The advancement of science and technology is directly The advancement of science and technology is directly proportional to the advancement of time.proportional to the advancement of time.

As we are swimming in the current of time we are As we are swimming in the current of time we are gradually getting or experiencing more and more gradually getting or experiencing more and more advanced form of technologies .advanced form of technologies .

These technologies are greatly affecting not only to the These technologies are greatly affecting not only to the living beings but also almost all non living forms available living beings but also almost all non living forms available throughout the world and making the world to change throughout the world and making the world to change accordingly compelling the living forms to demand more accordingly compelling the living forms to demand more and more to adapt with the changing corporate world.and more to adapt with the changing corporate world.

Here we will discuss about some form of technologies.Here we will discuss about some form of technologies. The word biometrics has come from two Greek wordsThe word biometrics has come from two Greek words Bios-life and meteron-to measure. So biometrics is the Bios-life and meteron-to measure. So biometrics is the

measurement of biological data.measurement of biological data.

Biometrics is the science and technology of Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data.measuring and analyzing biological data.

Biometrics is the technologies used to establish Biometrics is the technologies used to establish a person’s identity, accurately, reliably and a person’s identity, accurately, reliably and safely. safely.

In IT, biometrics refers to the technologies that In IT, biometrics refers to the technologies that measure and analyze human body measure and analyze human body characteristics such as fingerprints, eye retinas characteristics such as fingerprints, eye retinas and iris, voice patterns, facial reorganization.and iris, voice patterns, facial reorganization.

Biometrics is based on a very simple principle Biometrics is based on a very simple principle that every organism or individual existing in this that every organism or individual existing in this world are unique.world are unique.

Even if in case of twins we can not say that they Even if in case of twins we can not say that they are exactly same. So to prove this biometrics is are exactly same. So to prove this biometrics is a useful technology .a useful technology .

Biometrics is based on exactly that principle. Biometrics is based on exactly that principle. First the technology registers an individual. First the technology registers an individual.

When that individual wants to enter a system, When that individual wants to enter a system, the system needs the sample. If the sample is the system needs the sample. If the sample is matched, the person user is authenticated and matched, the person user is authenticated and granted to access. granted to access.

A A sensor sensor that collects the data and converts them into that collects the data and converts them into a digital format.a digital format.

Signal processing algorithmSignal processing algorithm performs quality control performs quality control activities and develop the biometric template.activities and develop the biometric template.

A A data storage componentdata storage component keeps the information that keeps the information that new biometrics templates will be compared to.new biometrics templates will be compared to.

A A matching algorithmmatching algorithm compares the new biometric compares the new biometric templates to data in storage.templates to data in storage.

A A decision processdecision process uses the results from the matching uses the results from the matching algorithm to make a system level decision. algorithm to make a system level decision.

These are biometrics which use a physical trait, These are biometrics which use a physical trait, such as a fingerprint, iris, hand or face for such as a fingerprint, iris, hand or face for recognition. recognition.

This involves the use of a behavior trait or This involves the use of a behavior trait or pattern, such as a voice, signature or key stroke. pattern, such as a voice, signature or key stroke. These traits are stored in a similar way to the These traits are stored in a similar way to the physiological traits except they are updated physiological traits except they are updated regularly to cope with the ever changing patterns regularly to cope with the ever changing patterns in the trait. in the trait.

Cognitive biometrics is based on specific responses of the brain to stimuli which could be used to trigger a computer database search. Currently, cognitive biometrics systems are being developed to use brain response to odor stimuli, facial perception and mental performance for search at ports and high security areas.

Cognitive biometrics

This is when the device/networked server hold a database This is when the device/networked server hold a database of the registered users and the presented trait is of the registered users and the presented trait is authorized by searching that database to establish a authorized by searching that database to establish a match. In theory the device is asking “Do I know you?”. match. In theory the device is asking “Do I know you?”. This method of identification is called one to many (1: N). This method of identification is called one to many (1: N).

•The theory to this is that the device is asking “Are you who you claim to be?” By presenting an user id number or a Smartcard (containing the biometric algorithm) you announce who you claim to be. In order to prove that this id number or Smartcard belongs to you, you are asked to prove this identity by presenting the biometric trait directly to the device. You are authorized if they match. This method is called one to one (1:1).

•Performance measure—concept of FRR and FAR.

MODEMODE HOW IT WORKSHOW IT WORKSFace RecognitionFace Recognition A camera captures the image of a face. Features and discrete A camera captures the image of a face. Features and discrete

areas of his face are analyzed.areas of his face are analyzed.

Fingerprint scanFingerprint scan Converts the image of a fingerprint into a mathematical Converts the image of a fingerprint into a mathematical template of the print's minutiae pointstemplate of the print's minutiae points

Iris RecognitionIris Recognition A video camera shoots an image of the eye. The patterns of A video camera shoots an image of the eye. The patterns of the iris are converted into digitized code. The code is compared the iris are converted into digitized code. The code is compared with a database of iris codes.with a database of iris codes.

Keystroke Keystroke DynamicsDynamics

The system analyses the characteristics rhythm of a The system analyses the characteristics rhythm of a person's typing.person's typing.

Hand GeometryHand Geometry A picture of the hand is taken and salient features are examined. A picture of the hand is taken and salient features are examined. These include 3D shape, length, width of fingers and shape of These include 3D shape, length, width of fingers and shape of knuckles.knuckles.

Retinal scanRetinal scan User's position their eye in proximity to a retinal reader and focus User's position their eye in proximity to a retinal reader and focus their sight on an illuminated target inside the reader. An image of their sight on an illuminated target inside the reader. An image of the retina's blood vessel pattern is saved in a file.the retina's blood vessel pattern is saved in a file.

Voice verificationVoice verification The user states a pass phrase into a microphone The user states a pass phrase into a microphone or telephone handset.or telephone handset.

What is a fingerprint?What is a fingerprint? Finger skin is made of friction ridges, with pores (sweat Finger skin is made of friction ridges, with pores (sweat

glands). glands).

Endings -The points at which a ridge stops.Dots - Very small ridges.Bifurcation-The point at which the ridge is divided into two.Islands-- Ridges slightly longer than dots.Ponds—Empty spaces between two temporarily divergent ridges.Crossover—two ridges which cross each other.Core –The inner point where the loop starts.Deltas—these are the points at the lower left and right hand of a fingerprint

While the overall appearances of monozygotic While the overall appearances of monozygotic (identical) twins' fingerprints is often similar (a and c), (identical) twins' fingerprints is often similar (a and c), they differ in the fine details (the locations of ridge they differ in the fine details (the locations of ridge starting and stopping); in addition, they are no more starting and stopping); in addition, they are no more similar to each other than to some prints of unrelated similar to each other than to some prints of unrelated individuals (b). individuals (b).

Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. known to have unique, immutable fingerprints.

The classified fingerprints are of five classes, The classified fingerprints are of five classes, namely, namely, whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and tented archtented arch. The algorithm separates the number . The algorithm separates the number of ridges present in four directions (0 degree, 45 of ridges present in four directions (0 degree, 45 degree, 90 degree, and 135 degree) by filtering degree, 90 degree, and 135 degree) by filtering the central part of a fingerprint with a bank of the central part of a fingerprint with a bank of Gabor filters. Gabor filters.

A critical step in automatic fingerprint matching is to A critical step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint images. fingerprint images.

The algorithm have developed a fast fingerprint enhancement The algorithm have developed a fast fingerprint enhancement algorithm, which can adaptively improve the clarity of ridge algorithm, which can adaptively improve the clarity of ridge and furrow structures of input fingerprint images based on the and furrow structures of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation and frequency. estimated local ridge orientation and frequency.

Biometrics directly authenticates Biometrics directly authenticates the person, not indirectly through the person, not indirectly through a password or token.a password or token.

Biometrics features are difficult Biometrics features are difficult to steal; thereby making to steal; thereby making biometrics authentication very biometrics authentication very strong.strong.

The Biometrics feature is The Biometrics feature is eminently portable, and is eminently portable, and is unlikely to be lost.unlikely to be lost.

Another advantage of biometrics Another advantage of biometrics authentication systems is user authentication systems is user cannot forget his retina or cannot forget his retina or fingerprint, while a password and fingerprint, while a password and username are easily forgotten. username are easily forgotten.

In Iris recognition, it is relatively In Iris recognition, it is relatively expensive; requires large amount expensive; requires large amount of computer storage; may not be of computer storage; may not be generally accepted by public. generally accepted by public.

In Voice verification Works well In Voice verification Works well over the telephone but requires over the telephone but requires large amount oflarge amount of computer computer storage; people's voices can storage; people's voices can change; background noises can change; background noises can interfere. interfere.

When the data collected from the When the data collected from the user passes through the system, user passes through the system, the data is not encrypted at all. the data is not encrypted at all.

•Biometrics technology is really playing a great roll in today’s world in providing security to computers and various networks, thus creating a message of reliability among the computer systems and networks as well as for the whole corporate world.