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What two countries remained independent from European control in Africa? Why was South Africa an ideal place to settle for the Europeans? Bell Ringer

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CASE STUDY: Nigeria

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Extending Influence Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies: -influence political, social lives of people -shape economies to benefit Europe -want people to adopt European customs A New Period of Imperialism

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Europeans develop four forms of control of territory: -colonygoverned by a foreign power -protectorategoverns itself, but under outside control -sphere of influenceoutside power controls investment, trading -economic imperialismprivate business interests assert control Forms of Control

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Europeans use two methods to manage colonies: -direct control -indirect control Indirect Control Limited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial, local officials Methods of Management

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Direct Control Paternalism Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights Assimilation adaptation of local people to ruling culture Methods of Management

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Imagine you are taking over an area for colonization. What method of management would you use and why? Would you do things differently, if so how? Be prepared to explain your reasoning Get with a partner

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Gaining Control: Britain conquers southern Nigeria using both diplomacy and force Conquest of northern Nigeria through Royal Niger Company In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria as a colony A British Colony

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Managing the Colony: Nigeria is culturally diverse area, with about 250 ethnic groups British use indirect rule successfully with Hausa- Fulani Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power A British Colony

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An American cartoonist in 1888 depicted John Bull (England) as the octopus of imperialism, grabbing land on every continent.

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Africans Confront Imperialism: Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements: Algeria actively resists French for almost 50 years Samori Tour fights French in West Africa for 16 years In German East Africa, people put faith in spiritual defense Results in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many African Resistance

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Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, resists Europeans -plays Europeans against each other -stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons -defeats Italy, remains independent African Resistance

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What do you think are some negative effects of the colonization of Africa?

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Negative Effects: Africans lose land and independence, many lose lives Traditional cultures break down Division of Africa creates problems that continue today The Legacy of Colonial Rule

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Positive Effects: Colonialism reduces local fighting Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth The Legacy of Colonial Rule

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What idea is the policy of assimilation based on? Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful? How did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture? Closure