System of government King or Queen has complete control over government & its people Autocracy
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System of government •King or Queen has complete control over government & its people
AutocracyCentralized GovernmentNation states
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•Monarchs based their claim on Divine Right
Authority comes from God Similar to “Mandate of Heaven”
•Monarchs are “Above the Law”
•Common features- Strong armies, limited representative bodies, high taxes, people-few rights
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Breakdown of Feudalism/Rise of Nation states
Continuous Warfare
Need for money
Exploration
Declining influence of the church
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Regulation of religion & society
Loss of power by nobility & legislatures
New government Bureaucracies
Huge building projects
Costly wars; taxes
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The Hapsburg Monarchy1556 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V divides empire
Son Phillip II rules Spain, Netherlands & Italy
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Promoted “Golden age of Spain”
•Wealth from colonies helped buildup military; improved navy
•Incredible wealth– gold/silver
•Defender of Catholicism
Europe’s most Catholic king1588-Spanish Armada defeated by England (Elizabeth I)
1600’s Spain power declines Financial problems – high inflation
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Phillip II•“Golden Age” –
Velasquez, El Greco• Centralized
government• Married “Bloody Mary”• Persecution &
expulsion of Jews/Muslims hurt economy
• Built “El Escorial” palace
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The Bourbon Monarchy•Henry IV increases power of govt. & decreases power of nobility
•Edict of Nantes – religious freedom
•Louis the XIII strengthens & builds up military
Cardinal Richelieu subdues nobles & Huguenots (French Protestants), strengthens economy
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Known as “The Sun King”Ruled for 72 years•Mercantilist policies•Built the strongest army in Europe•Expanded bureaucracy•Never called the Estates General•Persecuted the Huguenots
French ProtestantsRevoked Edict of Nantes
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•Built Lavish palace atVersailles“Gilded Cage” for nobility
His successors inherited enormous debts (costly wars & extravagance)
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Louis XIV cont.
• Lost much land due to French & Indian War (7 Years War) GB defeats Fr. & Indians in American colonies
• Poor crops hurt the people• Became king at age 4; Mazarin helped him rule;
expanded France• Heavy debt from spending, extravagant lifestyle• Colbert – Finance Minister supported sale of French
products• Supported arts and education
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•Early Czars Ivan III & Ivan IV (Terrible) used harsh methods to unify Russia & strengthen monarchy1480 Ivan III (Great) drives Mongols from Russia
Moscow key city Autocratic govt. Trivia – married at 12!
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Ivan the TerribleFirst to use term czar
(tsar)Good period – Russia
expanded, code of law, ruled justly
Bad period – executed many boyars – landowning nobles); used secret police
Killed son in an argumentTurmoil after death1613 Michael Romanov
begins Romanov Dynasty
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•Grand Embassy tour
Toured Europe learning new technologies
•Westernization/Modernization
•Introduced western ideas
•Laws, technology, culture
•Men shaved beards; dressed western
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•Built largest army in Europe
Won territory along the Baltic Sea
St. Petersburg becomes “Window to the West”
Major trading port & new capital
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Centralized power
Reduced power of the nobility
Brought Orthodox Church under his control
First newspaper
Introduced potato
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Peter the Great
•Education, arts, music, science
•Improved status of women
•Appointed officials based on merit & service
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Peter the Great
•Excessive spending•Peasants/Serfs required to work on roads/canals or serve in military; thousands died
•Heavy taxation•Put Orthodox Church under state control
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Peter the Great
• Could be cruel and tyrannical; executed thousands to challenged his power
• Died saving a man from drowning
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Catherine the Great
Most educated monarch
Abolished torture and capital punishment
Supported arts; first currency
Education, trade, religious toleration
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Catherine the Great
NegativesDidn’t enforce reforms (esp. torture/capital punishment
Little to alleviate suffering
Controlled Orthodox Church
Negatives• Intolerant of
Muslims & Jews• Crushed peasant
rebellions harshly
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Catherine the Great
• Longest ruling female leader of Russia (34 years)
• Leader of Russia during American Rev.
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1215 King John forced to sign Magna Carta
Limited King’s powers1295 Edward I establishes Model Parliament
Lawmaking bodyHouse of Lords & House of Commons
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Parliament successfully blocked attempted shifts to absolute ruleThe Tudor Monarchs(1485-1603) generally worked well w/ ParliamentEx. Henry VIII & Elizabeth I
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Had absolutist tendencies (Strong belief in Divine Right); unpopularImprisoned w/out trialJames I & son Charles I consistently clashed with Parliament over finance & foreign policyAngered Puritans
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Known as the Puritan Revolution (1643)Charles’s Cavaliers vs. Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)Charles I is overthrown by forces loyal to Parliament
Beheaded in 1649Shocks country
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England became a Republic called the CommonwealthAt first C;romwell & Parliament share power
•1653 Cromwell assumes Title of Lord Protector & rules as a dictator, Puritan intolerance of Anglicanism; severe moral code; harshCromwell brutally put down revolts in Ireland & Scotland
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•Upon Cromwell’s death, Parliament restores Stuart Monarchy to throne
•“Restoration”
•Charles makes some reforms; observes Magna Carta; Habeas Corpus Act
•James II became unpopular due to absolutist policies•Parliament overthrows James II & asks William & Mary to assume throne (Glorious Revolution)
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Bloodless Revolution
1688-William & Mary forced to sign English Bill of Rights is signed
Guarantees Parliament’s superiority over the Monarchy
England becomes a Limited Monarchy (Remains today)