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[CHAPTER 3 – THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM] Chapter 3 Outline

I. 3.1 - BODY MEMBRANESa. Body membranes surround and help protect the body’s surfaces.b. Epithelial Membranes

i. Epithelial membranes provide a lining or covering for the internal and external surfaces of the body

ii. Epithelial membranes consist of: 1. A layer of _________________________________ + a layer of

______________________________iii. There are 3 Types:

1. Mucous Membranesa. Mucous membranes line the body cavities that

_______________________________________________i. Mouth ii. Noseiii. Lungsiv. Digestive tractv. Bladder

b. The structure of mucous membranes comprises a layer of epithelium on top of loose connective tissue called the ____________________________

c. Mucous membranes are all ______________ because they secrete ________________

i. Mucus is a slippery substance that protects mucous membranes and aids in transporting substances.

2. Serous Membranesa. Serous membranes line body cavities that are closed to the outside

world:i. _______________ = Encloses the lungsii. _______________ = Encloses the heartiii. _______________ = Lines the abdominal cavity

b. Serous membranes consist of a layer of _______________________ _____________________ epithelium on a thin layer of loose connective tissue.

i. This layer forms a double lining with a parietal layer (out to the side) and a visceral layer (on the organ)

c. Serous membranes secrete a thin, clear juice called ___________________________

i. This fluid serves as a ___________________ between the parietal and visceral membranes to reduce ________________ on ___________________

3. Cutaneous Membranes

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a. The Cutaneous Membrane is another name for the _____________b. It consists of ________________________________________

epithelium over a layer of _______________ connective tissue.c. Connective Tissue Membranes

i. Synovial Membranes1. Synovial joints are the only membranes made of ______________________

__________________.2. They have no __________________________________________________3. Synovial membranes surround our joints, line tendon sheaths, and line bursa

sacsa. What is a bursa sac?

4. Synovial membranes make a juice called synovial fluida. This juice provides cushioning and reduces _________________ on

our bones.b. It is very pink, and very ______________________

II. 3.2 - THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMa. Functions of the Skin

i. First line of Defense1. Skin contains a dense protein called ____________________2. It protects us from abrasions and ouchies

a. What is an abrasion?

3. Keratin is also found in our ____________ and _____________ii. Water Barrier

1. Keratin and our skin’s natural oils help keep outside water out and our inside water in.

iii. Regulating Body Temperature1. Thanks to a bunch of tiny ______________________ and

_______________________2. When our body is overheated, our capillaries ____________________ and

our sweat glands begin to sweat.3. Open capillaries give off heat, evaporating sweat has a cooling effect.

iv. Melanin - Protecting the Skin1. Melanin is a pigment that protects against ____________________________

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2. Also helps our body synthesize Vitamin D, a vitamin critical for ____________ health.

v. Getting Rid of Waste1. During sweating, we eliminate chemical waste:

a. Ureab. Uric Acidc. Salts

2. And because our sweat is acidic, it helps kill _________________________vi. Feeling Stuff - Cutaneous Sensation

1. The skin contains oodles of cutaneous sensory receptors2. These receptors transmit information about our ________________________

a. Touchb. Pressurec. Paind. Temperature

b. Anatomy of the Skini. 3 main layers to the skin

1. Epidermisa. Outermost layer b. 5 layers of cells

2. Dermisa. True skinb. Where all the hairs and glands are

3. Hypodermisa. Layer of fat under the dermis

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ii. Epidermis1. Topmost layer of your skin that you see and touch2. Composed of ____________________________________ epithelial tissue3. DOES NOT Contain:

a. __________________________________b. Lymph vesselsc. Connective tissued. Fate. Cartilage

4. It depends on the deeper layers of the skin for its nourishmenta. Like a vampire

5. The Epidermis has its own layers:a. The Stratum Corneum

i. Topmost layer that we seeii. It is constantly sheddingiii. Made up of dead, _____________________ cells called

_______________________1. These cells have no nuclei or organelles2. They are completely keratin

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b. The Stratum Lucidumi. Lucid = Clearii. Clear layer of dead cells underneath the Stratum Corneumiii. Only found in the skin of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes

c. Stratum Granulosumi. Layer where the cells begin to lose their ___________________ii. Characterized by granules of keratin appearing in the cellsiii. Lamellar bodies here secrete waterproofing substances

d. Stratum Spinosumi. Cells still have nuclei and organellesii. Thick bands of keratin called ________________________

anchor the cells here togetheriii. These bands look like spines, thus the name spinosum

e. Stratum Basalei. Deepest layerii. Single layer of cellsiii. Gets its nutrients from the Dermisiv. Cells here are always _____________________ and

multiplying, with the old cells getting pushed into the more __________________ layers of the epidermis

v. Houses our skin pigment, melanin

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f. The Life of an Epidermal Celli. Born in the ___________________________ii. Basal cells keep dividing and you get pushed into the

__________________________________iii. You start to shrink and lose your nucleusiv. You _______________v. Your hollow husk becomes filled with keratin, now you are a

horny cellvi. You spend some time on top in the stratum corneum, and then

ultimately slough off and become dustg. Special Epidermal Cells

i. Epidermal Dendritic Cells1. Respond to foreign bacteria to ward off

__________________ii. Merkel Cells

1. _____________ receptors in the stratum basaleh. Melanin and the Stratum Basale

i. Melanin is a brown, red-yellow, or black pigment, found in cells called __________________________

ii. The darker someone’s skin tone, the more active these melanocytes are

1. So darker skin = more active melanocytes2. It does not = more melanocytes

iii. More active melanocytes = More melanin granulesiv. Melanin granules function like natural ____________________,

protecting you from ultraviolet rays1. AKA Sunburns and skin cancer

v. Albinism is what occurs when people are not able to make melanin anywhere in their body.

1. White hair and skin2. Red eyes

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iii. The Dermis1. “__________________________” of skin composed of:

a. Bloodb. Lymph Vesselsc. Nerve Fibers

2. Contains our a. Hair Folliclesb. Sweat Glandsc. Oil Glands

3. Made up of _________________ and ___________________ fibersa. Collagen helps our skin to be tough and retain moistureb. Elastin helps our skin to maintain its shape

i. AKA _________________________4. The Dermis has 2 Layers:

a. The Papillary Layer

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i. The papillary layer of the dermis is characterized by _________-like protrusions from the dermis into the epidermis called _______________________________

ii. These protrusions give us our 1. Fingerprints2. Handprints3. Footprints

iii. These dermal papillae contain either __________________ for blood supply or nerve endings.

b. The Reticular Layeri. Houses the business end of the skin:

1. ___________________2. Lymph Vessels3. ___________________4. ___________________5. Hair Follicles6. Nerve Endings7. Arrector Pili Muscles

a. What do these do?5. Appendages of the Dermis

a. Sebaceous Glands (_________ Glands)i. These glands make ______________, or oil.ii. This sebum goes along ducts, and ultimately leaves our skin

through our pores1. Some sebaceous glands also secrete their oils into the

hair follicleiii. Function: Lubricate the skin. Water Barrieriv. Influenced by puberty and sex hormones

1. ___________________ during puberty, causing oily skin and acne

b. Sudoriferous Glands (______________ Glands)i. Coiled _____________ glands found all over the skin

1. Make our sweatii. Eccrine sweat glands secrete their sweat through our

____________iii. Our sweat is 99% __________, 1% Salt, Urea, Uric Acidiv. Sweat itself is also colorless and odorless

1. The smell comes from ______________________’v. We have special sweat glands that activate at the onset of

puberty called Apocrine Sweat Glands

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1. They are located around your ___________ and _____________ hair follicles and secrete a fluid that consists of sweat, fatty acids, and proteins

c. Ceruminous Glands (________ Glands)i. These glands are only found in the ___________________ii. They produce cerumen, or _______________________iii. It should be yellow, but can be dark brown or black

iv. The Hypodermis1. Deepest layer of the skin2. Plentiful in ___________________ tissue3. Helps insulate the body4. Connects the dermis to the muscle and organs below it5. Good place to store fat for energy

v. Hair 1. Hair is made up of _________________ horny cells, just like the stratum

corneum2. It grows from a follicle, located in the dermis3. Growth of hair works similarly to the growth of cells in the epidermis4. _____________________ at the root of the follicle give hair its color5. Our hairs are all attached to tiny muscles called arrector pili muscles

a. These muscles, when they contract, are what cause us to get ___________________ or the feeling that our hair is standing up

b. Goosebumps are left over from our long haired ancestorsvi. Nails

1. On the end of your fingers and toes is a special region called the ___________________. This is where our nails grow from.

2. The white, crescent moon shape at the base of the nail is called the __________________

3. Nails are composed of horny cells that are cemented together and can extend indefinitely until cut or broken

4. Grow approximately 1mm a week5. If you lose your nail, it takes 3-5 months to grow back6. Fingernails grow faster than toenails

III.3.3 - SKIN PATHOLOGIESa. Skin Lesions

i. Bullae1. Large blisters filled with ______________ fluid

ii. Desquamation1. Peeling of the skin

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iii. Macules1. Flat, circular areas on the skin, typically pigmented.

a. i.e. Frecklesiv. Nodules

1. Large (>1mm) circular, skin-colored elevationsa. Don’t look ________________________________

v. Papules1. Small (<1mm), raised, circular, skin colored lesions

a. Don’t look infected and redvi. Pustules

1. Small, raised, circular, ________________ lesionsvii. Vesicles

1. Small, usually clustered, fluid filled blistersviii. Wheals

1. Swollen looking patches of skin2. Usually itchy

ix. Furuncles1. A ______________2. Large, pus-filled lesion

x. Carbuncles1. A cluster of furuncles

xi. Urticaria1. Hives2. Swollen patches of skin, but smaller than wheals

xii. Fissures1. Cracks in the skin

b. Mechanical Injuries to the Skini. Abrasion

1. Only top layers of skin removeda. A ____________________

ii. Laceration1. Skin is __________ or _________________, with jagged edges.2. Can be superficial or deep

iii. Contusion1. Blunt force trauma damages blood vessels in the tissue2. Blood pools under the skin causing discoloration3. AKA: A __________________

iv. Incisions1. Surgical wound with precise edges

v. Puncture1. Something _________________ the skin (like a splinter or needle)

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2. High risk of infectiona. Why?

c. Burnsi. Injury to the skin and body tissue caused by _____________, _________________,

____________________, or _______________________________________ii. First degree burns

1. Only affect the epidermisiii. Second degree burns

1. Affect the epidermis and top layer of the dermisiv. Third degree burns

1. Burn through all the layers of the skinv. Rule of 9’s

1. Used to estimate the percentage of a person’s body that is burneda. 9% - Head/back of headb. 18% - Chest and abdomenc. 18% - Backd. 9% - Each whole arme. 18% - Each whole legf. 1% - Genitals

d. Viral Skin Infectionsi. Herpes Varicella

1. AKA ________________________________2. Common childhood illness

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3. Characterized by itchy vesicles4. Can get a vaccine, but having it as a kid helps protect you from the adult

version of this infection….ii. Herpes Zoster

1. AKA _______________________________2. Affects adults3. Chickenpox virus lies dormant, then re-emerges as shingles4. Painful rash + fever + body aches5. Can be deadly or blind people

iii. Herpes Gladiatorum (Herpes Simplex 1)1. Common form of herpes in athletes2. Also causes cold sores3. Spread by _______________________________________4. Features clusters of small ___________________________5. Can have a tingling precursor before vesicles appear6. May also have flu like symptoms7. Treated with antivirals

iv. Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex 2)1. _________________________________________2. Characterized by the same serous vesicles that other herpes infections have3. Differences include that they appear on the genitals and on the mouth. This

version of the virus also creates more lesions than Simplex 1. 4. HERPES IS FOR LIFE, BRO

a. Manage outbreaks with medicationsb. Limit physical contact with others during outbreaks

v. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)1. HPV is a family of over 150 viruses!2. Usually manifests on our skin as _______________________

a. Common wartsi. Painlessii. OTC liquid wart removers or freeze it off

b. Plantar wartsi. Painfulii. Frozen or needs to be removed by a doctor

c. Genital wartsi. Some types of these can lead to cancer

e. Fungal Skin Infectionsi. Tend to occur in areas where there is a lot of moistureii. Common sites include:

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1. Toes2. Scalp3. Armpits4. Groin

iii. Usually part of the “tinea” familyiv. Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)

1. Presents with cracked, flaky skin between the toes or on the sides of the foot.2. Usually is _________________________3. Very contagious4. Keep dry, keep clean5. Apply antifungal ointment

v. Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)1. Itchy, red, circular lesions2. Most common in _____________________3. Usually presents around the scrotum4. Very contagious5. Keep clean and dry. Apply antifungal creams.

vi. Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)1. Not a ________________ at all!

a. It’s another tinea fungus!2. Characteristic ________________________ rash3. Usually itchy and scaly4. Keep it clean and dry. Apply antifungal cream.

vii. Tinea Unguium (Toenail fungus)1. Fungal infection of the toenails2. Causes thickening and yellowing of the nail3. Need oral prescription antifungal medication.

a. Why?

f. Bacterial Skin Infectionsi. Impetigo

1. Bacterial infection caused by:a. Streptococcusb. Staphylococcus

2. Characterized by pink bumps that turn _______________ and _______________ before ___________________________

3. Usually happens on the face, but can happen anywhere on the body4. Treated with topical and oral antibiotics

ii. Cellulitis

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1. Another infection caused by the Staph family2. Characterized by red, swollen, hot skin3. Can easily spread to the ____________________________4. Can be _________________ if not treated with antibiotics

iii. MRSA - Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus1. Skin infections caused by a strain of staph bacteria that is

_________________ to the best antibiotics used to get rid of staph infections.2. Very contagious3. Characterized by red, swollen, pus-capped furuncles that might look like

________________________ or ________________________4. Can lead to a large abscess beneath the skin that has to be surgically drained 5. Can cause fever or flu-like symptoms6. Can go systemic and become deadly

g. GOOD RULE OF THUMBi. ___________________________________________________________________ii. Even if it doesn’t look like MRSA, you are still making an opening in your skin where

MRSA or something else can get in

h. Skin Canceri. Types of Skin Cancer

1. Basal Cell Carcinomaa. Cancer cells in the _____________________________ of the

epidermis2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

a. Cancer cells in the ____________________________ of the epidermis3. Malignant Melanoma

a. Abnormal growth of melanin cells, ___________________________ii. ABCDE’s of Malignant Melanoma

1. A - _______________________________a. Moles on the skin should be symmetrical. Usually nice and round

2. B - _______________________________a. Moles should have clear, even borders

3. C - ______________________________a. Moles should be uniform in color

4. D - ______________________________a. Moles should be smaller than ¼ inch

5. E - ______________________________a. Moles should not grow or change

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