© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation Rural to urban...
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Transcript of © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation Rural to urban...
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY
•Migration – the 3rd part of the population equationRural to urban migration
•Social GeographiesWealth Social development indicators
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
•Día de los muertos
•Migration – the 3rd part of the population equationInternational to/from LA USA-LA migrationRemittances
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration: rural => rural
•From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands
Andean to AmazoniaAndean to coastCentral American
•From densely settled NE Brazil and S cities to Amazonia
•Also temporary r -> r circulation
•Myriad of interacting factors “driving” migration
© T. M. Whitmore
4th type: rural => urban migration
•What is it? Rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence
•Why migrate? “Push” and “Pull” forcesEconomic welfareSocial welfare Other factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Economic pushes & pulls•Lack of land
•Few non-farm opportunities
•Little upward mobility
•Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity
•New jobs have less autonomy
•Strategy of family income diversification
© T. M. Whitmore
How do migrants move?
•Migration patterns Role of information Role of social networksRole of “steps”Role of distance and costs
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth
•Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capita
•World ~ $9,940Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480
•USA ~ $44,260
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth II
•LA ~ $8,630
•Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)Low
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
> LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)Costa Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
© T. M. Whitmore
Percent population living on <$2/day
•World average > 50%
•Latin American average ~ 24%Countries with > 30%
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Jamaica, Haiti, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay
Countries with fewer than LA averageCosta Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution I•USA
Richest 20% have 40% of all incomePoorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle class
•GINI coefficientsUSA ~ 41Mexico ~46Bolivia ~60Brazil ~56Guatemala ~60
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution II•Latin America
Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income
Poorest 20% have 2-5%30% in the middleCountries with top 20% with more
than 50% of all incomeBrazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
•Changing over time
•Varies within countries
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators
•The Human Development Index
•Safe water access
•Population to hospital bed ratio
•% of children < age 5 underweight
•Overall worst levels of human developmentBolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; PeruEl Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
NicaraguaDominican Republic; Haiti