WORLD HISTORY COURSE REVIEW – STANDARDS 1-18

Ancient World

Mesopotamia Egypt India ChinaWhere Tigris and

Euphrates RiversFertile Crescent

Nile River, Africa Indus and Ganges River Valleys

Huang He and Yangtze River Valleys

When Begins about 3500 B.C.

Begins about 3000 B.C.

Begins about 2500 B.C.

Begins about 2000 B.C.

Rulers(names or type)

Kings over city-states, Hammurabi

Pharaohs who were god-kings

Kings under the authority of Brahmin priests

Kings at the top of the social order

Trade Trade with surrounding city-states

Limited trade along the Nile due to isolation

Trade across northern India to Mesopotamia

Regional trade due to isolation

Writing Cuneiform – wedge shaped characters on clay tablets, Hammurabi’s Code first law

Hieroglyphics on papyrus and monuments,Rosetta Stone translated

Pictographic characters – never translated (Harappa)Aryans=Sanskrit

Earliest writing on “oracle bones”

Pictographic

Religion Polytheistic – bleak, no afterlife

Polytheism with complex afterlife,mummification,Book of the Dead

Development of Hinduism

Ancestor worship and nature spirits,Philosophy of Confucianism

Who were the Phoenicians and what did they contribute to civilization? They were a people who lived and traded in the eastern Mediterranean. They invented a simple alphabet that will become our modern alphabet.

What is monotheism and which early religions practiced it? It is the belief in one god. The Hebrews (later Jews) and people who practiced Zoroastrianism believe in one god.

What is the Mandate of Heaven and how did the Chinese use it to rule? It was a justification for the ruling dynasties to be in power. When a new dynasty would come to power, they would claim that they had a divine mandate to rule. This is part of the Dynastic Cycle.

What are the main beliefs of Hinduism? Hinduism has a strict social structure with no social movement called the “caste system.” The Brahmin priests are at the top as representatives of the head-god, Brahmin. They believe in karma, reincarnation, and moksha which is a release from the cycle of death and rebirth and the attainment of spiritual perfection.

Who was the founder of Buddhism, what did he teach, and where did it spread? The founder is Siddhartha Gautama and he taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path in order to end suffering and reach nirvana, or enlightenment. Buddhism began in India and spread to China and other parts of Asia.

Classical Civilizations

GreeceGovernment – Polis (city-states), democracy in Athens and military oligarchy in Sparta

Culture – architecture, art, literature and learning, philosophy, drama, culture spreads to Rome

Philosophy – Socrates (questioning), Plato (philosopher kings in The Republic), Aristotle (math and science, tutor of Alexander)

RomeGovernment – Republic with a senate, Julius Caesar was dictator, then civil war and Empire, Augustus was first emperor

Christianity – began with the empire and spread rapidly through Rome and all conquered lands, first was persecuted then became state religion

Collapse – over extension, dwindling resources, loss of loyalty, corruption, economic problems, barbarians

Byzantine

Location – present day Turkey, capital Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire, continued until 1453 when conquered by Ottoman Empire

Justinian – most famous ruler, Justinian’s Code, architecture, Roman culture, ruled with wife Theodora

Orthodox Church – Eastern Christian Church that will spread to Russia, Great Schism of 1054 split the Christian Church, Catholics in the west with pope

Mongols

Genghis Khan – ruler who united the Mongol clans into an empire across Asia and into eastern Europe, harsh but tolerant, used psychological warfare, split empire among sons and grandson with his death

Kublai Khan – ruled China as the Yuan Dynasty, used foreign scholars to run government, religiously tolerant

Who was Alexander the Great and what is his legacy? Explain the spread of Hellenism. He was the king of Macedonia who will conquer most of the known world in the 300s B.C., from Greece to Egypt and the Indus River Valley. Although he will die before he can rule, he spreads blended Greek, Egyptian and Persian cultures (Hellenism) throughout the lands he conquers.

Who was Marco Polo and what was the result of his travels? He was a merchant trader who traveled from Italy to China during the Middle Ages and served in Kublai Khan’s court. When he returns to Italy, he will tell the stories of the East and spur Europeans desire to see and trade with China.

Empires, Expansion, and Conflict

How did Christianity spread? It spread throughout the Roman Empire as Jesus’ followers, notably, the apostle Paul, spread the gospel which was readily accepted by Rome’s slaves and lower classes since it gave them hope in the idea of eternal life.

Why did the Sunni and Shia branches of Islam split? The split was over who should lead Islam after the death of Muhammed. The Shia believed the “caliph” needed to be someone who was related to or descended from Muhammed and the Sunni (who was the majority) believed they did not.

What was the impact of the Crusades for Europe and the Islamic World? The Crusades was a series of holy wars between Christianity and Islam. Both Europe and the Islamic world benefit from exposure to the culture and ideas of the other. Trade will also be revived and the Europeans benefit the most as they regain learning and knowledge from the ancient and classical world.

Draw and label the major trade routes on the map below.

Describe the manorial system and feudalism of the Middle Ages using the terms vassal and fief. Feudalism is a political and social system based on the holding of land. The fief is the manor or estate of land. The king owns all the land and distributes it to the nobles/lords who are his vassals. Those lords can also distribute land to their vassals (lesser lords and knights). The knights are the knights protect the land for the lord. Manorialism is the economic system of the fief. The manor is self-sufficient and the peasants and serfs work the land for the lord.

Who was Charlemagne and what were his accomplishments? Charlemagne (Charles the Great) was the Frankish king who unified the lands in what is now France and Western Europe. He was crowned by the pope in 800. He conquered the Saxons, created laws, and promoted education and Christianity.

How did towns and cities revive in the High Middle Ages? After the invasions of the early Middle Ages ended, manor villages developed into towns and cities began to repopulate due to the revival of trade.

Renaissance and Reformation

What was the Renaissance? It was a rebirth of art and learning that began in the 1300s with new interest and rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature.

Why did the Renaissance begin in Florence? Florence was an independent city-state run by the Medici family who had wealth to support the arts. Florence was on the Mediterranean trade routes where new ideas would come in from the East.

What is humanism and who were the early humanist writers? It is the study of human achievement and potential with a focus on the individual. Early writers included Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.

What is a Renaissance Man, who best represents the idea and why? It is a man who has knowledge and expertise in many different fields. Leonardo da Vinci best represents the idea because he was an artist, scientist, and inventor.

What were Martin Luther’s beliefs on religion and how did his thinking lead to the Protestant Reformation? He posted his 95 Theses condemning the selling of indulgences and the corruption of the Catholic Church. He believed in salvation by grace and faith (justification) and which went against the teachings of the Catholic Church. This caused a permanent split and resulted in many new Christian denominations.

How did John Calvin contribute to the Reformation? Calvin followed Luther’s ideas, but also taught predestination, believing that God knows in advance who will accept salvation. He is the founder of the Calvinist Church (Reform, Huguenots, Presbyterians)

Who invented the printing press and why was it important during the Renaissance and Reformation? Johann Gutenberg used the Chinese idea of moveable type to create the printing press. With mass printing, literacy improved and new cultural and religious ideas will spread rapidly leading to a new emphasis on education and political change.

Why did Henry VIII begin the Protestant Reformation in England? The reformation in England began because Henry wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine to marry Ann Boleyn. He wanted a male heir to secure the throne. So, the reformation in England began for political reasons instead of religious reasons.

How did Elizabeth I continue the change in the Anglican Church? Elizabeth ended the violence between the Catholics and Protestants by unifying all aspects of the protestant church.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation and what did they decide at the Council of Trent? The Catholic Church held a series of councils to address the issues of reform. At the Council of Trent, they reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, corrected the abuses of indulgences, refocused on education for the priests, and confirmed the Jesuits.

The Age of DiscoveryWho were the Bantu people in Africa? They were a language group that lived in West Africa. They migrated throughout central and south Africa when their population numbers grew large. They took their language, culture, and knowledge of farming and iron work with them when they moved, influencing other African peoples.

What were the products of the Trans-Saharan trade routes? The main products were salt and gold.

Who was Mansa Musa? He was the ruler of the empire of Mali in West Africa. He was a Muslim and spread his vast wealth throughout North Africa when he went on the hajj.

The Americas Olmec Maya Aztec Inca

Time and LocationYucatan Peninsula about 1200 B.C.

Yucatan Peninsulaabout 1000 C.E.

Central Mexicoabout 1200 C.E.

Peru and Andes Mountainsabout 1100 C.E.

Political Structure Ruled by kings City-states with kingsEmpire ruled by kings and allied and conquered surrounding groups

Empire ruled by kings at top of the social structure

EconomyFarming, trade Farming, trade Farming, trade,

spoils of warFarming, trade, gold from mountains

Cultural Achievements

Large stone heads (sculptures)“mother civilization”

Ball-game, calendar, glyphs,Pyramids, Popol Vuh

Calendar, art, pyramids, chinampas

Bridges, mountain roads, terraced farming, quipu

ReligionPolytheism, feathered serpent

Polytheism, blood sacrifice

Polytheism, sun god, human sacrifice

Polytheism, mummification

What were the reasons for European exploration of the New World? God, Gold, and Glory. The Europeans were looking for trade routes to the east (China and India) that bypassed the Ottoman Empire’s control of the eastern Mediterranean. Missionaries traveled with explorers to spread Christianity.

List the area explored and main achievement by the following:Christopher Columbus – New World, BahamasVasco da Gama – sailed around AfricaFerdinand Magellan – sailed around the worldJames Cook – Polynesia, Hawaii

What was the Columbian Exchange and what was its impact on the Old World and the New World? It was a biological exchange of plants, animals, and diseases. The Old World (Europe) gained new foods such as potatoes and corn. The New World saw much of their population die as a result of European diseases such as measles and small pox. Due to the loss of native population, Europeans turned to the African Slave Trade to fill the labor need. The Middle Passage was the transport of Africans to the Americas by ship under the worst conditions.

Enlightenment and Revolutions

Scientific Contributions

How did the work of these individuals change the world-view of science? The old view of science was based on the works of ancient Greeks and Romans. The Scientific Revolution led to a new view through the use of the scientific method, observation, and applying logic and reason to the physical world.

What did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Newton was the founder of the Laws of Motion and the universal law of gravitation.

How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment? The application of logic and reason to problem solving of the physical world was applied to the political and social world.

Define the Age of Enlightenment? What was this time period about? The Enlightenment is an age of reason, where logic, reason, and the ideas of an ordered universe are applied to humanity. It is a new age of thinking regarding politics, religion, and the economy.

What did Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau have in common regarding Enlightenment thought? All three of these Enlightenment philosophers believed that people should be able to choose their religion and their ruler, that government answers to the people.

Copernicus

heliocentric theory: sun is at the center of the universein conflict with the Catholic Church

Kepler

laws of planetary motion, the planets move in elliptical orbitsmathematical tables

Galileo

telescope and observations proved the heliocentric theory and many other advancesput on trial by the Catholic Church

Compare and Contrast the following political revolutions.England United States France Latin America

Dates of Revolution

1688 1775 1789 1820s and 1830s

Main Causes James II was Catholic and had a son renewing religious conflict

Taxation, lack of representation in Parliament, Enlightenment

Weak monarchy, poor harvest, heavy taxation of the poor, Enlightenment

Colonial treatment, taxation, Enlightenment

ImportantIndividuals

James IIWilliam and Mary

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson

Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Robespierre, Napoleon

Toussaint L’Overture, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Hidalgo

Important Facts Glorious Revolution, Bloodless Revolution

Continental Congress, Boston Tea Party, Concord and Lexington, Saratoga, Yorktown

Estates General, Bastille, Committee of Public Safety, guillotine, Legislative Assembly

Hatian Revolution (slave revolt), Mexican independence,South American independence

Results Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy

U.S. independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights

Extreme violence, war with Europe, rise of Napoleon as an emperor and conqueror

South America divided into regional states, dictatorships, Brazil kept a monarchy

Industry, Imperialism and World War I

What is the Industrial Revolution and when did it begin? It is the shift from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine. It began in England in the mid-1700s.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? England had all of the required elements for industry to begin. It had a stable political and economic climate, natural resources such as coal and iron, water for power, and a labor force.

Draw lines to match the inventions or contribution to the inventor.

John Kay cotton gin

Richard Arkwright steam engine

Robert Fulton flying shuttle

Eli Whitney water frame

James Watt steam boat

How did the invention of the locomotive change society during the Industrial Revolution? The invention of the railroad helped the Industrial Revolution grow. People and goods could now move faster and more efficiently. Food was fresher getting to markets. Resources for manufacture moved faster and finished goods became more widely available.

What were the working and living conditions in urban areas during this time? The population of the cities grew faster than the infrastructure as people migrated from the country to the factories for jobs. As a result, the cities were crowded, lacked sanitation and adequate housing, and crime, disease, and pollution were major problems.

How did the work of Karl Marx offer an alternative to political and economic thinking during the Industrial Revolution? New types of economic systems were put out as alternatives to counter the problems of the Industrial Revolution. Karl Marx took the ideas of socialism and expanded them to become communism with the idea that a classless society and government controlled industry and distribution would solve the problems of poverty. This is in contrast to Adam Smith who promoted capitalism or a free market economy.

What is nationalism and what did it lead to in Germany in the late 1800s? Nationalism is loyalty to a nation. It is the belief that the state is of extreme importance. In nationalism, the people usually share a culture, language, heritage, and beliefs. It was a driving force in the 1800s that lead to the unification of Prussia and other German speaking states into a powerful German Empire.

Who was Ieyasu Tokugawa and what were his policies in Japan? Tokugawa was a warlord who will unify Japan and become the Shogun in the 1600s. He cut off trade with Europe except for the Dutch and forced Japanese Christians to return to Shintoism or be crucified. How did Japan change during the Meiji Era, after the arrival of Matthew Perry? Japan was forced to open its doors to the west with Perry’s arrival in 1853. This will mark the beginning of Japan’s western modernization and industrialization.

What did the Opium Wars, Taiping Rebellion and Boxer Rebellion in China have in common? These events were all attempts to protest or end foreign and imperial involvement in China. China’s last dynasty, the Qing, was corrupt. The Confucian examination system was still in place. China was forced to open its doors to the West with the Taiping Rebellion and the Opium Wars. The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to get the West to withdraw.

What is imperialism and what did European countries want with Africa and Asia? Imperialism is the control and domination of a foreign power over a country through diplomacy or military force. European countries wanted natural resources and markets for finished industrial goods. Colonies were a symbol of a nation’s wealth and power.

What was the Berlin Conference and how did it impact Africa? The Berlin Conference was a meeting of the major European powers over the division of Africa into colonies. Africans did not participate in the conference and were not represented. Colonial boundaries will cause ethnic conflict and violence in the post-colonial world.

World War ILong Term Causes MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Immediate Cause the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne

Western Fronttrench warfare along the French/German borderstalemate, large loss of life to gain very little groundno-man’s land

Technology poisonous gas, tanks, airplanes, machine guns, flame-throwers,u-boats (submarines), tracer bullets

Treaty of Versailles Germany takes full blame for the war, loses land and resources, high reparations, League of Nations – US does not join. The treaty does NOT resolve the issues and sets up circumstances for WWII

Russian Revolution(causes and result)

weak ruler in Nicholas II, oppressive monarchy, WWI losses, early industrialization, influence of Rasputin, failing economy, Bolshevik following under Lenin – Russia becomes the communist USSR with the 1917 Revolution. Stalin will come to power after Lenin’s death. The NEP and the Five Year Plans will be put in place to boost the economy and industrialize the Soviet Union.

The Rise of Dictators and World War II

What were the main causes of World War II? The failure of the Treaty of Versailles and global depression led to the rise of fascist dictators in Europe, especially under Adolf Hitler. Hitler will remilitarize Germany and invade Europe, taking the Sudetenland, Austria and finally Poland to start the war.

Why did the United States enter the war? After cutting off important trade due to Japan’s aggressiveness in Asia, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor bringing the U.S. into the war.

What were some of the major battles in Europe and Asia? Europe: Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, Normandy (D-Day), Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Coral Sea

How did the war end in Europe? in Asia? The war ended in Europe when the Allied forces took Berlin and Hitler committed suicide. The war ended in Asia when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Japan leading to their surrender.

Mussolini Hitler

Write a paragraph explaining and describing the Holocaust.

The Jews in Germany were isolated and persecuted in Hitler’s Nazi regime. Their businesses were destroyed and they lost all of their legal and civil rights. Many were murdered by the Nazi’s. Over time they were sent to concentration camps where they were worked and starved to death. Hitler’s “Final Solution” was to gas the Jews in the concentration camps. Other minority groups were also targeted.