Taxonomy and phylogeny Taxonomy the study of classification - how organisms are placed in groups or...
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Transcript of Taxonomy and phylogeny Taxonomy the study of classification - how organisms are placed in groups or...
Taxonomy and phylogeny• Taxonomy the study of classification - how organisms are
placed in groups or taxa (singular = taxon)
• Phylogeny the study of the evolutionary history of living
organisms
• Classification now uses phylogeny when arranging organisms into groups so classification reflects evolutionary relationships
• It shows that closely related species share a common ancestor (which may now be extinct)
• A range of characteristics are used e.g. anatomy, behaviour, embryological development, molecular structure (proteins and DNA)
The evolutionary relationships of the wolf, dog and fox
Classification of the plant kingdom based on phylogeny
Anatomy and embryology This is evidence for a common ancestor for these
mammals
Classification of reptiles and birds based on phylogeny
Classification of leopard, skunk, otter, dog and wolf based on phylogeny
Are chimps in the same genus as humans?
See page 212 – 213 textbook
Using DNA bases as evidence which 2 animals are most closely related?
And which are most distantly related?
Animals % difference in bases C, G, A and T in coding DNA
human / chimpanzee 0.87
human / gorilla 1.04
human / orang-utan 2.18
chimpanzee / gorilla 0.99
chimpanzee / orang-utan
2.14
gorilla / orang-utan 2.25
Classification of humans and apes based on phylogeny
Classification – the binomial system – Carolus Linnaeus,
18C
What does Binomial mean?
• Each name has 2 parts.• The first is a group of similar species,
the genus.• The second is the single species.• The genus always has a capital
letter and the species never has.• The name is typed in italics, or
underlined when hand written.
Some examples – common names?
• Homo sapiens• Vibrio cholerae• Canis lupus• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
So what is a species?
• Members of the same species show similar morphological, biochemical (e.g. DNA) and physiological characteristics and……
can breed together, producing fertile offspring.
List the 7 levels of the hierarchy of taxa (classification
groups)• There are 5 kingdoms, the largest
groups.
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
• King Philip could only find gruesome socks!
The subdivisions of a kingdom http://advancedsciences.cambridge.org/ocr/biology_1/animation/3392
how can you learn the names?
Here are 2 examples each from a different kingdom.
• Animalia Plantae• Chordata Angiospermophyta• Mammalia Dicotyledonae• Primata Rosales• Hominidae Papilionaceae• Homo Lathyrus• sapiens ordoratus (human) (sweet pea)
Classifying the grizzly bear
Each organism is given 2 names – a binomial = genus + species e.g. Ursus horribilis
Checking your understanding
1) Complete the questions in your Classification workbooklet.
2) answer SAQ 1 page 209
3) what is the binomial system of naming organisms? and why is important in Biology?
http://advancedsciences.cambridge.org/ocr/biology_1/animation/3392
5 kingdoms (1988)http://advancedsciences.cambridge.org/ocr/biology_1/animation/5278
Prokaryote(Monera), Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom ?
• Hyphae have _________ cell walls.• Hyphae secrete ________ and absorb
small _______ molecules.• Hetero__________.
Kingdom ?
• Multicellular, Pho_____________, auto__________.
• _____________ cell walls.• Non - ___________.
Kingdom ?
• Multi__________, Non – ph________, hetero___________ with _________ coordination.
Kingdom Pro______?
• Eu___________.• Uni - __________ or assemblages of
similar _____.• Some _________ and some
_____________.
Kingdom Pro_______?
• No membrane - _________ ________.• N________ (no histone protein) ,
c_________ DNA.• Peptidoglycan _____ ______.