Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico occupied by US troops during the

war▪ Treaty of Paris gives PR to US—What do to after?

Strategically important in Caribbean▪ Protect future of canal in Panama

Puerto Rico made a commonwealth▪ People elect lower house of legislature (now elect

both)▪ 1917—US citizenship▪ Can come & go in US▪ Can’t vote in presidential elections▪ Rejected statehood

Cuba? Teller Amendment said that the US would

not take over any part of Cuba Still, the US troops occupied Cuba at the

end of the war▪ Good and bad—Cuba was not independent, but

the US provided▪ Food▪ Clothing▪ Help to farmers▪ Improved sanitation—Eliminate Yellow Fever▪ Schools

Cuba? Protectorate—Partially controlled by a

stronger power Cubans write new Constitution—Platt

Amendment▪ No treaties that limit independence▪ No foreign power to control Cuba▪ US can intervene▪ No debt▪ US can buy/lease land for naval bases

US business interests: Sugar Tobacco Mining Protect railroad and public utilities

The Philippines? Treaty of Paris calls for annexation How did the Filipinos react?▪ Angry▪ US becomes like Spain▪ Puts rebels in camps—poor sanitation, starvation, diseases,

thousands die

▪ After 3 years of war▪ Philippines set up like Puerto Rico▪ On July 4, 1946, becomes independent

Europeans set up “spheres of influence” China was a large potential market John Hay—Open Door Notes▪ Share trading rights with US

Chinese want “foreign devils” out▪ Boxer Rebellion▪ Europeans and US put down rebellion

More Open Door Notes: US safeguard “equal & impartial” trade

with China and world Reflects deeply held beliefs:▪ US economic growth needs exports▪ US has right to intervene▪ Any area closed to US products, people, ideas

threatens US survival Policies strongly favor US interests over

other foreign countries.

With the assassination of McKinley (1901), Teddy Roosevelt becomes president

As president, Teddy… Negotiates the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)▪ Ends the Russo-Japanese War▪ Nobel Peace Prize

Helps get the Panama Canal built Adds his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe

Doctrine…

Issued in 1823 by President James Monroe Demanded that European countries stay

out of the affairs of Latin American nations ▪ Trying to keep European powers out of our

hemisphereRoosevelt was worried because

many Latin American nations were going in debt to European banks

Roosevelt added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Not only should Europe stay

out of Latin America, but the US would use force to protect its own interests there

Based on his philosophy: “Speak softly and carry a big

stick”▪ Whatever you say, you must be

willing to back up with force if necessary

Used under Taft: Policy of using the US government to

guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople

Use economic power to influence other countries

Under Woodrow Wilson US had a moral

responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests Not just recognizing any

government that controlled the nation anymore

Porfirio Díaz—military dictator who ruled Mexico Friend of the US

Uprising by Mexican people against Díaz General Victoriano Huerta

takes over government▪ Wilson & US government won’t

recognize him

Wilson & the US wait for an opportunity to intervene in Mexico 1914—Group of American sailors arrested in

Tampico▪ Released quickly, but it was the excuse we were waiting

for US occupies Veracruz▪ Now US and Mexico near war

While the US and Huerta cannot come to an agreement, Huerta’s regime collapsed and he was replaced by Venustiano Carranza Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government

But not all Mexican people support Carranza Francisco “Pancho” Villa Emiliano Zapata

Villa threatens US when they recognize Carranza’s government Villa shot American engineers

traveling to operate mines in Mexico

His followers cross into New Mexico and kill 17 Americans

John J. Pershing sent to Mexico with 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa Searches for over a year Military clashes with Mexican

troops▪ War seems imminent

Finally called home Carranza rules until 1920

when he is eventually replaced by a more moderate leader & the Mexican Civil War ends