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Imagine you are the man on this operating table around 1800. List all the reasons why you might not survive this operation.
Possible dangersPossible dangers Surgeons operated swiftly in an attempt Surgeons operated swiftly in an attempt
to avoid pain, mistakes were madeto avoid pain, mistakes were made No pain reliefNo pain relief No blood transfusionsNo blood transfusions Patients often died of infections – no Patients often died of infections – no
sterilised equipment of uniforms, sterilised equipment of uniforms, doctors didn’t wash hands or patientsdoctors didn’t wash hands or patients
Bandages reusedBandages reused Trauma of the operationTrauma of the operation
Why was surgery so Why was surgery so dangerous in the dangerous in the
nineteenth nineteenth century?century?
To examine why surgery was so To examine why surgery was so dangerousdangerous
To identify developments in To identify developments in anaesthetics and their drawbacksanaesthetics and their drawbacks
LOs
Key words: anaesthetic
Your taskYour task Read about the 3 major steps Read about the 3 major steps
forward in pain relief in the 1800s forward in pain relief in the 1800s on p.170-1. Complete the template on p.170-1. Complete the template provided below.provided below.
Identify which factors helped the Identify which factors helped the development of anaesthetics development of anaesthetics
Extension taskExtension task Read through sources 2 -4 on p.167. Read through sources 2 -4 on p.167.
Note down the dangers they faced.Note down the dangers they faced. Extension. If ParExtension. If Paré could travel to the é could travel to the
1900s what would he have noticed 1900s what would he have noticed was similar/different?was similar/different?
Professor James Syme, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
Fanny Burney, novelist
Humphry DavyHumphry Davy Laughing gas Laughing gas
(nitrous oxide) (nitrous oxide) reduced effects of reduced effects of painpain
Suggested use for Suggested use for operations and operations and dentistrydentistry
Drawbacks: - patient Drawbacks: - patient not unconscious, not not unconscious, not always successfulalways successful
J.R.ListonJ.R.Liston EtherEther Pioneered in US by Pioneered in US by
dentist, William dentist, William Moston but 1Moston but 1stst used used in UK by J.R.Listonin UK by J.R.Liston
Drawbacks: irritant Drawbacks: irritant of eyes and lungs; of eyes and lungs; caused sickness; caused sickness; inflammableinflammable
James SimpsonJames Simpson ChloroformChloroform Professor of Professor of
Midwifery, Edinburgh Midwifery, Edinburgh UniversityUniversity
Used for childbirth & Used for childbirth & surgical operationssurgical operations
Drawbacks: difficult to Drawbacks: difficult to measure right measure right quantitiesquantities
Your taskYour task Can you remember the reasons why Can you remember the reasons why
people opposed Jenner & Harvey’s ideas people opposed Jenner & Harvey’s ideas on disease and anatomy?on disease and anatomy?
Why might people oppose the use of Why might people oppose the use of chloroform? Read reasons 1-6 on p.172 chloroform? Read reasons 1-6 on p.172 and summarise them under these and summarise them under these headings:headings:
ScientificScientific ReligiousReligious Conservative attitudesConservative attitudes
Scientific & medicalScientific & medical People didn’t know about the side-People didn’t know about the side-
effectseffects Uncertainty about dosage, e.g. Uncertainty about dosage, e.g.
Simpson & friends (1857)Simpson & friends (1857) Increased death rate due to Increased death rate due to
surgeons taking more riskssurgeons taking more risks
ReligionReligion Letter to Lancet (medical journal) in Letter to Lancet (medical journal) in
1849 suggested pain was invented 1849 suggested pain was invented by Godby God
Pain in childbirth was a result of Pain in childbirth was a result of Eve’s sinfulnessEve’s sinfulness
Conservative attitudesConservative attitudes Some opposed the use of pain killers Some opposed the use of pain killers
in child birth because it was in child birth because it was ‘unnatural’‘unnatural’
Army Chief of Medical Staff (1854) Army Chief of Medical Staff (1854) thought that pain told a surgeon his thought that pain told a surgeon his patient was still alivepatient was still alive
Your taskYour task Read p.173 and note the reasons Read p.173 and note the reasons
why opposition to chloroform was why opposition to chloroform was overcome.overcome.
Why are the 1870s known as the Why are the 1870s known as the ‘black period’?‘black period’?
Extension. What factors helped the Extension. What factors helped the development of anaesthetics?development of anaesthetics?
Overcoming oppositionOvercoming opposition IndividualsIndividuals – James – James
Simpson championed Simpson championed use of anaesthetics in use of anaesthetics in midwifery; comparisons midwifery; comparisons with Parwith Paré’sé’s
Royal approval Royal approval – Queen – Queen VictoriaVictoria
Black period Black period – 1870s, 1 – 1870s, 1 in 2500 died under in 2500 died under anaesthetic, surgeons anaesthetic, surgeons mixed chemicals or mixed chemicals or unaware of dosagesunaware of dosages
Queen Victoria with her family
HomeworkHomework Extension. Conduct some additional Extension. Conduct some additional
research into C19th surgery and research into C19th surgery and produce a fact sheet on the Robert produce a fact sheet on the Robert Liston. Visit the Old Operating Liston. Visit the Old Operating Theatre website and gather Theatre website and gather information on typical surgery of the information on typical surgery of the time.time.
http://www.thegarret.org.uk/oot.htm
PlenaryPlenary What were the dangers of surgery What were the dangers of surgery
early in the nineteenth century?early in the nineteenth century? What contribution to surgery did the What contribution to surgery did the
following make: Davy, Liston and following make: Davy, Liston and SimpsonSimpson
Extension. What factors led to Extension. What factors led to important breakthroughs?important breakthroughs?