Unit 11 Intelligence Lecture

Part 1: Slides 1-13Defining Intelligence

Exactly what makes up intelligence is a matter of debate

______________________________- Definition

__________________________

__________________________

Deal effectively with the environment

Theories of Intelligence

No one real definition

__________________ versus _________________ Intelligence

4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….

Charles Spearman and his G factor

Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one _________________________________________

If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.

Early Theories of Intelligence

L. L. Thurstone

Believed that intelligence is made up of ________________________ distinct, independent abilities: Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, reasoning

Thurstone did not believe in a_________________________, but researchers who scored well in one of the seven areas tended to score well on others.

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences.

List the types of intelligence:

Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory

Most commonly accepted theory today.

Three types of intelligence

1.

2.

3.

Creativity

Defined as the ______________________________ novel and socially valued ideas or objects

Creativity and Intelligence – Early studies suggested that there was _______________________

IQ of at least 120 required to be creative, but it doesn’t mean you will be!

Creativity Tests –

Open-ended questions; scoring is based upon the number and originality of a person’s answers

Torrance Test – Individuals explain a picture, its origins, and consequences Mednick’s Remote Association Test (RAT) – given three words – you come up

with a fourth word that the other three can be combined with e.g. hand, lone, win (answer = some)

Sternberg’s Components of creativity

______________________________ ______________________________ A venturesome personality _____________________________

A creative environment

Goleman and his EQ

_______________________________________

Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.

Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligences

Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence

Logical-Mathematical

Linguistic

Analytical

Spatial

Musical

Body-Kinesthetic

Creative

Interpersonal Practical Recognizing emotions in others and managing relationships

Intrapersonal Knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions

Part 2: Slides 14-25Brain size and Intelligence is there a link?

Small +.15 correlation between _________________ size and______________________ scores (relative to body size).

Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score

Intelligence Tests: Binet and Simon

First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school

Binet developed the concept of mental age in children

_____________________________ = age at which you perform intellectually - may or may not correspond with chronological age

What was his goal?

Brain Function and Intelligence

Higher performing brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).

____________________________ is also a bit quicker.

Problems with the IQ formula

What are the problems with IQ tests?

Wechsler Tests

More common way to give IQ tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (________________________) is the most commonly used test of intelligence for adults

________________________ is divided into to 11 parts that focus on verbal abilities and on performance skills

Also a version for children, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (___________________)

Normal Distribution: Draw a basic bell curve below:

The Flynn Effects

Principals of Test Construction

Reliability - Ability of a test to provide consistent and stable scores

______________________________________ – a method of measuring reliability where the same individual is given the test on two different occasions and scores are compared. Similarity in scores indicates good test-retest reliability

______________________________________ – method of measuring reliability where the individual takes one test that is divided in half. Performance on each half is compared for similarity.

______________________________________ – two different but similar forms of the test are given on separate occasions and scores are compared for similarity.

Principals of Test Construction

Validity - Ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure

_______________________________ – tests ability to cover the complete range of material (content) it is supposed to measure

_______________________________ – how well a test score predicts an individual’s performance in the future

Correlation between SAT scores and first-year grades in college? +.5 – not great!

Correlation between GRE and grad school grades? +.4 – even worse!

Scoring the IQ Test

_____________________________ - number of questions answered correctly; doesn’t tell much about performance

_____________________________ - score that tells you how you did compared to other test takers – a much better read of performance

________________________________________ - what percentage of test takers you scored better than

What does it mean to score in the 85th percentile?

Part 3: Slides 26-37Intelligence: Stability or Change?

________________________________ does not seem to stabilize until age 7, but by age 4 performance on intelligence tests seems to predict future performance

Ian Deary study seems to establish that intelligence does remain relatively stable over time.

All 10.5-11.5 year-olds in Scotland tested in 1932

Follow up on the survivors done as recently as 2004 indicates intelligence tests remained consistent

Extremes of Intelligence: Giftedness

Definition

top 3% of IQ scores, typically over 132,

Superior IQ combined with ability in academics, creativity, and leadership

Giftedness is often in specific areas

______________________________ gifted people are rare

Some gifted children feel isolated and lonely, but most are well adjusted

Specialized Programs of Study?

Extremes of Intelligence: Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)

Definition

IQ < 70; lowest 3% of IQ scores

not a result of accident

onset before age 18

substantial limitations in functioning

Causes: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Levels

Mild - 90% of cases

Moderate - 6% of cases

Severe - 3% of cases

Profound - 1% of cases

Some people with retardation show savant performance on particular skills

Education and the Law

All children are entitled to an education that is…

Mainstreaming

keeping special needs kids in regular ed classes for whatever subject areas/activities they can handle

Inclusion

rather than taking special needs kids out of regular ed classes for support, bring support personnel into regular ed classes so kids can stay with their peers.

Leveling

separating children by ability into different classes

How do we construct an Intelligence Test?

________________________: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.

________________________: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.

________________________: Content, Predictive or Construct.

Types of Tests

Aptitude:__________________________________________________ Achievement:______________________________________________

Attitude vs Attention

Achievement tests measure what you have _____________________ learned

Aptitude tests measure your _________________________ to learn.

There is a positive correlation between aptitude tests results and intelligence tests.

e.g. correlation between SAT and IQ?

Does Intelligence change over time?

By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

Determinants of Intelligence: Nature

Biological similarities in Adoption Studies

IQ scores of child more closely ________________________ with biological mother than adoptive mother.

Identical Twins reared apart

After identical twins reared together, identical twins reared apart have the ___________________________________ of IQ scores.

Describe the correlations of familiy members and IQ scores:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________