schmidt.PPT - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../schmidt.pdf · Marco Schmidt Technische...
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10/23/2009 1 Rainwater Harvesting for Mitigating Local and Global Warming Marco Schmidt Technische Universität Berlin Working Group Watergy Chair Building Technology and Design Urban Research Symposium Marseille, France 28.-30. June 2009 Urban Climate • reduced evapotranspiration • increased thermal radiation • increased heat urban heat island“ • increased heat, „urban heat island Naturalistic Landscape: • 80% evapotranspiration, 20% groundwater recharge and runoff • 86% of „consumed“ net radiation (Prec. Berlin: 680 mm, PET 760 mm)
Transcript of schmidt.PPT - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../schmidt.pdf · Marco Schmidt Technische...
10/23/2009
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Rainwater Harvesting for Mitigating Local and Global Warming
Marco SchmidtTechnische Universität Berlin
Working Group WatergyChair Building Technology and Design
Urban Research Symposium
Marseille, France28.-30. June 2009
Urban Climate
• reduced evapotranspiration• increased thermal radiation• increased heat urban heat island“• increased heat, „urban heat island
Naturalistic Landscape:p• 80% evapotranspiration,
20% groundwater rechargeand runoff
• 86% of „consumed“net radiation
(Prec. Berlin: 680 mm, PET 760 mm)
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Sustainable land use
Stopping deforestation
Reduction of urbanization
Global Radiation BalanceEnergy balance, daily mean Condition
Global Radiation4514 Wh
Evaporation(Latent Heat) 1888 Wh
Sensible Heat575 Wh
Main Influencing Factors:
Vegetaition
Reflection328 Wh
4514 Wh
U-B
erlin
.de
Increased Thermal Radiation 1724 Wh
Evaporation reduces thermal radiation and sensible heat flux
Vegetaition
Precipitation
Soil fertility
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU
Net Radiation2462 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation7776 Wh
Ø Daily Global Mean in Wh/m²source: www.physicalgeography.net
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Rio de Janeiro 2006Rio de Janeiro 2006
Reduced evapotranspiration in urban areas increases thermal radiation and changes up to 95% of the net radiation to heat
Uncomfortable microclimate
Low durability of thesealing of the roof
Asphalt roofEnergy balance, daily mean Disadvantages
Niederschlag
Evaporation(Latent Heat)
123 Wh
Sensible Heat1827 WhReflection
482 Wh
g
High surface runoff, low evapotranspiration
Pollution of the surface waters
Energy balance, daily mean Disadvantages
Global Radiation5354 Wh
Increased Thermal
Main Influencing Factors:
Surface colour (Albedo)
Heat capacity of the surface
Exposition
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU
-Ber
lin.d
e
Increased Thermal Radiation 2923 Wh
Net Radiation1949 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation 7555 Wh
Ø Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
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First projects TU Berlin 1983Urban renewal quarter “108 Berlin-Kreuzberg”
On a green roof, evapotranspiration reduces thermal radiation and changes up to 65% of the net radiation to evaporative cooling
Improvement of the microclimate
High durability of theli f h f
Extensive Greened RoofEnergy balance, daily mean Advantages
Niederschlag
Evaporation(Latent Heat) 1185 Wh
Sensible Heat872 Wh
Reflection803 Wh
sealing of the roof
Reduction of the runoffby evapotranspiration
gy , y g
Global Radiation5354 Wh
Increased Thermal
Main Influencing Factors:
Field capacity of the soil
Exposition
Percentage of coverof the vegetation
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU
-Ber
lin.d
e
Increased Thermal Radiation 2494 Wh
Net Radiation2057 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation7555 Wh
Ø Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
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Priority list of sustainable measures for urban areas regarding the mitigation of the urban heat island effect and Global Warming
Priority value Measure
1 3 0 d d ( k d d1. + + + 3.0 unpaved greened areas (parks, greened courtyards, street trees)
2. + + O 2.3 green building developments (green roofs, green facades)
3. + + 2.0 artificial urban lakes and open waters
4. + OO 1.7 rainwater harvesting (for cooling and irrigation)
5 + O 1 3 trough infiltration combined with large vegetated5. + O 1.3 trough infiltration combined with large vegetated structures, grass pavers
6. + 1.0 rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing and further utilisation
7. OO 0.7 trough infiltration systems through natural soil, semi-permeable surfaces
8. O 0.3 trench infiltration directly into the underground
Trough infiltration (Priority 7)
Infiltration needs to be combined with vegetation !combined with vegetation !
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Potsdamer Platz DCI Berlin
Rainwater harvesting of 99% as stormwater conntrol
Greened roofs on all 19 buildings (priority 2)
2550 m² of storage capacity for toilet flush and fire fighting2550 m of storage capacity for toilet flush and fire fighting
Urban rainwater supplied lake of 19.000 m² for evaporation,3500 m³ of additional stormwater retention (priority 3)
Rainwater harvesting for climate control of the building
450 climbing plants in 150 planter boxes providing shade and evaporative cooling (priority 2)
Institute of Physics Humboldt-University Berlin
Runoff management inside of the building complex
Reduction of operating costs
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Mean daily evapotranspiration 7/15/05-09/14/05 correspondent cooling rate: 280 kWh per day
Mean ETP of a facade greening system, Adlershof Physik 7/15/05-09/14/05
15
20
25
30
[mm/d]
10,2
13,6
17,0
20,4
[kWh/m²d]
south facade, 2nd floor
south facade, 3rd floor
south facade, 1st floor
courtyard, 1 st floor
courtyard, 2nd floor
courtyard, 3rd floor
0
5
10
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
9:0
0
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
0
16:0
0
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
20:0
0
21:0
0
22:0
0
23:0
0
0,0
3,4
6,8
Evaporative cooling in Evaporative cooling in Central Air Conditioners (CAC)Central Air Conditioners (CAC)
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Difference in energy consumption with and Difference in energy consumption with and without evaporative coolingwithout evaporative cooling
40,0[°C]
6
[kW]Aussentemperatur [°C]
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
[ ]
2
3
4
5
[kW]Aussentemperatur [ C]
Anlage 4 [kW]
0,0
5,0
10,0
20.7.060:02
20.7.064:07
20.7.068:07
20.7.0612:07
20.7.0616:12
20.7.0620:27
21.7.060:27
21.7.064:27
21.7.068:27
21.7.0612:32
21.7.0616:32
21.7.0620:37
0
1
2
1 J = 1 Ws kWh1 H2O 2450 0 00068
Never use electricity to cool a building !
1 g H2O 2450 0,000681 Liter 2450000 0,681 m³ 2450000000 680,6
1,30 € 100,38 €
Use rainwater instead of tap water !pConductivity max
Rainwater 30 µS 1600 µSTap water 700 µS 1600 µS
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Water Energy
www.watergy.de www.cycler-support.net
Buoyancy tower
Sixth Framework ProgrammeSixth Framework ProgrammeFP6FP6--20022002--INCOINCO--MED/SSAMED/SSA--22
Cooling duct
Evaporation layer
Vegetation zone
Shading
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Free air circulation
www.cyclerwww.cycler--support.netsupport.net
Conclusions
l b l li t h d b h t i l d ff t i•• global climate change and urban heat island effect are serious environmental problems and have the same cause
• CO2 is an indicator for the photosynthesis process, temperature correlate with evaporation in this process
• never use electricity to cool a building, use water
• Don’t believe models which are based on poorly understood processes
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Thank you for your attention !Muito obrigado !
http://www.gebaeudekuehlung.de
gVielen Dank !
ttp // gebaeude ue u g dehttp://www.watergy.dehttp://www.cycler-support.nethttp://www. waterparadigm.org
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Large and Small Water Cycle
Kravcik et al 2007, www.waterparadigm.org
Dramatic reduction in evapotranspiration:Dramatic reduction in evapotranspiration:
Daily loss of forests worldwide:Daily loss of forests worldwide: 350 350 kmkm² ²
Daily global urbanization: Daily global urbanization: 150 150 kmkm²²
Daily global desertification: Daily global desertification: 300 300 kmkm²²
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renewable biomass ?
Why does COWhy does CO22 correlate with the global temperature ?correlate with the global temperature ?
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Agadir, Morocco 5/2008Agadir, Morocco 5/2008
Agadir, Morocco Agadir, Morocco 55//20082008
Agadir, Morocco today compared to descriptions by ancient Greek geographer Strabo: "all of the [land] between Carthage and the Pillars of Hercules [from Tunis to the Atlantic ocean] is of an extreme fertility." Morocco was often singled out as "one of the most beautiful and fertile countries of the earth" and was frequently described as "one of the granaries of Rome"
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World‘s Energy ConsumptionWorld‘s Energy Consumption
after Greenpeace / S. Krauter 2006after Greenpeace / S. Krauter 2006
Difference in Surface TemperaturesConventional Roof – Green Roof
(Infrared measurements)
Temperatures 20.6.2001
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0[°C]
Surface Black roof
Surface Green roof
Sealing Green roof
Air 0m Green roof
Air 1m Green roof
,0
10,0
20,0
0:0
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