AQA Geography GCSE (MOCK) Paper 1: Living with the physical environment – Case studiesNatural hazards

Nepal and Christchurch earthquake

Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth

Haiyan Typhoon

Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses

Somerset Floods

An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate: causes, social, economic and environmental impacts, how management strategies can reduce risk.

Physical landscapesRiver Tees

An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition

Boscastle Flood

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK to show: • why the scheme was required • the management strategy • the social, economic and environmental issues.

Dorset Coastline

An example of a section of coastline in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.

Lyme Regis Coastal Management

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show: • the reasons for management • the management strategy • the resulting effects and conflicts

NATURAL HAZARDS - Tectonics Hazards Case Studies

HIC EARTHQUAKE CASE STUDYChristchurch New Zealand 2011

LIC EARTHQUAKE CASE STUDYNepal 2015

Location & date: Magnitude 6.3 earthquake

CAUSESIt was at conservative PLATE BOUNDARY where the Pacific tectonic plate slides along the Australian plate.

EFFECTS

Social Effects: 181 died 50% buildings destroyed

Economic Effects: $8.5 billion in damage

Environmental effects: Animal habitats destroyed

RESPONSESImmediate Responses:

60 homeless people were given temporary shelter Red Cross sent aid workers

Long-term responses: Water pipes restored within a week Housing and buildings rebuilt to be earthquake resilient

Location & Date: 25th April 2015 Magnitude 7.8 earthquake

CAUSESHaiti lies right on a DESTRUCTIVE boundary between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.

EFFECTS

Social Effects: 6204 killed 4 million lost their homes

Economic effects: 1 in 5 people lost their job $5 billion in damage

Environmental effects: Avalanche on Everest and other mountains

RESPONSESImmediate Responses:

Rescue teams were sent out from across the world – China first to arrive from rotting bodies. Red Cross set up temporary shelter. Aid agencies were important in

helping distribute food and water

Long term responses: UK donated $70 million Homes are being rebuilt.

NATURAL HAZARDS – Weather Hazards CASE STUDIES

Haiyan Typhoon UK Extreme Weather Somerset Flooding

Location & Date: Tacloban, Philippines November 2013 Category 5 Typhoon/Hurricane

Typhoon Features Winds 170mph Waves 15m high

Primary EFFECTS 6300 people killed – most drowned by the storm surges 600,000 displaced and 40,000 homes damaged or flattened – 90% of

Tacloban City destroyed Tacloban airport terminal badly damaged Typhoon destroyed 30,000 fishing boats

Secondary EFFECTS

14 million people affected, many left homeless and 6 million people lost their source of income

Flooding caused landslide and blocked roads, cutting off aid to remote communities

Power supplies in some areas cut off for a month Looting and violence broke out in Tacloban City

RESPONSESImmediate Responses:

International government and aid agencies responded quickly with food aid, water and temporary shelters

Over 1200 evacuation centres were set up to help the homeless UK government sent shelter kits, each one able to provide emergency

shelter for families The Philippines Red Cross sent basic food aid which included rice, canned

food, sugar, salt and cooking oil

Long-term responses: Rebuilding of roads, bridges and airport facilities ‘Cash for work’ programmes – people paid to help clear debris and rebuild Oxfam supported the replacement of fishing boats – a vital source of

income Thousands of homes have been built away from areas at risk from

flooding

Location & Date: The Somerset is in the south-west of England. The Somerset levels form an extensive area of low-lying farmland and

wetlands bordered by the Bristol Channel January and February 2014

Causes: A succession of depressions (low pressure) driven across the Atlantic

Ocean brought a period of wet weather lasting several weeks. Wettest January EVER - 350mm of rain fell in January and February Hide tides and storm surges swept water up the rivers from the Bristol

channel. Rivers had not been dredged for at least 20 years.

EFFECTSSocial

Over 600 houses flooded and power supply cut off 16 farms evacuated Residents evacuated to temporary accommodation

Economic Cost of flood damage to be more than £10 million Over 1000 livestock evacuated Local roads cut off by floods

Environmental Floodwaters were heavily contaminated with sewage and other pollutants A huge amount of debris had to be cleared

RESPONSESImmediate Responses:

Homeowners coped as best as they could. Villagers cut off by the floods used boats to go shopping or attend school. Local community groups and volunteers in Burrowbridge gave invaluable support

Many pumps were used to get water off the Levels and back into the rivers. These pumps were pumping 10 tonnes of water per second.

Long-term responses: The Somerset Contingencies Partnership improved their website to give

easy access to information on how to reduce their flood risk and prepare for a flood.

By 2015, temporary pumping stations such the Bridgewater Taunton Canal were to be made permanent so they could be used again in times of flooding

Increasing the capacity. The Sowy channel was to be widened to increase its capacity

PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES - UK River Case Study – River Tees river basin, North-East England

Location – Can you describe where Tees basin is located?

The Tees Basin is located in the NORTH EAST of England.

It is located between the Pennines and the NORTH SEA

The River tEES flows from the source in Pennine hills AT Cross Fell.

It’s mouth is in the North Sea at Redcar near Middlesbrough

River Processes have created a variety of landforms:

PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES – UK Flood Case Study - Boscastle

Boscastle 2004

The Tees Basin is located in the NORTH EAST of England.

It is located between the Pennines and the NORTH SEA

The River tEES flows from the source in Pennine hills AT Cross Fell.

It’s mouth is in the North Sea at Redcar near Middlesbrough

Task: Look at the model answer and identify the 5 pieces of information that make the answer location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain erosion has changed the river landscape. (6 marks)

V-shaped valleys are found in the Pennines where it is 600m above sea level. The height means freeze-thaw weathering is common . This along with traction (transportation) and vertical erosion from the River Tees has created v-shaped valleys.

As tributaries join the River Tees it gets bigger and has more power to erode sideways. The flatter landscape leads to further lateral erosion and the creation of meanders near Barnard Castle. By the time the river meets Darlington it forms ox-bow lakes.

Meanders in the Middle course near Barnard Castle. Ox-bow lake at Darlington

Task: Identify the 5 pieces of information that make this location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain how erosion and deposition together shape the river landscape (6 marks)

Example of depositional landform – Formation of flood plains

By the time the river reaches Middlesbrough it has become only 100m above sea level . Here the meanders have migrated and flooding is at regular intervals. This has led to the formation of floodplains.

Task: Identify the 5 pieces of information that make this location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain how deposition is shaping the river landscape (6 marks)

High Force Waterfall is found near the source of the River Tees.

The waterfall is formed because Whinstone (hard rock) lies on top of Limestone (softer rock).

Location and date: Boscastle is built at the mouth or River Valency, South west of England in Cornwall August 2004 Flash Flood

Why was the management Scheme needed:

August 2004 Flood A month’s rain (60mm) fell in 2 hours Boscastle is at the confluence of 3 rivers (Valency, Jordan and Paradise) Steep impermeable slopes – reduced the lag-time and made this the worst flood the area had ever received.

Flood led to major effects: 1,000 homes were swept away Businesses were destroyed 100 cars swept away £20 million worth of damage Lost tourism and local home insurance went up The immediate response of 7 helicopter prevented any deaths and reduced casualties

Flood Strategy - What has been done to reduce flooding:Environmental Agency has spent £10 million on:

They widened the channel so it could hold more water Built a new higher river wall near the high street Rebuilt the car park with permeable surfaces Removed dead trees from hillsides Removing low bridges and replacing with wide ones

What has been Social, Economic and Environmental Costs and Benefits of the strategy:

Social Economic EnvironmentalCosts – Disturbed village life and kept tourists (main business) away during redevelopment.

Costs - £10 million on a village that is populated by under 1,000 people

Costs – Landscape changed as dead trees removed. River channel no longer natural.

Benefits – Roads will remain open if a flood occurs allowing evacuation and/or life to continue due to bridges being better.Car Park – ensure cars don’t get washed away and cause further blockages/damage.

Benefits – Businesses and tourism retained. August flood cost £20 million so paying £10 million will save in the long-run

Benefits – Ensures trees won’t block the river and make a flood more severe. Channel has greater capacity and less likely to flood.

PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES - UK Coastal Landscape Case Study – Dorset Coast

Location – Can you describe where Dorset is located?

The Dorset coast is located on the SOUTH coast of England.

It is called the Jurassic Coast because it has lots of FOSSILS

Locate these coastal landforms:

A headland & stack: ________________________

Geomorphic Processes have created a variety of landforms:

PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES – UK Coastal management at Lyme Regis

Where is Lyme Regis?

Lyme Regis is a small coastal town on the south coast of England in the county of Dorset. It lies at the heart of the World Heritage Site known as the Jurassic Coast.

Much of the town has been built on unstable cliffs. The coastline is eroding more rapidly than any in Europe due to the powerful waves from the south west. Many properties have been destroyed or damaged, and there has been considerable erosion of the foreshore. The sea walls have been breached many times

How has the coastline been managed?

The Dorset coast is located on the SOUTH coast of England.

It is called the Jurassic Coast because it has lots of FOSSILS

Locate these coastal landforms:

A headland & stack: ________________________

Task: Look at the model answer and identify the pieces of information that make the answer location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain erosion has changed the coastal landscape. (6 marks)

The Foreland, Old Harry and his wife – Erosional Landform

In between two areas of softer rocks which have formed Studland Bay and Swanage Bay there is a headland called The Foreland. This harder rock is made of chalk. The headland has been eroded leading to a cave being eroded through to form an arch. At the end of the headland is a collapsed arch which has formed a stack called Old Harry and a stump called Old Harry’s wife.

Chemical weathering (carbonation ) and erosion continue to wear Old Harry and his wife down. This along with biological weathering from vegetation on top continues to break Old Harry and his wife down.

The cliffs at Swanage Bay are made of clay which is a soft rock, sanwhiched between harder limestone to the south and chalk to the north. It has therefore eroded to form a bay. In areas with little vegetation the cliffs are weakened by wet weather and mass movement in the form of cliff slumping occurs regularly. Erosion is dominant here and the beach has been losing material for decades.

Swanage Bay an example of bay formation and mass movement.

Task: Identify the pieces of information that make this location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain how mass movement is shaping the coastal landscape (6 marks)

Example of depositional landform – Formation of Chesil beach

Chesil Beach is a tombolo. This is a type of spit which extends from the land to reach an island. In this instance it reaches the Isle of Portland. Longshore drift here is moving in a South-East direction beyond the mainland to the island. Behind Chesil Beach is a shallow lagoon called the Fleet Lagoon.

Task: Identify the pieces of information that make this location specific.

Exam Question: For a named UK location explain how deposition is shaping the coastal landscape (6 marks)

What are the issues at Lyme Regis?

Phase 1

New sea wall and promenade constructed to the east of the River Lim

In the winter of 2003 a £1.4 million emergency project was completed to stabilise the cliffs – hundreds of large nails were used to hold rocks together.

Phase 2

Creation of a wide sand and shingle beach to absorb wave energy and increase us of the shore: shingle dredged from the English Channel and sand imported from France

Phase 3

Initial plan to prevent landslips and coastal erosion to the west of the Cobb were shelved. It was decided to leave this stretch of the coast alone as the costs outweighed the benefits.

Phase 4

The final phase focused om the coast east of the town. It cost £20 million and involved constructing a new 390m sea wall in front of the existing wall

How successful has the management scheme been?

Advantages:

The new beaches have increased visitor numbers and sea front businesses are thriving

The new defences have stoop up to recent stormy winters The harbour is now better protected, benefiting boat owners and

fishermen

Disadvantages:

Increased visitor numbers have led to conflicts with locals about traffic congestion and litter

Some people think the new defences have spoilt the natural coastal landscape

The new sea wall may interfere with coastal processes and affect neighbouring stretches of coastline, causing conflicts elsewhere