Unit 1 ReviewChapters 18 & 20

Chapter 18- Enlightenment

The time period in history when reason was used to understand and improve society

The Enlightenment is often called the “Age of Reason”

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment

Philosophers believed that society could be improved by using reason and natural law› Universal rules that are always true

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment

Philosophers believed that governments received their authority from the people› NOT from God

Philosophers believed in democracy› A government where the people have a

say

Key People

John Locke› Believed that all people have all people

have natural rights Life, liberty, and property Can overthrow the government if it fails to

protect those rights Voltaire

› He believed that everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Key People

Baron de Montesquieu› Believed the gov’t should be separated

into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial)

› Separation of powers and a system of checks and balances

Rousseau› Believed that society is a social contract

An agreement in which all people agree to work for the common good of society

Key Results (effects) of the Enlightenment

Helped cause political revolutions in France, Latin America, and the United States› BECAUSE… enlightenment philosophers

believed that people can overthrow unfair governments

Enlightened Despots› European kings and queens who believed

in enlightenment ideas and ruled using those principles

Chapter 20

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The industrial Revolution was the change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories› Factories- place in which workers and

machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods

Britain

The industrial revolution started in Great Britain (England) because it had many natural resources that are necessary to produce and transport goods.› Coal, iron, tin, lead, waterways

Great Britain had favorable geography

Key results (effects) of the IR

Industrialization- machines used to produce goods in factories

Urbanization- growth of cities. People can to city (urban) areas to get jobs in factories› Many cities had severe pollution from the

smoke that came out of factories

Key results (effects) of IR continued

Bad working conditions- worked in dangerous conditions for long hours and low pay› Young children were frequently hired and

abused in these factories

Key results (effects) of IR con’t again

Formation of labor unions- workers gathered together to fight for better wages and working conditions

Legislation- governments eventually passed laws to set minimum wage and end child labor

Market Economy

Laissez Fair Capitalism› This was the economic system that was

used during the IR (and still used in the world today).

Market Economy

Laissez Fair is based on the ideas:› Businesses and factories should be owned

by individuals (NOT the government)› Business decisions should be made by

individuals (the government should NOT interfere)

› Prices should be set by individuals (NOT the government) Supply and demand

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Both believed that laissez faire was bad Argued that it allowed greedy factory

owners to exploit poor factory workers› Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

“Communist Manifesto”

Always been about class struggles › Haves vs. Have-Nots

Wealthy and greedy (Bourgeoisie) took advantage of the poor factory workers (Proletariat) to earn money

Proletariat should rise up and overthrow the Bourgeoisie› Violently› Create a new society with no social classes

Communism

The ideas of Marx and Engels eventually became the foundation of Communism

Countries that became communist were inspired by the writings of Marx and Engels