Name ___________________________

Date ____________

Cellular Respiration Study Guide

Directions: Below you will find a variety of questions on cellular respiration. As you will soon notice, the questions are of varying formats. For short answer questions, please write in complete sentences. For true/false questions, first determine if the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, correct the underlined word to make the statement true. As we cover this material on cellular respiration, you will be assigned some of these questions each night. When this assignment is complete, you will have a great study guide for the unit test.

1. What is cellular respiration?

2. ______________________ What does ADP stand for?

3. ______________________ What does ATP stand for?

4. ______________________ Which molecule is energy-poor?

5. ______________________ Which molecule is energy-rich?

6. An ADP/ATP molecule consists of what three parts? Label these three parts in this diagram.

Is the molecule in this diagram ADP or ATP? How do you know?

7. What role does ADP/ATP play in living cells?

8. Explain how energy is stored and released by ADP and ATP.

9. ___________ True or False. Food serves as a source of energy by being a fuel for cellular respiration, as well as by supplying the raw materials needed for the building of new molecules within a cell.

10. ___________ True or False. The difference between ADP and ATP is that ADP has three phosphate molecules.

11. ___________ True or False. The energy that flows through the ecosystem cannot be recycled.

12. ___________ True or False. The chemical elements essential for life cannot be recycled.

13. Briefly describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.

14. __________________________ Which organisms perform photosynthesis?

15. __________________________ Which organisms perform cellular respiration?

16. __________________________ What are the products of photosynthesis?

17. __________________________ What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

18. __________________________ What are the products of cellular respiration?

19. __________________________ What are the reactants of respiration?

20. _________ In which of the following ways is photosynthesis similar to respiration?(a) Both processes produce ATP. (b) Both processes produce ATP by generating energy from an electron transport chain to pump hydrogen protons to an area of higher concentration. (c) Both use ATP synthases to generate ATP. (d) Both processes produce PGAL. (e) Both processes involve energy transformations. (f) All of the above are correct.

21. _________ Energy flows through living systems from:(a) the sun to heterotrophs and then to autotrophs(b) autotrophs to the environment and then to heterotrophs(c) the sun to autotrophs and then to heterotrophs

(d) the environment to heterotrophs and then to autotrophs.

22. What is the equation for cellular respiration?

23. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms: anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

24. List the stages of cellular respiration and indicate whether each is anaerobic or aerobic.

25. Draw a simple sketch of a mitochondrion. Label the following: outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae and matrix. Indicate on your drawing where each stage of respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain) occurs. Include the cytoplasm that surrounds the mitochondria in your drawing.

26. ________ The first step in releasing the energy that is stored in molecules of glucose is known as:

(a) fermentation (b) glycolysis (c) the bridge reactions (d) electron transport (e) aerobic respiration.

27. ________ True or False. Even though cellular respiration is an energy releasing process, the cell must invest a small amount of energy to get the reaction going.

28. ________ True or False. The hydrogen electron acceptor during glycolysis is FAD.

29. The diagram to the right shows the steps of glycolysis. Fill in the empty boxes of this diagram.

30. ____________________ Glycolysis begins with what 6-carbon molecule?31. ____________________ What 3-carbon molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis?32. ________ The number of ATP used during glycolysis?

33. ________ The number of ATP produced during glycolysis?

34. ________ The net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

35. What is the purpose of the electron acceptor, NAD+?

36. If the level of ATP gets too high in the cell, the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of glycolysis are inhibited. a) Explain why this feedback loop is beneficial for the cell.

b) What will happen to the ATP level if glycolysis is inhibited?

c) What do you think will happen when the ATP level drops to levels that are too low?

37. List two advantages of glycolysis.

38. What is the disadvantage of glycolysis?

39. Fill in the diagram to the right showing the possible paths available for the product of glycolysis. The hexagon at the top represents organic compounds or glucose. Place the word glucose in the hexagon at the top.

The first oval circle represents the first stage of cellular respiration. Write the name of this stage in the first oval circle.

What end product is produced during this first stage? Add this product name to the first oval circle.

What will happen to the end product of the first stage of respiration? These two possibilities are determined by what molecule?

Complete the rest of the diagram showing these two possibilities.

40. _________________ True or False. The aerobic stages of respiration take place in the chloroplasts of the cell.

41. _________________ True or False. The aerobic stages of respiration take place in the mitochondria of the cell.

42. _________________ True or False. Only eukaryotic cells can carry out cellular respiration.

43. ____________________ In what part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?

44. ____________________ Where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?

45. ____________________ Loops and folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called?

46. The diagram to the right shows the chemical reaction sometimes referred to as the “bridge reaction.” Think about what compound starts this reaction. Place the name of this compound in the box at the top of the diagram.

Complete the remainder of the diagram.

47. ______ How many times does this bridge reaction occur per molecule of glucose entering cellular respiration?

48. ______ The number of NADH produced per molecule of glucose during this reaction?

49. What is the role of Coenzyme A (CoA)?

50. The following sentence describes a broad overview of the Krebs cycle. Fill in the blanks of this sentence: Coenzyme A (CoA) attaches the 2-carbon ______________ to the 4-carbon ________________________ to form the 6-carbon _________________.

51. ________ Before the Krebs cycle can proceed, pyruvic acid must be converted to:(a) lactic acid (b) oxaloacetic acid (c) citric acid (d) acetyl CoA (e)

NADH

52. The diagram to the right shows the chemical reactions that occur during the Krebs cycle. Complete the diagram.

53. For each turn of the Krebs cycle:

____ a) How many ATP are produced?

____ b) How many NADH are produced?

____ c) How many FADH2 are produced?

____ d) How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced?

54. For each molecule of glucose entering respiration:

____ a) How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle?____ b) How many NADH are produced during the Krebs cycle?

____ c) How many FADH2 are produced during the Krebs cycle?

____ d) How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the Krebs cycle??

55. ___________________ What molecules are made during the Krebs cycle and are later used in the electron transport chain?

56. ___________________ What molecule determines whether pyruvic acid will undergo fermentation or be sent to the Krebs cycle?

57. __________ Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?(a) acetate (b) carbon dioxide (c) NADH (d) FADH2 (e) citric acid (f) oxaloacetic acid

58. How will the NADH and the FADH2 be used?

59. What will happen to the carbon dioxide that has been produced during respiration?

60. Diagram of the electron transport chain

a) Label the following on the diagram above: mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane, inner membrane space, cristae.

b) Using the symbol, e _, show the path of electrons from their entry point to their final destination.

c) Label the place where 10 NADH enter the electron transport chain.d) Label the place where 2 FADH2 enter the electron transport chain.e) What is the final electron acceptor? Label the final electron acceptor and the

product it produces.f) Indicate the direction of movement of hydrogen protons. Label the area of high

hydrogen proton concentration. Label the area of low hydrogen proton concentration.

g) There is only one place that is permeable to the re-entry of hydrogen protons. Label this on the drawing. What is the name of this re-entry protein?

h) What happens as hydrogen protons flow from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration? Indicate this on the diagram above.

i) What is the end result of all of this? Label this in the drawing above.

61. _____________________ True or False. At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to form water.

62. _____________________ True or False. The electron transport chain consists of a series of proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane.

63. As high-energy electrons flow down the electron transport chain, energy is released. What is this energy used to do?

64. How are ATP produced during this final stage of respiration?65. How is the production of ATP in the electron transport chain similar to the production of

ATP during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

66. Let’s summarize the production of ATP (per glucose molecule) during cellular respiration:

_______ a) How many ATP are gained during glycolysis?

_______ b) How many ATP are produced during the bridge reactions?

_______ c) How many ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle?

_______ d) How many ATP are produced during the electron transport chain?

_______ e) How many ATP can be produced for each NADH?

_______ f) How many ATP can be produced for each FADH2?

_______ g) How many ATP are gained during anaerobic respiration?

_______ h) How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?

_______ i) How many ATP are produced in the cytoplasm?

_______ j) How many ATP are produced in the mitochondria?

67. What condition must exist in a cell that would cause the cell to enter into fermentation?

68. ______________________ This molecule is made during glycolysis and used in the later steps of fermentation.

69. ______________________ List the two types of fermentation.

______________________

70. ______________________ What organism is used to carry out alcoholic fermentation for commercial purposes?

71. ______________________ During alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into what compound?

72. ___________ How many ATP are gained per molecule of glucose during fermentation?

73. How is alcoholic fermentation used in the baking industries?

74. What causes your muscles to become tired and sometimes cramp during periods of strenuous exercise?

75. _________ The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet the energy needs of which of the following? (a) all living organisms (b) unicellular organisms and almost all of the multicellular organisms (c) only photosynthetic organisms (d) no organisms (e) all unicellular organisms.

76. Write equations to show how alcoholic fermentation compares to lactic acid fermentation.