{TheProgressivePresidents

Theodore Roosevelt 1858 – 1919 26th President (1901-

09) Republican Promoted his “Square

Deal”: promise to treat both citizens and businesses fairly – protect consumers from the dangers of “bad” trusts, but also protect businesses from unreasonable labor demands

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike

1902: 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for higher pay, reduced hours, and union recognition

Roosevelt offered arbitration when the strike threatened to leave the nation without coal for the winter; union accepted, but mine owners refused

Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines, forcing owners to the bargaining table

In the end, miners got more pay and fewer hours, but owners were not required to recognize the miners’ union

Elkins Act of 1903 Banned railroads from

giving rebates to “preferred” shippers – railroads had to charge everyone the same shipping rates

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the ability to impose fines for violations

US v. Northern Securities 1901: Three major

railroads joined forces under a holding company called Northern Securities, essentially creating a dangerous monopoly

Roosevelt sued, claiming a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act

1904: Supreme Court ruled in Roosevelt’s favor, ordered breakup of Northern Securities

Hepburn Act of 1906 Further strengthened

the ICC by giving it the authority to set railroad rates rather than just regulate them

Actually helped the railroads because the ICC worked with them to ensure railroads were profitable while also making it difficult for new railroads to enter the marketplace

Dept. of Commerce & Labor Even while opposing trusts,

Roosevelt knew that supporting business interests was good for the nation

1903: Created the Dept. of Commerce & Labor which included the Bureau of Corporations, a branch which monitored businesses and advised them when their practices were of concern to the government so they could self-correct and avoid bad publicity of government intervention

Upton Sinclair 1878 – 1968 Wrote The Jungle

(1906) which exposed the horrific conditions within the meat-packing industry

Public outcry prompted Roosevelt to push through food inspection reforms

Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Required the

inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the United States Dept. of Agriculture

(USDA) to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants

Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 Prohibited the

manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Products containing drugs like alcohol, caffeine, or cocaine had to be labeled with contents and dosage

Land Conservation Roosevelt supported

conservation of the nation’s natural resources through limiting consumption

Began to set aside millions of acres of public lands for national parks, forests, and wildlife preserves

William Howard Taft 1857 – 1930 27th President (1909-

13) Republican Later became Chief

Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-30)

Hand-picked by Roosevelt to succeed him as President, but was Roosevelt’s opposite in personality

Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909

Progressives and Taft (but not most Republicans) supported lowering tariffs

Taft tried to get a lower tariff passed, but ended up being forced to accept the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which actually raised tariffs on most goods

This angered & disappointed Progressives, including Teddy Roosevelt, and badly hurt Taft’s reputation

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy 1909: Taft’s Secretary of the

Interior, Richard Ballinger, was accused by head of the US Forest Service (and close friend of Roosevelt) Gifford Pinchot of corruption

Taft’s Attorney General dismissed the charges, so Pinchot leaked his story to the press

Taft fired the popular Pinchot, angering Progressives

Ballinger was later cleared of any wrongdoing by congressional investigators

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

Again increased the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it more regulatory control

Added communications (telegraph & telephone companies) to the industries overseen by the ICC

Taft the “Trustbuster” Roosevelt was

perceived as being a more efficient trustbuster than Taft, but Taft actually prosecuted twice as many antitrust cases in his 1 term as president as Roosevelt did in 2 terms!

US v. American Tobacco 1911: Supreme

Court ruled that James Duke’s American Tobacco Co. had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by establishing an illegal monopoly on the cigarette industry; Court ordered the company broken up

In December 1924, James Duke established The Duke Endowment,-(PHILANTHROPY) a $40 million trust fund (about $430 million in 2005 dollars), some of which was to go to Trinity College. The University was renamed "Duke University" in honor of his father.

Children’s Bureau Created by Taft in

1912 Designed to protect

children from abuse, both at home and in the workplace and to monitor orphanages, foster care, and adoptions

First federal agency to be headed by a woman (Julia Lathrop)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire(REMEMBER VIDEO!)

March 25, 1911 Exit doors to the factory

were kept locked from the outside to prevent employees from stealing

When fire broke out, workers could not escape and 146 women workers died

Public outrage led to major reforms in working conditions and building codes

Bull Moose Party

Disappointed in Taft, Teddy decided to run for president once again in 1912, but the Republican Party nominated Taft

Roosevelt formed his own Progressive Party, better known as the “Bull Moose” Party and ran as its candidate, splitting the Republican vote

The Bull Moose platform of “New Nationalism” supported a federal government which was powerful enough to regulate corporations

Roosevelt was shot while campaigning, limiting his ability to appear in public over the last several weeks of the election

Election of 1912 Democratic Party

nominated Progressive NJ governor (and political newcomer) Woodrow Wilson

With the Republicans split, Wilson won the election fairly easily

Woodrow Wilson 1856 – 1924 28th President (1913-

21) Ran on the “New

Freedom” platform: rather than empower government to regulate monopolies and trusts, simply destroy monopolies to ensure fair competition

Believed in limited government, especially where the economy was concerned

16th Amendment 1913 “The Congress shall have

power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration”

Created the federal tax on personal income

US now taxed individuals rather than the states

17th Amendment 1913 US Senators had

been appointed by state legislatures, but after David Graham Phillips’ articles on corruption in the Senate, the 17th Amendment changed the law to direct election of Senators by the people

Underwood Tariff of 1913

Wilson believed that competition with European companies would force American companies to produce better products more efficiently (cheaper)

Underwood Tariff cut

tariff rates in half, to about 30%

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Wilson revived the idea of a “national bank”

Federal Reserve Act required private banks to keep a portion of their deposits on reserve in federally run reserve banks to act as a cushion against unexpected losses; federal reserve banks would set national interest rates and regulate the amount of money in circulation, allowing them to control inflation and prevent recessions

Federal Trade Commission

Created in 1914 to monitor businesses

Had the authority to investigate and issue cease-and-desist orders against businesses using unfair trade practices which hurt competition

Not designed to breakup trusts, but rather to deter companies from using unethical practices

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Banned “tying” agreements which required retailers who bought products from one company to stop selling products from competitors

Required businesses to charge all customers the same price for a product

Banned manufacturers from giving price discounts to retailers who bought larger volumes of goods

Declared labor unions to be exempt from antitrust laws

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916

Prohibited the employment of children under 14 in factories

producing goods sold through interstate commerce

Later struck down by the Supreme Court as being outside of federal jurisdiction

Adamson Act of 1916 Established the 8-

hour workday for railroad workers, created overtime pay

Passed by Congress to avoid a national railroad strike

First US law to regulate the hours of workers in private industry

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 Created special

federal banks to provide loans to farmers and small businesses

Encouraged small businesses to compete with bigger rivals, thereby avoiding trusts and monopolies

18th Amendment 1919 Growing support for the

temperance (anti-alcohol) in the US led to a ban on the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages anywhere in the US

18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

19th Amendment 1920 Finally granted

women suffrage (the

right to vote) in federal elections

Suffrage had been sought by women since the Seneca Falls Convention of

1848!

Robert La Follette 1855 – 1925 Leader in

Progressive reforms at the state level as governor of Wisconsin

Developed the “Wisconsin idea” of applying scientific methods to the running of state government

Later served in the US Senate and ran for President

City Government Changes Efficiency experts

began calling for cities to be “managed” by experts rather than by politicians and their buddies

Divided city services into departments, each headed by an expert in that field under the leadership of a hired city manager

Voting Reforms Direct Primaries: all party

members vote for who will be nominated as a candidate rather than just party leadership

Secret ballot: individual’s votes would be kept secret, not published

Referendum: allows citizens to vote directly on important issues rather than leave the issues in the hands of elected officials

Recall: allows voters to remove an elected official from office before their term is up

Initiative: allows voters to force elected officials to vote on a certain issue