005 Pedestrian Fatalities in Workplaces

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5008 Ju

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rchReportN

ences .......

f Tables

e 1. Work-

e 2. Mecha

e 3. Jurisd

e 4. Locati

e 5. Object

e 6. Direct

e 7. Select

e 8. Coron

e 9. Haddo

f Figures

re 1. Age o

re 2. Four

re 3. Univedriver and w

re 4. Univeer, and not


sing and Health

No:0611005

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on of incid

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Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

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Resear

EXECU

Pedest

have b

corone

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(n=37,

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was a

A four

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pedest

vehicle

A numb

Data im


rchReportN

UTIVE SUM

trian fatalit

been under

ers in Austr

ses potentia

ajority of ca

42%). The

rial or Cons

Heavy Tra

level taxon

ble narrativ

ver alights

pts to start

g system o

trian; and (

e or plant/m

ber of pote

redesign o

machinery

use of phy

incorporat

sensors a

investigat

raising aw

mprovemen


sing and Health

No:0611005

MMARY

ties occurri

r examined

ralia and ex

al interven

ases ident

e most freq

struction A

ansport Veh

nomy of pe

ve text and

from the v

or drive th

occurs and

(2) the driv

machine fo

ential interv

of workplac

y,

ysical barr

tion of safe

and devices

ion of the e

wareness o

nt and furth

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

ing in work

d. This stud

xamines th

ntions.

tified were

quent locat

Area (n=30

hicle (n=21

edestrian d

coded dat

vehicle or p

e machine

the machi

ver of the m

rwards or b

ventions w

ces and ta

iers and de

ety feature

s to monito

effectivene

of this issue

her resear

une2011

kplaces are

dy identifie

he chain of

male (n=8

tion of the

, 34%), an

1, 24%).

deaths in w

ta, and tw

plant/mach

e from the g

ine rolls fo

machine fai

backwards

were identif

asks to elim

esignated

es into mac

or operator

ess of reve

e and reinf

rch is warra

e potentiall

ed 88 pede

f events le

80, 91%) an

incident le

d the most

workplaces

wo hazard s

hine and ei

ground, an

rwards or

ils to see t

s with inten

fied, includ

minate ped

pathways;

chine desig

r blind spot

ersing alarm

forcing or t

anted.

ly preventa

strian fatal

ading to th

nd occurre

eading to fa

t frequent o

was creat

scenarios w

ther parks

n inappropr

backwards

he pedestr

nt, striking

ing:

estrian con

gn, such as

ts;

ms; and

training of g

Page4of

able fataliti

lities repor

hese death

ed in Victor

atality was

object invo

ted from th

were ident

on an incl

riate functi

s, striking t

rian, and d

them.

ntact with h

s proximity

good pract

38

es that

rted to

hs, and

ria

an

olved

e

ified: (1)

ine, or

on of the

the

drives the

heavy

y/location

tices.


Resear

IntroduThis re

betwee


rchReportN

uction eport addre

en July 200

A: Review

B: Pedestr

C: Summa

D: Preven


sing and Health

No:0611005

esses pede

00 Febru

w of the sco

rian fataliti

ary and dis

tion strateg

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

estrian fata

uary 2011.

ope of pede

es in work

scussion of

gies.

une2011

alities occu

It is divide

estrian fata

kplaces in A

f results; a

urring in wo

ed into four

alities;

Australia, 2

nd

orkplaces in

r sections:

2000-2011

Page5of

n Australia

;

38

a


Resear

SECTIWORK INTRO

Pedest

shell

which t

2000).

Austral

other th

The ob

workpla

employ

2004 (V

owned

except

vehicle

It is hyp

workpla

et al (1

First,

recogn

vehicle

Second

forklift.

A numb

control

identifie

1997; B


rchReportN

ON A: REKPLACES

ODUCTION

trians are c

(World He

there is sco

In contras

lia about th

han the roa

bjective of t

ace define

yees or sel

Vic)). The

land (i.e. r

where it w

es, signs, fl

pothesised

ace differ f

999a) note

a forklift op

nise oncom

e is loaded

dly, when a

..is much l

ber of indu

lers or fla

ed as bein

Baron et a


sing and Health

No:0611005

VIEW OF

N AND LIT

considered

ealth Organ

ope for imp

st to road-re

he frequen

ad.

this study i

ed as ... a

lf-employe

study excl

roads, road

was identifi

laggers (B

d that the c

from those

ed:

perators f

ming hazard

and/or the

a forklift dr

less that th

ustries (e.g

ggers) an

g high risk

l, 1998; Ho

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

THE SCO

ERATURE

d a vulnera

nization, 20

provement

elated ped

ncy and cha

is to invest

place, whe

d persons

udes incid

d related a

ed as a de

ryden et al

characteris

e on public

field of visio

ds can be s

e driver is l

river recog

han of an a

g. construct

nd particula

k for pedes

orberry et a

une2011

PE OF FA

E REVIEW

able popula

009) and h

t in safety

destrian fat

aracteristic

tigate Aust

ether or no

work (s.5

ents causi

areas, railw

efined work

l, 2000).

stics of ped

roads. For

on is much

significantl

looking ove

gnises a ha

automobile

tion and ag

ar plant or

strian relate

al, 2004).

ATALITIES

W

ation due to

have been

(Australia

talities, little

cs of pedes

tralian ped

ot in a build

5 Occupatio

ng death w

ways and ra

kplace e.g.

destrian de

r example,

h more res

ly diminish

er his/her s

azard, the s

travelling

griculture),

machines

ed fatal inju

S OF PEDE

o their lack

identified a

n Safety T

e has been

strian deat

estrian fata

ding or stru

onal Health

which occu

ail related

. temporary

eaths that o

in relation

tricted and

hed, particu

shoulder d

stopping ca

at a simila

occupatio

(e.g. forklif

ury (e.g. O

Page6of

ESTRIANS

k of protec

as a popula

Transport B

n reported

ths in work

alities in a

ucture, whe

h & Safety

urred on pu

easements

ry barriers,

occur in the

n to forklifts

d his/her ab

ularly when

driving back

apacity of a

ar speed (p

ons (e.g. ro

fts) have b

Ore & Fosb

38

S IN

tive

ation for

Bureau,

in

kplaces

ere

y Act,

ublicly

s),

work

e

s, Collins

bility to

n the

kwards.

a

pp. 510).

oad

been

roke,


Resear

Constr

for ped

vehicle

al (200

United

of heav

betwee

constru

Particu

Road t

worker

betwee

al, 200

Pedest

Severa

literatu

Both in

increas

handlin

accom

operate

these m

are fata

each y

deaths

Tractor

agricult

2011) o

deaths


rchReportN

ruction, and

destrian de

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01) found a

States, wi

vy equipme

en motor ve

uction vehi

ular occupa

raffic contr

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1).

trian fatalit

al plant or m

re as high

nternationa

sed produc

ng (Horber

panied by

ed close to

machines (

ally injured

ear (Horbe

s between

rs have lon

tural indus

on farm inj

s were the


sing and Health

No:0611005

d in particu

eaths due t

stantly cha

an average

th just ove

ent and ve

ehicles intr

cles (espe

ations have

rollers (fla

orists and

traffic, hea

ties have a

machines (

h risk to pe

ally and in A

ctivity and

rry et al, 20

an increas

o pedestria

(Collins et

d and anoth

erry et al, 2

1985 and 2

ng been ide

stry (Miller

jury deaths

result of ru

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

ular, road c

o the close

anging con

e of nearly

er two-third

ehicles. The

ruding into

ecially whe

e been rec

aggers) slo

are vulner

avy machin

also been a

(e.g. forklif

edestrians

Australia, f

occupation

004). Howe

se in other

ans, due to

al, 1999b)

her 20,000

2004). In V

2010 (Wor

entified as

and Fraga

s in Austra

un over inc

une2011

constructio

e proximity

nditions (Pr

70 deaths

ds being wo

e cause of

o the work

n reversing

cognised as

ow road tra

rable due t

nery and c

analysed b

fts and trac

s.

forklift use

nal health a

ever these

safety haz

o the weigh

). In the Un

0 are seriou

Victoria, for

rkSafe Vict

a major is

ar, 2006). F

lia 2003-06

cidents.

on, has bee

y to heavy

ratt et al, 2

per year in

orkers on f

f the fatal in

zone, and

g) (McCan

s at risk f

affic throug

o their con

onstruction

y examinin

ctors) have

has increa

and safety

manual ha

zards, espe

ht, power a

nited States

usly injured

rklifts have

toria, 2010

ssue for pe

For examp

6 found alm

en highligh

machinery

2001; McCa

n highway

foot, fatally

ncident wa

heavy equ

n, 2006).

for pedestr

gh work zo

ntinuously c

n (Baron et

ng the obje

e been iden

ased in rec

y benefits o

andling ben

ecially whe

nd inheren

s, approxim

d in forklift

been asso

).

edestrian fa

le, a report

most 50%

Page7of

hted as haz

y, travelling

ann, 2006)

work zone

y injured as

as evenly s

uipment an

rian related

nes to pro

changing p

t al, 1998;

ect causing

ntified in th

cent years,

of reducing

nefits have

en the mac

nt instabilit

mately 100

related inc

ociated wit

atalities in

t (Herde &

of tractor r

38

zardous

g motor

). Pratt et

es in the

s a result

split

nd

d injury.

tect

position

Pratt et

g death.

he

, due to

g manual

e been

chine is

y of

0 workers

cidents

th 57

the

& Lower,

related


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SECTI2011. ObjectTo inve

and Fe

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and ret

a fatalit

case to

based

reports

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identifie

and oc

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ON B: PE

tive estigate fat

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d

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trieval syst

ty is report

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on interna

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lance of fa

ented by da

ase is there

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nation, the

ation that e

quent ident

ntion action

nsland data is


sing and Health

No:0611005

DESTRIAN

talities of p

11.

ronial Infor

tem that co

ted to a co

al NCIS da

tional stan

gy and auto

atabase is

As all wor

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ntains almo

ork Related

atalities rep

ata from th

efore limite

elated case

des more li

NCIS and

enables the

tification of

ns.

s from Janua

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

N FATALIT

pedestrians

rmation Sy

ommenced

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atabase, co

ndards (NC

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then searc

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Coroners A

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ported to th

e National

ed to one ju

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e identifica

f risk facto

ary 2001

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TIES IN W

s in workpl

ystem (NCI

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ff at the co

oded acco

CIS, 2007).

ts and coro

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deaths are

Act, 2008 (

lities of int

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he Victorian

l Coronial I

urisdiction

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ation of pop

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(Vic)), ther

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n Institute

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onal inform

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omprehens

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Page8of

USTRALIA

tween July

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e details of

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erial such a

o attached

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definition o

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ase collate

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(NCIS). Th

t specifical

work related

all of Austra

sive source

series, and

nt to potent

38

A, 2000-

y 2000

orage

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f the

ataset

as police

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free text

of a

y that

d from

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databa

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2 Exclud


rchReportN

ate a case

ases, the fo

on criteria:

incident w

WRFD; and

death was

t, going or

rkplace as

ardless of

ion criteria

dent causi

ated areas,

a defined w

yden, et al

dent could

asures (for

lding) (S.2

ore a case

ng the road

s with a pe

WRFD and

riod July 20

cher to con

tion, SafeW

of work-re

hecked ag

ding Western


sing and Health

No:0611005

series of f

ollowing inc

was coded

s of a pede

walking on

defined by

work-relat

a:

ing death t

, railways a

workplace

, 2000);

d not have

r example,

0 (1) & (2)

e where a h

d would no

edestrian o

d the NCIS

000 - Febr

nfirm case

Work Austr

lated pede

gainst the N

Australia

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

fatalities of

clusion and

as Externa

estrian (as

n foot; perf

y s.5 Occu

tedness (i.e

that occurr

and rail rel

e.g. tempo

been avoid

a person

OHS Act,

heavy vehi

t be includ

on a constr

databases

ruary 2011

inclusion.

ralias Trau

estrian fata

NCIS datab

une2011

f pedestria

d exclusion

al cause an

defined in

formed on

upational H

e. workers

red on pub

lated ease

orary barrie

ded throug

in a restau

2004 (Vic

icle, driven

ded; howev

ruction site

s were inte2. The poli

umatic Inju

alities for po

base to co

ans in work

n criteria w

nd Uninten

the Oxford

foot; of or

Health & Sa

and bysta

licly owned

ments) exc

ers, work v

gh reasona

urant died w

)).

n on the hig

ver a case

would be

errogated a

ce narrativ

ury Fatalitie

otential inc

nfirm case

kplaces from

were used:

ntional in th

d English D

relating to

afety Act, 2

anders wer

d land (i.e.

cept where

vehicles, si

able workp

when a ca

ghway, stri

where a h

included.

according t

ves were e

es Databas

clusion into

e inclusion.

Page9of

m these tw

he NCIS an

Dictionary

o walking)

2004 (Vic)

re included

. Roads, ro

e it was ide

igns, flagg

place preve

r drove int

ikes a pede

eavy vehic

to these cr

examined b

se identifie

o the study

38

wo

nd

as on

in a

d).

oad

entified

ers

entative

o the

estrian

cle

riteria for

by a

ed a

y which


Resear

After co

coronia

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provide

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coded

the con

Hazard

preven

based

Ethics

in Rese

Ethics


rchReportN

onstruction

al finding if

age at dea

gender;

the year in

work-relat

post mortedrug or alctherapeuti

the mecha

the jurisdi

the locatio

the object

coroners

other cont

part struct

ed a frame

ds were ad

data to cre

ntributing fa

d scenarios

ntion (Secti

counterme

approval w

earch invo

Committee


sing and Health

No:0611005

n of the ca

f available)

ath;

n which the

tedness;

em toxicolocohol presic drug pre

anism of in

ction in wh

on of the in

t causing d

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dapted from

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lving Hum

e and the V

Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

se series,

) was analy

e fatality oc

ogy statusent, thera

esent and

njury that le

hich the fat

ncident cau

death;

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ctors.

on, Place/L

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m Lincoln e

onomy of p

ntified.

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d implemen

ed by the M

ans, The V

Victorian In

une2011

the availab

ysed to ext

ccurred,

, if availabapeutic druno drug o

ead to the

tality occur

using death

nd comme

Location, V

cussion an

et al (2004

pedestrian

utinized to

was revie

ntation stra

Monash Un

Victorian D

nstitute of

ble materia

tract:

le (coded iug presentor alcohol p

death (e.g

rred;

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ents; and

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d preventio

) to exami

fatalities in

identify int

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niversity Sta

Department

Forensic M

al for each

into 4 catet, not illegpresent);

. fall, elect

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on.

ne the narr

n workplac

tervention

entify releva

anding Co

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Page10of

case (incl

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e, and Poli

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ant eviden

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thics Com

38

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sing and Health

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Page11of

ces that m

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February 201

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38

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Table 1: Work-RWorkingBystand (ChildVolunteOther* Total * The Ot

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Table 2: MechanTranspoCrushinContact

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4Smalln


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ajority of p

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case series

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: NCIS Mech

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sing and Health

No:0611005

edestrian f

of these ele

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ss e or in kind place

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g four wer

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9, 67%), fo

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3%).

hanism of d

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t To Breathi

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ressedforcon

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fatalities w

even, five c

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ases such as

ts were ava

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10%). Of

e positive f

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olved childr

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self

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n=34, 39%)

000 - Feb 201

83 %). Elev

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Feb 2011 (E

Number (73 (83)11 (13)

6 (7) 3 (*) 3 (*)

88 (100

(59.1%). T

negative. T

positive res

our were p

hetamines

ty of cases

%) (Table 2

), followed

11 (excludin

Number (59 (67) 20 (23)

6 (7)

3 (*) 3 (*)

88 (100)

Page12of

ven cases

1).4

Excluding W

(%) ) )

)

Two of the c

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sults for alc

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2). The mo

by Head o

ng WA)

(%) ) )

)

38

involved

WA)

children

ldren will

cohol or

alcohol

ansport

ost

or Neck


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2. Loca

Fataliti

ACT an

Table 3:(Exclud

Jurisdi

VictoriaQueensNew SoSouth AAustraliNortherTasmanTotal Note: Deand this

The mo

(n=30,

(Table

constru

Table 4:(exclud LocatioIndustriFarm orTranspo Home CommeCountrySports aTotal

5Allofth


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ation

es occurre

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ction a sland outh Wales Australia ian Capital rn Territory nia

etailed informis likely to c

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34%), follo

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uction site

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onal or Constr Other Placort Area: Hi (

ercial Area (yside (not Pand Athletic

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sing and Health

No:0611005

ed in all jur

nia to 37 in

on of pedest

Territory

mation on theontribute to t

nt location

owed by a

18 deaths

(16%).

of pedestrian

ruction Areace of Primaghway, FreRoadworks

(Non-RecrePrimary Prodcs Area

ettheinclusio

Medicine Sciences

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isdictions e

n Victoria (

trian fatalitie

e circumstanthe relatively

of the fata

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that occur

n fatalities i

a ry Productio

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ncriteriawith

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examined,

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es in workp

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Other Place

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n workplace

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htheincident

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t commonly ay.

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a, July 2000

thinadefined

Page13of

Northern T

000 - Februa

Number(%)37 (42) 23 (26) 18 (20)

4 (5) 3 (*) 3 (*) 3 (*)

88 (100) available in V

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ion (n=24,

ere at a roa

0 February

Number(30 (34)24 (27)18 (20)(14)(16)

7 (8) 6 (7) 3 (*) 3 (*)

88 (100

dworkspace.

38

erritory,

ary 2011

)

Victoria

on Area

27%)

ad

y 2011

%)) ) ) )

)

* Tca


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3. VehEighty-

involve

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Table 5:- Februa

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Of the

cases p

alighte

driver i


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icle, Plant-four cases

ed the load

ne or plant

stent with th

or Transpo

were Land

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but involvedNo

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y encompass

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sing and Health

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t, Machines directly in

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Medicine Sciences

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atalities in w

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workplaces,

on

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Page14of

of the 84, n

involve a v

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n=21) and

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, Australia, J

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211

, plant) 1

7

8

nd could not

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es (38%) w

trian was n

38

nine

vehicle,

Area;

causing

Mobile

10; Front

July 2000

mber (%)

21 (24) 17 (19) 10 (11)

8 (9) 6 (7)

12 (14)

75 (85) 9 (10) 4 (5)

88 (100)

be further

ved

who had

not the


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Of the

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Table 6:workpla

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84 vehicle

ed in 76 ca

84 cases,

forwards o

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Direction

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88 pedest

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sing and Health

No:0611005

e or plant/m

ases (Table

21 vehicle

r backward

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n

d

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ry

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een of thos

mments or r

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en 2001 an

ns ranged

tic for indu

Medicine Sciences

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machine rel

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ds (n=21/8

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vement whery 2011, exc

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ent type intended

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); and reve

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report con

re Victorian

ations relat

types and

ection D, P

Page15of

ovement w

erse in 22

y and unpo

ian fatalities

Numb27 (315 (142 (

15 (16 (7

22 (27 (8

10 (18 (9

84 (1

e available

completed

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n cases, a

ted to fatal

d work proc

Prevention

38

was

(26%).

owered,

s in

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for

or

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inciden

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ntributing

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s, rather tha

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sing and Health

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contributing alia, 2000 - 2

uting Factostrian

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as impeded

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mutually exclu

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pedestrian

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this report

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system (n=

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vehicle or p

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system (al

ly a result ofo not add to 1

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the driver

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failure to a

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appeared to

ed in the h

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rous positio

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cle design,

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on of factors

lysis based

he pedestri

Page16of

o contribut

human erro

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in workpla

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Number 26 (30

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18 (20

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38

te to the

or

of

ysed

the

aces

30%),

strians

rians

cle; (2)

id not

ment to

edestrian

n incline

talities in

(%) 0)

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Hazard

The pe

fatalitie

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associa

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emerge

vision a


rchReportN

d Scenario

edestrian w

es (38%). I

he vehicle,

ated with b

d Scenario

edestrian w

ed with a d

and driving


sing and Health

No:0611005

(1): Pedes

was also th

n 17 cases

followed b

brake failur

(2): Pedes

was not the

driver failin

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Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

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e driver in

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g to see th

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une2011

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Page17of

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m.

a consisten

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38

ated

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e drivers

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Driver/ PRelat

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Figure 2: A shaded bloc

Department of FSchool of Public Faculty of Medici

ReportNo:06110

Pedestrian ionship

Precipitating affecting of vehicle or machine

ontributing ctors

of movement

involvment

four level taxonocks indicate haza

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orkplaces, Austrange)

Page18 of38

eath of a Pedestrian in a workplace

(n=88)

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ralia 2000 - 2011

Stopped and on incline (n=3)

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(n=11)

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higher in o

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ay reflect th

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jurisdiction

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sing and Health

No:0611005

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wed pedest

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ties in work

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fied 88 cas

2011. The

hat the ind

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abis or am

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s in 6% of

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Medicine Sciences

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USSION O

ties that oc

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an is report

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were males

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CIS, 2009)

ctual prese

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strategies w

t recovery

OF RESUL

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onable con

he likely inc

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alities in wo

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incident oc

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l (5%) and

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ths in Victo

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), and there

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. Given the

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a workplac

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the remai

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e severity a

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Page19of

ce across i

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often than

ners findin

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this fatality

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e or in kind

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onstruction

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ning four w

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38

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other

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a, July

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1-2006.

whole

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ation ost frequen

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2011) wher

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sing and Health

No:0611005

nt locations

ruction site

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ng, consid

nd machin

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4; Miller & F

Factors tributing fa

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was also th

(1): Pedes

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fatalities o

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Medicine Sciences

5008 Ju

s of the fat

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t al, 1999c

dering thes

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roke, 1997

e ed vehicle,

hments, Fr

with earlier

Fragar, 200

actors were

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plant or m

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eported lite

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sed on the

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ets off and

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work with a

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Page20of

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38

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Tabl

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2am

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ReportNo:06110

le 9: Haddon's te

Haddons untermeasure

strategy

. Prevent the reation of the

hazard

2. Reduce the mount of hazard

brought into being

3. Prevent the release of the

hazard


005008 Jun

en countermeasu

Eliminate pedRedesigning th

possible interv

forklift and ped

eliminate the n

Reduce the amMcCann (2006

related to the n

appropriate) co

working during

The current stu

worksite.

Use of ProximImproved meth

plant/machines

workplace (Ho

application of i


e2011

ure strategies an

destrian workershe task so that pe

vention (Horberry

destrian moveme

need for flaggers

mount of vehicu6) found workers

number of vehicle

onsider limiting th

g less busy hours

udy identified 16

mity/location senhods of identifyin

s can reduce the

rberry et al, 2006

dentifying and al

nd generated pot

s from the task edestrians and p

y et al, 2006). For

ent should ever ta

s)

ular traffic passon foot to be at r

e intrusions into t

he amount of veh

s.

road constructio

nsors g pedestrian wor

risk of pedestria

6). In the United S

larming pedestria

Page24 of38

tential interventio

Inte

lant/machines do

r example, Larsso

ake place at the s

ing through worrisk of pedestrian

the work zone. T

hicular traffic that

n deaths, four of

rkers (and memb

an fatalities. A nu

States mining co

ans in hazardous

ons

ervention

o not come into c

on and Rechnize

same level, in the

rk sites n fatal injury parti

herefore it is sug

t passes through

which were caus

bers of the genera

mber of proximity

ontext, researche

s locations near fi

contact at all (i.e.

er (1994) recomm

e same space. (N

cularly in road co

ggested that road

the site for exam

sed by light trans

al public) in perilo

y-sensing device

rs have studied i

ixed machinery (

elimination of the

mend that in a fre

NB Detours wou

onstruction and e

d construction (an

mple by an increa

sport vehicles pas

ous proximity to v

es are currently a

ntelligent video s

Ruff et al, 2010).

e hazard) is the b

ight terminal, no

ld presumably

explained this wa

nd others as

ase in detours or

ssing through the

vehicles or

vailable for the

systems for the

.

best

o

s

e

ResearchR

3rh


ReportNo:06110

3. Prevent the release of the hazard (cont.)


005008 Jun

Use of DeviceMachinery ope

fatalities. Ruff

and GPS techn

be researched

Hurwitz et al (2

audible sensor

The current stu

operator situat

Trained SpottSpotters or o

McCann (2006

Teizer (2011) n

important facet

Correct lightinExcessive or in

standard for in

intent to facilit

and wellbeing

drivers acclima

if they have no


e2011

es to monitor operators limited vis

et al (2010) ident

nology as potent

to address issue

2010) found there

r system. Encour

udy identified 18

tional awareness

ters or Observerbservers are enc

6) recommended

noted that the ab

t of safe procedu

ng of the work snsufficient lighting

nterior and workpl

tate the creation

in the illuminated

atise before ente

ot acclimatised to

perator blind sposion of surrounds

tifies technologie

ially useful in ale

es such as driver

e was evidence f

raging drivers to

cases in which a

could be a prom

rs couraged in certa

spotters for work

bility of spotters to

ures and their imp

site g has been cited

lace lighting (AS

of visual environ

d space. Specific

ring an area whe

o the lighting leve

Page25 of38

ots s has been identi

es such as sonar

erting operators o

r distraction (Horb

for the mitigation

use the cameras

a barrier to the op

mising intervention

ain work condition

kers who are req

o maintain consta

portance cannot

as a cause of vi

1680.1-2006) pr

ments that exclu

c to pedestrians,

ere there are ped

els.

ified as a contribu

, radar, radio tran

of pedestrian prox

berry et al, 2006)

of reversing colli

s was revealed as

perators vision w

n.

ns (e.g. working n

uired to work wit

ant communicatio

be overstated.

sion-related fatal

rovides general p

de or, at least, co

WorkSafe Victor

estrians and en

uting factor in thi

nsponders, tag d

ximity. However t

). In a study look

isions, especially

s a challenge.

was noted, sugge

near electrical lin

th, and alongside

on with machine

lities (Hinze and

principles and rec

ontrol visual fatig

ria (2010) recom

nsure pedestrians

s, and other, stud

etection systems

the use of such te

ing at rear-view c

y when paired wit

esting that device

nes, working in co

e heavy machiner

operators and dr

Teizer, 2011). Th

commendations f

gue and thereby p

mends ensure v

s cannot enter ar

dies on pedestria

s, video cameras

echnology needs

cameras in vehic

th an appropriate

es to enhance

onfined spaces).

ry, and Hinze and

rivers was ...an

he Australian

for lighting with th

promote efficienc

vehicles stop and

reas of vehicle tra

an

s to

cles,

e

d

he

cy

d

affic

ResearchR

4. Mof ha


ReportNo:06110

Modify the rate f release of the azard from its

source


005008 Jun

Intelligent speA recent Austr

identified prev

investigated th

application of

required to eva

There was insu

machines were

the target popu

AdministrativIt is a requirem

Safety Regulat

operator trainin

extended to pe

pedes

hazard

and Fa

This recomme

vehicles, and D

It is not possib

relate to system


e2011

eed limiting conralian study inve

venting excessiv

he use of a loa

this new techno

aluate this and ot

ufficient consiste

e loaded or unloa

ulation.

ve controls: e.g. ment for operators

tions 2007 in Vic

ng should be con

edestrian workers

strians represent

ds associated with

arrow, 2009).

ndation is based

Dicketys (2002) f

le to evaluate the

matic failings, rat

ntrols/load sensstigating Intellige

e forklift speeds

ad sensing/speed

ology successful

ther potential ITS

nt information av

aded to allow for

training and cos of high risk mac

ctoria. A number o

ntinued and emph

s as:

a high risk-group

h working in clos

on the observat

finding that pede

e usefulness of th

ther than identify

Page26 of38

ing devices. ent Transport Sy

s as the highes

d limiting system

ly decreases the

S interventions.

vailable in the cur

meaningful comm

ompetency chinery to have a

of writers (e.g. C

hasised in safety

p in the workplac

se proximity to po

ion that there are

estrian error acco

his proposed inte

ing individuals at

ystems (ITS) cou

t priority interve

m for forklifts at

e severity of pe

rrent study samp

mentary to be ma

a Licence for High

ollins et al, 1999a

y programs. Maje

ce because they a

owered industrial

e a large number

ounted for 9.8% o

ervention for the c

t fault.

untermeasures fo

ention (Horberry

two Australian

destrian/forklift i

ple on speed of ve

ade on the suitab

h Risk Work und

a; Ruff et al, 201

kodunmi and Far

appear to lack a f

vehicles (Dicke

of employees wo

of workplace tran

current case seri

or industrial mob

et al, 2006; Ho

manufacturing s

nteractions altho

ehicles or machin

bility of these cou

er the Occupatio

0) have suggeste

rrow (2009) sugg

fundamental awa

ty, 2002, quoted

orking with or ne

sport accidents.

ies as coroners f

ile equipment sa

orberry et al (20

sites and found

ough further wor

nery or whether

untermeasures fo

onal Health and

ed that improved

gest this training

areness of the

in Majekondunm

ear workplace

findings tended t

afety

004)

the

rk is

or

d

be

mi

o

ResearchR

5.ha

wpro


ReportNo:06110

. Separate the azard from that which is to be otected in time

and space


005008 Jun

Workplace/sitWorkplace/site

include one wa

dome mirrors m

from work area

Exclusion zonExclusion zone

example, durin

is for these are

Limiting plantCollins et al (1

times, such as

restricting use

There was insu

possible to com


e2011

te design and tre design and traff

ay roads/isles; se

mounted overhea

as; grade separa

nes es are particular

ng truck loading o

eas to be clearly

t use during pea999c) found pede

during shift chan

of machinery (su

ufficient informat

mment of the pot

raffic managemefic management

eparate parking a

ad at intersection

tion between ped

areas where ent

operations, forklif

defined, marked

ak pedestrian timestrians were mo

nges, meals brea

uch as forklifts) d

ion available in th

tential usefulness

Page27 of38

ent systems systems are well

areas for persona

ns and other area

destrian and mac

ry by pedestrians

ft movement (par

, and enforced (W

me ost likely to be str

aks and other pla

uring these perio

he current study

s of this counterm

l documented so

al and work vehic

as of limited visib

chinery traffic (e.g

s is prohibited. Th

rticularly when fu

WorkSafe, 2008;

ruck by a powere

ant wide breaks. T

ods.

to identify pedes

measure for the ta

lutions to preven

cles; clearly mark

ility; location of s

g. Horberry et al,

hey may be used

lly laden) or durin

WorkSafe undat

ed industrial vehic

They recommend

strian density at ti

arget population.

nting pedestrian fa

ked pedestrian wa

storage sheds an

2004; Collins et

d in a range of sit

ng live electrical

ted).

cle during peak p

ded traffic planni

ime of death, the

atalities. Exampl

alkways; signs;

d amenities away

al, 1999a, b & c

tuations, for

work. Best pract

pedestrian flow

ng should consid

erefore it is not

es

y

).

ice

der

ResearchR

6.ha

wp

ph

req


ReportNo:06110

. Separate the azard from that which is to be protected by a hysical barrier

7. Modify elevant basic ualities of the

hazard


005008 Jun

Physical sepaPhysical separ

strategy for pe

2007). If the ta

between mach

Improved signHorberry et al

can be approa

throughout the

context, Fosbr

intrusion into th

Modification/rSince their intr

Despite this, a

incident, but fo

reversing alarm

time (i.e. on a

localising and

made such as

congestion. Th

involved an au

unable to make


e2011

aration of plant/ration through the

destrian safety (e

ask cannot be red

hinery and worke

nage and contro(2006) identified

ched in machine

e work site, and s

oke and Ore (199

he work zone. Fo

redesign of reveroduction, Ruff et

number of studie

or some reason th

ms were made le

busy worksite). R

prioritising alarm

modification/rede

he current study i

udible reversing a

e comment on th

machine and pee use of barriers,

e.g. Horberry et a

designed to elimi

rs on foot, where

ols limiting speed fo

e design (see veh

speed cameras m

97) recommend

or example, signs

ersing/backup at al (2010) conten

es (including in o

he pedestrian did

ess or ineffective

Ruff et al (2010) s

ms in congested w

esign audible rev

identified 15 case

alarm to which the

he remaining case

Page28 of38

edestrian , guardrails, fenc

al, 2004; Collins

nate pedestrian w

e possible.

or forklifts as an im

hicle factors, belo

may assist with id

improving signag

s should not be o

alarms nd that audible re

our case series) i

d not hear, or rea

to workers when

suggest a numbe

work areas; worke

versing alarms so

es where the ma

e deceased eithe

es as this inform

ing, barricades, b

et al, 1999c; Ore

workers altogethe

mportant interven

ow) or through ad

entifying inappro

ge and traffic con

obscured and lan

eversing alarms h

nvolved cases w

act appropriately

multiple alarms

er of explanations

ers wearing hear

o they are more n

chine or vehicle w

er did not hear or

ation was not do

boom-gates is wi

e & Fosbroke, 19

er, another altern

ntion in the preve

dministrative work

opriate operator d

ntrols for motorist

e markings easy

have decreased t

where an audible a

to the alarm. Hin

were issued from

s: worker habitua

ring protection. T

noticeable in wor

was driven in rev

r was unable to a

cumented).

idely regarded as

97; Bryden et al,

native is to provid

ention of pedestr

kplace controls. I

driving. In a road

ts to prevent the

y to interpret.

the occurrence o

alarm was functio

nze and Teizer (2

m multiple machin

ation to alarms; d

herefore improve

rkplaces with high

verse. Of the 15,

act appropriately

s an appropriate

2000; WorkSafe

de a physical bar

ian fatalities. This

Improved signag

construction

chance of vehicle

of collision inciden

oning at the time

011) found

nes at the same

difficulties in

ements could be

h levels of noise

at least four case

(the researchers

e,

rrier

s

e

e

nts.

e of

and

es

are

ResearchR

reqh

8.to

moda


ReportNo:06110

7. Modify elevant basic ualities of the

hazard (cont.)

. Make what is o be protected ore resistant to mage from the

hazard


005008 Jun

High visibilityHigh visibility c

(WorkSafe Vic

benefits of high

on-road traffic)

Mapstone, 200

Limiting poten

Workplace des

a fixed object s

Personal protPersonal prote

shields, reflect

or filter masks

to prevent a fa

means of prev

Fitness for duOperator fatigu

number of dev

available. How

There

preven

factors


e2011

y clothing clothing is encour

ctoria, 2005). A nu

h visibility clothin

) found there was

09).

ntial pinch poin

sign must conside

such as a wall, a

tective equipmeective equipment

tive clothing such

(Teizer et al, 201

tal outcome. Effo

enting contact be

uty ue and fitness for

vices, ranging from

wever, a recent C

is insufficient ev

nting injuries as a

s.

raged and requir

umber of authors

ng on the conspic

s evidence to sup

nts

er limiting potent

nd a mobile mac

ent (PPE) refers to p

h as safety vests,

10). PPE may red

orts should be foc

etween the pedes

r duty detection w

m the ability to de

ochrane review (

vidence to advice

a sole, effective, l

Page29 of38

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005 Pedestrian Fatalities in Workplaces

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