REVIEW APES UNIT 1

Water Universal Solvent: dissolves most

substances due to POLARITY : hydrogen slightly positive and oxygen slightly negative

pH scale

pH scale : A logarithmic function

How many times more acidic is a substance with a pH of 4 versus a substance of a pH of 5????

10 times!

Radioactive Decay

The decay of an element’s unstable nucleus into another nucleus, giving off radiation.

This decay occurs at a predictable rate or HALF LIFE

Half Life: the time it takes for half of the sample to decay.

(Ex: A 150 kg sample of X has a half life of 2 yrs, after 2 yrs 75 kg remain, after 4 yrs 37.5kg remains)

Sustainability

Using resources in a responsible manner, so future generations are able to use resources

Strategies include RECYCLING, REUSING, REDUCING USE

Also replenishing resources, replanting crops, fertilizing land etc.

Easter Island

Remote Island, with large statues

Islanders used resources inefficiently and destroyed their society by destroying their environment.

Island was transformed from a lush, diverse environment to a barren environment

Trees were used to move stone

Ecosystem Services

Resources provided by environment

What are examples of services?????…….water, land, etc.

Environmental Indicators

Biodiversity: genetic, species, ecosystems

Human population: 7 billion and growing

Food Production: grain production is attempting to meet demand

Resource Depletion: extracting too much too quickly

Global Temp/ Atmospheric CO2: global warming

Biodiversity

A population with many variations is most fit or healthy.

EX) There are two separate population of bacteria, one is a population of clones and the other has high variations in genotype.

They are both treated with antibiotics, the clones die because they have no immunity. The variable population survives because of mutant who are naturally resistant.

Global Warming

Atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are responsible for trapping heat on earth, helps to maintain a constant temperature

If you can’t stand the

heat get out of the kitchen

Global Warming

Resources

20% of the worlds pop. Uses 87% of auto resources, 45 % of meat & fish, 58% of energy, and 84& of paper resources!

Renewable and Non Renewable Resources

Energy

Energy

Ecological FootprintThe measure of how much that a person consumes expressed in an area of land. Measured in hectares

Nuece’s River Fish Kill

Nuece’s River Fish Kill

In 91’, roughly a million fish died in N. Carolinas Nuese’ River, a microscopic organism named Pfiesteria (emits a poisonous toxin) was identified as the cause.

24 life stages transformed from a harmless algae eater, but in the presence of high nutrients and plentiful fish it transforms into a carnivorous life stage

Stuns fish and burrows into flesh eating it, amoebas and cysts also exist. Industrial hog farms fed nutrient rich waste into river. Widespread panic caused $40 mil loss in seafood sales, hysteria thought to be overblown but later the culprit/toxin was validated in 07.

Systems

Systems, such as ecosystems, have components that interact and influence each other.

Closed Sytem vs Open Systems

Feedback Loops occur when an output affects and input

Accuracy vs Precision

Accuracy- how close a measured value is to the actual or true value.

Precision- how close the repeated measurements are to others

Uncertainty- how much the measure differs from the true value.

How is energy lost?

Feedback Loops

Positive Negative

An experimental drug is being tested to see if it improves weight loss. 1000 females, who are age 25, caucasian, and 20 lbs overweight are used in the study. 500 of the women receive a placebo or sugar pill, while the other 500 receive the experimental drug. The second group experience significant weight loss.

A)Independent variable- experimental drugB) Dependent Variable – weight lossC) Constants- females, caucasian, age 25,

20 lbs overweightD) Control- First group who receives

placebo