Morphology00000000...Morpheme types: infixes IN Movima (Isolate): aroso = rice kas aroso NEG rice...
Transcript of Morphology00000000...Morpheme types: infixes IN Movima (Isolate): aroso = rice kas aroso NEG rice...
Morphology
Class 3
Morpheme properties I:
position
FS 2015
Rik van Gijn
Morphemes I: position
Goal of this class
Learn about morphemes and their distribution
√ Decompose words into smaller units
√ Acquire the vocabulary to talk about these units
√ Classify them in terms of their positions
√ Learn about different types of morphological processes
√ Learn about the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Simplex and complex words
Words may consist of smaller meaningful units
Are the following words simple or complex?
word sentence
worker dinner
unbelievable believable
simplicity complex
Of how many smaller units do they consist?
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language with its own meaning
Morpheme
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
Highly idealized picture
We will discuss different kinds
of exceptions to this basic
pattern in later classes
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language with its own meaning
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
concrete abstract
concrete abstract
consistent variable
consistent variable
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language with its own meaning
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
concrete abstract
concrete abstract
consistent variable
consistent variable
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme
Today
We look at form, and mostly at concrete and consistent cases, but we
will also take a look at more abstract operations.
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
concrete abstract
consistent variable
concrete abstract
consistent variable
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
Three morphologically complex words
unbearable
lightness
being
1. Divide into morphemes
2. Are all morphemes of the same kind?
Why (not)?
Morphemes I: position
Smallest form-meaning units
un
bear
able
light
ness
be
ing
Morphemes are primitives of form-meaning combinations, they cannot be analyzed further in these terms
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
un- bear -able light -ness be -ing
support weight
possibility of
absence of
of little weight
the idea of
exist the act/ state of
What is the semantic core of every word? What is each word really about?
the act/ state of
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
un- bear -able light -ness be -ing
support weight
possibility of
absence of
of little weight
the idea of
exist
What is the semantic core of every word? What is each word really about?
WHAT?
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
un- bear -able light -ness be -ing
support weight
possibility of
absence of
of little weight
the idea of
exist in the act of
Morphemes I: position
Roots
Literally the root of the word, where the word ‘begins’ semantically
Another characteristic
prototypically associated with
roots is that they can stand
alone
Morphemes I: position
Which of these morphemes can stand alone?
un
bear
able
light
ness
be
ing
Morphemes I: position
Which of these morphemes can stand alone?
un
bear
able
light
ness
be
ing
Morphemes I: position
Which of these morphemes can stand alone?
un
bear
able
light
ness
be
ing
/ˈeɪbl/ attrib. Having the qualifications, power, or capacity for some activity. Obs
/əbl/ Forming adjectives denoting the capacity for or capability of being subjected to or (in some complex words) performing the action denoted or implied by the first element of the complex word.
www.oed.co.uk
Morphemes I: position
Which of these morphemes can stand alone?
un
bear
able
light
ness
be
ing
(Potentially) free morpheme A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word-form.
= root?
Morphemes I: position
However…
A few morphologically complex words
•grateful
•capable
Divide into morphemes
Morphemes I: position
Replacement tests
Replacement tests Can you replace morphemes with free root morphemes?
A few morphologically complex words
•grateful
•capable
Divide into morphemes
Morphemes I: position
Replacement tests
•grateful
Successful, colorful, mindful, etc.
Gratitude, gratuitous, etc.
•capable
Bearable, enjoyable, affordable etc.
Capacity,
Morphemes I: position
Affixes
Affix
A dependent form that cannot stand on its own and which cannot be
replaced systematically with a root morpheme.
Morphemes I: position
Roots and affixes
morphemes
Potentially free Obligatorily bound
Free roots Bound roots Affixes
Morphemes I: position
Roots and bases
unbearable
bear root
↓
bearable base
↓
unbearable
Morphemes I: position
Roots and bases
unbearable
bear root / base
↓
bearable base
↓
unbearable base
↓
unbearability
Morphemes I: position
Roots and bases
Root
The smallest unanalyzable constituent morpheme of a word to which
other morphological material can be added.
Roots may be potentially free morphemes, but not necessarily
Base
Word form to which morphological material is added.
One can thus say that roots are bases, but bases are not necessarily
roots. For instance, -bear- forms the base to which -able is added,
bearable forms the base to which un- is added, but only bear is a root.
Morphemes I: position
Exercises 1 - 3
Morphemes I: position
Types of affixes
Basic types of affixes are defined on the basis of their position with
respect to the base they attach to.
Prefix Affix that attaches to the left edge of a base. re-read
Suffix Affix that attaches to the right edge of a base. read-er
Morphemes I: position
Types of affixes
Basic types of affixes are defined on the basis of their position with
respect to the base they attach to.
German ge- … -en together marks the past participle
ge-lauf-en
ge-fahr-en
Circumfix: Discontinuous affix that attaches to both edges of a base.
Morphemes I: position
Types of affixes
Basic types of affixes are defined on the basis of their position with
respect to the base they attach to.
Hua
zgavo ‘embrace’ zga-‘a-vo ‘not embrace’
harupo ‘slip’ haru-‘a-po ‘not slip’
rvato ‘be nigh’ rva-‘a-to ‘not be nigh’
Haiman 1980, cited in Lieber (2009) Introducing morphology p. 77
Infix: affix that is inserted within a base, interrupting a morpheme
Morphemes I: position
Typological parameter: position
Typological parameter position, determined by the position of a marker
with respect to its base (Bickel & Nichols 2007).*
PRAE
POST
IN
SIMUL
* B&N go one step further in including some free forms as morphemes (or formatives in their
terminology) but this pertains particularly to inflection so we’ll postpone that discussion until later.
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: prefixes
PRAE
Yurakaré (Isolate)
ti-ja-n-kaya
1SG-3SG-BEN-give
He gave it to me.
Achinese (Austronesian)1
ji-pi-langũ
3-CAUS-swim
He makes (someone) swim.
1. From Bauer (2003: 27) Introducing linguistic morphology. Georgetown U. Press
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: suffixes
POST
Cochabamba Quechua (Quechuan)
yanapa-wa-rqa-nki
help-1OBJ-PAST-2SG
‘You helped me.’
Turkish (Altaic)
tan-ış-tır-ıl-ma-dık-lar-ın-dan-dır
know-REC-CAU-PAS-POT-NEG-NZR-3P-ABL-3COP
‘It’s because they cannot be introduced to
each other. (lit. it is from their not being able to be made known to each other
1. From Van de Kerke (1996) Affix order and interpretation in Bolivian Quechua
2. From Bickel & Nichols (2007: 191) Inflection. In Shopen (ed.) Language typology and synatactic
description, part III. Cambridge UP.
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: prefixes versus suffixes
Matthew S. Dryer. 2013. Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (http://wals.info/chapter/26, Accessed on 2014-02-28.)
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: circumfixes
SIMUL
Tagalog
Intsik ka-intsik-an
‘Chinese person’ ‘the Chinese’
pulo ka-pulu-an’
‘island’ ‘archipelago’
Cavineña (Takanan)
E-ra=mi e-bawitya-u
1SG-ERG=2SG POT-teach-POT
[i-keS bawe=kwana=ke].
1SG-FM know=PL=LIG
‘Icould teachyou what I know.’
1. Schachter and Otanes 1972: 101 in Lieber (2009) Introducing morphology (CUP).
2. Guillaume (2008) A grammar of Cavineña. Mouton de Gruyter.
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: infixes
IN
Movima (Isolate): aroso = rice
kas aro<ka>so
NEG rice<IRR>
‘There is no rice.’
Tagalog (Austronesian)
ganda gumanda
‘beauty’ ‘become beautiful’
hirap humirap
‘difficulty’ ‘become difficult’
1. From Haude (2006) A grammar of Movima. PhD thesis RU Nijmegen.
2. From Lieber (2009) Introducing morphology (CUP), cited from Schachter & Otanes 1972
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: transfixes
IN
Arabic (Semitic)
kataba 'he wrote'
kattaba 'he caused to write'
kaataba 'he corresponded'
takaatabuu 'they kept up a correspondence'
ktataba 'he wrote, copied'
kitaabun 'book (nom.)'
kuttaabun 'Koran school (nom.)'
kitaabatun 'act of writing (nom.)'
maktabun 'office (nom.)‘
McCarthy 1981: 374 in Linguistic Inquiry 12. Note that in thede data the author has abstracted away from phonological processes like the
epenthetic vowel before word-initial consonant clusters.
Root: ktb
Transfixes: vowels that
can alter the root pattern
Morphemes I: position
Exercises 4 and 5
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language with its own meaning
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
concrete abstract
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: vowel mutation
IN
German (Germanic)
Mutter - Mütter
Vater - Väter
Tochter - Töchter
Manchu (Tungusic)
haha ‘man’ hehe ‘woman’
ama ‘father’ eme ‘mother
amila ‘rooster’ emile ‘hen’
Haenisch 1961: 34 in Lieber (2009) Introducing morphology (CUP).
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: consonant mutation
IN
Scottish Gaelic
nom.sg.indef gen.pl.indef
[b…] bàrd [v…] bhàrd ‘bard’
[kj…] ceann [ç…] cheann ‘head’
[g…] guth [ɣ…] ghuth ‘voice’
[th…] tuagh [h…] thuagh ‘axe’
[b…] balach [v…] bhalach ‘boy’
Calder (1923: 81–93) cited in Haspelmath & Simms (2010) Understanding morphology. Hodder Education.
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types: consonant mutation
IN
Standard Arabic
darasa ‘learn’ darrasa ‘teach’,
waqafa ‘stop (intr.)’ waqqafa ‘stop (tr.)’,
damara ‘perish’ dammara ‘annihilate’)
Haspelmath & Simms (2010) Understanding morphology. Hodder Education.
Morphemes I: position
Morphemes, affixes, and morphological processes/operations
Are these last few examples (we will see more like those in two weeks)
still cases of affixation? Can they even be called morphemes?
Most people would not call things like vowel and consonant mutation
affixes, but rather use the more general term morphological process
or morphological operation.
There is more variation in whether people call these processes instances of
morphemes or not. Some hardliners say that the term ‘morpheme’ should be
reserved for strings of sounds that are attached to a particular meaning (like
affixes) and not for more abstract operations.
Others allow the term morpheme to be very abstract. We will talk about
morphemes in this latter sense.
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
SIMUL
German (Germanic, IE)
der Stab / die Stäbe
der Turm / die Türme
die Not / die Nöte
der Wald / die Wälder
das Haus / die Häuser
Morphemes I: position
Morpheme types
SIMUL
Belhare
khai-ŋa-ŋŋ-ha.
go-PERF-1SG-PERF
‘I’ve gone.’
So:
‘simul’ is not the same as circumfix
‘in’ is not the same as infix
Bickel & Nichols 2007
Simulfix: Discontinuous affix.
Morphemes I: position
Exercise 6
Morphemes I: position
Appendix: examples, morpheme breaks, and glossing
http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php
The Leipzig Glossing Rules (LGR)
(...) ten rules for the "syntax" and "semantics" of interlinear glosses, and an appendix with a proposed "lexicon" of abbreviated category labels.
Morphemes I: position
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Rule 1: Word-by-word alignment Interlinear glosses are left-aligned vertically, word by word, with the example. E.g. Indonesian (Sneddon 1996:237) Mereka di Jakarta sekarang. They in Jakarta now 'They are in Jakarta now.'
Morphemes I: position
Rule 2: Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondence Segmentable morphemes are separated by hyphens, both in the example and in the gloss. There must be exactly the same number of hyphens in the example and in the gloss. E.g. Lezgian (Haspelmath 1993:207) Gila abur-u-n ferma hamišaluǧ güǧüna amuq’-da-č. now they-OBL-GEN farm forever behind stay-FUT-NEG ‘Now their farm will not stay behind forever.’ Clitic boundaries are marked by an equals sign, both in the object language and in the gloss. West Greenlandic (Fortescue 1984:127) palasi=lu niuirtur=lu priest=and shopkeeper=and 'both the priest and the shopkeeper'
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 3: Grammatical category labels Grammatical morphemes are generally rendered by abbreviated grammatical category labels, printed in upper case letters (usually small capitals). A list of standard abbreviations (which are widely known among linguists) is given at the end of this document. (see website)
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 4: One-to-many correspondences When a single object-language element is rendered by several metalanguage elements (words or abbreviations), these are separated by periods. E.g. Turkish çık-mak come.out-INF 'to come out' Latin insul-arum island-GEN.PL 'of the islands'
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 5: Person and number labels Person and number are not separated by a period when they occur in this order. E.g. Italian and-iamo go-PRS.1PL (not: go-PRS.1.PL) 'we go'
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 6: Non-overt elements If the morpheme-by-morpheme gloss contains an element that does not correspond to an overt element in the example, it can be enclosed in square brackets. An obvious alternative is to include an overt "Ø" in the object language text, which is separated by a hyphen like an overt element. Latin puer or: puer-Ø boy[NOM.SG] boy-NOM.SG ‘boy’ ‘boy’
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 7: Inherent categories Inherent, non-overt categories such as gender may be indicated in the gloss, but a special boundary symbol, the round parenthesis, is used. E.g.Hunzib (van den Berg 1995:46) oz#-di-g xõxe m-uq'e-r boy-OBL-AD tree(G4) G4-bend-PRET 'Because of the boy the tree bent.' (G4 = 4th gender, AD = adessive, PRET = preterite)
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 8: Bipartite elements Grammatical or lexical elements that consist of two parts which are treated as distinct morphological entities (e.g. circumfixes) may be treated in two different ways: German ge-seh-en or: ge-seh-en PTCP-see-PTCP PTCP-see-CIRC 'seen‘ 'seen'
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 9: Infixes Infixes are enclosed by angle brackets, and so is the object-language counterpart in the gloss. Tagalog b<um>ili (stem: bili) <ACTFOC>buy 'buy' Latin reli<n>qu-ere (stem: reliqu-) leave<PRS>-INF 'to leave'
Infixes are generally easily identifiable as left-peripheral (as in the Tagalog example) or as right-peripheral (as in the Latin one), and this determines the position of the gloss corresponding to the infix with respect to the gloss of the stem. If the infix is not clearly peripheral, some other basis for linearizing the gloss has to be found.
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Rule 10: Reduplication Reduplication is treated similarly to affixation, but with a tilde (instead of an ordinary hyphen) connecting the copied element to the stem. Hebrew yerak~rak-im green~ATT-M.PL 'greenish ones' (ATT= attenuative)
Appendix: the Leipzig Glossing Rules
Morphemes I: position
Recapitulation
Learn about morphemes and their distribution
√ Decompose words into smaller units
√ Acquire the vocabulary to talk about these units
√ Classify them in terms of their positions
√ Learn about different types of morphological processes
√ Learn about the Leipzig Glossing Rules