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289

Index

ADB. See Asian Development BankAfghanistan: as failed state, 142–43,

144; US military operations in, 231Africa: civil wars in, 145; disenchant-

ment with Bretton Woods institu-tions, 94; failed states in, 142;HIPC eligible countries in, 139,141; and inclusive globalization,242; regional integration of,210–14; role in global governance,242; trade access for, 184

African Development Bank Group,213

African Growth and Opportunity Act,184

African Union (AU), 210, 212, 242After the Washington Consensus

(Williamson & Kuczynski, eds.),91

Agricultural trade, 165, 182, 183,185–86

AIDS, 18–19Allende, Salvador, 69American Servicemen’s Protection Act,

35

Ancient Greece, 5nAncient Rome, 5nAndean Community, 207Andean Trade Preference Act, 184Angkor, 5Annan, Kofi, 33, 43, 58Annecy Round (1949), 166Antiballistic missile treaty, 35APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooper-

ation), 204Apparel trade. See Textile and apparel

tradeArab Free Trade Agreement, 208–09Arab Fund for Economic and Social

Development, 209Arab League, 208Arab Monetary Fund, 209Arab region. See Middle EastArgentina: financial crisis of 2001 of,

130–31; support by Bretton Woodsinstitutions, 87

Armament sales tax proposal, 148Asch, Solomon, 107nASEAN (Association of Southeast

Asian Nations), 203–04

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290 Index

Ash, Timothy Garten, 223Asia: failed states in, 142; financial

crisis of (1997), 44, 110, 119, 203;HIPC eligible countries in, 139. Seealso specific countries and regions

Asian Development Bank (ADB), 203,204

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), 204

Association of Southeast AsianNations (ASEAN), 203–04

Atlantic Charter (1941), 53AU. See African UnionAustralia as part of East Asia, 204,

205

Bankruptcy Code, Chapter 11 (US),131n

Bello, Walden, 93A Better World Is Possible (Interna-

tional Forum on Globalization),157

Beveridge, William, 15Bhagwati, Jagdish, 17, 157, 172, 194Birdsall, Nancy, 91, 179Bismarck, Otto von, 14, 15Blair, Tony, 17, 57Blair House accord, 168Bogor goals, 204Bosnia, 56–57Bourdieu, Pierre, 163Bove, Jose, 154–55Brady, Nicholas, 75Brady Plan, 75–76, 139Bretton Woods Conference, 24, 25,

26, 38–39Bretton Woods institutions, 73–96;

advocates of abolishment of,91–92, 133; conditionality in pro-grams of, 93–94, 126, 129, 145,152; economic and social policiesof, 41; economic sphere of opera-tion, 28–29; emerging-marketeconomies’ need for help from,122–23; former Soviet states join-ing, 78; G-7-run image of, 85–87,

93, 95, 104; governance and legiti-macy of, 84–87; legitimacy issuesfor, 40, 80–90; membership expan-sion, 39; motives of, as focus ofdebates over, 87–90; nominationprocess for leaders of, 84, 103;reform of, 41–42, 95–96; relation-ship to UN, 26–27, 40, 51–52,100–01; resources committed to,80; role of, 73–80; US-run imageof, 84–85, 104; “Washington con-sensus” of, 90–96. See also specificinstitution (e.g., World Bank,International Monetary Fund) orinitiative (e.g., special drawingrights, Poverty Reduction StrategyPapers)

Brown, Gordon, 87, 228Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 20n, 230,

239–40Bush, George W.: election of (2000),

10; on environmental treaties, 36;on nuclear weapons treaties, 35

Butler Act (England, 1944), 15

Canada: tariff protection in, 183. Seealso North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA)

Canadian Committee for the 50thAnniversary of the United Nations(1994), 44

Cancún Round, 173, 191Canto-Sperber, Monique, 16nCapitalism vs. socialism, 12–13; syn-

thesis of, 16Carbon tax proposal, 148Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 17Caribbean Basin Initiative, 184Caribbean Community and Common

Market (CARICOM), 206–07CCL (contingent credit line),

123–25Charlton, Andrew, 190Chiang Mai facility for East Asian

financial assistance, 203Chile, 69, 122n

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Index 291

China: and Bretton Woods institu-tions, 39; economic growth in,205; progress in overcomingpoverty in, 138, 144; and proposedpermanent membership on SecurityCouncil, 66–67; role in global gov-ernance, 241; socioeconomic evo-lution of, 31; UN relations with,30; World Bank role of, 78. Seealso East Asia

Chirac, Jacques, 37, 57Christianity and superstate Euro-

peans, 219Churchill, Winston, 15, 53, 54CIS (Commonwealth of Independent

States), 214–15Civil wars, 32–34, 145The Clash of Civilizations and the

Remaking of World Order(Huntington), 200

Cline, William R., 179n, 181n, 190Clinton, Bill, 35, 36, 123Clubs, transnational, 47–49Cohen, Daniel, 20nCold War, 30, 56Collier, Paul, 137nCommission on Global Governance

(1995), 44, 96nCommission on Weak States and US

National Security report (2004),142, 232

Common market, defined, 201nCommon Market for Eastern and

Southern Africa (COMESA), 211Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 214–15Conable, Barber, 89–90Conditionality in Bretton Woods pro-

grams, 93–94, 126, 129, 145, 152Conservative economists, 12–13Constitutional patriotism, 220, 235Contingent credit line (CCL) used by

IMF, 123–25Copenhagen Criteria, 9Corporate globalization, 160–61Corporate profit taxes, 148

Cotton subsidies in US, 176Council on Foreign Relations Inde-

pendent Task Force (1996), 44Crisis management and sovereign debt

restructuring, 130–35. See alsoFinancial markets in crisis

Croatia, 56Cuba and OAS membership, 206Cuban missile crisis, 14Customs union, defined, 201nCzechoslovakia and Bretton Woods,

39

Dante Alighieri, 6da Silva, Luiz Inácio “Lula,” 17, 136“Debt event,” defined, 114Debt relief for poorest countries. See

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries(HIPC) initiative

Debt-to-GDP ratio, 113–21de la Torre, Augusto, 91Democracy, 45–47, 69, 242Dillon Round (1960–61), 166Disease as global danger, 18–19Diversity: in European population,

237; regional integration vs.,215–16; in US population, 235

Divine right of kings, 5–6Doha Round: on agriculture and ser-

vices, 168; bases and conditionsunderlying, 182, 184; controversysurrounding, 173; and cotton pro-ducers, 191; and human rights,195; simulations of effects of,185–87; winners and losers under,187–90

Dollar, David, 179–80Dumbarton Oaks meeting (1944), 54Dunkel, Arthur, 168

East Asia: disenchantment with IMF,94; regional integration of, 201,202–05

Eastern Europe: as part of EU, 239;sovereignist views in, 218

Economic community, defined, 201n

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292 Index

Economic Community of WestAfrican States, 212

The Economic Consequences of thePeace (Keynes), 24

Economic sanctions, reform approachto, 60

Economic union, defined, 201nECOSOC. See United Nations Eco-

nomic and Social CouncilEichengreen, Barry, 118–19, 132Elections, 7–8, 10–11Emergency Relief Act of 1932 (US),

15Emerging-market economies, 105–35;

and collective action clauses indebt contracts, 132; crisis manage-ment and sovereign debt restruc-turing, 130–35; debts and systemicfailure of current arrangements,113–21; EM index proposal for,119, 132; integration with poorestcountry programs, effect of, 150;“original sin” problem of notbeing able to borrow in one’s owncurrency, 118–19; overcoming debtburden, 121–25; private lendingvs. Bretton Woods institutions’lending for, 133; Stability andGrowth Facility for, 125–30,132–33, 134–35, 227; and tradeliberalization, 184; views on Bret-ton Woods institutions, 40, 81, 83

England. See United KingdomEnlightenment, 6, 7Environmental initiatives: agreement

on policies needed, 227; globaltaxation proposal, 147–48; andliberalization of trade policies,161–62, 189; ozone layer, 48; andtrade sanctions, 193; as UNESCobjectives, 51n; and US policy, 36

Equality, 45–47, 153Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 17Erhard, Ludwig, 15Ethier, Wilfred J., 201nEurasian Economic Community inte-

gration treaty, 215

Europe: declining population of, 236;disagreement at Bretton WoodsConference over internationaltrade proposal, 164; national poli-tics of, 236–39; regional integra-tion of, 201, 216–25; sovereignistviews on, 217–18, 221–22, 237;superstate European views on,218–19, 222–23, 237; 21st-centuryEuropean views on, 220–21, 223,238–39; and US relations, 238,239–40; views on Bretton Woodsinstitutions, 81. See also EuropeanUnion; specific countries

European Constitution: shortcomingsof, 224; sovereignist views on,221–22; summary of draft,269–72; superstate European viewson, 222; 21st century Europeanviews on, 223, 238–39

European Union: budgetary arrange-ments of, 224; Copenhagen Crite-ria, 9; excessive regulation of,224–25; and globalization, 225;integration success of, 201,216–25; liberalized trade policiesof, 184; nomination of president ofcommission, 224; “soft power” of,236; tariff protection in, 182, 183;Turkish views on, 83; and UNESCmembership, 224, 238; and UNSecurity Council representation,64–65, 72, 224, 237–38; andYugoslav conflict, 56. See alsoEuropean Constitution

Everything but Arms initiative, 184Evian Approach of Paris Club, 48Exchange rates, 74–75, 109–10,

116–17

Failed states, 32–34, 141–43; andglobalization, 144

Falk, Richard, 27, 58nFallon, Peter, 119Fascist states: as anti-Marxism, 13;

and elections, 8n; rise of, 10, 13Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, 110

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Index 293

“50 Years Is Enough” group, 92Financial markets in crisis, 44, 110–

12, 118, 120–21; in Argentina,130–31; in Asia, 44, 110, 119; and sovereign debt restructuring,130–35; in Turkey, 110–11, 120

Financial Stability Forum (FSF), 44Financial Times on sugar regime, 154,

155Fischer, Joschka, 220Fischer, Stanley, 111Fitoussi, Jean-Paul, 16nFormer Soviet states: change in

economies and lifestyles of, 159;joining Bretton Woods institutions,78. See also Commonwealth ofIndependent States (CIS)

France: election of 1936 in, 10; onIraq war, 37, 57; relations withGermany, 31–32; social insurancein, 15–16; sovereignist views in,221; superstate Europeans in, 219;World Bank role of, 78

Frank, Isaiah, 194Freedom House Index, in weighting

system for reform of SecurityCouncil, 70

Free trade area, defined, 201nFree Trade Area of the Americas

(FTAA), 206French Revolution, 6Fuel tax proposal, 148Fukuyama, Francis, 1, 11Funk, Walter, 25

Gallup International’s 2002 Voice ofPeople Survey on Bretton Woodsinstitutions, 82

GATT (General Agreement on Tradeand Tariffs): creation and purposeof, 164–68; signing of, 26, 40;terms of, 26. See also World TradeOrganization (WTO)

Geneva compromise, 173, 187–88Geneva Round (1947), 166Geneva Round (1956), 166Geneva Round (1998), 172

George, Lloyd, 15Germany: election of 2002 in, 10–11,

11n; outsourcing and immigrationissues for, 159; postwar economyof, 15; post-WWI economy, 25;relations with France, 31–32;Social Democrats vs. ChristianDemocrats, 10–11, 17; socialinsurance in, 14–15; superstateEuropeans in, 219; World Bankrole of, 78. See also Fascist states

Giddens, Anthony, 3Global context and socioeconomic

issues, 18–20Global Development Finance Report

of 2004 (World Bank), 114–15Global Economic Prospect 2002:

Making Trade Work for theWorld’s Poor (World Bank), 158

Global Exchange, 92Global networks, 47–49Global Poll Multinational Survey of

Opinion Leaders (2002) on WorldBank initiatives, 82

Global taxation proposal, 147–49Gore, Al, 10Gottschalk, Ricardo, 118Government expenditure as share of

GDP, 14Great Depression, 22, 25Greenspan, Alan, 106Griffith-Jones, Stephany, 110, 118, 147Group of Eight (G-8), 95Group of Seven (G-7), 41, 48, 76,

85–87, 95Group of Twenty (G-20), 48, 95–96Gulf War and defense of Kuwait, 56

Habermas, Jürgen, 220, 235Hammoudi, Amar, 179Hassan II (king of Morocco), 89–90Hausman, Ricardo, 118–19, 132Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

(HIPC) initiative, 76–77, 137,139–41; eligibility for, 139–40;inadequacy of, 146; stages of, 140

Heckscher-Ohlin model, 174, 180

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294 Index

Herd behavior, 106–07, 110HIPC. See Heavily Indebted Poor

Countries (HIPC) initiativeHoward, Michael, 217Human equality, 45–47, 153Human rights and trade sanctions,

195Huntington, Samuel, 200, 216

ICBL. See International Campaign toBan Landmines

ICC. See International Criminal CourtIDA. See International Development

AssociationIDB (Inter-American Development

Bank), 208IFF. See International Financial Facil-

ity (IFF) proposalILO. See International Labor Organi-

zationIMF. See International Monetary FundImmigration issues, 102, 159, 184, 237Income distribution issues associated

with international trade, 175Income taxation, 120In Defense of Globalization

(Bhagwati), 157Independent Working Group on the

Future of the UN System (1995), 44India: progress in overcoming poverty

in, 138, 144; and proposed perma-nent membership on SecurityCouncil, 66–67; role in global gov-ernance, 241; in South Asianregional integration, 206

Indonesia, 110Initiative for Policy Dialogue, 190Inter-American Development Bank

(IDB), 208Intergovernmental Authority for

Development, 212International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development, 25. See alsoWorld Bank

International Campaign to Ban Land-mines (ICBL), 35, 47–48, 230

International Clearing Union, 25

International Conference on Financingfor Development (Monterrey2002), 102, 138, 141, 144n

International Court of Justice, 55, 230International Criminal Court (ICC),

35, 57International Development Association

(IDA), 73, 74, 139, 149, 151, 152International Financial Facility (IFF)

proposal, 148, 149International Forum on Globalization,

157International Labor Organization

(ILO), 27, 29, 83, 101–02, 143,195–96

International Monetary Fund (IMF):advocates for abolishment of, 92;and Asian financial crisis (1997),203; Brady Plan, 75–76, 139; con-tingent credit line (CCL) used by,123–25; cooperation with WorldBank, 44; creation of, 25, 27;emerging-market economies’ needfor help from, 123–25; as globalregulator of financial markets, 112;governance structure of, 78–80;and legitimacy, 40, 80–84, 134;membership expansion, 39; neededreform of, 112–13; nomination ofmanaging director of, 84; poorestcountry programs, responsiblepositions for, 151; Poverty Reduc-tion and Growth Facility (PRGF)for poor countries, 129n, 149,151, 152; SDRs, 74–75, 128; sizeof, 80; Sovereign Debt Restructur-ing Mechanism (SDRM), 131–35;Stability and Growth Facility(SGF) for emerging-marketeconomies, 125–30, 132–33,134–35, 227; stand-by programsof, 129–30. See also BrettonWoods institutions; HeavilyIndebted Poor Countries (HIPC)initiative

International system: creation ofinternational institutions, 22–27;

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Index 295

economic sphere, 27–29, 38–42;political sphere, 27–38

International trade, 154–99; agendato achieve liberalization, 187–99;debate over, 155–64; and environ-mental standards, 193; Everythingbut Arms initiative, 184; and fac-tor-price equalization theorem,180; and human rights, 195; andincome distribution issues, 175;and infant industries, 178–79; inse-curities associated with liberaliza-tion of, 159–61; institutionalframework, 164–74; and intellec-tual property rights, 194; andlabor standards, 193–94; multi-country setting and, 181–87;national policy choices and,174–81; and poverty reduction,190–91; and primary commodityprices, 178; productivity growthand trade liberalization, 187; rapidchange due to, 190; and risk issues,175–76; and unemployment issues,176, 188; and welfare economics,177, 188. See also Doha Round;Regional integration; World TradeOrganization (WTO)

International Trade Centre (ITC), 169International Trade Organization

(ITO), 26, 164–65Iraq invasion of Kuwait, 56Iraq war: costs of, 18, 231; and legiti-

macy needed by UN resolution,50n; US allies’ animosity over, 239;US unilateral action in, 36–37, 44,230; US-UN relations over, 32,57–58

“Irrational exuberance,” 106Islamic Development Bank, 209ITC (International Trade Centre), 169ITO (International Trade Organiza-

tion), 26, 164–65

Jackson, Robert, 32Japan: and Asian financial crisis

(1997), 203; economic growth in,

204–05; liberalized trade policiesof, 184; and proposed permanentmembership on Security Council,66–67; tariff protection in, 182,183; views on Bretton Woods insti-tutions, 81–82; World Bank roleof, 78. See also East Asia

Jubilee 2000, 48

Kagan, Robert, 62n, 69, 235, 239,240

Kahler, Miles, 84nKaldor, Mary, 33–34Kauppi, Mark V., 5Kennedy, John F., 21, 234Kennedy, Paul, 58nKennedy Round (1964–67), 166Keohane, Robert O., 46Kerry, John, 191Keynes, John Maynard, 22, 24–25,

164Khalif’s power, 5Kindleberger, Charles, 106King, Martin Luther, Jr., 226Korea, 110Kosovo crisis, 57, 230Kraay, Aart, 179–80Krueger, Anne, 131Krugman, Paul, 18, 156Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 91Kuwait and Gulf War, 56Kuwait Fund, 209Kyoto Protocol, 36, 230

Labor standards. See Workers’ rightsLandmines, 35, 47–48, 230Lange, Oscar, 12Larosiere, Jacques de, 84nLatin America: disenchantment with

Bretton Woods institutions, 94;HIPC eligible countries in, 139;regional integration of, 201–02,206–08; role in global governance,241–42; trade access for, 184. Seealso specific countries

Leftist views, 11–12; current diver-gence with the Right, 16–17

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296 Index

Legitimacy: and Bretton Woods insti-tutions, 80–90; and global democ-racy, 45–47, 69, 242; history of,4–17; ideological foundations of,9–17; and IMF programs, 40,80–84, 134; need for in globalaction, 19–20, 37, 94, 241–42; ofproposed UNESC, 99–100, 103;and UN Security Council resolu-tions, 50

Lucas, Robert, 119

Maalouf, Amin, 160Marine Mammal Protection Act (US),

193Marrakesh agreement (1994), 168Marxism, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13MDGs. See Millennium Development

GoalsMeltzer, Alan, 92Meltzer Commission, 92Mercosur, 207Mexico: and Doha Round effects,

186; and tuna exports to US, 193.See also North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA)

MFN (most favored nation) rule, 165Micklethwait, John, 40Middle East: failed states in, 142;

HIPC eligible countries in, 139;and Pakistan, 206; regional inte-gration of, 202, 208–10; role inglobal governance, 241

Military actions, reform approach to,59–60

Military power as weighting factor invoting scheme, 46n

Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), 102–03, 138; fundsneeded for meeting, 141, 146, 148, 228

Monnet, Jean, 200, 221, 223Montbiot, George, 1Monterrey Conference on Develop-

ment. See International Conferenceon Financing for Development(Monterrey 2002)

Monterrey Consensus (2002), 138Montreal Protocol, 48Morocco in dealings with World

Bank, 89–90Most favored nation (MFN) rule, 165Mulford, David C., 75Multi Fiber Arrangement, 165. See

also Textile and apparel tradeMultinational corporations, views on,

160–61

NAFTA. See North American FreeTrade Agreement

Naím, Moises, 91National politics, 226–43; Europe,

236–39; U.S., 229–36National treatment rule, 165Nation-states: establishment of, 7; and

global democracy, 45–47, 69, 242NATO: and Kosovo crisis, 57; pre-

ferred over UN for collectiveaction, 69; renewing US-Europeanalliance through, 240, 241

New Partnership for Africa’s Develop-ment (NEPAD), 212

New Zealand as part of East Asia,204, 205

North American Free Trade Agree-ment (NAFTA), 202, 207–08

North Korea, 8n, 30Nye, Joseph S., 46

OAS (Organization of AmericanStates), 206

OAU (Organization of African Unity),212

Ocampo, Jose Antonio, 147OIC (Organization of the Islamic

Conference), 209–10One World (Singer), 193OPEC oil embargo, 167Organization for Security and Coop-

eration in Europe (OSCE), 9Organization of African Unity (OAU),

212Organization of American States

(OAS), 206

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Organization of the Islamic Confer-ence (OIC), 209–10

“Original sin” problem of not beingable to borrow in one’s own cur-rency, 118

Orthodox Christianity, 5Osaka Action Agenda, 204OSCE (Organization for Security and

Cooperation in Europe), 9Outsourcing issues, 159, 188, 191Oxfam, 157

Pakistan, 206Panizza, Ugo, 118–19, 132Paris Club, 48, 139, 140Patriotism, 220, 235Peacekeeping operations, 232, 233Peer review and participation proposed

for poorest countries, 151–52Pew Global Attitudes Project, 232nPharmaceutical industry and TRIPS

agreement, 194Philippines, 110Poland and Bretton Woods, 39Ponzi schemes, 108Poorest countries, 136–53; big push

needed to fight exclusion and statefailure in, 143–45, 227–28; GDPgrowth of, 137n, 138, 141n; andglobalization, 144; global resourcemobilization for, 146–49; integra-tion of emerging-market programswith poorest country programs,effect of, 150; past efforts, 138–41;peer review and participation pro-posed for, 151–52; Poverty Reduc-tion and Growth Facility (PRGF)for, 129n, 149, 151, 152; reform ofmanagement of programs for,149–53; and state failure, 141–43.See also Heavily Indebted PoorCountries (HIPC) initiative; Millen-nium Development Goals (MDGs)

Possessive individualism, 162–63Poverty Reduction and Growth Facil-

ity (PRGF) for poor countries,129n, 149, 151, 152

Poverty reduction and trade liberaliza-tion, 190–91

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers(PRSP), 41, 94, 137, 141; inade-quacy of, 146; management of,149

Preferential Trade Area for Easternand Southern Africa, 211

PRGF. See Poverty Reduction andGrowth Facility (PRGF) for poorcountries

Primary commodity prices, 178PRSP. See Poverty Reduction Strategy

Papers

Quasi-states, 32

Rasmussen Report (2003), 96nRealist view in international relations,

46Refugees, 102Regional integration, 200–25; Africa,

210–14; Arab countries, 208–10;Commonwealth of IndependentStates (CIS), 214–15; diversity andcooperation vs., 215–16; East Asia,201, 202–05; Europe, 201,216–25; Latin America, 206–08;and Security Council nonperma-nent membership for regional con-stituencies, 67–69; South Asia,206; types of, 201n

Regressive globalization, 33Reinicke, Wolfgang, 47Religion: Islam and regional unity,

209–10; and legitimacy of rulers,5; and superstate Europeans, 219,223

Rice, Condoleezza, 231Risk issues associated with interna-

tional trade, 175–76Rodrik, Dani, 41, 91, 179Rogoff, Kenneth, 133Romania and Bretton Woods, 39Roosevelt, Franklin D., 15, 53, 54Roubini, Nouriel, 105, 132Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5, 6

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Ruggie, John G., 16nRusset, Bruce, 58nRussia: bailout by Bretton Woods

institutions, 87; G-8 participationof, 95; and proposed permanentmembership on Security Council,66, 72; role in global governance,241; social-liberal synthesis evolu-tion of, 31; in UN Security Coun-cil, 57, 66; World Bank role of, 78,79. See also Commonwealth ofIndependent States (CIS); FormerSoviet states

SADC (Southern African Develop-ment Community), 211

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syn-drome), 18–19

Saudi Arabia: links to Pakistan, 206;World Bank role of, 78. See alsoMiddle East

Scandinavian countries and socialinsurance, 16

Schiff, Maurice, 211Schott, Jeffrey J., 171, 198Schwartzberg, Joseph E., 58nSDRM (Sovereign Debt Restructuring

Mechanism), 131–35SDRs. See Special drawing rightsSeattle Round (1999), 172Security Council. See United Nations

Security CouncilSecurity issues for US, 230–34. See

also TerrorismServices trade protection, 182,

183–84, 186–87Setser, Brad, 105, 132Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

(SARS), 18–19SGF. See Stability and Growth Facility

(SGF) for emerging-marketeconomies

Shiller, Robert, 106–07, 109Short-term financial transactions, pro-

posed tax on, 148Singapore issues, 172, 194–95

Singer, Peter, 193Slovenia, 56The Social Contract (Rousseau), 5, 6nSocial insurance, 14–15Social-liberal synthesis, 11–17, 234Social Security Act of 1935 (U.S.), 15Solana, Javier, 238Somalia, 33Soros, George, 128, 228South African Customs Union, 211–12South Asian regional integration, 206Southern African Development Com-

munity (SADC), 211Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mecha-

nism (SDRM), 131–35Sovereignist views on Europe,

217–18, 221–22, 237Soviet Union: and Afghanistan, 143;

and Africa, 210; at Bretton WoodsConference, 38–39; demise of, 31;elections in, 7n; in UN SecurityCouncil, 30. See also Former Sovietstates

Special drawing rights (SDRs), 74–75,128, 147, 149, 228

Special Program of Assistance forAfrica, 139

Spini, Valdo, 224nSRM (Sovereign Debt Restructuring

Mechanism), 131–35Stability and Growth Facility (SGF)

for emerging-market economies,125–30, 132–33, 134–35, 227

Stalin, Joseph, 54Steel sector, 175, 182Stiglitz, Joseph, 11, 36, 41, 116n, 190Stockholm Initiative on Global Secu-

rity and Governance (1991), 43Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, 35Strauss, Andrew, 58nSummers, Larry, 134nSuperstate Europeans, 218–19,

222–23, 237

Taiwan, 30, 31, 39, 110Talbott, Strobe, 230, 233

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Taliban regime, 143Tariffs. See GATT (General Agree-

ment on Trade and Tariffs); Inter-national trade

Task Force on Global Public Goods,50

Taxation: global taxation proposal,147–49; income taxation, 120; andliberalization of trade policies,160–61, 162

Terrorism, 33–34; and failed states,144; September 11, 2001, attacks,44; and weak states, 232

Textile and apparel trade, 165,182–83, 185, 191

Thailand: and Asian financial crisis,110; economic growth in, 205

Thiam, Tidjane, 45, 50The Third Way: The Renewal of

Social Democracy (Giddens), 3Timmer, Peter, 159nTobin tax on short-term financial

transactions, 148Tokyo Round (1973–79), 166Torquay Round (1951), 166Torture, treaty banning, 35Trade. See International tradeTransnational clubs, 47–49Transparency International corruption

index, 48Treaty of Versailles, 24Triffin dilemma, 74nTRIPS (trade-related intellectual prop-

erty rights) agreement, 194Truman, Harry, 165Tuna imports to US, 193Turkey: agricultural support policies

and dispute between IMF andWorld Bank, 88–89; economicpolicies in, 17; and EU accession,218; financial crisis of 2001,110–11, 120; in Stability andGrowth Facility (SGF) financingscenario, 126; views on BrettonWoods institutions, 83; views onEuropean Union, 83

Unemployment issues associated withinternational trade, 176, 188. Seealso Outsourcing issues

Unilateralism of U.S., 32, 34–38,229–34

United Arab Republic, 202United Kingdom: disagreement at

Bretton Woods Conference overinternational trade proposal, 164;proposal for International Finan-cial Facility (IFF), 148; socialinsurance in, 15; sovereignistviews in, 218, 221; World Bankrole of, 78

United Nations, 43–72; approval rat-ings of, 83; charter of, 22, 27,54–55; creation of, 22–23, 26;General Assembly, 24, 26, 55;membership, 54; objections tostrengthening role of, 69–70; pro-posals for reform at 50th anniver-sary, 43–44; reform of, 32, 43–45,50–53, 228; Resolution 678, 56;role in global governance, 242;role of, 49–53

United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD), 29,139, 169

United Nations Economic and SocialCouncil (ECOSOC), 26, 27, 40;reform of, 50–53. See also UnitedNations Economic and SocialSecurity Council (UNESC,proposed)

United Nations Economic and SocialSecurity Council (UNESC, pro-posed), 96–104; creation as newentity, 53, 96; legitimacy and func-tioning level of, 97–100, 103–04;location proposed, 99; membershipand structure proposed for, 98–99,224; poorest countries, programsproposed for, 149–53; and tradeissues, 195–99; voting weights ofproposed Council, 52, 96–97, 100,197, 228–29, 263–68

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United Nations Educational, Scien-tific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 27, 29, 83

United Nations High Commission forRefugees (UNHCR), 102

United Nations Security Council: cre-ation and role of, 23–24, 53–58;membership and structure of pre-sent Council, 55; political sphere ofoperation, 28; proposed nonper-manent members, 67–69; proposedpermanent members, 64–67;reform of, 50–53, 58–72, 227,230–31; transition phase of reformof, 70–72, 257–62; veto power, 54,57–58; voting weights of proposedCouncil, 52, 59–64, 69–70,228–29, 245–62

United States: acceptance of beingoverruled by international super-majority, 234–35; and Asian finan-cial crisis (1997), 203; cotton sub-sidies in, 176; economic situationas constraint on unilateral actions,231–32; and European relations,238, 239–40; and globalization,235–36; international opinion of,232; ITO opposition in, 165; liber-alized trade policies of, 184;national politics of, 229–36; andproposed permanent membershipon Security Council, 66; return onresults needed for, 233, 234; secu-rity issues for, 230–34; social insur-ance in, 15; tariff protection in,182, 183; tuna embargo by, 193;unilateralism of, 32, 34–38,229–34; in UN Security Council,30, 57; views on Bretton Woodsinstitutions, 82; World Bank roleof, 78. See also Bush, George W.;North American Free Trade Agree-ment (NAFTA)

UN Protection Force for Yugoslav(UNPROFOR), 56–57

Uruguay Round, 165, 167–68, 182,183, 194

US Commission on Improving theEffectiveness of the United Nations(1993), 43–44

Utstein Group, 87n

Vichy Regime, 10nVietnam and Bretton Woods, 39Viotti, Paul R., 5Voice of People Survey (2002) on

Bretton Woods institutions, 82von Hayek, Frederick A., 16nvon Mises, Ludwig, 16n

“Washington consensus,” 90–96Watal, Jayashree, 198Welfare economics and international

trade, 177, 188West African Economic and Monetary

Union, 211–12White, Harry Dexter, 24, 38WHO. See World Health OrganizationWilliamson, John, 90Winters, L. Alan, 211Wolf, Martin, 143, 179nWolfensohn, James, 41Wooldridge, Adrian, 40Workers’ rights, 102, 161, 172, 189,

193–94World Bank: and Asian financial crisis

(1997), 203; Brady Plan, 75–76,139; cooperation with IMF, 44;creation of, 25, 27; debt reliefefforts of, 140; Global Develop-ment Finance Report of 2004,114–15; Global Poll MultinationalSurvey of Opinion Leaders (2002)on initiatives of, 82; governancestructure of, 78–79; and legitimacy,80–84; membership expansion, 39;nomination of president of, 84;protrade policies of, 158; size of,80. See also Bretton Woods institu-tions; International Development

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Association (IDA); specific initia-tives and programs (e.g., HeavilyIndebted Poor Countries, PovertyReduction Strategy Papers)

World Commission on the SocialDimension of GlobalizationReport, 143

World Economic Conference (1931),25

World Economic Outlook on publicdebt in emerging economies,113–14, 121, 123, 134

World Health Organization (WHO),29, 83, 196

World Social Forum (Porto Alegre,2003), 19

World Trade Organization (WTO),164–66; accession negotiations of,171–72; creation of, 26, 40, 164,

168; criticisms of, 156–57, 171;meetings of, 170; membership of,40, 169; organization of, 168–74;reform of, 197–99; rounds,172–74

World War I, 21World War II, 21, 53–54WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yalta Conference (1945), 54Yugoslavia: and Bretton Woods, 39;

conflict in, 56–57

Zahler, Roberto, 121nZartman, William, 33Zedillo, Ernesto, 45, 50, 102, 138,

144n, 154Zedillo Report (2002), 102, 138,

144n, 146

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