職場危害與管理 (V) 環安衛管理系統比較與導入

張書奇 Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2

1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,

Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and HealthNational Chung Hsing University

Tuesday, October 14, 2008

4.2 規劃 -ISO 140004.2 規劃 -ISO 14000

4.2.1 環境影響要因 (Environmental Aspects)‧組織應建立並維持界定其活動、產品及服務之環境影響要因之程序‧組織應確保在設定環境長期目標時已考慮到顯著之環境影響要因對環境所造 成的影響‧應隨時更新環境影響要因的資料

4.2.2 法規與其他要求‧組織應建立並維持界定及取得與環境影響要因 有關的法規及其他要求的程序

4.2.3 目的與目標‧應建立並維持書面化之環境目的與目標‧建立或審查環境目的時，應考慮相關法規及其他要求、環境影響要因、技術 、財務、營運與業務需要以及利害關係團體的看法‧目的與目標應與環境政策一致

4.2 規劃 -BS 88004.2 規劃 -BS 8800

4.2.1 通則‧經規劃之活動之成敗必須顯而易見

確認 OHS 要求訂定清楚績效標準（ What 、 Who 、 When 及預期產出）

‧即使在實務上，組織、規劃及執行部份可能會重疊，

4.2.2 風險評估‧組織應進行含危害確認之風險評估

4.2.3 法規與其他要求‧組織應確認適用相關風險之法規要求，

及組織同意之其他要求

3.3 組織3.3.1. The employer should have overall responsibility for the protection ofworkers' safety and health, and provide leadership for OSH activities in the

organization.3.3.2. The employer and senior management should allocate responsibility,accountability and authority for the development, implementation and

performance ofthe OSH management system and the achievement of the relevant OSH

objectives.Structures and processes should be established which:(a) ensure that OSH is a line-management responsibility which is known and

acceptedat all levels;(b) define and communicate to the members of the organization the

responsibility,accountability and authority of persons who identify, evaluate or control OSHhazards and risks;(c) provide effective supervision, as necessary, to ensure the protection of

workers'safety and health;

3.3 組織 ( 續 )(d) promote cooperation and communication among members of the organization,including workers and their representatives, to implement the elements of theorganization's OSH management system;(e) fulfil the principles of OSH management systems contained in relevant nationalguidelines, tailored guidelines or voluntary programmes, as appropriate, to whichthe organization subscribes;(f) establish and implement a clear OSH policy and measurable objectives;(g) establish effective arrangements to identify and eliminate or control work-relatedhazards and risks, and promote health at work;(h) establish prevention and health promotion programmes;(i) ensure effective arrangements for the full participation of workers and theirrepresentatives in the fulfilment of the OSH policy;(j) provide appropriate resources to ensure that persons responsible for OSH,including the safety and health committee, can perform their functions properly;and(k) ensure effective arrangements for the full participation of workers and theirrepresentatives in safety and health committees, where they exist.

3.3 組織 ( 續 )

3.3.3. A person or persons at the senior management level should be appointed,

where appropriate, with responsibility, accountability and authority for:(a) the development, implementation, periodic review and evaluation of the

OSHmanagement system;(b) periodic reporting to the senior management on the performance of the

OSHmanagement system; and(c) promoting the participation of all members of the organization.

3.4 能力與訓練3.4.1. The necessary OSH competence requirements should be defined by theemployer, and arrangements established and maintained to ensure that all persons arecompetent to carry out the safety and health aspects of their duties and responsibilities.3.4.2. The employer should have, or should have access to, sufficient OSHcompetence to identify and eliminate or control work-related hazards and risks, and toimplement the OSH management system.3.4.3. Under the arrangements referred to in paragraph 3.4.1, training programmesshould:(a) cover all members of the organization, as appropriate;(b) be conducted by competent persons;(c) provide effective and timely initial and refresher training at appropriate intervals;(d) include participants' evaluation of their comprehension and retention of thetraining;(e) be reviewed periodically. The review should include the safety and healthcommittee, where it exists, and the training programmes, modified as necessary toensure their relevance and effectiveness; and(f) be documented, as appropriate and according to the size and nature of activity ofthe organization.3.4.4. Training should be provided to all participants at no cost and should takeplace during working hours, if possible.

3.5 系統文件化3.5.1. According to the size and nature of activity of the organization, OSHmanagement system documentation should be established and maintained, and maycover:(a) the OSH policy and objectives of the organization;(b) the allocated key OSH management roles and responsibilities for theimplementation of the OSH management system;(c) the significant OSH hazards/risks arising from the organization's activities, and thearrangements for their prevention and control; and(d) arrangements, procedures, instructions or other internal documents used within theframework of the OSH management system.3.5.2. The OSH management system documentation should be:(a) clearly written and presented in a way that is understood by those who have to useit; and(b) periodically reviewed, revised as necessary, communicated and readily accessibleto all appropriate or affected members of the organization.

3.5 系統文件化3.5.3. OSH records should be established, managed and maintained locally andaccording to the needs of the organization. They should be identifiable and

traceable,and their retention times should be specified.3.5.4. Workers should have the right to access records relevant to their

workingenvironment and health, while respecting the need for confidentiality.3.5.5. OSH records may include:(a) records arising from the implementation of the OSH management system;(b) records of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents;(c) records arising from national laws or regulations dealing with OSH;(d) records of workers' exposures, surveillance of the working environment andworkers' health; and(e) the results of both active and reactive monitoring.

3.4 溝通

3.6.1. Arrangements and procedures should be established and maintained for:

(a) receiving, documenting and responding appropriately to internal and external

communications related to OSH;(b) ensuring the internal communication of OSH information between

relevant levelsand functions of the organization; and(c) ensuring that the concerns, ideas and inputs of workers and their

representatives onOSH matters are received, considered and responded to.

4.2 規劃 cont. -ISO 1400

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4.2 規劃 cont. -ISO 1400

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4.2.4 環境管理計畫‧應建立並維持達成目的與目標之環境管理計畫‧環境管理計畫應包括 。相關部門及各階層達成目的與目標的責任劃分 。達成目的與目標的方法跟時程‧環境管理計畫可與新的發展計畫、新制訂或修訂的 活動、產品及服務相結合

4.2 規劃 cont. -BS 88004.2 規劃 cont. -BS 8800

4.2.4 OHS 管理計畫

組織應作成計畫以涵蓋以下領域；‧整體計畫及目標，含人員及資源‧擁有足夠之 OHS 知識、技術及經驗或有管道去獲得

以安全地並符合法規地管理其活動‧運作計畫以達成 4.2.2 中之所確認風險之控制及

4.2.3 中所確認之要求‧針對 4.3.6 中所含括之運作管制活動作規劃‧針對績效量測、矯正行動稽核及管理審查作規劃‧執行需要之矯正措施

3.7 先期審查3.7.1. The organization's existing OSH management system and relevantarrangements should be evaluated by an initial review, as appropriate. In the case whereno OSH management system exists, or if the organization is newly established, theinitial review should serve as a basis for establishing an OSH management system.3.7.2. The initial review should be carried out by competent persons, inconsultation with workers and/or their representatives, as appropriate. It should:(a) identify the current applicable national laws and regulations, national guidelines,tailored guidelines, voluntary programmes and other requirements to which theorganization subscribes;(b) identify, anticipate and assess hazards and risks to safety and health arising fromthe existing or proposed work environment and work organization; and(c) determine whether planned or existing controls are adequate to eliminate hazardsor control risks; and(d) analyse the data provided from workers' health surveillance.3.7.3. The result of the initial review should:(a) be documented;(b) become the basis for making decisions regarding the implementation of the OSHmanagement system; and(c) provide a baseline from which continual improvement of the organization's OSHmanagement system can be measured.

3.8 系統規劃與發展3.8.1. The purpose of planning should be to create an OSH management systemthat supports:(a) as the minimum, compliance with national laws and regulations;(b) the elements of the organization's OSH management system; and(c) continual improvement in OSH performance.3.8.2. Arrangements should be made for adequate and appropriate OSH planning,based on the results of the initial review, subsequent reviews or other available data.These planning arrangements should contribute to the protection of safety and health atwork, and should include:(a) a clear definition, priority setting and quantification, where appropriate, of theorganization's OSH objectives;(b) the preparation of a plan for achieving each objective, with defined responsibilityand clear performance criteria indicating what is to be done by whom and when;(c) the selection of measurement criteria for confirming that the objectives areachieved; and(d) the provision of adequate resources, including human and financial resources andtechnical support, as appropriate.3.8.3. The OSH planning arrangements of the organization should cover thedevelopment and implementation of all the OSH management system elements, asdescribed in Chapter 3 of these guidelines and illustrated in figure 2.

3.9 職業安全衛生目標3.9.1. Consistent with the OSH policy and based on the initial

or subsequent reviews, measurable OSH objectives should be established, which are:(a) specific to the organization, and appropriate to and according

to its size and nature of activity;(b) consistent with the relevant and applicable national laws and

regulations, and the technical and business obligations of the organization with regard to OSH;

(c) focused towards continually improving workers' OSH protection to achieve the best OSH performance;

(d) realistic and achievable;(e) documented, and communicated to all relevant functions and

levels of the organization; and(f) periodically evaluated and if necessary updated.

4.3 執行與運作 -ISO 140004.3 執行與運作 -ISO 14000

4.3.1 架構與責任‧為有效管理環境問題，相關之角色扮演及權責應予 明文界定並傳達之‧管理階層應提供執行與管制環境管理系統之資源 (包 括人力、特殊技能、技術及財務資源 )‧高階管理者應指派特定之管理代表；管理代表的職 責應包括： 。確保環境管理系統要求係按 ISO 14001 標準建立、 實施與維持 。向執行管理階層報告環境管理系統之績效以為審 查及做為系統改善之基礎

4.3 執行與運作 -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 -BS 8800

4.3.1 架構與責任

應指派 OHS 代表 , 是最高管理階層之責任，最佳作為是指派最資深管理者中之一人負責，以確保 OHS 管理系統在組織內所有場址及層面之正確執行及達成要求組織內各階層應‧均有責於其所管理者、其本身及其共同工作者之衛生安全‧認知其本身管制之活動可能影響別人之安全衛生之職責‧認知其遵行及不遵行對 OHS 管理系統有效性之影響最資深管理階層應經由 OHS 績效之不斷改善來展示其承諾

3.10 危害預防3.10.1. Prevention and control measures3.10.1.1. Hazards and risks to workers' safety and health

should be identified and assessed on an ongoing basis. Preventive and protective measures should be implemented in the following order of priority:(a) eliminate the hazard/risk;(b) control the hazard/risk at source, through the use of

engineering controls or organizational measures;(c) minimize the hazard/risk by the design of safe work systems,

which include administrative control measures; and(d) where residual hazards/risks cannot be controlled by collective

measures, the employer should provide for appropriate personal protective equipment, including clothing, at no cost, and should implement measures to ensure its use and maintenance.

3.10 危害預防3.10.1.2. Hazard prevention and control procedures or arrange

ments should be established and should(a) be adapted to the hazards and risks encountered by the organiz

ation;(b) be reviewed and modified if necessary on a regular basis;(c) comply with national laws and regulations, and reflect good pra

ctice; and(d) consider the current state of knowledge, including information

or reports from organizations, such as labour inspectorates, occupational safety and health services, and other services as appropriate.

3.10 危害預防 ( 續 )3.10.2. Management of change (變動管理 )3.10.2.1. The impact on OSH of internal changes (such as those in staffing o

r due to new processes, working procedures, organizational structures or acquisitions) and of external changes (for example, as a result of amendments of national laws and regulations, organizational mergers, and developments in OSH knowledge and technology) should be evaluated and appropriate preventive steps taken prior to the introduction of changes.

3.10.2.2. A workplace hazard identification and risk assessment should be carried out before any modification or introduction of new work methods, materials, processes or machinery. Such assessment should be done in consultation with and involving workers and their representatives, and the safety and health committee, where appropriate.

3.10.2.3. The implementation of a "decision to change" should ensure that all affected members of the organization are properly informed and trained

3.10 危害預防 ( 續 )3.10.3. Emergency prevention, preparedness and response3.10.3.1. Emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangements sh

ould be established and maintained. These arrangements should identify the potential for accidents and emergency situations, and address the prevention of OSH risks associated with them. The arrangements should be made according to the size and nature of activity of the organization. They should:

(a) ensure that the necessary information, internal communication and coordination are provided to protect all people in the event of an emergency at the worksite;

(b) provide information to, and communication with, the relevant competent authorities, and the neighbourhood and emergency response services;

(c) address first-aid and medical assistance, firefighting and evacuation of all people at the worksite; and

(d) provide relevant information and training to all members of the organization, at all levels, including regular exercises in emergency prevention, preparedness and response procedures.

3.10.3.2. Emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangements should be established in cooperation with external emergency services and other bodies where applicable.

3.10 危害預防 ( 續 )3.10.4. Procurement3.10.4.1. Procedures should be established and

maintained to ensure that:(a) compliance with safety and health requirements

for the organization is identified, evaluated and incorporated into purchasing and leasing specifications;

(b) national laws and regulations and the organization's own OSH requirements are identified prior to the procurement of goods and services; and

(c) arrangements are made to achieve conformance to the requirements prior to their use.

3.10 危害預防 ( 續 )3.10.5. Contracting3.10.5.1. Arrangements should be established and maintained for ensuring that the orga

nization's safety and health requirements, or at least the equivalent, are applied to contractors and their workers.

3.10.5.2. Arrangements for contractors working on site should:(a) include OSH criteria in procedures for evaluating and selecting contractors;(b) establish effective ongoing communication and coordination between appropriate levels of

the organization and the contractor prior to commencing work. This should include provisions for communicating hazards and the measures to prevent and control them;

(c) include arrangements for reporting of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents among the contractors' workers while performing work for the organization;

(d) provide relevant workplace safety and health hazard awareness and training to contractors or their workers prior to commencing work and as work progresses, as necessary;

(e) regularly monitor OSH performance of contractor activities on site; and(f) ensure that on-site OSH procedures and arrangements are followed by the contractor(s).

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 140004.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 14000

4.3.2 訓練、認知與能力‧組織應界定訓練需求，對於工作會產生顯著環境影響 之人員應要求其接受合適之訓練‧應建立並維持使各階層人員具備以下各項認知之程序 。符合環境政策、程序及環境管理系統要求的重要性 。工作所造成的顯著環境影響 。個人績效改善對環境的好處 。在整個環境管理系統中所扮演的角色與責任 。偏離特定操作程序可能造成的後果‧執行特定工作者應具備必需的學歷、經驗與訓練

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.2 訓練、認知與能力組織應作配置以確認組織內各階層能力之需求並組織必需之訓練

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 140

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4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 140

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4.3.3 訊息傳達‧應建立並維持下述程序： 。組織內部不同階層間之訊息傳達 。與外部利害關係團體間訊息的接收、書面化及回應‧與外部利害關係團體間針對組織之顯著環境影響要因 之訊息傳達流程應予考慮並記錄其決定

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.3 訊息傳達組織應建立及維持適當之計畫‧OHS 之資訊之有效及開放的溝通‧專家忠告及服務之提供‧員工參與及諮詢

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO

14000

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO

14000

4.3.4 環境管理系統文件‧組織應以書面或電子方式建立及維持資訊以 。描述管理系統的核心要素及其相互關係 。提供相關文件的指南

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.4 OHS 管理系統文件文件化為成功執行 OHS 管理系統之重要因素，且有助於組合及保留 OHS 知識。但很重要的是，為了有效性及效率，文件化應保持在最低限度

組織應確保有足夠之文件化，以使 OHS 規劃完全執行並與規劃之需求成正比

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 1

4000

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 1

4000

4.3.5 文件管制‧應建立並維持管制 ISO 14001 標準要求文件之程序以確保 此類文件 。易於取得 。定期審查、修訂並由授權之人員核可 。現版文件均可於相關區域取得 。過期文件即時從所有發行處及使用處移開否則應確保其 不致被誤用 。需予保存之過期文件應標示之 ‧文件應清楚易讀、標示日期、容易辨識、保存整齊‧應建立並維持文件產生與修改的程序與權責

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.5 文件管制組織應作成計畫以確保文件按時更新、及其所針對目的之適用性

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 14

000

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 14

000

4.3.6 運作管制‧組織應界定會造成顯著環境影響之有關部門、活動 及流程，並界定那些是屬於組織的政策、目的與目 標範圍‧組織應規劃會造成顯著環境影響的活動 (包括維護 ) ，以確保其依下述方法在特定狀況下進行： 。準備必要之書面程序 。規定運作之基準 。建立並維持與組織所使用的貨物、服務的顯著環境 影響源有關的程序，並將相關程序及需求傳達予供 應商及承包商

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.6 運作管制廣義而言，不論組織之大小及其工作性質， OHS 在組織內作橫向及整體整合是重要的為執行政策及有效管理其 OHS 績效，組織應確保活動安全地執行並與 4.2.4 之計畫一致且應‧界定管理架構中之責任配置‧確保人員有足夠之權力去完成所賦予之責任‧配置與組織大小及性質相稱之適切資源

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 1400

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4.3 執行與運作 cont. -ISO 1400

0

4.3.7 緊急狀況之應變準備及反應 ‧應建立並維持潛在意外及緊急狀況及其反應之程序 ‧應建立並維持預防及減輕因意外及緊急狀況所導致環境

影響之程序 ‧緊急狀況發生後應審查其緊急應變準備程序

4.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 88004.3 執行與運作 cont. -BS 8800

4.3.7 緊急狀況之應變準備及反應組織應為可預見之緊急狀況及其後果減輕作配置以建立偶發事件應變計畫

4.4 監看與矯正措施 -ISO 140004.4 監看與矯正措施 -ISO 14000

4.4.1 監看與量測‧對於會造成顯著環境影響的流程及活動的關鍵參數應建 立並維持定期監看及量測之程序；包括績效追蹤資訊、 運作管制以及組織目的與目標符合狀況之記錄‧監看設備應予校正及維護，此一流程的記錄應按規定保 存‧應建立並維持與相關法規符合狀況之評估程序

4.4 監看與矯正措施 -BS 88004.4 監看與矯正措施 -BS 8800

4.4.1 監看與量測績效量測是提供 OHS 管理系統有效性資訊之關鍵方法，定性及定量方法均應考慮並且應依組織需要剪裁‧績效量測是一監看政策及目的達成程度 之手法並包括：‧主動式績效量測：監看符合性‧反應式績效量測：監看災害、災害倖免、健康損害、

意外事件及其他歷史性之安全衛生績效缺失

4.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -ISO 140004.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -ISO 14000

4.4.2 不符合與矯正及預防措施‧應建立及維持對不符合之處理、調查、發起矯正與預防措施之程序 ( 包括權責之界定 )‧應考慮問題的嚴重性及對環境影響的程度採取合適之矯正或預防措施‧因採取矯正與預防措施所造成的書面程序之變更應實施並記錄之

4.4.3 記錄‧應建立並維持環境記錄之識別、維護與處理程序‧訓練記錄、稽核與審查結果亦為環境記錄之一‧環境記錄應易讀、可辨認並可追溯至相關之訓練、活動、產品或服務‧環境記錄之貯存與維護應以容易取得為原則，並有避免損壞、變質及 遺失之保護‧應建立並記錄環境記錄之保存時間‧記錄應予適度維持以展示與 ISO 14001 之符合性

4.4 監看與矯正措施 -BS 88004.4 監看與矯正措施 -BS 8800

4.4.2 矯正行動當發現缺失時，應確認根本原因並發起矯正行動

4.4.3 記錄組織應保存任何所有可展示符合法規及其他要求所需之記錄

4.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -ISO 140004.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -ISO 14000

4.4.4 環境管理系統稽核‧應建立並維持定期的環境管理系統稽核之計畫與程序‧稽核計畫及時程安排應基於該活動對環境的重要性並將前次稽核結果納入考慮‧稽核程序應包括稽核範圍、頻率、方法、稽核之責任與需求、以及結果之報告

4.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -BS 88

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4.4 監看與矯正措施 cont. -BS 88

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4.4.4 稽核除例常性地監看 OHS 績效外，仍應進行週期性之稽核以更深入、更富判斷性地評估 OHS 管理系統各要素稽核應由有足夠能力並與被稽核活動儘量獨立者進行之，但這樣的人選也可以是組織內的若是徹底性之稽核，其作法應依組織大小及其危害性質來剪裁在不同時間及不同原因下，稽核可能含括以下問題：‧組織之整體 OHS 管理系統是否能夠達成 OHS 績效標準之要求‧組織是否履行所有 OHS 相關之義務‧OHS 管理系統之優缺點為何‧組織是否實際地正照其所宣稱的去達成稽核可依情況作全面的或是特定某些方面之稽核，結果應向所有相關人員溝通並發起必要之矯正措施

3.11 評價3.11. Performance monitoring and measurement3.11.1. Procedures to monitor, measure and record OSH performance

on a regular basis should be developed, established and periodically reviewed. Responsibility, accountability and authority for monitoring at different levels in the management structure should be allocated.

3.11.2. The selection of performance indicators should be according to the size and nature of activity of the organization and the OSH objectives.

3.11.3. Both qualitative and quantitative measures appropriate to the needs of the organization should be considered. These should:(a) be based on the organization's identified hazards and risks, the

commitments in the OSH policy and the OSH objectives; and(b) support the organization's evaluation process, including the management

review.

3.11 評價

3.11.4. Performance monitoring and measurement should:(a) be used as a means of determining the extent to which OSH

policy and objectives are being implemented and risks are controlled;

(b) include both active and reactive monitoring, and not be based only upon work-related injury, ill health, disease and incident statistics; and

(c) be recorded.

3.11.5. Monitoring should provide:(a) feedback on OSH performance;(b) information to determine whether the day-to-day arrangements

for hazard and risk identification, prevention and control are in place and operating effectively; and

(c) the basis for decisions about improvement in hazard identification and risk control, and the OSH management system.

3.11 評價3.11.6. Active monitoring should contain the elements necessary to

have a proactive system and should include:(a) monitoring of the achievement of specific plans, established

performance criteria and objectives;(b) the systematic inspection of work systems, premises, plant and

equipment;(c) surveillance of the working environment, including work organization;(d) surveillance of workers' health, where appropriate, through suitable

medical monitoring or follow-up of workers for early detection of signs and symptoms of harm to health in order to determine the effectiveness of prevention and control measures; and

(e) compliance with applicable national laws and regulations, collective agreements and other commitments on OSH to which the organization subscribes.

3.11 評價

3.11.7. Reactive monitoring should include the identification, reporting and investigation of:

(a) work-related injuries, ill health (including monitoring of aggregate sickness absence records), diseases and incidents;

(b) other losses, such as damage to property;(c) deficient safety and health performance, and OSH mana

gement system failures; and(d) workers' rehabilitation and health-restoration program

mes.

3.12 Investigation of work-related injuries……

3.12. Investigation of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases andincidents, and their impact on safety and health performance

3.12.1. The investigation of the origin and underlying causes of work-relatedinjuries, ill health, diseases and incidents should identify any failures in the OSHmanagement system and should be documented.3.12.2. Such investigations should be carried out by competent persons, with theappropriate participation of workers and their representatives.3.12.3. The results of such investigations should be communicated to the safetyand health committee, where it exists, and the committee should make appropriaterecommendations.3.12.4. The results of investigations, in addition to any recommendations from thesafety and health committee, should be communicated to appropriate persons forcorrective action, included in the management review and considered for continualimprovement activities.3.12.5. The corrective action resulting from such investigations should beimplemented in order to avoid repetition of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases andincidents.3.12.6. Reports produced by external investigative agencies, such as inspectoratesand social insurance institutions, should be acted upon in the same manner as internalinvestigations, taking into account issues of confidentiality.

3.13. Audit

3.13.1. Arrangements to conduct periodic audits are to be established in order to determine whether the OSH management system and its elements are in place, adequate,and effective in protecting the safety and health of workers and preventing incidents.

3.13.2. An audit policy and programme should be developed, which includes adesignation of auditor competency, the audit scope, the frequency of audits, a

uditmethodology and reporting.

3.13. Audit3.13.3. The audit includes an evaluation of the organization's OSH managementsystem elements or a subset of these, as appropriate. The audit should cover:

(a) OSH policy;(b) worker participation;(c) responsibility and accountability;(d) competence and training;(e) OSH management system documentation;(f) communication;(g) system planning, development and implementation;(h) prevention and control measures;(i) management of change;(j) emergency prevention, preparedness and response;(k) procurement;(l) contracting;(m) performance monitoring and measurement;(n) investigation of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents, and theirimpact on safety and health performance;(o) audit;(p) management review;(q) preventive and corrective action;(r) continual improvement; and(s) any other audit criteria or elements that may be appropriate.

3.13. Audit3.13.4. The audit conclusion should determine whether the implemented OSHmanagement system elements or a subset of these:(a) are effective in meeting the organization's OSH policy and objectives;(b) are effective in promoting full worker participation;(c) respond to the results of OSH performance evaluation and previous audits;(d) enable the organization to achieve compliance with relevant national laws a

ndregulations; and(e) fulfil the goals of continual improvement and best OSH practice.3.13.5. Audits should be conducted by competent persons internal or external tothe organization who are independent of the activity being audited.3.13.6. The audit results and audit conclusions should be communicated to thos

eresponsible for corrective action.3.13.7. Consultation on selection of the auditor and all stages of the workplaceaudit, including analysis of results, are subject to worker participation, as appro

priate.

4.5 管理審查 -ISO 140004.5 管理審查 -ISO 14000

‧管理階層應在特定的週期內審查其環境管理系統‧管理審查流程應確保能收集到必要之資訊以供管 理者評估系統的效能及合適性‧管理審查流程應予文件化‧管理審查應依照系統稽核的結果、情況的改變以 及持續改善的承諾提出對政策、目的與目標以及 EMS 之其他要素所必須改變的地方

4.5 管理審查 -BS 88004.5 管理審查 -BS 8800

組織應依需要界定其週期性 OHS 管理系統審查之頻率及範圍，管理階層應在特定的週期內審查其環境管理系統，應考慮‧管理系統之整體績效‧系統之個別要素之績效‧稽核發現‧內外部因子，如組織架構之改變、立法延宕、新技術引進等並確認何種行動是必要的，以去除缺失OHS 管理系統應設計得足以適應內外部因子變動。管理審查亦提供一前瞻之機會，由上述 4項所得之資訊可用來改善組織之自發性方法以降低風險 、改善業務績效。

3.14 管理審查3.14.1. Management reviews should:

(a) evaluate the overall strategy of the OSH management system to determine whether it meets planned performance objectives;

(b) evaluate the OSH management system's ability to meet the overall needs of the

organization and its stakeholders, including its workers and the regulatoryauthorities;(c) evaluate the need for changes to the OSH management system, including OSHpolicy and objectives;(d) identify what action is necessary to remedy any deficiencies in a timely

manner,including adaptations of other aspects of the organization's management

structureand performance measurement;(e) provide the feedback direction, including the determination of priorities, formeaningful planning and continual improvement;(f) evaluate progress towards the organization's OSH objectives and corrective

action activities; and(g) evaluate the effectiveness of follow-up actions from earlier management

reviews.

3.12 管理審查3.14.2. The frequency and scope of periodic reviews of the OSH managementsystem by the employer or the most senior accountable person should be definedaccording to the organization's needs and conditions.3.14.3. The management review should consider:

(a) the results of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incident investigations;performance monitoring and measurement; and audit activities; and(b) additional internal and external inputs as well as changes, including organizationalchanges, that could affect the OSH management system.

3.14.4. The findings of the management review should be recorded and formallycommunicated to:

(a) the persons responsible for the relevant element(s) of the OSH management systemso that they may take appropriate action; and(b) the safety and health committee, workers and their representatives.

Action for improvement3.15. Preventive and corrective action

3.15.1. Arrangements should be established and maintained for preventive and corrective action resulting from OSH management system performance monitoring and measurement, OSH management system audits and management reviews. These arrangements should include:

(a) identifying and analysing the root causes of any non-conformities with relevant OSH regulations and/or OSH management systems arrangements; and

(b) initiating, planning, implementing, checking the effectiveness of and documenting corrective and preventive action, including changes to the OSH management system itself.

3.15.2. When the evaluation of the OSH management system or other sources show that preventive and protective measures for hazards and risks are inadequate or likely to become inadequate, the measures should be addressed according to the recognized hierarchy of prevention and control measures, and completed and documented, as appropriate and in a timely manner.

3.16. Continual improvement

3.16.1. Arrangements should be established and maintained for the continual improvement of the relevant elements of the OSH management system and the system as a whole. These arrangements should take into account:

(a) the OSH objectives of the organization;(b) the results of hazard and risk identifications and assessments;(c) the results of performance monitoring and measurements;(d) the investigation of work-related injuries, diseases, ill health and incidents, a

nd the results and recommendations of audits;(e) the outcomes of the management review;(f) the recommendations for improvement from all members of the organization,

including the safety and health committee, where it exists;(g) changes in national laws and regulations, voluntary programmes and collect

ive agreements;(h) new relevant information; and(i) the results of health protection and promotion programmes.

3.16.2. The safety and health processes and performance of the organization should be compared with others in order to improve health and safety performance.

教育訓練資訊傳達文件化

政策

組織

法規及其他要求

風險評估

管理審查

稽核

運管 /管理

目的與目標管理計畫

基本 QUENSH 管理系統要素基本 QUENSH 管理系統要素

應用範圍 系統架構 系統文件 系統稽核 系統改善

管理系統

‧權責‧組織結構‧資源與人員‧運作程序

‧政策與程序‧管理計畫‧記錄 P

DS

A‧規劃‧實施‧報告‧矯正 / 追蹤‧審查評估

所有產品

LCA

全部廠區

管理系統架構管理系統架構

‧改善營運 / 生產效率

‧控制損失

‧增加市場接受度

積極性的管理才能真正創造企業利益

組織管理重點組織管理重點