What is a solution?What are the differences between unsaturated,

saturated, and supersaturated solutions?What are some of the general properties of an

acid?What are some of the general properties of a

base?What is a neutralization reaction? What is the pH scale?How is pH used to describe the concentration of

acids and bases?

PSc.2.2.6 ◦ Recognize common inorganic acids including hydrochloric (muriatic)

acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid and citric acid. ◦ Recognize common bases including sodium bicarbonate, and

hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium and ◦ ammonium. ◦ Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius theory. ◦ Develop an understanding of the pH scale and the classification of

substances therein. ◦ Generalize common characteristics of acids and bases– pH range,

reactivity with metals and carbonates (acids) or fats/oils (bases), ◦ conductivity. ◦ Relate general household uses of acids and bases with their

characteristic properties. ◦ Explain what happens in a neutralization reaction, identifying each

component substance.

Solution: A type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.

There are two parts to a solution1.Solute – the substance that is dissolved.2.Solvent – the substance that causes the other to

dissolve. (Water is usually the solvent.)Example: Lemonade

What part of the lemonade is the solute?lemon juice and sugar

What part of the lemonade is the solvent?water

Solubility: The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.

Soluble – anything that dissolves in another substance.◦ Ex: Salt is soluble in water.

Insoluble – anything that does not dissolve in another substance.◦ Ex: Oil is insoluble in water.

If you continue adding sugar to lemonade, eventually the point is reached when no more sugar dissolves and the excess granules sink to the bottom of the glass.

Unsaturated – more solute can be dissolved in the solvent

Saturated – no more solute can be dissolved in the solventat the current temperature.

Generally, as the temperature of a liquid solvent increases, the amount of solid solute that can dissolve in it also increases.

Supersaturated –contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature. ◦Ex: Rock Candy is made in this way.

Solubility Curve Each line on the graph

is called a solubility curve for a particular substance.

You can use a solubility curve to figure out how much solute will dissolve at any temperature given on the graph.

1. A(n) __________ solution is any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

A. electrolyteB. saturatedC. supersaturatedD. unsaturated

The answer is D. A saturated solution contains all the solute it can hold at that temperature, but an unsaturated solution can hold additional solute.

2. What is a solubility curve used for?

Answer: You can use a solubility curve to figure out how much solute will dissolve at any temperature given on the graph.

3. The substance being dissolved in a solution is the __________.

A. aqueous phaseB. mediaC. soluteD. solvent

Answer is C. The solute dissolves into the solvent

An acid is defined by Arrhenius as a substance that dissociates to produce hydrogen ions (H+)

in a water solution.

HCl → H++ Cl-

Contains hydrogen

Taste sour

Reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas

Reacts with carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water and a salt

Corrode metals

Electrolytes

pH is less than 7

Turns blue litmus paper to red

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Na2CO3 + 2HCl CO2 + H2O + 2NaCl

Conducts Electricity

HCl (hydrochloric acid) - gastric juiceH2SO4 (sulfuric acid) - fertilizer, car batteriesHC2H3O2 (acetic acid) - vinegarHNO3 (nitric acid) - fertilizersH3C6H5O7 (citric acid) – fruitsOther common uses: dyes, paints, food

preservation & preparation

A base is defined by Arrhenius as a substance that produces hydroxide ions OH- in a water solution.

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Contains OH-

Taste bitter

Electrolytes

Feel soapy, slippery

pH greater than 7

Turns red litmus paper to blue

Reacts with fats/oils to produce soaps

Conducts Electricity

NaOH - lye, drain and oven cleaner

Mg(OH)2 - laxative, antacid, milk of magnesia

NaHCO3 – cooking, antacid

KOH – batteries, biodiesel, soaps

Ca(OH)2 – cement

Ba(OH)2 – waste water treatment

NH4OH – food processing

1. The pH of an acidic solution is a. Less than 0. c. Less than 7.b. Greater than 14. d. Greater than 7.

2. A solution whose pH is 7a. Is acidic. c. Is neutral.b. Is basic. d. Is none of the others.

3. Solubility is the _____ amount of a _____ that can be dissolved in a given amount of ______ at a given temperature.a. Least, solute, solventb. Max, solute, solventc. Least, solvent, soluted. Max, solvent, solute

Warm-Up - Warm-Up - Write the Write the questionsquestions

pH◦The pH scale is used to determine how acidic or basic

a solution is.◦measured with a pH meter or an indicator with a

wide color range. (Litmus Paper)◦Ranges from 0 to 14◦7 is neutral

Reaction of acid and a base forms a salt and water – ALWAYS

Note: A salt is an ionic compound

1. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Acid?

Base?

Salt?

HCl

NaOH

NaCl

2. 2HNO3+ Ba(OH)2 H2O + Ba(NO3)

Acid?

Base?

Salt?

H3PO4

NaOH

Na3PO4

3. 2LiOH + H2SO4 2H2O + Li2SO4

4. 2HClO4 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO4)2 + 2 H2O

5. KOH + HNO3 H2O + KNO3

6. H3PO4 + NaOH H2O + Na3PO4

Review

1. The substance being dissolved is called _________.

2. The substance doing the dissolving is called __________.

3. A solution is a ______________ mixture.4. A solution that can dissolve more. _________5. A solution that can dissolved no more.

___________6. A solution that has dissolved more than

normal. ________________

7. Substances that in solutions have H+ (hydrogen) ions are…

8. Acids produce what in water solution? 9. The acid in oranges. 10.The acids in fertilizers.11.The acid in your stomach.13.Solutions that have OH- ions are 14.Bases produce what in solution? (name)

14.Base that is in batteries15.Base in milk of magnesia16.Bases have a ______feel and ________ taste.17.Acids have a _______ taste.18.Acids and bases are both corrosive and react

with indicators to produce a _______ change.19.Both produce ions in water and are therefore

_____________.