>>0 >>1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS.

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PSYCHOLOGY:

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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"Normal" or "Abnormal"? It is often a judgment call and can depend on

culture.

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What is a psychological disorder:

• Several criteria exist for defining a psychological disorder

• Violation of cultural standards behavior • Exhibition of behavior harmful to self or others • Experiencing distress

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Several views of Psychological Disorders Exist

• Medical Model – disease view• Learning/Behavioral model – reinforcements• Psychodynamic model – unconscious conflicts

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Insanity

is not a diagnostic label that psychologists use. Rather, it is a legal term that refers to the inability to take responsibility for one’s actions. The law does not consider most people with psychological disorders to be insane. People can use an insanity defense only if they were unable to distinguish right from wrong at the time they committed a crime.

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Facts: (Information provided via the National Institute of Mental Health updated 2/17/2006)

26.2% of Americans (18 & older) or one in four adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year

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• Main burden (serious mental illness) is 6% of Americans or one in seventeen adults

• Severe mental illness is usually characterized by three symptoms

• Hallucinations• Delusions• Affect (emotion) issues

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Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44

In the U.S., mental disorders are diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV)

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DSM-IV CATEGORY PRIMARY SYMPTOMS

Anxiety Disorders

• Panic Disorder• Agoraphobia• Specific phobias• Obsessive-Compulsive disorder• PTSD

Fears, panic attacks, anxiety

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Anxiety Disorders:

• A chronic, high level of anxiety may be a sign of an anxiety disorder • 40 million American adults (18 & older) or 18.1% have an anxiety disorder in a given year • Most people with one anxiety disorder also have another anxiety disorder• The personality trait of neuroticism is associated with a higher likelihood of having an anxiety disorder

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Anxiety Disorders:

• Panic Disorder:• A person cannot relax and is plagued by frequent and overwhelming attacks of anxiety• 6 million, or 2.7% of American adults per year• Panic disorder typically develops in early adulthood (median age of onset is 24)• Attacks usually only last minutes

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Anxiety Disorders:

• Agoraphobia involves intense fear and anxiety of any place or situation where escape might be difficult, leading to avoidance of situations such as being alone outside of the home; traveling in a car, bus, or airplane; or being in a crowded area • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• A condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors

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Anxiety Disorders:

• Post–traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A person with this disorder persistently re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma

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Affective (Mood) Disorders

• Depressive disorders• Bipolar disorder

Excitement or depression

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Affective (Mood) Disorders:

• Characterized by marked disturbances in emotional state, which affect thinking, physical symptoms, social relationships, and behavior• Includes major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder• 20.9 million American Adults or 9.5% suffer from a mood disorder in a given year• More prevalent in women

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• Major Depressive Disorder• The "common cold" of psychological problems because nearly everyone has suffered it at some time• constant sadness or irritability• loss of interest in almost all activities• low energy• could include recurrent thoughts about suicide

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• Bipolar Disorder• Alternating periods of mania (excessive elation or manic excitement) and the profound sadness of depression represent the two “poles”• High incidence among highly creative people. Ex. Vincent Van Gogh

• Can be genetic

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Somatoform Disorders

• Conversion Disorder• Hypochondriasis

Physical symptoms or overconcern with physical health

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Somatoform Disorders: • Characterized by real physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, the effects of a drug, or another mental disorder• Conversion Disorder

• Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation – with no discernable physical cause• A conflict or other stressor precedes the onset of these symptoms• Ex. After being sexually assaulted, a young girl loses the ability to speak. Her inability to speak has no medical explanation

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Somatoform Disorders: • Hypochondriasis

• Excessive concern about health and disease• People with hypochondriasis, however, are not delusional—they can acknowledge that their worries might be excessive.

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative fugue• Depersonalization disorder• Dissociative identity disorder

Nonpsychotic fragmentation of the personality – a sense that some parts of the personality have detached

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Dissociative Disorders:

• Dissociative disorders are characterized by disturbances in consciousness, memory, identity, and perception. • Include amnesia (loss of memory or personal information) and dissociative fugue (amnesia with addition of "flight" from home)

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• Dissociative Identity Disorder:• Formerly called multiple personality disorder• Individual displays multiple identities, or personalities• Despite perception (Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde), rarely pose danger to others

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• Dissociative Identity Disorder:• occurrence of two or more personalities within the same individual, each of which during some time in the person's life is able to take control.• must be combined with extensive areas of memory loss that cannot be explained• symptoms must not be better explained by substance use or another medical condition• Existence is highly debated

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Eating Disorders

•Anorexia nervosa•Bulimia

Extreme dieting or binging and purging

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Eating Disorders:

• Females are much more likely than males to develop an eating disorder• In their lifetime, an estimated 0.5 percent to 3.7 percent of females suffer from anorexia, and an estimated 1.1 percent to 4.2 percent suffer from bulimia• Eating disorders are often associated with other mental disorders (ex. Depression)

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Eating Disorders:

• Anorexia, or persistent lack of appetite, can develop because of physical problems. Anorexia Nervosa develops when lack of appetite is caused by emotional or psychological problems.

• Victims of Anorexia Nervosa hold a distorted body image

•Bulimia•Eating binges followed by “purges”

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Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders

• Disorganized schizophrenia• Catatonic schizophrenia• Paranoid schizophrenia• Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Psychotic deterioration of the personality or paranoid disturbances of logic and reasoning

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Schizophrenic Disorders: • Schizophrenia means “split or broken mind”• The disorder breaks the unity of the mind, sending its victims on meaningless mental detours• Approximately 2.4 million American adults, or about 1.1 percent of the population age 18 and older in a given year, have schizophrenia

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Personality Disorders

• Narcissistic personality disorder• Antisocial personality disorder

Chronic disorders affecting all parts of the personality

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Personality Disorders:

• Involves a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control•Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others • Men are four times more likely to develop it than women• Jeffrey Dahmer

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Personality Disorders:

• Narcissistic personality disorder: characterized by an exaggerated sense of importance, a strong desire to be admired, and a lack of empathy• Borderline personality disorder: characterized by impulsive behavior and unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image

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Adjustment Disorders and other Conditions That May Be A Focus of Clinical Attention

The patient has problems but not a major mental disorder

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Mental Disorders and Suicide

• In 2004, 32,439 (approximately 10.9 per 100,000) people died by suicide in the U.S• More than 90 percent of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder, most commonly a depressive disorder or a substance abuse disorder• Four times as many men as women die by suicide; however, women attempt suicide two to three times as often as men • 11th leading cause of death in U.S. in 2004

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Labeling and the Consequences

• Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize people and ignore the social and cultural contexts, which their problems arise.

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PSYCHOLOGY:

THEROPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS

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Correcting Misconceptions:

• Most therapists don't use a couch• People seek therapy for a variety of issues that may not be a mental disorder• Many forms of therapy involve more than talk and interpretation

Depending on the severity of the mental disorder, therapy can take on different forms. There is one constant: Therapy takes a variety of forms, but the common element is a relationship focused on altering behavior or mental processes.

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Types of Mental Health Workers:

What is the difference, and who should you see for help

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Types of Mental health Care Professionals:

PROFESSIONAL TITLE

SPECIALITY AND COMMON WORK SETTINGS

CREDENTIALS AND QUALIFICATIONS

Counseling psychologist Provides help in dealing with the common problems of normal living, such as relationship problems, childrearing, occupational choice, and school problems. Typically work in schools, clinics, or other institutions

master's in counseling, PhD, EdD, or PsyD

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Clinical psychologist Trained primarily to work with those who have more severe disorders. Usually in private practice or employed by mental health agencies or by hospitals. Not licensed to prescribe drugs.

PhD or PsyD

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Psychiatrist A specialty of medicine: deals with severe mental problems - most often by means of drug therapies. May be in private practice or employed by clinics or mental hospitals.

MD

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Psychoanalyst Practitioners of Freudian therapy, Usually in private practice

MD - In the U.S. they are usually Psychiatrists who have taken additional training in psychoanalysis

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Psychiatric nurse practitioner

a nursing specialty, licensed to prescribe drugs for mental disorders. May work in private practice, clinics, or hospitals

RN - plus specialty training in mental disorders and prescribing drugs

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Clinical social worker Social workers with a specialty in dealing with mental disorders

MSW (Master of Social Work)

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PROFESSIONAL TITLE



Pastoral counselor A member of a religious order or ministry who specializes in treatment of psychological disorders.

varies

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Psychotherapy

• The treatment of psychological problems through confidential verbal communications with a mental health professional • The approach a psychotherapist uses depends on his or her theoretical orientation. • Types of approaches include psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral.

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Psychodynamic Approaches :

• All of the many psychodynamic therapies derive from the treatment called psychoanalysis • Psychoanalytic treatment focuses on uncovering unconscious motives, conflicts, and defenses that relate to childhood experiences

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Psychodynamic Approaches :

• Some techniques commonly used in psychoanalysis

• Free association: Psychoanalysts encourage clients to say anything that comes to mind.

• Reveal the client’s unconscious to the psychoanalyst.

• Dream analysis: Dreams also reveal the subconscious. Clients describe their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets the hidden meaning

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Cognitive Approaches :

• Cognitive therapies aim to identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns that can result in negative emotions and dysfunctional behavior• Cognitive therapists try to change their clients’ ways of thinking

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Behavioral Approaches :

• Behavior therapies use learning principles to modify maladaptive behaviors

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The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

• Two previously warring camps combined to form a new understanding of mental disorders. Cognitive psychology looks inwards, emphasizing mental processes, while behaviorism looks outward, emphasizing the influence of the environment.• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has become one of the most prominently used methods of treatment

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Humanistic Approaches :

• Try to help people accept themselves and free themselves from unnecessary limitations • Humanistic therapists tend to focus on the present situation of clients rather than their past

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OTHER TYPES OF THERAPY :

• Group Therapies - Group members discuss their problems and experiences with one another and consider different ways of coping. They provide each other with acceptance, support, and honest feedback • Family Therapy• Biomedical Therapies - aims to treat psychological disorders with medications

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