocalforensiclaboratoriesintheUnited
States.Thisappendixdiscussesthemethodsusedforproducingtheseestimates,includingsampleselection,weighting,and
imputationandadjustmentprocedures.RTIInternational,under
contracttotheDEA,beganimplementingNFLISinSeptember
1997.Resultsfroma1998surveyprovidedlaboratory-specific
information,includingannualcaseloadfigures,usedtoestablish
anationalsamplingframeofallstateandlocalforensiclabsthat
routinelyperformdruganalyses.Arepresentativeprobability
proportionaltosizesamplewasdrawnonthebasisofannual
casesanalyzedperlaboratory,resultinginaNFLISnational
sampleof29statelaboratorysystemsand31localormunicipal
laboratories,atotalof165individuallaboratories(seeAppendixAforalistofsampledandnonsampledNFLISlabs).Onlythe
dataforthoselaboratoriesthatreporteddruganalysisdatafor
7ormoremonthsduring2005wereincludedinthenational
estimates.
WEIGHTINGPROCEDURESDatawereweightedwithrespecttoboththeoriginal
samplingdesignandnonresponseinordertocomputedesign-
consistent,nonresponse-adjustedestimates.Weightedprevalence
estimateswereproducedfordrugcasesanddrugitemsanalyzed
bystateandlocalforensiclabsfromJanuary2005through
December2005.
Aseparateitem-levelandcase-levelweightwascomputed
foreachsamplelaboratoryorlaboratorysystemusingcaseload
informationobtainedfromanupdatedlabsurveyadministered
in2004.Thesesurveyresultsallowedforthecase-anditem-
levelweightstobepost-stratifiedtoreflectcurrentlevelsof
laboratoryactivity.Item-levelprevalenceestimateswere
computedusingtheitem-levelweights,andcase-levelestimates
werecomputedusingthecase-levelweights.
DRUGREPORTCUTOFFNotalldrugsarereportedbylaboratorieswithsufficient
frequencytoallowreliableestimatestobecomputed.Forsome
drugs,suchascannabis/THCandcocaine,thousandsofitems
arereportedannually,allowingforreliablenationalprevalence
estimatestobecomputed.Manyothersubstanceshave100or
fewerannualobservationsfortheentiresample.Aprevalence
estimatebaseduponsuchfewobservationsisnotlikelytobe
reliableandthuswasnotincludedinthenationalestimates.
Themethodforevaluatingthecutoffpointwasestablished
usingthecoefficientofvariation,orCV,whichistheratiobetweenthestandarderrorofanestimateandtheestimateitse
Asarule,drugestimateswithaCVgreaterthan0.5were
suppressedandnotshowninthetables.
IMPUTATIONS ANDADJUSTMENTSDuetotechnicalandotherreportingissues,severallabsdid
notreportdataforeverymonthduring2005.Thisresultedin
missingmonthlydata,whichisaconcernincalculatingnationa
estimatesofdrugprevalence.Imputationswereperformed
separatelybydrugforlaboratoriesmissingmonthlydata,using
drug-specificproportionsgeneratedfromlabsreportingafullyearofdata.
Whilemostforensiclaboratoriesreportcase-levelanalyses
inaconsistentmanner,asmallnumberoflabsdonotproduce
item-levelcountsthatarecomparabletothosesubmittedbyth
vastmajorityoflabs.Mostlaboratoriesreportitemsintermsof
thenumberofvialsoftheparticularpill,yetafewlaboratories
reportthecountoftheindividualpillsthemselvesasitems.Sin
thecase-levelcountsacrosslabsarecomparable,theywereused
todevelopitem-levelcountsforthefewlabsthatcountitems
differently.Forthoselabs,itwasassumedthatdrug-specific
ratiosofcasestoitemsshouldbesimilartolabsservingsimilarl
sizedareas.Item-to-caseratiosforeachdrugwereproducedfo
thesimilarlysizedlaboratories,andthesedrug-specificratios
werethenusedtoadjustthedrugitemcountsfortherelevant
laboratories.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TRENDANALYSISAtrendanalysiswasperformedontheJanuary2001through
December2005nationalandregionalestimates.Typically,
modelstestformeandifferences;however,thenationaland
regionalestimatesaretotals.Toworkaroundthischallenge,
abootstrappingtechniquewasemployed.(Bootstrappingisan
iterativetechniqueusedtoestimatevarianceswhenstandard
varianceestimationprocedurescannotbeused.)*Allstatistical
testswereperformedatthe95%confidencelevel(=.05).
Inotherwords,ifalineartrendwasfoundtobestatistically
different,thentheprobabilityofobservingalineartrend(unde
theassumptionthatnolineartrendexisted)waslessthan5%.
* For more information on this technique, please refer to Chernick, M.R. (1999).BootstrapMethods:APractitionersGuide.NewYork:Wiley.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThisreportwaspreparedundercontractDEA-03-C-
0013,DrugEnforcementAdministration,U.S.Department
ofJustice.Pointsofvieworopinionsexpressedinthis
documentdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficialposition
oftheDEAortheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.AtDEA,LiqunWongcontributedtothereportand
providedoversightacrossallpreparationstages.AtRTI,
BeLindaWeimerwasthemajorcontributorandledits
production;KevinStromandValleyRachalprovided
oversightandguidance;JeffreyAnchetaoversawthe
databasepreparation;CeliaEicheldingerprovided
statisticalanalysisandreview;ShariLambertoversaw
thegraphicdesign;andJoanneStuddersandMarceline
BunzeyMurawskieditedthereport.
PUBLICDOMAINNOTICEAllmaterialappearinginthisreportisinthepublicdomainandmaybereproducedorcopiedwithout
permissionfromtheDEA.However,thispublication
maynotbereproducedordistributedforafeewithout
thespecific,writtenauthorizationoftheU.S.Drug
EnforcementAdministration,U.S.DepartmentofJustice.
Citationofthesourceisappreciated.Suggestedcitation:
Weimer,B.J.,Wong,L.,Sannerud,C.,Eicheldinger,C.,
Ancheta,J.,Strom,K.,andRachal,V.(2006).The National
Forensic Laboratory Information System: 2005 Annual Report.
WashingtonDC:U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration.
OBTAINING COPIES OFTHISREPORTElectroniccopiesofthisreportcanbedownloadedfrom
theNFLISWebsiteathttps://www.nflis.deadiversion.
usdoj.gov/.
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DrugEnforcementAdministration
OfficeofDiversionControl
600ArmyNavyDrive
Arlington,VA22202
Attention:LiqunWong,DEAProgramOfficerPhone:202-307-7176
Fax:202-353-1263
E-mail:[email protected]
RTIInternational*
Health,Social,andEconomicsResearch3040CornwallisRoad,POBox12194
ResearchTrianglePark,NC27709-2194
Attention:ValleyRachal,ProjectDirector
Phone:1-800-334-8571,ext.7712
Fax:919-485-7700
E-mail:[email protected]
August2006