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“The Gospel – Understanding, embracing and communicating it.”

William Tyndale, the English Reformer, wrote in the early 16th century, “It was

impossible to establish the lay people in any truth, except the Scripture were plainly laid

before their eyes in their mother tongue.” As good as his word he embarked on the

mammoth task of translating the Bible into English and suffered exile, constant

harassment and eventual martyrdom for his trouble. He also said that Paul’s “Epistle to

the Romans” was ‘the most excellent part of the New Testament” and he opined “I think

it meet that every Christian ...not only know it by rote and without the book (i.e.

memorize it!!) , but also exercise himself therein ever continually, as with the daily bread

of the soul” It is also worth noting that it was “Romans” that led to Augustine’s

conversion, Martin Luther’s transformation and John Wesley’ awakening, all men whose

lives made a profound impact on their generations and those to come.

While, despite Tyndale’s encouragement, we will not be able to memorize the epistle

during this series or even study it in depth I trust we will either be introduced to it for the

first time or encouraged to revisit it to our great benefit. It is my conviction that in order

to “understand, embrace and communicate” the gospel a working knowledge of Paul’s

Epistle to the Romans is, at the very least, required reading!

Outline of “The Gospel – Understanding, embracing and communicating it.”

1. Let me tell you the “good news.” Rom. 1: 1 – 17.

2. Now the bad news. Rom 1: 18 – 2: 29.

3.. What we all have in common. Rom. 3 : 1 – 31.

4. What does saving faith look like? Rom. 4: 1 – 25..

5. Peace, joy and hope. Rom. 5: 1 – 21.

6. What to do about sin. Rom. 6: 1 – 23.

7. The struggle within. Rom. 7: 1 – 25.

8. No condemnation, no separation. Rom. 8: 1 – 39.


1. “Let me tell you the “good news.” Romans 1: 1 – 17.

Paul having concluded the first major phase of his missionary activity was now making

plans to evangelize in the western Mediterranean and to establish Rome as his base of

operations. Hence this epistle introducing himself, his plans, his ministry and his

message, the gospel, the good news to the Roman believers.

Written on 3rd missionary journey from Corinth AD 57 en route to Rome with collection

with hope of healing rift between Jews and Gentile Christians – see 15:23f

I. Paul introduces himself. 1: 1 – 7.

A. Servant (doulos) – honored to belong to Christ Jesus.

B. Apostle – called; sent on a mission. Declarative; combative (Caesar Lord?)

C. Set apart – for (the communication of ) the gospel of God. From; about God

i. promised beforehand – stresses continuity with O.T.

ii. regarding his Son, Jesus use of “Father.” (O.T. King Ps 2:6; 2 Sam 7:14

iii. descendant of David – the promised Jewish Messiah (kata sarx)

iv. powerfully declared horizo Son of God – resurrection – (kata pneuma)

Queen Eliz designated her son as Prince of Wales; JFK his brother as AG.

v. Jesus Christ our Lord – cf. doulos and kurios – NB. “our”

vi. To call people to the obedience of faith.

vii.Called to belong (v.6) to Jesus Christ – called to be saints (v.7)

D. From Jesus Christ our Lord grace and apostleship were received.

E. Result – grace and peace from Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

II. Paul outlines his plans. 1: 8 – 13.

A. He recognizes that the Roman church is well established and effective.

B. He calls God to witness his genuineness in preaching and praying

C. He wants to come to Rome to encourage and be encouraged.

D. He wants to extend the “harvest” he has already experienced.( see15: 23 f.)

III. Paul reveals his motivation. 1: 14 – 17.

A. A keen sense of obligation to all types of people.

B. An irrepressible enthusiasm for keeping on keeping on.

C. A profound conviction of the truthfulness and relevance of the gospel

i. “A righteousness of God is revealed” = God shows how we get/do right.

(In the O.T. the righteousness of God can denote God’s character…who will always DO

what is right; God’s activity of establishing right…. And even….the state of those who

have been or hope to be put right.” MOO 84 See Ps. 35: 27, 28.)

ii. From faith to faith – faith(fulness) of God to faith OR initial faith to

continuing faith

iii. Universal application - Jew first then Gentile.

iv. Universal principle – everyone who believes.

v. Undeniable impact – power of God for salvation.

Points to ponder: Have I grasped the gospel, does it grip me?

Next week: 2. Now the bad news. Rom 1: 18 – 2: 29.


2. “Now the bad news.” Rom. 1: 18 – 2: 29.

Paul now makes an obvious connection between “the righteousness of God is being

revealed” v. 17 and “the wrath of God is being revealed” v. 18 cf. 2: 5 and goes on to

explain that understanding the gospel requires understanding the wrath of God! Good

news!?

I. Humanity is being subjected to the wrath of God. 1: 18 – 32.

A. The wrath of God is “heaven’s” righteous response to man’s unrighteousness,

(contra Decalogue 1- 4) and ungodliness (contra Decalogue 5- 10.)

B. This behavior was/is demonstrated by man’s response to divine self revelation.

i. “Truth” – “it is plain!” was suppressed, lies preferred vs.18,19, 25.

ii. God who is “known” was not acknowledged or glorified. v.21.

iii The Creator was rejected, the creature was exalted. vs. 22, 23.

iv. God was tested and found unqualified; they got unqualified minds v 28.

C. God’s response was “to give them over” vs. 24, 26, 28

(Men chose to act, God chose they should live with the consequences.)

i. Confusion – “claim(ing) to be wise they became fools” - futility. v. 22

ii. Confusion about deity – “hearts were darkened” v. 22

iii. Confusion about humanity – elevated to superiority over deity v. 25.

iv. Confusion about sexuality – “shameful, indecent, perversion” vs. 26f.

D. Man knowing about judgment goes on anyway and encourages others v. 32

SUMMARY:-

vv.21- 24 Exchanged glory of Creator God for created – idolatry

vv.25 – 26a Exchanged truth of God for lie – ignorance

vv.26b- 31 Exchanged created sexuality for lust - immorality

“If there is no God everything is permitted.” Dostoevsky, “the Brothers Karamazov”

“If there is no God there is no universally obligatory moral law and no absolute

objective values… the free human being it thus thrown back on himself and made totally

responsible. In a godless world he has to choose his own set of values and if any meaning

is to be found in human life it can only be meaning which man himself has given it.’

Frederick Charles Copleston, “A history of Philosophy” p. 175.

II. The specific confusion of the moralist. 2: 1 – 11.

A. He thinks he is qualified to judge others while doing “same/such things” v. 1.

B. But fails to admit he does them too so his judgment is skewed.

C. He thinks he’s alright and spurns God’s kindness that leads to repentance v.3f

D. And ignores the final judgment based on God’s righteousness

E. When everyone will receive life or death – based on “what he has done” vs. 6f.

III. The unique situation of the Jew. 2: 12 – 29.

(Paul carefully addresses both Jews and Gentiles in the church in Rome.)

A. Those “without the Law” are the Gentiles who didn’t know the Law of Moses.

B. The Jews did know the Law and were proud of their uniqueness in this regard.

“Most Jews maintained… outside Israel, the sphere of the Law, there is no

salvation. The Jews who live within the domain of the Law on the other hand often

considered themselves virtually assured of salvation.” MOO p. 146.

C. But they faced the danger of externalism – religious ritual without reality. the

e.g. The prophetic call – Jer. 4: 4

D. They were as deserving of the righteous wrath of God as the Gentiles.

Points to ponder: The confusion Paul describes rules today! But remember while man is

free to choose God is supervising the consequences – He’s completely in charge!

Next week: “3. What we all have in common.” Rom. 3 : 1 – 31.

The gospel – understanding, embracing and communicating it.

3. “What we all have in common.” Romans 3: 1 – 31.

Cultural differences abound and have frequently led to pernicious points of conflict such

as racism, ageism, generationalism, sexism. Paul acknowledged huge differences but

concentrated on what we have in common – like “all have sinned and fall short of the

glory of God.” Romans 3: 23!! Commonalities such as this far outweigh differences.

. I. The issue of Jewish exceptionalism. 3: 1- 20.

A. Their proud claim to be exceptional was not without merit . vv. 1, 2.

B. And their faithlessness has not wrecked their special relationship. vv.3, 4.

C. In fact their faithlessness has highlighted God’s faithfulness. v.5.

D. So how God can judge them when they make Him look so good? vv.6-8

E. That’s slanderous - like saying, “Let’s do evil that good may result.” v8; 6: 1

F. Despite their status Jews like Gentiles are charged with being “under sin.” v. 9.

G. The charge – of the dominance of the dynamic of sin – substantiated. vv. 10-18

“There is not a righteous man on earth, who does right and never sins” Ecc. 7: 20

“... no fear of God.. he flatters himself too much to detect or hate his sin” Ps 36:1

H. If this is what “the law says” about covenant people what about Gentiles? v 19

I. Paul’s conclusion - the law justifies no-one; it reveals sinfulness of sin. v. 20

II. The issue of “ the righteousness of God (that) comes through faith.” 3: 21-26.

A. “But now” a new era has arrived revealing God’s righteousness. v.21a.

B. “Apart from Law” even though the O.T. witnessed to this new era. v.21b.

C. This righteousness is available only through faith but to all who believe. v. 22.

D. All sinned and come short of God’s glory (the evidence of His presence) v.23.

God’s glory = the evidence of His presence which spells perfection which

Christ Himself demonstrated and which he believer will ultimately experience.

E. But we are justified (declared right with God) because of grace as a gift. v. 24a

Justification: Language of the Law court – opposite of condemnation. The judge

who can declare you guilty declares you NOT GUILTY

F. On basis of redemption - delivery from bondage by paying a ransom v. 24b.

Redemption: Language of the slavemarket – to ransom (Mk. 10: 45 -) purchase by

paying a price – in Christ’s case His blood (sacrificial death.)

G. This was Christ as God publicly presenting Himself as a propitiation. v. 25.

Propitiation: Language of the temple – Pagans tried to appease their gods by

bribing them with sacrifices. Hence contemporary rejection of propitiation. But biblical

propitiation understands God’s anger, anger is averted and we don’t bribe God because

He provides the sacrifice Himself.

Grace – the language of the lover.

H. God has done all that is necessary – we will be blessed only by faith. v. 25.

I. So sins of the old era are forgiven through Christ’s work on the Cross. v. 25.

The cross demonstrated His justice/righteousness by judging sins of previous era

that had been left unpunished (fully) – passed over – but were now fully dealt with as also

were sins of the present time.

J. And God is perfectly “right” to “declare righteous” the “unrighteous,”

through faith in Christ ( cf. 4: 5.)

K. All – Jew or Gentile who come to God through faith in Jesus are eligible.

L. Faith as a principle does not negate the Law – it shows its proper role. v. 31.

Points to ponder: God is righteous (in the right) when he declares righteous(right with

God) those who have lived unrighteously (not rightly) because God in Christ accepted

our guilt and condemnation so there is no charge to answer – we’re acquitted!

Next week: “The Gospel – what does saving faith look like? “ Romans 4: 1 – 25.

The Gospel: understanding, embracing and communicating it.

4. “What does saving faith look like? Romans 4: 1 – 25 .

The gospel declares that universal rejection of “God as God” warrants His righteous

judgment, but explains there is a way to be “justified” (declared by God to be “in the

right” before God) not through human activity but by faith in God’s gracious action. We

are “Saved by grace through faith.” This is now explained and illustrated.

Paul wants to close his argument so he calls in tow heavyweights – Abraham and David.

I. The status of Abraham and David. 4: 1 – 16.

A. What about Abraham “our forefather,” “friend of God,” ultimate good man?

B. If he was justified by his works he put God in His debt. God OWED him!

C.Abraham believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness. Gen.15: 6.

See also his steps of faith in 12:4;17: 23f; 22:1 ff.

D. But those justified by faith know God acts from GRACE not OBLIGATION.

E. So God can “justify the wicked” not on basis of man’s works but His grace!

F. Speaking of “Crediting righteousness” – look at what David wrote in Psalm 32.

i. Transgressions (doing what we should NOT do) forgiven (taken away)

ii. Sins (NOT doing what we should do) are covered.

iii. Iniquity (polluting what is good) is NOT reckoned. (see Ps. 32:2)

G. Salvation is not good works being credited – but sin NOT being credited....

Not assets being counted; but debts being cancelled.

H. .......And righteousness being credited – predicated on the the grace of God.

I. But Abraham “credited” before the Law given. vv. 9-16; Gal.3:6, 17

430 years elapsed between giving of Covenant and giving of Law.

J. So he couldn’t have been justified by works but by grace through faith....

K. So salvation is not limited to those who have the Law, but available to ALL.

SUMMARY:-

Justification source – grace 3: 24.

Justification ground – blood 5: 9.

Justification means – faith 3: 28; 5: 1

Justification effects – in Christ 8: 1. John Stott.

II. Abraham’s faith as a model for Christians. 4: 17- 25.

A.Faith – Confidence in a Person.

i. Abraham believed God ... against all hope.. in hope believed. vv.17,18

ii. God who gives life to the dead...calls things that are not... v. 17

B. Faith – Confronting the problems.

i. His body was a good as dead – but God lives life to the dead! v. 19

ii. Sarah’s womb was also dead – but God calls things that are not! v.19.

C. Faith – Convinced of the promises.

i. Fully persuaded that (God) had power to do what he had promised v.21

ii. Did not waver through unbelief.. but was strengthened in his faith. v.20

Points to ponder: “The words “it was credited to him” were not written for him alone,

but also for us ...who believe in him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead” 4: 24.

Next week: “Peace, joy and hope.” Rom. 5: 1 – 21.


5. Peace, joy and hope. Rom. 5: 1 – 21.

In his careful explanation of the “good news” of God’s righteous action on behalf of

unrighteous people leading to their “justification by faith” the Apostle Paul now turns his

attention to an enumeration of the blessings available to those who have been justified.

I. The blessings of the justified. 5: 1 – 11.

A. We have peace with God.. v.1

1. We can say “It is well, it is well with my soul” (See Isa 48: 17, 18.)

2. “Through our Lord Jesus Christ” (See Eph. 2: 13f.)

B. We stand in grace. v. 2a.

1. Grace is a solid place where we are secure.

2. Grace offers opportunity and provides ability (See 2 Cor. 9: 8)

3. Through the Lord Jesus Christ.

C. We rejoice in hope. v. 2b

1. Hope that is confident.

2. Hope that anticipates the ultimate –“the glory of God”(cf. 3: 23)

D. We rejoice in sufferings. vv. 3, 4.

1. Not because of what we FEEL but because of what we KNOW.

2. Pressure....perseverance....character formation ...confidence.

3. A confidence that is not misplaced.

E. We experience the love of God. v. 5..

1. Even in the midst of pressures we are conscious we are loved

2. Through the inner working of the Holy Spirit whom we have received

F. We enjoy the blessings of reconciliation. vv. 6 - 11.

1. What we were- powerless, ungodly, sinners, enemies.

2. What God did – demonstrated his love by offering himself in his Son

3. What this means :-

a. If we have been justified we will be saved from wrath.

b. If we have been reconciled we can live like it by Christ’s life.

G. No wonder “We rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ.”

II. The scope of humanity’s need and Christ’s provision. 5: 12 – 21

A. Through the disobedience of one man –Adam - sin and death entered.

B. Through the obedience of One Man – Christ – righteousness was revealed.

C. Because of the offence of one man sin and death reigned.

D. Because of the righteousness of One Man grace reigns.

Points to ponder: To what extent am I enjoying peace, joy love and hope?

Next week: “What to do about sin.” Rom. 6: 1 – 23.


6. “What to do about sin.” Rom. 6: 1 – 23.

If wherever “sin reigns” “grace” supercedes it some reckon the more sinning we do the

more grace is released (v.1) and living “under grace”(v.15) means God forgives whatever

we do. Paul refutes these beliefs and shows how justification produces sanctification.

I. Sin in the believer is inadmissible because we are united to Christ. 6: 1- 14.

A. “We died to sin” NOT we’re “dead to sin.” v. 2.

1. “Sinning” in practice is the outworking of “sin” in principle. v.1

2. “Died” as in “terminated relationship” not “unresponsive to

stimuli.”

3. This is clear from experience and from teaching in 6: 12, 13.

B. Baptism into Christ = baptism into His death and resurrection.

1. Baptism = an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

2. We enjoy union with the crucified and risen Christ – we are “in Him.”

C. Christ’s death was a dying to sin. His resurrection to a life to God. v. 10.

1. Christ was never responsive to sin’s stimuli.

2. Christ’s dying was a paying of sin’s penalty; a collection of sin’s wages.

3. Christ’s rising was a glorious return to new life.

D. So what does it mean that we, “united to Christ” have “died to sin?” v.6.

1. Christ paid sin’s penalty through death; we have too “in Him.”

2. So “we know” the “old self” (who we once were) was crucified.

3. This defeats sin’s power in “body of sin” NOT “sinful body.” (cf.v.12)

4. We’re no longer “slaves to sin” because having “died” we’re “justified”

E. The above explains what God has done – now we see what we do! vv. 11-14.

1. “Reckon” (consider, regard yourself) to have finished with the old life

2. ........and to be alive to God in the new life “in Christ”

3. Reject sin’s overtures “Do not let sin reign” by obeying its evil desires.

4. Recognise your “members” are instruments of evil or good – CHOOSE!

5. Rejoice the law and sin have been dealt with, grace has taken over !

II. Sin in the believer is inadmissible; we’re no longer its slaves. 6:15- 23 cf Jno. 8: 34

A. Note parallel to opening verses- questions, rejection, then “don’t you know?”

B. Yielding yourself to obey = being mastered – by sin/death or obedience/life

C. You used to be mastered by sin BUT now you have yielded to Christ.

D. The old way led to shame, sin, death; the new to righteousness, holiness, life.

E. Eternal life is a GIFT; sin pays WAGES.

Points to ponder: God has not taken away my ability to sin – He has given me the

ability NOT to sin and He expects me to live in the good of it!!

Next week: “The struggle within.” Rom. 7: 1 – 25.

The gospel: understanding, embracing and communicating it.

7. “The struggle within.” Romans 7: 1 – 25.

Many people think holiness is a way of life reserved exclusively for the super religious.

But believers know that Scripture says salvation “leads to holiness and the result is

eternal life.” (6: 22) But it’s a struggle. This is the topic addressed in Romans chapter 7.

Having been “set free from sin and… become slaves to God the fruit you get ..

sanctification… eternal life “ ESV 6: 22.

“Those who have been justified are now being sanctified, if a man is not being sanctified

there is no reason to believe he has been justified.’ F.F.Bruce “Romans” p. 142

I. The believer, the Law and holiness. 7: 1 – 12.

A.The Law has authority over mankind as long as they are alive.v.. 1

B. But death terminates the Law’s authority – an example from marriage.vv.2,3.

C. Believers “died to the Law through the body of Christ” (Christ’s death) v.4a

1. The Law aroused the sinful passions of the controlling sinful nature.

2. So we could not meet the Law’s demands in order to be saved.

3. But Christ did and we are freed from the Law (as a means of salvation.)

D. Believers like a remarried widow now “belong to him who was raised.” vv.4-6

1. So released from the Law they are now united with Christ by His Spirit.

2. Control by the Law led to death; Control by the Spirit leads to holiness.

E. So do believers now dismiss the Law as irrelevant? Absolutely not!vv. 7- 11

1. Believers know that through the Law they understand sin.

2. They also know that the Law can provoke sin leading to death.

3. So the Law, intended to bring life actually “brought death”.

G. Nevertheless the Law is not sinful – it is “holy, righteous and good.” v. 12

II. How then should believers who “died to the Law” regard the Law? 7: 13 - 25.

A. They respect the Law as a God given statement of His holy will. v. 13.

B. They know they cannot be justified or sanctified (made holy) through it.

C. Not because of any fault in the Law – the fault lies in the “sinful nature.”

“The Law showed me what was right and what was wrong without supplying the

power to do the former and avoid the latter.’ Bruce p 150.

“To run and work the Law commands

Yet gives me neither feet nor hands

But better news the gospel brings

It bids me fly and gives me wings.” Bruce p. 162.

NOTE: (Paul now illustrates this from his own experience.)

D. “The Law is spiritual, but I am unspiritual sold as a slave to sin.” v14

cf 1 Cor 3: 1 -3

E. Sinful nature denied me justification now resists sanctification vv.15- 21.

F. The law of sin battles the law of my (renewed) mind.vv.22 – 24a.

G. Who will rescue me? Thank God He will through Jesus!! vv. 24b, 25a.

H. But the struggle continues – and we have a say in who wins! v. 25b.

Points to ponder: The sinful nature that stopped me from being justified by my own

efforts, works consistently to resist all my efforts to live a sanctified life. Now what?

Next week: “No condemnation, no separation.” Romans 8: 1 – 39.

The gospel: understanding, embracing and communicating it.

8. “No condemnation, no separation.” Romans 8: 1 – 39.

Paul ended the description of his spiritual struggle by asking, “Who will rescue me from

this body of death?” Immediately he answered – “Thanks be to God (He will) – through

Jesus Christ our Lord.” Then he explained what that means and how it works.

I. There is “no condemnation” “in Christ” because of what God DID. 8: 1- 4.

A. What the Law could not do – could not free us from law of sin and death

B. Why the Law could not do it. – it was made powerless by weakness of flesh

C. What God did – He sent His Son as a sin offering and condemned sin in Him.

D. Why God did it – that the righteous requirements of Law be satisfied

“God not only provides in Christ the full completion of the Law’s demands for the

believer, but he also sends the Spirit into the hearts of the believers to empower a new

obedience to his commands.” MOO p. 485

E. What is the result? – the “not- condemned” walk in the Spirit not sinful nature

F. What is the key? – the law of Spirit of life sets free from law of sin and death.

( e.g. The law of gravity and the law of aerodynamics.)

II. There is an obligation to be controlled by the Spirit not the sinful nature. 8: 5- 17.

A. If the Spirit of God lives in us we are not controlled by the sinful nature. v.9.

B. If the Spirit of God does not live in us we do not belong to Christ. v. 10.

In fact in addition they are “in the flesh’ – that is man in his natural state ,

without Christ he cannot please god (v. 8) is hostile to god (v 7)is incapable of obeying

the Law (v.7) – depravity.

C. If we belong to Christ our minds are to be “set on” what the Spirit desires v. 5

E. He makes our spirit come alive despite the “deadness” of the body. v. 10.

F. And He who raised Jesus now living in us will finally raise us too. v. 11.

G. Therefore we have an obligation not to the sinful nature but to the Spirit. v. 12.

H. That means “by the Spirit” we mortify the “misdeeds of the body” v. 13.

NOTE:- The human element (we) and the divine (Spirit) see also

Col. 1: 29; Phil. 2: 12)

Only “we” = moralism, legalism; only Spirit = responsibility, immaturity.

I. We will be led by the Spirit to know what it means to be God’s

children.v.14f. including Abba, heirs, 0

III.There is good reason to be confident even though life is not easy. 8: 18- 39

e.g. 2 Cor. 4: 17.

A. As followers of Jesus we will share in His glory and His sufferings. v.18.

B. The glory promised us is what the whole creation is longing for! vv.19- 22.

The created order knows “things are not the way they ought to be.” It is always

looking for something better, for change, for promises to be fulfilled. But it doesn’t know

that this will only happen when the “sons of God are revealed” i.e. when the finaal

chapter of the divine grand narrative has been written.

C. We anticipate glory, conscious that our redemption is incomplete. vv. 23- 25

This will include public presentation as sons (adopted), glorified bodies

like Christ’s, new heaven and new earth.

D. And the Spirit works in our longings and prompts our praying. vv.26, 27

E. And we know that God is working out his ultimate plans all the time.vv. 28- 30

“Here the new creation, a community of men and women conformed to the image

of Christ is seen to have been from the beginning the object of God’s foreknowledge and

foreordaining mercy.” Bruce p. 176

F. So how do we respond to all this – with overwhelming confidence vv.31 – 39.

THIS is our hope – “the hope of glory” and Christ indwelling us is the

evidence and foretaste now (Col. 1: 27.) of what He is working towards completing

in His good time.

Points to ponder: The key to grasping Paul’s message is to realise its all about what God

DID not what we DO and then learning to live in the conscious enjoyment of His all

round provision as we increasingly understand, embrace and then communicate it.


9. God’s eternal plan and the Jews. Rom. 9: 1 - 33.

Dr. N.T. Wright wrote, “Many have given (Romans 9- 11) up as a bad job, leaving

Romans as a book of “gospel” for eight chapters, four of “application” at the end, and

three of “puzzle” in the middle” adding, “it is as full of problems as a hedgehog is full of

prickles.” We believe its all “gospel” so we need to study it – prickles and all!

I. Paul addresses the issue of widespread Jewish rejection of the Gospel. 9: 1 – 5.

A. More than an intellectual, theological problem – a heartbreak issue. vv.1 - 3

1. Genuine concern. 2. Clear conscience. 3. Extravagant expression

B. Incredulity at the response of such a privileged people. vv.4, 5.

II. Paul explores possibility God’s promises to Israel have failed. 9: 6 – 13.

A. Two “Israel’s” – two “descendants” of Abraham. (cf. 2: 28f.) v. 6

B. Example of Isaac – the promised son (v. 9) and Ishmael – natural son. vv. 7- 9.

(The two Israel’s – the “natural,” the” spiritual:” children of the promise.

C. Example of Isaac and Rebecca’s twin sons – two Israel’s continued

1. God made choice before they were born - “ a purpose in election”

2. So spiritual Israel is called to live by faith – “not by works.” v. 12.

3. God’s promises have NOT “fallen” and His purposes “stand.” Cf. 1, 11.

III. Paul deals with the question of God’s justice. 9: 14- 18

A. Objection – that sounds as if God is not just! .- Not at all! v. 14.

B.. Man’s sin demands justice - condemnation; mercy is God’s choice. vv. 15, 16.

C. Pharoah - hardened, overthrown after he hardened – God’s justice. vv. 17f.

IV. Paul responds to “Why does God blame us if He has a plan?” 9: 19 – 29.

A. Ask God questions, do not put Him on trial. – potter and pot. vv.19-21.

B. “What if” God showed His power by judging those meriting judgment? v. 22

C. “What if” God’s patience shows up His mercy leading to glory? vv. 23, 24

D. God revealed Himself in His wrath and His mercy – at the same time.

E. He showed His mercy to Gentiles and to a Jewish remnant. vv.25 – 29.

V. Paul reaches a conclusion. 9: 30 – 33.

A. Gentiles received righteousness by faith,. v. 30.

B. Israel failed to attain righteousness because they it “by works.” v. 31.

C. Christ was to them a stone of stumbling – to Gentiles a secure place. vv. 32,33.

Points to ponder: The sovereignty of God does not negate the responsibility of man, the

freedom of man in no way detracts from the purposes of God.

Next week: “The divine invitation and human response.” Romans 10: 1- 21.


No. 10 “Israel’s unbelief.” Romans 9: 30 - 10: 21.

Israel’s rejection of the gospel, if not rightly understood could lead people to doubt God’s

faithfulness or to conclude Paul’s gospel was false. Paul explores the issue further.

I. The stone of stumbling. 9: 30 – 33.

A. The warning of Assyrian invasion - some heeded, some disregarded. Isa 28:16.

B. Those who heeded found Jehovah a rock, those who disregarded stumbled.

C. While Israel stumbled over the gospel Gentiles stood firm and secure upon it.

II. The mis-step of Israel. 10: 1- 4.

A. Despite his disagreement with Israel Paul longs and prays for their salvation.

B. Through misplaced zeal they don’t submit to God’s righteousness

C. Not realizing that “Christ is the end of the law” = goal achieved; era ended.

D. So now all who believe receive the righteousness of God – Jew and Gentile.

III. The common ground of Israel and Gentiles. 10: 5 – 13.

A. “Righteousness by law” requires constant complete obedience. (see Gal. 3: 10)

B. “Righteousness by faith” is available (near) believable (heart and mouth.)

C. Don’t search the heavens (Incarnation) or the depths (Resurrection)

D. Believe Christ rose, confess “Jesus is Lord “and you will be saved!

E. The universal relevance (everyone) the basic simplicity (call) the divine

assurance (the Lord) the eternal benefit of the gospel (will be saved...)

IV. The perplexing issue of unbelief. 10: 14 – 21.

A. The promise is to those who call – but you won’t call if you don’t believe.

B. But you won’t believe if you haven’t heard.

C. And you can’t hear unless someone acts as a “herald” entrusted with a message

D. That requires someone who will entrust the message and send the messenger

E. God has done this but many have not “accepted the good news.”

F. So faith “comes from hearing” and hearing by the “word of Christ.”

G. Has Israel not heard? Have they not understood?

H. Oh Yes – but some are “disobedient and obstinate” and others believe!

Points to ponder: Informed, disobedient, obstinate? Or submissive trusting believing?


11. “The wisdom and knowledge of God.” Romans 11: 1 – 36.

Having quoted Isaiah’s description of Israel as “a disobedient and obstinate people” Paul

understandably asked, “God did not reject his people, did He?” His answer goes far

beyond the question to reveal God’s eternal plan – a revelation we all need to grasp.

I. Recognizing God’s work in history. 11: 1 – 10.

A. God “foreknew” the people He was choosing and chose them anyway.

B. Their rebellion did not surprise Him – nor did He reject them.

C. Paul, a bona fide Israelite is living evidence as are other Jewish believers.

D. During the apostacy in Elijah’s time God “reserved” a “remnant.”

E. They were “chosen by grace” and they refused “to bow the knee to Baal.”

F. Those who followed after Baal were “hardened” = calloused, desensitized.

II. Understanding God’s work at present. 11: 11 – 24.

A. Israel’s “hardening” is neither total nor final.

B. Their “transgression” has opened the door to Gentile “salvation”

C. Paul hopes that his Gentile mission will arouse Israel’s envy and repentance

D. So as their “rejection” led to blessing imagine their gospel “acceptance!”

E. Its as if branches have been broken off an olive and wild olive grafted on.

F. Israel were broken off through unbelief, Gentiles grafted in by faith.

G. But wild olive Gentiles must recognize they are nourished by the old root.

H. And they must remember that if branches can be broken off so can grafts!

I. If Gentiles continue in the faith through the kindness of God they’ll flourish

J. If Israel, the cultivated olive branches, reject unbelief they will be grafted in.

III. Anticipating God’s work in the future. 11: 25 – 32.

A. Israel will continue in “hardness” until full complement of Gentiles respond.

B. Then “all Israel will be saved” – thus the “people of God” will be complete.

C. “God’s gifts and call are irrevocable” – He has always been faithful to Israel.

D. They and the Gentiles experienced disobedience so they could know mercy.

IV. Acknowledging God’s work from eternity to eternity. 11: 33 -36.

A. Paul has answered questions posed by Israel’s rejection of the gospel.

B. He has described God’s power, wisdom, love and sovereign purposes.

C. And he bows in humble adoration – the only appropriate response.

Points to ponder: “ Consider therefore the kindness and the sternness of God.”

What does ‘love your neighbor’ look like?

Romans 12: 3 - 21. Matt.22: 37- 40.

There is a powerful link between loving God and loving people. We love God because

He first loved us but if His love “abides in us” that love will extend to what He loves –

His creation and the people in it so “Love your neighbor as yourself.” (Mt.22: 34f.)

I. The primacy of love.

A. “God is love” so He created, preserves, provides and saves. 1 Jno.4: 16.

B. The fruit of the Spirit is love” - relationship with God exhibits this. Gal 5: 22.

C. “If I have faith but not love I am nothing...... love is the greatest” 1 Cor. 13.

II. The reality of loving the neighbor. v. 9.

A. “Love must be sincere” (anupkritos) - cf. 1 Jno. 3: 18.

B. “Hate (lit. loathe, detest) what is evil” – that ruins relationships

C. “Cling (lit. be glued to) what is good” – that enhances relationships.

III. The analogy of loving the neighbor (as yourself.) v.3.

( Lit. Don’t think Highthink but think Sanethink about yourself.)

A. Thinking as we ought (binding) not too high nor too low.

B. Thinking Sanethink – we’re recipients of “given”grace and faith.

C. Thinking Highthink inflates ego, diminishes others.

D. Thinking Sanethink sees others as recipients of grace/faith too.

1. When the neighbor is a fellow believer, vv. 4- 8, 10.

2. When the neighbor is a believer in practical need, v. 13.

3. When the neighbor is antagonistic towards you, v. 14.

4. When the neighbor is going through life’s ups and downs, v. 15.

5. When the neighbor is creating discord in relationships, v. 16a.

6. When the neighbor is lower down the social scale, v. 16b.

IV. The practicality of loving the neighbor. Vv. 17- 21.

A. Resist the urge to “give as good as you got” v. 17a.

B. Regardless of what THEY do, YOU do what is RIGHT. v 17b.

C. Resolve to be a peacemaker rather than a troublemaker v 18.

D. Revenge is not our business – don’t try to get even. v 19

E. Recognize “KILLING WITH KINDNESS” works wonders, vv. 20, 21.

Points to ponder: This is the “Righteousness of the Law” in action and it is only possible

as we live according to the Spirit and not according to the sinful nature (Rom. 8: 4.)

The Gospel: understanding, embracing and communicating it.13. Christian living in a secular environment. Romans 13: 1- 14.

Paul knew statements can be taken to an extreme.. For example some may decide that as he instructed them “not to conform to the pattern of the age” (12: 2.) that meant they had no obligations to secular government. He may also have been eager to present an alternative to the “Vigilantism” he rejected in 12: 19. Or perhaps some believers were joining in an anti-taxation movement (13: 6f.) Whatever his reasons he explained that Government has its ordained role.

I. The Christian and secular government: 1 – 7.

A. “Let every soul submit” (not obey) to the “authorities” (exousiais =

powers) v.1

1. All legitimate authority belongs to and is mediated by God. Cf. Mark

12: 17

2. So authorities to be respected and acknowledged; they are divinely

appointed.

3. A fallen world contains divinely ordained structures - respect them.

Tit. 3: 1

B. Resistance to authority is rebellion against God’s design, meriting

judgment. v. 2

1. “Judgment” the action of government, or God, or God through

government?

C. Christians “doing right” need not worry about government (12: 2, 9, 17,

21) v. 3 1. In fact government will commend them for their conduct. Cf.

1 Pet. 3: 13.

D. Government, “God’s diakonos” exists to “do good” and “bring

punishment.” v.4

1. Government does the believer good by encouraging him/her in the

right path.

2. Government as God’s servant is authorized to punish “Evil”( defined

by God.)

a. “Bear the sword” certainly refers to punishment (include death

penalty?)

b. Hence wrongdoers should “fear;” Government is powerful for a

reason!

c. Government is an “agent of wrath” (Divine?)

NOTE. God can use secular powers to bring judgment as

He used pagan kings cf. Isa 5: 26- 29; 7: 18- 20; 8; 7,8; 10;

5,6

NOTE. God entrusts to secular government what he denies

Christians – the right to seek “vengeance.” (12: 19.)

E. “Therefore” submission is expedient and morally incumbent. v. 5.

F. Practically:- pay your debts including taxes, declare your purchases at

Customs, treat TSA with respect, honor those in positions of legitimate

authority. vv.6, 7.

BUT BUT BUT BUT BUT BUT!!!!!!!

Paul’s view of Government is so one sided! What about Government that

not only fails to do what it should but goes out of its way to do what it is

forbidden? How does the Christian respond to that?

Paul’s personal experience during the early days of Nero’s reign was

relatively positive. Later Nero abrogated divine rights to himself and was

responsible for persecution of Christians on a giant scale. But Paul’s

principles embrace Peter’s statement –“We must obey God rather than

man.” Acts 5: 29; 4: 18 – 20.

Christians “submit” to government as an institution ordained by God but

obey God from whom Government’s authority comes if it contravenes

God’s will. In fact it is Christians who uphold Government who hold the

high ground of moral authority when they must stand against

governmental actions!!.

II. The Christian and social relations. vv. 8 – 10.

A. Paul combines the theme of “sincere love” (12: 9f.) and paying debts (13:

7.) v. 8

B. Debts must be paid in full except “love one another” (13: 8.) it is never

fully paid.

C. Obligation to love? Yes because love fulfils the Law – see Matt. 22: 34-

40

D. Love fulfills Law? Yes, if love is primarily concerned for the other I…

vv. 9, 10

E. …cannot commit adultery, murder, steal, or covet and love

simultaneously

F. Remember loving is never fully paid so we need humility, repentance,

cleansing.

III. The Christian and spiritual perspectives. vv.11 – 14.

A. Look at the present in the light of the past. 12:1, 2

B. Look at the present in the light of the future. 13:11f.

C. Look at the night in the light of day.

1. The (dark) night is ending; the day (of the Lord) is at hand – wake up!!

2. Our salvation begun in the past – yet to be completed in the future cf.

8:23.

3. Salvation - Initiated, activated, perpetuated, consummated.

4. Deeds of darkness are not legitimate activities for wide awake people.

5. “Armor of light” still necessary in the dark days we live in.

6. Daytime helps decency; night time encourages bad behavior.

D. “Dress up” don’t “dress down” – clothe yourself with the Lord Jesus

Christ.

E. Get your thinking squared away – thoughts lead to actions.


No. 14. Christian liberty, charity and unity. Rom. 14: 1- 15: 13 The church in Rome contained Jews and Gentiles whose different attitudes to Jewish food laws and Sabbath observance created tension. So Paul taught them about Christian liberty in the gospel and the need for Christian charity and unity in the community of faith. These principles obtain to this day.

I. Christian liberty. 14: 1 – 12. A. A minority of “weak” believers firmly held they should observe Mosaic

rituals v. 1B. They were scrupulous in eating and meticulous in observing Sabbaths etc. vv

2, 5.C. The majority were to “receive” them, stop arguing and treating them with

disdain v. 3 D. The minority were to desist from their negative judgmental approach to the

“strong” v. 3E. The reason – “God has welcomed” them; so judging God’s servants is not

man’s role v. 4F. They stand or fall not through ritual observance but by the Lord’s ability

(grace.) v. 4.G. The same principle applies to observance of Sabbath and special days – see

Col. 2: 16 - v. 5H. Not a matter of preference, prejudice or tradition but being “fully convinced”

– cf. 4: 21I. Some eat; others abstain – both as unto the Lord – for we live and die to the

Lord vv. 6, 7J. All that matters is that the Lord who died and rose is Lord of our living and

dying vv.8, 9K. We’ll give an account to Him cf. 2 Cor. 5 : 10 so no human judgment is

acceptable vv 10 -12L. Gospel “frees” from rituals and places us before the Lord – Christian liberty cf

1 Cor. 9: 19f.II. Christian charity. 14: 13 – 23.

A. In light of the “judgment seat” human criticism in such matters is out of order v. 13

B. What is “in order” is a commitment not to be a “stumbling block to a brother”C. Personally speaking Paul has a very relaxed approach to both issues – “in the

Lord!” v. 14D. But what is “no big deal” to you may cause grief to a brother for whom Christ

died v. 15

E. So if you persist in what you think is good and right you lack love and may destroy him v. 16

F. Kingdom values –“righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit” – are what matters v. 17

G. Those who “serve” in this way find approval from both God and mankind v. 18

H. So be done with “weak” and “strong” attitudes; promote peace and upbuilding instead v.19

I. Doing what is right may be wrong if it “tears down” the “work of God;” the community v. 20

J. Enjoy your freedom in Christ but not in such a way it causes stumbling for others vv 21,22

K. But if actions do not stem from convictions be careful – you may be sinning cheerfully v. 23.

III. Christian unity. 15: 1 – 7. A. The “obligation” of the strong is “burden bearing” and “upbuilding” not self

pleasing vv. 1,2B. Christ’ s example in bearing the burden of insult – and death – cf. Ps. 69: 9 -

is our guide v. 3C. (O.T. rituals may not be applicable but there’s practical encouragement there

v. 4)D. A prayer:- May the “God of endurance and encouragement” promote unity

among you v. 5E. To the end God will be glorified – by everybody “welcoming” everybody cf.

14:1 - vv.6, 7.


15. “Final plea and future plans.” Romans 15: 7- 33.

Paul concludes his exposition of “the gospel” by combining a number of the epistle’s key

themes in a plea and prayer for unity in the Roman church and then addresses his future

plans.

I. Paul’s plea that church tensions be resolved vv.7- 13.

A. He has addressed the “strong” regarding “welcoming’ the “weak” 14: 1

B. Now he broadens the appeal – everyone must welcome everyone in the

Lord v.7

C. If for no other reason than God is glorified when the church lives in

harmony.

D. Christ “served” the “Circumcision” and thereby preserved “the truth of

God” v. 8

E. He did this by fulfilling the promises made to the fathers – see Gen 12: 1-

3.

F. At the same time extending mercy to Gentiles who glorify God in

response v. 9

G. Paul underlines his point from Scripture - “writings, law and prophets”

vv.10, 11

H. Finishing with Gentile “hope” resting in “the root of Jesse” – see Isa 11:

10 v. 12

I. He prays that the “God of hope” will fill all the Roman believers with

“hope” v.13

J. This requires their “believing” (different things) being mixed with joy and

peace

K. And that will necessitate a work of “power” through the Holy Spirit.

II. Paul’s perspective on his ministry during the previous 20 plus years vv.

14 – 21.

A. Paul aware the Romans don’t know him recognizes they may not accept

him v.14

B. So he carefully commends them on their “goodness,” “knowledge” and

abilities.

C. But he has written forcefully to remind them of what they already know

v. 15

D. He did this because of the “grace” (apostleship) God conferred on him

E. Which he treasured and saw as priestly worship with Gentiles as offerings

v. 16

F. All dependent, of course, on the sanctifying work of the Spirit.

G. He’s not reluctant to “glory” in his apostolic ministry so far (things of

God) v. 17

H. All that has been done is attributable to what Christ has done through him

v. 18

I. E.g. “obedience of the Gentiles” see 1: 5; “signs and wonders;” Spirit

power v.19

J. Based on pioneer evangelism and “fulfilling the gospel,” completing his

role v. 20

K. NOTE – Paul’s rationale for what he does is solidly based on Scripture v.

21.

III. Paul’s plans for the immediate future vv. 22- 29.

A. “Therefore” – because he’s been busy (see above) he has been hindered v.

22

B. But he has completed his work in the east Med and is eager to head west

v. 23

C. Spain is his objective; Rome a brief stop for support etc. v. 24

D. First he has work to complete relating to the Jerusalem collection v. 25.

E. Involved motivating, mobilizing, collecting, managing, delivering this

ministry

F. Why? He wants to give Gentiles a chance to ‘pay debts’ to Jews, meet

needs

G. Experience the joy of giving and demonstrate universality of church vv.

26-28

H. After all this he anticipates the “fullness of blessing” to be had in Rome v.

29

IV. Paul’s personal request for prayer vv. 30- 33.

A. Paul wants the Romans to know the Jerusalem visit will be a “struggle” v.

30

B. He ‘urges’ them to pray to God, in n/o Lord Jesus Christ, out of love of the

Spirit

C. Specific requests - personal safety (Acts 21:27f); reception by believers v.

31

D. Then (if God wills – see Jas. 4: 15) he will arrive safely, joyfully in Rome

v. 32

E. And breath a huge sigh of relief!!

F. Thought of “peace” prompts a prayer; “The God of peace be with you all

v. 33


16. “Greetings and glory.”

Romans 16: 1 – 27.

At first sight the sixteenth chapter of Romans does not look very interesting but it is a

“gold mine” of information about the early church and is therefore very relevant

to our understanding of the church today.

I. Commending Phoebe. 16: 1, 2.

A. Letters of commendation necessary for 1st century travelers cf 2 Cor. 3 : 1

B. Phoebe – a Gentile “sister” - a fellow believer – see 1 Tim. 5: 2.

1. Diakone of the church – “servant” (general) - office bearer? (1

Tim 3: 8f)

2. “Great help,” “prostatis” (hapax from verb) = “give aid to OR

preside over.”

3. So was Phoebe a “president” or a “benefactor” in the Cenchrea

church?

C. Receive her - she’s “a saint;” assist her in her business (legal issues?) see 1

Cor 6: 1. Networking!

II.Greetings all round. 16: 3 – 15, 21 – 24.

A. Priscilla and Aquila – “fellow workers’ (Acts 18: 1f) Rome; Ephesus;

Corinth (1 Cor 16: 19) v. 4, 5.

B. Tent making partners; stuck their necks out, saved Paul’s life; blessed

“churches of the Gentiles”

C. Leaders of a “house church”

D. Epenetus – “firstfruits” (see Ex. 23: 16; 1 Cor. 15 : 20; 16 : 15) of Asian

ministry v. 5b.

E. Mary – “worked hard for you” (v 12) – manual labor; weariness; (1 Cor

15: 10; Col 1: 29)

F. Andronicus and Junia – early Hellenistic believers, relatives (v 11) and

fellow prisoners v. 7

a. Junia = Iounian = male or female name? Probably wife of

Andronicus – see below!

b. “outstanding among the apostles” – esteemed by/outstanding

among apostles?

G. Ampliatus and Stachys – “beloved” – special close friendships? vv. 8, 9.

H. Apelles – “tested and approved in Christ” – highly regarded (14: 10) stood

up to trials? v. 10

I. Household of Aristobulus – slaves belonging to deceased brother of Herod

Agrippa 1 ? v. 10b

J. Herodion – probably a Jewish freedman in the household of Herod family

v. 11

a. Those “in the Lord” in household of Narcissus (who served

Claudius - suicide)? v. 11b

K. Tryphaena, Tryphona (delicate, dainty) and Persis – slaves/free-persons,

hard workers v. 12

L. Rufus – son of Simon of Cyrene? (Mk 15: 21) – “elect in the Lord” cf.

Eph. 1: 4 v. 13

a. His mother who had “mothered” Paul.

M. Two more family and house groups vv. 14, 15.

N. The holy kiss – by C2 a standard part of worship liturgy; network of

churches v. 16

O. Timothy (Acts 16: 2,3) Lucius (or Dr. Luke? Acts 13: 1?) Jason (Acts 17:

5-9) Sosipater Acts 20:4)

P. Gaius (1 Cor 1: 14) hospitable to whole church; Erastus - Corinth’s city

treasurer

NOTE: The emphasis Paul places on ‘co-workers’ and women (9) who

ministered (5)

III. A timely warning 16: 17- 19.

A. Mention of “the churches” reminds Paul of the divisive issues he has been

dealing with.

B. The call to love (13: 8; 14: 1; 15: 7) does not negate the need for vigilance

(skopeo)

C. Opponents will attack the gospel and cause divisions – see 1 Cor 1: 10- 13

D. More importantly they create “stumbling blocks” (9:33; 11:9; 14: 13)

E. This is so serious it requires a serious response – shun them!

a. Because they claim to be Christ centered – they’re actually ego

centric (belly)

b. Their “smooth talk” will lead astray the innocent – the uninformed

and the naïve

F. Roman Christians’ obedience to gospel (love etc) is well known and

appreciated v. 19

G. But leaves them vulnerable – they must be smart as well as gracious - See

Mt. 10: 16.

IV.An encouraging promise. 16: 20a.

A. “The God of peace” = the God of “order” – refers to Him putting things

right?

B. “Crush Satan” cf. Gen 3: 15 – defeat “smooth talkers” OR final defeat

of Satan (Rev 20: 10)

C. “Soon” - promise of quick defeat of opponents OR promise of

“imminent = impending” return/victory?”

D. “The grace of our Lord Jesus” – you all know him so live in the grace

He provides.

V. Doxology. 16: 25- 27.

A. God who is “able to strengthen (us)” through “the gospel” proclaiming

Jesus Christ in a revealed “mystery” that was “made known” through

“prophetic writings” that the “eternal” God himself commanded into

existence for the purpose of “all nations” coming to a life of “faith and

obedience” having shown His “wisdom” in all this deserves to be “glorified”

– praised, honored above all “forever” and we can do it “through Jesus

Christ”.

B. Amen!!

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