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WiMAX Overview
ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
WiMAX Standard Evolution Based on WMAN developed by 802.16 group
Line-of Sight (LOS)
Point-to-Multipoint
10 – 66 GHz band
Single carrier PHY layer
TDM MAC layer
802.16
(Dec 2001)
802.16a
(Jan 2003)
Non-LOS application 2 – 11 GHz band
support OFDM based PHY layer Support for OFDMA in
MAC layer
IEEE 802.16-2004
(Jun 2004)
IEEE 802.16e-2005
(Dec 2005)
Fixed application
Fixed WiMAX
Nomadic and mobile application
Mobile WiMAX
WiMAX ApplicationsFixed
802.16-2004 (OFDM)
Nomadic/Portable802.16-2004 (OFDM) &
early 802.16e (SOFDMA)
Mobile802.16-2005 (SOFDMA)
Fixed Outdoor
Backhaul
NomadicHotZone
Portable Indoor
MobileCellular
Deployments
Wi-Fi* Hotspot
EnterpriseCampus Networks
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
PTP and PMP networking Outdoor antenna deployments Data and voice service 802.16-2004 OFDM mode Fixed mode No handoffs
Outdoor and indoor coverage PCMCIA cards 802.16-2004 OFDM mode BBM handoffs for portable model Supporting sleep mode
Cellular deployments, high frequency reuse, and backend infrastructure enabling mobile services
Indoor usage model with advanced antenna options
802.16-2005 SOFDMA mode Embedded clients for PCs and
handhelds MBB advanced handoffs Data, Audio, Voice, Video
802.16 Basic Data
802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005
Status Completed December 2001 Completed June 2004 Completed December 2005
Frequency band 10GHz–66GHz 2GHz–11GHz 2GHz–11GHz for fixed; 2GHz–6GHz for mobile
applications
Application Fixed LOS Fixed NLOS Fixed and mobile NLOS
MAC architec-ture Point-to-multipoint, mesh Point-to-multipoint, mesh Point-to-multipoint, mesh
Transmission scheme Single carrier only Single carrier, 256 OFDM or 2,048 OFDM Single carrier, 256 OFDM or scalable OFDM
with 128, 512, 1,024, or 2,048 subcarriers
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Gross data rate 32Mbps–134.4Mbps 1Mbps–75Mbps 1Mbps–75Mbps
Multiplexing Burst TDM/TDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/ OFDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/ OFDMA
Duplexing TDD and FDD TDD and FDD TDD and FDD
Channel band-widths 20MHz, 25MHz, 28MHz 1.75MHz, 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 14MHz, 1.25MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 8.75MHz 1.75MHz, 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 14MHz, 1.25MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 8.75MHz
WiMAX implementation None 256 - OFDM as Fixed WiMAX Scalable OFDMA as Mobile WiMAX
IEEE 802.16 Active Standards
Air Interface 802.16-2004 – Fixed WiMAX 802.16e-2005 – Mobile WiMAX
Maintenance 802.16-2004/Cor1-2005 – Corrigendum to IEEE 802.16,
published along with IEEE 802.16e-2005 Network Management
802.16f-2005 – Management Information Base 802.16g-2007 – Management Plane Procedures and
Services Conformance
802.16/Conformance03-2004 – Radio Conformance Tests (RCT) for 10-66 GHz
802.16/Conformance04 – Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) for Frequencies below 11 GHz.
Future Development – 802.16m
Also referred to as WiMAX II Proposed for IMT-Advanced as 4G standard. Peak data rates up to 100 Mbits/s for mobile, and 1 Gbits/s for
fixed/nomadic bandwidth. 1st version is expected to come out by the end of 2009. Backwards compatible to mobile WiMAX.
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth
Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
WiMAX Forum
Founded in April, 2001 Aims to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability Made up of 15 board members and 472 member companies Contributes to foster a thriving ecosystem
Board Member of WiMAX Structure of WiMAX Members
OperatorsSilicon/
Semiconductor Companies
Government/ Regulatory Agencies
Standards Bodies
CPE/ Embedded Solutions
System Vendors
Ecosystem and Partnerships
Working Groups
Applications Working Group (AWG)
Certification Working Group (CWG)
Global Roaming Working Group (GRWG)
Marketing Working Group (MWG)
Network Working Group (NWG)
Regulatory Working Group (RWG)
Service Provider Working Group (SPWG)
Technical Working Group (TWG)
Network & Air Interface Requirements
Worldwide Spectrum Policy
Real World Showcase & Simulation Modeling
Certification Testing & Plug-fests
Air Interface System Profiles & Test Scripts
Marketing Communications &
Membership
End-to-End Network Specifications
Assure & Accelerate Global Roaming
President
Working Groups
AWG – defines application over WiMAX that are necessary to meet core competitive offerings, and that are uniquely enhanced by WiMAX.
CWG – handles operational aspects of the WiMAX Forum Certified Program.
GRWG – assures availability of roaming service for WiMAX networks.
MWG – promote WiMAX forum, its brand and standards.
NWG – creates higher level networking specifications for fixed, portable, nomadic, and mobile WiMAX systems beyond what is defined in the scope of 802.16.
RWG – influences worldwide regulatory agencies to promote WiMAX friendly, globally harmonized spectrum allocation.
SPWG – provides coordinated input from service providers to the other working groups. It is the single source for coordinated recommendations and requirements that drives the network and air interface specification for WiMAX.
TWG – develop technical product specifications and certification test suites complementary to the IEEE 802.16, for the purpose of interoperability and certification of MS, SS and BS conforming to 802.16.
WiMAX Profiles
System profiles and Certification profiles are defined by WiMAX forum to reduce the scope of the standard. A smaller set of design choices for implementation is defined for practical reasons of interoperability.
A system profile defines the subset of mandatory and optional PHY- and MAC-layer features selected by the WiMAX Forum from the IEEE 802.16-2004 or IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard.
Fixed System Profile – OFDM PHY based on IEEE 802.16-2004
Mobility System Profile – OFDMA PHY based on IEEE 802.16e-2005 scalable
A certification profile is defined as a particular instantiation of a system profile where the operating frequency, channel bandwidth, and duplexing mode are also specified.
WiMAX equipment are certified for interoperability against a particular certification profile.
Certification Testing Certification testing are
performed in multiple releases and waves. Multiple releases are necessary to test products as they evolve over time with new features/specifications.
New releases new test for new features as well as previously tested features, in different waves of testing.
Release 1 - Wave 1 & Wave 2Wave 1 Wave 2
Physical CINR using Preamble o oPhysical CINR using Pilots o oEffective CINR using Pilots oRSSI Measurements o oDL QPSK o oDL 16-QAM o oDL 64-QAM o oUL QPSK o oUL 16-QAM o oNormal MAP o oCompressed MAP o oSub UL/DL MAP o o2nd Order Matrix A/B oCollaborative Spatial Multiplexing oFast Feedback on DL oMode Selection Feedback w/ 6-bits oMIMO UL-DL Chase oPUSC w/ Dedicated Pilots oAMC 2x3 w/ Dedicated Pilots oUL Sounding 1 (Type A) oUL Sounding 2 oCINR Measurement (Group Indication) oMIMO Permutation Feedback Cycle o
CINR Measurement
Release 1 PHY Profile
Modulation
MAP Support
MIMO(IO MIMO for BS)
AAS/BF(IO BF for BS)
Wave 1 Wave 2PUSC o oPUSC w/ All Subchannels o oFUSC o oAMC 2x3 oPUSC o oAMC 2x3 oInitial Ranging o oHandoff Ranging o oPeriodic Ranging o oBandwidth Request o o
Fast Feedback 6-bit o oRepetition o oRandomization o oConvolutional Coding (CC) o oConvolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) o oInterleaving o o
H-ARQ Chase Combining o oBS Time/Freq Synchronization N/A N/ABS-BS Freq Synchronization N/A N/AMSS Synchronization o oClosed-loop Power Control o oOpen-loop Power Control o o
Channel Coding
Synchronization
Power Control
Release 1 PHY Profile
DL Subcarrier Allocation
UL Subcarrier Allocation
Ranging andBandwidth Request
Certification Testing – Key Components Conformance testing
verify whether a vendor’s implementation of the standard is compliant to a set of 802.16-2004/HyperMAN specifications selected by the WiMAX Forum.
Interoperability testing verify whether a vendor’s subscriber unit is able to establish
a link and communicate with two other vendor’s base stations,
verify whether a vendor’s base station is able to establish a link and communicate with two other vendor’s subscriber units.
Radio Conformance Testing (RCT)
Protocol Conformance Testing (PCT)
Interoperability Testing (IOT) or
Mobile Interoperability Testing (MIOT)
Current testing Current testing modulesmodules
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
Industry Status
To date, more than 62 companies are developing WiMAX chipsets and end user devices, and 37 companies developing infrastructure equipment.
Their products are used in WiMAX deployments by 407 operators in 133 countries as of September 2008.
Subscriber Penetration
WiMAX Users by Region 2007-2012
WiMAX User Penetration by Region 2007 & 2012
Operators and Countries
WiMAX Operators & Countries 2007-2012
Average WiMAX Users by Operator & Country 2007-2012
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
WiMAX Spectrum
Canada
2.5, 3.5 GHz
USA
2.3, 2.5, 3.7 GHz
Central &South America
2.5, 3.5GHz
Europe
2.5 & 3.5GHz
Middle East &Africa
2.5, 3.5 GHz
Russia2.5 & 3.5 GHz
China
3.5 GHz
SE Asia
2.5, 3.3 GHz
Korea &Asia Pacific
2.3 2.5, 3.3, 3.5 GHz
Global Spectrum Use
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
WiMAX Main Features
OFDM-based physical layer Very high peak data rates Scalable bandwidth and data
rate support Adaptive modulation and coding Link layer retransmission Support for TDD and FDD Orthogonal Division Multiple
Access
Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation
Support for advance antenna techniques
Quality of Service support
Robust Security Support for Mobility IP-based architecture
CDMA EV-DO, HSPA Vs WiMAXAttribute 1xEV DO RevA HSDPA/HSUPA Mobile WiMAX
Base Standard CDMA2000/IS-95 WCDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005
Duplex Method FDD FDD TDD
Downlink TDM CDM-TDMUplink Multiple
AccessCDMA CDMA OFDMA
Modulation DL QPSK/8PSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Modulation UL BPSK,QPSK/8PSK BPSK/QPSK QPSK/16QAM
Coding Turbo CC,Turbo CC, Turbo
DL Peak Over theAir Data Rate
3.1Mbps 14Mbps46 Mbps, DL/UL=332 Mbps, DL/UL=1
(10 MHz BW)
UL Peak Over theAir Data Rate
1.8Mbps 5.8Mbps7 Mbps, DL/UL=14 Mbps, DL/UL=3
(10 MHz BW)
HARQFast 4-ChannelSynchronous IR
Fast 6-ChannelAsynchronous CC
Multi-ChannelAsynchronous CC
SchedulingFast Scheduling in
the DLFast Scheduling in
the DLFast Scheduling in the
DL and UL
Handoff Virtual Soft handoffNetwork Initiated
Hard HansoffNetwork Optimized
Hard Handoff
Tx Diversity andMIMO
Simple Open LoopDiversity
Simple Open &Closed Loop
DiversitySTBC, SM
Beamforming No Yes Yes
Performance Comparison
Higher Throughput and Efficiency
WiMAX and Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (Include 802.11n) is more suitable for the fixed, small coverage usage
WiMAX is one of carrier-level technique, suitable for operator to deploy large scale mobile network
802.11a/b/g 802.11n 802.16eFrequency 2.4G, 5G 2.4G, 5G 2.3G, 2.5G, 3.3G, 3.5G
Mobility Fixed Fixed Fixed, Nomadic, MobileChannel Bandwidth 20M 20M 5M/10M/20M
Coverage 10-30m 30-300m 300m-10km, Cellular ApplicationMaximum Throughput 54Mbps 108Mbps 70Mpbs
Access Method DSSS, FHSS,OFDM DSSS, FHSS,OFDM OFDMAAdvanced Antenna None MIMO STC, MIMO
Frequency Efficiency Low High HighComplexity Low Low High
Qos None None 5 QosStandard finished Draft 3.0 Stage finished in 2006.02
LTE, UMB 16e and 16m
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum Allocation• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
WiMAX Network Reference Model
ASN CSN Services
Network Elements
Mobile Station (MS) or Subscriber Station (SS) refers to the user equipment and/or software needed for communication with the WiMAX network.
The Base Station (BS) is defined as representing one sector with one frequency assignment implementing the IEEE 802.16e interface to the MS. UL and DL scheduling Traffic classification and Service Flow Management
(SFM) Tunneling and message relay function between BS
and AGW Reception and encryption key to MS Provide terminal activity (active, idle) status
Network Elements
Access Service Network Gateway (AGW) performs management of BS and interconnects BS to the CSN Provide ASN location management and paging Server for network session and mobility management Acts as an authenticator and performs Service Flow
Authorization (SFA). Performs routing (IPv4/IPv6) to selected CSNs.
CSN stands for Communication Service Network IP address allocation to MS for user sessions. Policy and QoS management Subscriber billing and inter-operator settlement. Inter-CSN tunneling for roaming. Inter-ASN mobility management.
Reference Point
Reference Points are conceptual links that connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the ASN, CSN, or MS – which aims to ensure multi-vendor interoperability.
R1 – implement the air interface specifications between MS and ASN.
R2 – logical interface between MS and CSN. Used for authentication, authorization, IP configuration management and mobility management.
R3 – provide tunneling and transfer of IP data between ASN and CSN.
R4 – standard interface to enable MS mobility between different ASN.
R5 – provide a set of protocols for interworking between home and visited CSN.
R6 – provide a set of protocol for communication between BS and ASN-GW.
R7 – optional set of control protocols for coordination between ASN-GW
R8 – enable message flows between BS to ensure fast and seamless handover.
Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution• WiMAX Forum• Industry Status and Growth Forecast• WiMAX Spectrum• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture• Network Profiles
Network Profiles Profile B has both BS and AGW in an integrated unit. Profile B has some
limitations in paging, handover and mobility. Profile A and Profile C has similar construction with some exceptions:
Profile A handover function and radio resource controller is found in the AGW
Profile C handover function and radio resource controller is found in the BS
Profile A has been canceled in Madrid conference. Profile C employs the open R6 interface making it suitable for large
deployment.
ZTE Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture
ASN Profile C Cellular
deployments Seamless coverage Full QoS support Support fixed,
nomadic, portable, simple mobility and full mobility