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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others
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PERSON PERCEPTION
DEF: the process of forming impressions of others
Factors that influence perception: physical appearance, cognitive schemas, stereotypes, and subjectivity
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EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
We attach desirable personality characteristics to the good looking
We tend to view the attractive as more intelligent
Baby-faced people are seen as honest, submissive, and naïve
Chameleon effect: tendency to unintentionally mimic other’s movements
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COGNITIVE SCHEMAS
Social schemas: organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
Helps to process info
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STEREOTYPES
DEF: widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics b/c of their membership in a particular group
Commonly based on sex, age, ethnic, or occupational group
Broad overgeneralizations; inaccurate
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SUBJECTIVITY IN PERSON PERCEPTION
Illusory correlation: when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association btwn social traits than they have actually seen
We recall facts that fit our schemas and stereotypes
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EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON BIAS
Helps to separate friend from foe
Ingroup: a group that one belongs to and identifies with
Outgroup: group that on does not belong to or identify with
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ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES
Attributions are inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior
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Internal attributions: ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings
External attributions: ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints
INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL
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Harold H. Kelley Assumes that people attribute behavior
to factors that are present when the behavior takes place and absent when it does not
Consider 3 types of info: 1) Consistency 2) Distinctiveness 3) ConsensusKELLEY’S
COVARIATION MODEL
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ATTRIBUTIONS FOR FAILURE AND SUCCESS
Bernard Weiner Believes people
often focus on the stability of the causes underlying behavior
Stable-unstable dimension to attribution
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Fundamental attribution error: observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior
Observers may not know history of actor to make correct judgment about the behavior being seen
ACTOR-OBSERVER BIAS
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DEFENSIVE ATTRIBUTION
DEF: tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
Attributes negative traits on the victim
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SELF-SERVING BIAS
DEF: tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors
Observers attribute your failures to your internal factors; actor will blame external factors
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CULTURE & ATTRIBUTION
Cultural differences in individualism and collectivism
Individualism: putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership
Collectivism: putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to
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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: LIKING AND LOVE
Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings toward another
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PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
Physical attractiveness influences course of commitment
Matching hypothesis: proposes that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners
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SIMILARITY EFFECTS
Do “opposites attract”?
NO Couples tend to be
similar in almost every aspect
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RECIPROCITY EFFECTS
Reciprocity: liking those who show that they like you
Flattery will get you somewhere
Couples will tend to “idealize” their partner
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PERSPECTIVES ON THE MYSTERY OF LOVE
Blah, blah, blah
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PASSIONATE LOVE
DEF: a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion
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COMPANIONATE LOVE
DEF: warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own
Divided into: Intimacy: warmth,
closeness, and sharing in a relationship
Commitment: intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise
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LOVE AS ATTACHMENT
Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver
Attachment to caregiver as an infant translates to romantic relationships in adulthood
Secure-attachment leads to secure relationships
Anxious-ambivalent = intensely emotional relationships
Avoidant = casual sex
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CULTURE AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS
Passionate love in a romantic relationship is not a pan-cultural emphasis
Arranged marriages still exist today