Name: ________________________________ Test Date: ___________________ Per. ______

Unit 10- Evolution3/19Evolution of the drawingEvolution Vocab activity

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The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to:

analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental

analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals;

analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success;

analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species

analyze other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination

Unit 10- EvolutionI. Evolution (pg. 418-441)

3/20Evolution of the drawingEvolution Vocab activityStart Evolution Notes

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Evolution is defined as changes in a population of organisms over time . The scientist considered to be the founder of modern evolutionary theory is Charles Darwin.

A. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection- 1. Darwin's History- 1831-Darwin’s data was collected on a 5-year journey around the world on the HMS Beagle. He made observations and collected data throughout the journey. He used this data to

propose a hypothesis to explain the diversity he saw. The area that had the greatest impact on Darwin was the Galapagos Islands due to the

differences he saw in the same animals living on different islands.

2. Darwin’s Observations Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring. All species are capable of producing more offspring than environment can support Due to a lack of food or other resources, many of the offspring will not survive.

3. Darwin’s Theories – Based on his observations and the hypotheses of other scientists Darwin proposed evolution occurred by a process called Natural Selection Organisms with favorable traits tend to survive and reproduce; thereby leaving more

descendants than other individualso Fitness= the ability to survive and reproduce

This will result in an accumulation of these traits in the offspring, changing the original genetic make-up of the population

o Adaptation = traits enriched in a population that increases the fitness of an organism

4. Darwin’s Legacy Did not publish his findings for years Alfred Wallace – formed identical hypotheses based on his research. Sent his

manuscript to Darwin, and finally Darwin was persuaded to publish his own conclusions Released “Origin of Species”, still considered one of the greatest scientific studies ever

Video 1: Evolution 101 Video: Evolution is defined as changes in a population of organisms over time. The scientist considered to be the

founder of modern evolutionary theory is Charles Darwin.1. How long did Charles Darwin travel and where did he go? ____________________________________________

2. Who was the 2nd scientist who also puzzled out the mechanism of Natural Selection? _______________________

What was the name of the ship Darwin traveled on?

What were some of the places that he stopped at that had an influence on him?

Where do you get your traits from?

Do all organisms survive?

Why not?

What was Darwin’s Theory?

What does Fitness mean?

What is an Adaptation?

What was the name of Darwin’s Book?

3. What does natural selection mean? ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What 2 ingredients go into natural selection? _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What causes selection? _______________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is Survival of the fittest? ___________________________________________________________________

7. What does the “tree” that Darwin drew tell us? _____________________________________________________

8. What does a branch tell us? ____________________________________________________________________

9. What is the goal of the tree of life? _____________________________________________

II. The Principles of Evolutionary TheoryA. Evolution occurs because of natural selection - a mechanism for change that occurs when

organisms with favorable characteristics for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these characteristics on to offspring.

B. The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment is known as fitness

C. Fitness is based on adaptations. An adaptation is any trait that aids in the survival and reproduction of an organism. Examples of adaptations are thorns on a cactus, camouflage, antibiotic resistance in bacteria

D. As organisms survive and adapt, speciation may occur. Speciation is the formation of new species - a group of similar organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring . . . that is, babies that can make babies!

E. The failure of an organism to adapt to changes in its environment will ultimately lead to its extinction because of natural selection.

Evolution occurs b/c of Natural Selection, which occurs b/c of Fitness, which occurs b/c of adaptation which will cause Speciation

Video 2: Stated Clearly: What is Natural Selection?1. Descent with Modification

a. What is this? ______________________________________________________________________________

b. What causes this? __________________________________________________________________________

2. Common Decenta. What is this? ______________________________________________________________________________

Darwin stated Evolution occurred because of

What is Natural Selection?

Define Fitness:

Define Adaptation:

Define Speciation:

You have 3 options in life: Adapt, Move or Die

b. What facts were used to come to this conclusion? _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Charles Darwina. What did he notice about animals on the Galapagos islands? (who do they look like?)_____________________

b. Where the Galapagos tortoise randomly different from the mainland creatures or where they adapted for island

life? _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. What is selective breeding done by farmers? _____________________________________________________

d. Nature itself is also capable of _______________________________

e. What is Natural Selection? ___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens to negative animal traits? __________________________________________________________

5. What happens to positive animal traits? ___________________________________________________________

III. Evidence for EvolutionA. Fossils are preserved bones and traces of organisms.

Fossils provide a record of earlier life and evidence that evolution has occurred. Less than 10% of all living organisms were fossilized because the conditions were not right & the

organism decomposed before they had a chance to become fossilized. ***Think of it this way…. The conditions have to be right for a fossil to form, usually wet, swampy areas made fossils.

So, in the future when another species takes over the planet and wants to know what Humans were like, they will probably only find about 10 fossils, out of a population of 7 billion, of people from southern regions or frozen in ice, to represent all humans on the planet.

Video3 : Fossils: Rocking the Earth:1. What are fossils? ___________________________________________________________

2. Where are they preserved? ___________________________________________________

3. What do Fossils tell us? ____________________________________________________

4. Why is the fossil record not complete? _____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The more fossils on the tree tells us what? _________________________________________________________

6. The fossil record gives us physical proof of what two things? ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Geographical distribution of species Species on different continents that evolved similar adaptations because they are

evolving in the same type of environment Ex: The South American Mara (looks kind of like a rabbit) and the English Rabbit are

similar because they inhabit similar niches, but are more closely related to other South American animals than the English Rabbit.

C. Homologous Structures – Appendages that are very similar in structure but differ in function. Scientists use anatomical studies of different organisms for evidence of evolutionary

relationships. Examples of homologous structures are arm of human, flipper of dolphin, wing of

bat.

Describe Geographical Distribution in your own words:

Describe the function of each set of bones:Human arm:

Cat arm:

Horse leg

Whale flipper:

Color each part of the human arm a different color. (All bones of the wrist should be a single color, the bone groups of the hand should be a different single color.) Then color the corresponding bone in each of the other animals the same color as the human bone

D. Vestigial Structures - A structure that is reduced in function in a living organism, but may have been used by an ancestor

A structure may become vestigial when an organism changes in form or behavior Examples are wings of ostrich, eyes on cave fish, *human appendix*.

E. Embryology – Similarities in the structures of developing embryo of different organisms are considered to be proof of a close evolutionary relationship

Describe Geographical Distribution in your own words:

Describe the function of each set of bones:Human arm:

Cat arm:

Horse leg

Whale flipper:

What are some similarities shared between all of the animals?

Which animals look like they are more closely related later on in development?

Which animal(s) looks the most like a human in the early developmental stage?

Which animal(s) looks the

Structure Probable Function Why Vestigial?Appendix

Coccyx (tail bones)Muscles that move earsMuscles that make hair stand upWisdom teeth

F. DNA Sequencing – Scientists use DNA studies to determine the evolutionary relationship between organisms. The more similar the DNA, the closer the evolutionary relationship

Highlight everything that is different from the Human

1. Which animal has the least amount of amino acid differences from Humans? ___________2. Which animal has the most amounts of amino acid differences from Humans? __________3. Out of the list of animals, who is more closely related to Humans? ___________________4. Why? ___________________________________________________________________

G. Adaptations- a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success or Fitness1. Camouflage- allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators. As a result, more of the

camouflage individuals survive and reproduce

What are some similarities shared between all of the animals?

Which animals look like they are more closely related later on in development?

Which animal(s) looks the most like a human in the early developmental stage?

Which animal(s) looks the

Human THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU Chimpanzee THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUGorilla THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLURhesus monkey GLN LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUHorse ALA LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLUKangaroo LYS LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU

Human ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS Chimpanzee ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISGorilla ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISRhesus monkey ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HISHorse ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU GLY ASN VAL LEU ALA LEU VAL VAL ALA ARGKangaroo ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU GLY ASN ILE ILE VAL ILE CYS LEU ALA GLU

2. Mimicry- One species evolves to resemble another species. Ex. A harmless species that has evolved to resemble a harmful species.

Video 4 : What is the Evidence for Evolution?1. What is Comparative anatomy? ____________________________________________________

a. How is the whale flipper like a human arm? __________________________________________

2. What is Embryology & Development? _______________________________________________

a. Is there a similarity between a human and dolphin fetus? ________________________________

3. What is the Fossil Record? ________________________________________________________

a. Is there fossil that show that whales have changed? _____________________

4. What is DNA Comparative? _______________________________________________________

a. What is the closest genetic match for Whales?____________________________________

b. Does this mean that they evolved from this animal? _____, What does this mean? ___________

Video 5: Mechanisms for Evolution- 5 fingers of Evolution• What is Evolution? ____________________________________________________________________________• What is sex? ______________________________________________________________________________• IF you start with 50% red head in a population then you should continue to have 50% in the population UNLESS

______________________ has occurred.• 5 process that can occur to change the population1. Pinky- ________________________________________________________________

a. Then ___________ can take over.2. Ring- _________________________________________________________________

a. If individuals choose a mate based on appearance or location then the _________ can change. 3. Middle-_________________________________________________________________

a. If a new gene is add then it can affect the ____________ 4. Pointer-________________________________________________________________________

a. what is gene flow? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is adaptation? ______________________________________________________________________________

6. Thumbs up for- ______________________________________________________________________________7. Thumbs down for- _____________________________________________________________________________8. Those who are not adapted to their environment will be _________________by those who are.9. Microevolution is _____________________________________________________________________

10. Macroevolution is ____________________________________________________________________

Label the Hand!

Mechanisms for Evolution: Evolution does not occur in an individual; instead it refers to heritable changes that occur in a

population over time. There must be mechanisms available for genetic changes to occur:A. Mutation – A mutation is a change in DNA. Although mutations are most often harmful,

sometimes the resulting change in phenotype may be beneficial to an organism under certain conditions. If the change occurs in the gametes, this change will be passed onto the offspring of that organism. A positive mutation that provides a survival advantage is known as an adaptation

Bed Bugs- Fifty years ago, the blood-sucking pests were nearly eradicated in the United States thanks in part to the use of pesticides like DDT. The surviving bugs mutated and are now resistant to insecticides. Changing 2000 amino acids is enough to make an insect 250 times more resistant

B. Diploidy – Most organisms are diploid, which means double set of chromosomes. This allows for increased genetic variation in a population.

Heterozygote Advantage – Seen in sickle cell allele and malaria. Recombination - Leads to increased genetic variation as a result of crossing over

during prophase I of meiosis.

C. Gene Flow – Gene flow occurs when organisms from one community migrate to another. This introduces new alleles into the population which can lead to a change in the genetic make-up of the population.

D. Nonrandom mating- usually organisms mate with individuals in close proximity. This promotes inbreeding and could lead to a change in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for a particular traits

E. Genetic Drift – This describes a situation in which change in a population is magnified because the population size is very small. Causes of genetic drift include

1. Bottleneck effect – large portion of population destroyed in disaster2. Founder effect – segment of population moves to new habitat

F. Speciation- The formation of a new species1. Behavioral Isolation- When 2 populations are capable of interbreeding, but have differences in

courtship rituals or other behaviors Example: Eastern & Western Meadow Larks: similar birds with overlapping habitats,

but do not mate because they use different songs to attract mates

2. Allopatric Speciation- 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains or bodies of water

o Example: 10,000 years ago the Abert Squirrel lived in the Southwest US, then the Colorado River formed, splitting the population of the Abert Squirrel which led to the formation of the new species Kaibab Squirrel

3. Sympatric Speciation- when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier. In sympatric speciation, the original (ancestor) population and the new species live side-by-side during the speciation process

Can happen because of the type of food the organisms eat.

4. Temporal Isolation: When 2 or more species reproduce at different times Example: 3 species of orchids live in the same rain forest, each release pollen on

different days, so they cannot pollinate one another

You as a person CANNOT Evolve, but as a species we can.

What is a Mutation?

How does crossing over lead to increased genetic variation? (you may have to look back to the Meiosis notes)

What does Gene Flow mean?

Give an example:

What does Nonrandom mating mean?

Give an example of Bottleneck Effect:

Founder Effect:

What does behavioral isolation mean?Describe Allopatric speciation in your own words:

Describe Sympatric Speciation in your own words:

What does Temporal Isolation mean?