READING How to comprehend, retain and complete assignments better and faster
* Reading Assignments:
description
Transcript of * Reading Assignments:
![Page 1: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
* Reading Assignments:
All Sections
![Page 2: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8. Hydrostatic Stability
Describe the states of vertical stratification of atmosphere:
* Stable equilibrium
* Unstable equilibrium
* Neutral equilibrium
![Page 3: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8.1 Parcel method
)(2
2
g
dtzd
![Page 4: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
zTg
dtzd
)(2
2
The vertical acceleration of a unit mass air parcel is proportionalto its displacement and the difference between the parcel andenvironmental lapse rates.
)(2
2
TTTg
dtzd
![Page 5: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8.2 Stability Categories8.2.1 Stability in terms of temperature lapse rate
![Page 6: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
* For unsaturated air
stableneutralunstable
d
* For saturated air
stableneutralunstable
s
![Page 7: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
* For both unsaturated and saturated air
1) d Absolute unstable
2) s Absolute stable
3) ds Conditionally unstable
Stable for unsaturated air
Unstable for saturated air
8.2.2 Moisture Dependence
![Page 9: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8.2.3 Stability in terms of potential temperature
stable
neutraldzd
unstable
0
)( dTdzd * For unsaturated air
* For saturated air
stable
neutraldzd
unstable
e
0
![Page 11: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8.3 Implications for vertical motion
022
2
zNdtzd
The vertical momentum equation for an unsaturated air parcel
)( dTg
dzdgN
N is called the Brunt-Väisäillä frequency.
If the atmospheric stratification is stable, N > 0.
)sin(NtAz
)cos(NtANdtzdw
N 2
![Page 13: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Meteorology 341 Homework (8)
)( ds 3. An air parcel, which has LCL (Lifting Condensation Level) at height of hc ,
ascends in a conditionally unstable environment , show the height of LFC (Level of Free Convection) hf
s
sdcf hh
ds and ,, are constants.
1. Problem 8 on page 201
2. Problem 15 on page 201
![Page 15: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8.4 Conditional instability
)(
)ln)(()( 2
1
pRA
pdTTRpPp
p
c
LFC
p
pLFCc pdTTRwwCAPE )ln)((21
21 22
Potential Energy:
Convective Available Potential Energy:the total potential energy available for conversion to kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy:
PK
![Page 16: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
)(
)ln)(()( 2
1
pRA
pdTTRpPp
p
Potential Energy::
![Page 17: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conditional instability is classified into three types:
1) Stable type: no positive area
3) Pseudo latent type: negative area is larger than positive area
2) Real latent type: positive area is larger than negative area
![Page 19: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1)
![Page 20: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2)
![Page 21: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3)
![Page 22: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
dzTTTgwwK
z
z
2
1
)()(21 2
122
When the height is used as the vertical coordinate, the kinetic energy for the air parcel within a layer is defined as
T wwhere and are the air parcel’s temperature and vertical velocity, respectively. If the temperature lapse rate of the environment is 12oC/km from surface to 500m and the surface temperature is 27oC, find the kinetic energy for an unsaturated air parcel in this layer.
![Page 23: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8.5 Effect of entrainment on ascending parcels
dzdm
mw
TTTgw
dzd 2
2
21
eHdzdm
m11
is the ratio of entraining mass per unit height over the air mass.
is defined as the mass entrainment height.eH
![Page 24: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8.6 Modification of stability due to the displacement of layer
* Potential Instability
![Page 25: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
)1)(( 112 pAAp
d
* Vertical compression and expansion
Stability decreases
Instability decreases
No change
ppAA ,For
121
121
121
,)3
,)2
,)1
dd
d
d
thenIf
thenIf
thenIf
![Page 28: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8.7 Layer (slice) method
One assumption in the parcel method is that the environmentremains undisturbed.
The layer method removes this assumption by allowing thecompensatory subsidence for the ascent of an air mass.
![Page 29: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The stability criterion:
tT
tTT du
![Page 30: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
* Both ascending and descending air is unsaturated
))(1())(( dd
uuddu m
mwwwT
![Page 31: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
* Ascending air is saturated and descending air is unsaturated
)()()( d
d
usuddsu m
mwwwT
![Page 34: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8.8 Stabilizing and destabilizing effects
* External heat transfer
![Page 36: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: * Reading Assignments:](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815e25550346895dcc7d91/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)