Sunni and Shiite Sunni Follow custom of community (sunna). Believe inspiration comes from example...
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Transcript of Sunni and Shiite Sunni Follow custom of community (sunna). Believe inspiration comes from example...
Sunni and ShiiteSunni
Follow custom of community (sunna). Believe inspiration comes from example of Muhammad
90% of Muslims
Shiite True
descendants are of Ali and Fatima’s children
Live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq and Yemen
No successor named after Muhammad
died Abu Bakr-Muhammad’s father-in-law and
1st caliph. Reunited Muslims and converted last Arab tribe to Islam
After Ali died a Meccan clan set up Ummayyad (caliphate). Dynasty of Sunni caliphs ruled Muslim empire until 750.
After Muhammad
Weakened Byzantine and Persian empires
Welcomed Arabs as liberators Fighting method-Bedouin camel
and horse cavalry-mobile and aggressive
Tax on non-Muslims in conquered areas
Many converted- equality, simple, no hierarchy
Factors for Success
Fall of Umayyads and Rise of Abbasids
Umayyads While conquests
wealth went to Umayyads. When they stopped tensions built between wealthy Arabs and those who had less
Criticized and wanted ways of early caliphs
Considered illegitimate rulers of Islamic community
Abbasids Abu al-Abbas founder Captured Damascus
750 and dynasty lasted until 1258
Had member of Umayyad family killed.
All but one escaped and went to Spain where they were more tolerant and thrived
The Crusades
900-Seljuk Turks came from Central Asia to Middle East
1055-Suljuk sultan controlled Baghdad and kept caliph as figurehead
1095-Pushed into Asia Minor and prevented Christians from going to Jerusalem.
Muslim scholars reintroduced knowledge of Greco-Roman civilization to later Europeans.
United diverse cultures-translated Greek, Hindu and Buddhist text
Social Mobility Up, slavery common but Islamic law encouraged freeing slaves as act of charity.
Religion shaped arts and literature; banned idol worship and artists could not portray God or human figures in religious art
Muslim Golden Era
Muslim Golden Era
Architecture-domed mosques, adopted from Byzantine buildings; symbolic of Muslim architecture
Artists skilled in calligraphy-decorated on buildings
Poetry- oral tradition, wrote about desert journeys, battles, joy of clans, chivalry and romance of nomadic life
Mathematics- al-Khwarizmi pioneered study of
algebra. 800s-wrote book that was translated into Latin. Became standard textbook in Europe.
Medicine-Based knowledge on Ancient Greeks. Physicians and pharmacists had to pass test. Set up hospitals
Muslim Golden Era
India
Muslims mingled with Indians and each civilization absorbed elements from each other.
550-Gupta empire fell and India split, princes battled for control
1000-Muslim Turks and Afghans moved to India
Low caste Hindus converted to Islam
1200s-scholars and adventurers fled Baghdad
to India. Brought Persian and Greek knowledge 1398- Tamerlane invades India, enslaved
thousand artisans to build capital @ Samarkand
Delhi slowly recovered. Sultans no longer controlled empire and India split. Rival Hindu and Muslim states
Muslims in India
Hinduism-ancient religion evolved
over thousand years. Sacred texts, prayed before statues representing gods/goddess. Caste system; celebrated with music and dance
Islam-newer faith with single sacred text; monotheistic. No religious hierarchy. Did not celebrate with music and dance.
Hindus and Muslims in India
Taj Mahal
Over time Delhi sultans grew more tolerant of Hindu subjects. Allowed to practice, paid a poll tax.
Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal as tomb for her when she died. Greatest monument of Mughal empire.