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White-tailed deer Mule deer Moose Elk Woodland caribou Bison Pronghorn antelope Black bear Gray wolf Bobcat
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North America◦ Most important big game animal◦ 30 subspecies◦ Exist over entire North American Continent◦ Expanded northward due to logging and other
activities of immigrants◦ 1900: 500,000◦ 2000: 30 million
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Minnesota◦ Existed primarily in southern Minnesota where
food and cover are available◦ Deer did not originally live in evergreen forest◦ Forest lands became attractive after cutover and
regrowth from forest fires
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◦ Overpopulation occurred early in 1900’s Habitat over browsed Consumed entire food source 15-20 deer per square mile
◦ 1850-1900 deer marketed commercially Deer meat sold in markets St. Paul customers purchased 8-10 cents/pound 1872: 6 tons shipped to Boston from Litchfield Unlimited harvest
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◦ Before 1897, no restrictions and no hunting license required 1900: Harvest limit 5, license cost $.25 1901: limit 3 1905: limit 2 and a 21 day season established 1915: limit 1 1920s: bucks only law and alternate year 1933: every year hunting Today the population is growing
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◦ Deer management units established◦ Present status
Deer over entire state Hunting season is annual Approximately 2 million deer exist in Minnesota
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Always present Live primarily in western United States Rocky Mountain species most common No breeding colony currently exist in
Minnesota
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Largest most distinctive mammal Northern wilderness A boreal (northern) forest mammal
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Most common big game mammal before lumberjacks◦ Food for lumberjacks, early pioneers◦ Loss of habitat◦ White tailed deer competition
By 1885 Minnesota moose population scarce
First protection laws 1887 Current Minnesota population <10,000
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“White Rump”◦ Wapiti
American Sioux Indian Name Native to Minnesota, very abundant
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Elk disappeared by 1900s◦ Fenced pastures◦ Market hunters◦ Food source◦ Canine teeth valued
1932: small Minnesota herd found Restocking effort
◦ Enclosure of 54 elk (from Jackson Hole, Wyoming)
◦ Superior National Forest (a few released)◦ Beltrami County herd of 27 (from Itasca State
Park)
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Common in Northern Minnesota 1660-1880 reported as abundant Require large forested, muskegs (acid soil)
and bog areas Two species
◦ Tundra reindeer◦ Woodland caribou
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By 1880s population diminished◦ Unrestricted hunting◦ Logging, mining, forest fires◦ Settlement of land
Last Minnesota caribou sighted in 1940
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Lasting hunting season was in 1904 Reintroduction of caribou to Minnesota in
1938 failed Last reintroduction attempt: 1970-1980
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Occupied North America from Appalachians to the Rocky Mountains
2 species◦ Plains◦ Woodland
Fed and provided the Indians well 75 million existed at one time
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Decline occurred within 30 years◦ Due to white settler slaughter
Prairie regions of Minnesota◦ Supported large herds
Plains bison
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1850s bison disappeared from eastern Minnesota◦ Woodland
1880 4 animals were found in Twin Valley Buffalo skulls were used by surveyors
plotting SW Minnesota◦ Section corners – 4 skulls◦ Half sections – 1 skull◦ Readily available – early 1870s
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Original range – western Minnesota◦ On eastern edge of their range
Never abundant in Minnesota Last hunting season – 1892 A native of America
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Inhabited almost all of Minnesota Migrated north due to settlers Black bear most common species
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Black bear disappeared from agricultural land areas
White Bear Lake, MN Were considered a nuisance First laws to protect bear in 1917 were soon
repealed◦ Bounty killing established in 1945◦ Bounty killing eliminated in 1965
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Tourist attraction 1971: first hunting season established Separate permit required
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1981: 1500 bear harvested Bear management units established Most current census has 15,000 Black bear
in Minnesota Nuisance problems beginning again
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Primary predator of deer and moose Influence on population varies greatly Consume about 15 adult deer per wolf
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Prey on very young, old, weak, sick prey Continuously hunting Deer make easy prey in winter Located primarily in the Superior National
Forest
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Numbers declined from 1849-1965 due to bounty payments
In 1967, wolves were listed on Minnesota endangered species list
In 1975, management programs installed by US Fish and Wildlife Services
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Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery Team established
Predator control program 10-30 verified livestock losses Currently over 3000 wolves in Minnesota
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Kill deer, but do not seriously affect population
Prefer smaller game mammals Primarily live in northern forested areas
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Fox Coyote Raccoon Others?