Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts...2008 Audit Exam
Transcript of Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts...2008 Audit Exam
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Unit 1: Basic
Economic Concepts
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REVIEW 1. Explain relationship between scarcity and choices
2. Differentiate between positive & normative
3. Differentiate between price and cost \
4. Differentiate between consumer and capital goods
5. Differentiate between command economies and
free market economies
6. Give examples of each of the 4 Factors of
Production
7. Define human capital
8. Define tradeoffs
9. Define opportunity cost
10.Name 10 different teachers at SPHS? 2 Copyright
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Society has unlimited wants but limited resources
The Economizing Problem… Scarcity
WE HAVE A PROBLEM!!
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The Production
Possibilities Curve
(PPC) Using Economic Models…
Step 1: Explain concept in words
Step 2: Use numbers as examples
Step 3: Generate graphs from numbers
Step 4: Make generalizations using graph
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What is the Production Possibilities Curve?
• A production possibilities curve (or frontier) is a model that shows alternative ways that an economy can use its scarce resources
• This model graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency.
4 Key Assumptions
• Only two goods can be produced
• Full employment of resources
• Fixed Resources (Ceteris Paribus)
• Fixed Technology 5 Copyright
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A
B
C
D
E
f
14 12
9
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Bikes
Computers
NOW GRAPH IT: Put bikes on y-axis and
computers on x-axis
Production “Possibilities” Table
Each point represents a specific
combination of goods that can be
produced given full employment of
resources.
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Bik
es
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
E
G
Inefficient/
Unemployment
Impossible/Unattainable (given current resources)
Efficient
Production Possibilities How does the PPG graphically demonstrates scarcity,
trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency?
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2 Bikes
2.The opportunity cost of moving from b to d is…
4.The opportunity cost of moving from f to c is…
3.The opportunity cost of moving from d to b is…
7 Bikes
4 Computer
0 Computers
5.What can you say about point G?
Unattainable
1. The opportunity cost of
moving from a to b is…
Example:
Opportunity Cost
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The Production Possibilities
Curve (or Frontier)
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PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 CALZONES 4 3 2 1 0
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b,
b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Constant Opportunity Cost- Resources are
easily adaptable for producing either good.
• Result is a straight line PPC (not common)
Production Possibilities
A B C D E
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PIZZA 20 19 16 10 0 ROBOTS 0 1 2 3 4
• List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b,
b-c, c-d, and d-e.
• Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost-
• As you produce more of any good, the
opportunity cost (forgone production of
another good) will increase.
• Why? Resources are NOT easily adaptable
to producing both goods.
• Result is a bowed out (Concave) PPC
A B C D E Production Possibilities
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Constant vs. Increasing
Opportunity Cost
Corn
Wheat
Cactus
Pineapples
Identify which product would have a straight line
PPC and which would be bowed out?
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The Production Possibilities
Curve and Efficiency
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Productive Efficiency-
• Products are being produced in the
least costly way.
• This is any point ON the Production
Possibilities Curve
Allocative Efficiency-
• The products being produced are the
ones most desired by society.
• This optimal point on the PPC depends
on the desires of society.
Two Types of Efficiency
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Productive and Allocative Efficiency B
ike
s
Computers
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
A
B
C
D
F
E
Which points are productively efficient?
Which are allocatively efficient?
G
15
Productively Efficient combinations are A through D
Allocative Efficient combinations depend on
the wants of society (What if this represents a
country with no electricity?)
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Why two types of efficiency?
Size 20 running
shoes
Size 10 running shoes
A
Is combination “A” efficient? Yes and No. It is productively efficient but it is not the
combination society wants
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2008 Audit Exam
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2008 Audit Exam
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Shifting the Production
Possibilities Curve
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4 Key Assumptions Revisited
• Only two goods can be produced
• Full employment of resources
• Fixed Resources (4 Factors)
• Fixed Technology
What if there is a change?
3 Shifters of the PPC 1. Change in resource quantity or quality
2. Change in Technology
3. Change in Trade 20
Production Possibilities
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Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
What happens if
there is an increase
in population?
21
Production Possibilities
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Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
What happens if
there is an increase
in population?
22
Production Possibilities
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Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
What if there is a
technology improvement
in pizza ovens
23
Production Possibilities
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Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
What if there is a
technology improvement
in pizza ovens
24
Production Possibilities
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Panama – Favors
Consumer Goods
Mexico – Favors
Capital Goods
Consumer goods
Ca
pit
al
Goo
ds
Current
PPC
Future
PPC
Consumer goods
Ca
pit
al
Goo
ds
Future
PPC
Current
PPC
Capital Goods and Future Growth
Mexico Panama 25
Countries that produce more capital goods will have
more growth in the future.
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PPC Practice Draw a PPC showing changes for each of the
following:
Pizza and Computers (3)
1. New computer making technology
2. Decrease in the demand for pizza
3. Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Consumer goods and Capital Goods (4)
4. Destruction of power plants leads to severe electricity shortage
5. Faster computer hardware
6. Many workers unemployed
7. Significant increases in education 26 Copyright
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New computer making technology
Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
Question #1
27
A shift only for
computers
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Decrease in the demand for pizza C
om
pu
ters
Pizzas
Question #2
28
The curve doesn’t shift!
A change in demand
doesn’t shift the curve
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Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Co
mp
ute
rs
Pizzas
Question #3
29
A shift inward only for
Pizza
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Destruction of power plants C
ap
ital G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #4
30
Decrease in resources
decrease production
possibilities for both
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Faster computer hardware C
ap
ital G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #5
31
Quality of a resource
improves shifting the
curve outward
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Many workers unemployed C
ap
ital G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #6
32
The curve doesn’t shift!
Unemployment is just a
point inside the curve
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Significant increases in education
Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
(G
un
s)
Consumer Goods (Butter)
Question #7
33
The quality of labor is
improved. Curve shifts
outward.
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Ca
pit
al G
oo
ds
Consumer Goods
X
PPC1
Z
PPC2 PPC3
Y
Extra graph to manipulate or add to
powerpoint or questions
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