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Transcript of Prof.Dr: Mohamed Assal Information system. System transfers inputs to outputs to achieve certain...
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Prof.Dr: Mohamed Assal
Introduction to computer
Information system
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System concepts System transfers inputs to outputs to achieve
certain objective.
Process (to achieve objectives)
Inputs Outputs
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System concepts
1. Systems are interdisciplinary
o Systems are not isolated from one another.
o The development in certain field benefits other fields.
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System concepts
2. Systems are Holistico The proper functioning of a system is a result
of the interdependence of its part.
o A system must be viewed as a whole, with all
parts considered
o This emphasis on the whole is known as
holism.
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System concepts
3. Systems are differentiated o Systems are consists of different parts.
o The components of the CBIS
are computers, input and output
devices, data storage facilities,
personnel to manage and operate
the computers, and its associated equipments, programs
and of course managers who use the output.
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System concepts
4. Systems are synergistico Synergistic means a measure of quality level.
o CBIS that combines information needs and
satisfies several with one set of data exhibits
greater synergism than the CBIS that
duplicates data for each application or worse
ignores additional use for data.
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System concepts
5. Systems are hierarchical
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System concepts
6. Systems must be regulated
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System concepts
7. Systems are goal oriented
o A system is a set of related parts together to
achieve certain goal or objective .
o The CBIS is designed to satisfy the needs of
variety of users in the field of information
technology.
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CBIS approachesThere are three major approaches for CBIS:
System Design.
System Analysis.
System Improvement.
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System Design The system design steps are:
o Define the problem.o Identify system boundaries.o Establish system objectives.o Search for and generate alternatives.o Identify outputs of the alternatives.o Evaluate alternatives by comparing outputs
with objectives.o Choose the best alternative.o Implement the decision.
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System Analysis
The system analysis is mainly applied the
systems being replaced ( not under
development).the analysis focuses on information
needs of managers served by the CBIS, both
needs satisfied by the existing system and those
unfulfilled needs that must also be satisfied by
the new system.
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System Improvement System design is future oriented and it is an attempt
predict what will happen, system improvement looks to the past in order remedy deviations from system objectives. The steps for the system improvement are:
o Define the problem.
o Define the subsystems.
o Observe the behavior of the subsystem.
o Compare the observed behavior with the objective.
o Reduce the problems to sub-problems.
o Restore the system by correcting the sub-problems.
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Organization Managerial Activities
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Organization Levels of Management
The term “Levels of Management’ refers to a line of
demarcation between various managerial positions in an
organization. The number of levels in management increases
when the size of the business
and work force increases and vice versa.
The level of management determines
a chain of command, the amount of
authority & status enjoyed by any
managerial position
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Organization Management levels
Top Managers
Middle Managers
Knowledge & Data workers
Operational Managers
Management Levels
S_ Level
MM_ Level
K_ Level
O_ Level
Sales & Marketing
Human Resourc
es
Accounting
FinanceManufacturi
ng
Functional Areas
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Information system that support the organization managerial activity
1. Transaction processing system(TPS).
2. Knowledge work system(KWS).
3. Office automation system(OAS).
4. Management information system(MIS).
5. Decision support systems(DSS).
6. Executive support systems(ESS).
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1. Operational level
In the operational level, the served group is the operational
manager. This group uses operational level systems which are
called TPS. This group is tasked oriented, they perform
operational control.
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1. Operational level
The main purposes of Transaction Processing System (TPS) at
that level
o Keeping track on elementary activities and transaction of
an organization.( e.g. sales, receipts payroll, flow of
material in a factory)
o Answering routine questions (e.g. How many parts in the
inventory? What happened to Mr. Ali’s payment?). TPS
includes basic operations such as (Storing , Retrieving,
Updating, and Sorting ).
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2. Knowledge level In this level the served groups are:
Knowledge workers (engineers, technical staff, scientists
& professors).
Data workers (secretaries & book keepers). These group
use knowledge level systems.
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2. Knowledge level These system are classified according to their users as
follows:
1. Knowledge workers use knowledge work system (KWS) to
carry out engineering and technical tasks. The purpose of
these systems is to help organization to integrate new
knowledge into business( e.g. AutoCAD, CAD, CAL
systems)
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2. Knowledge level
2. Data workers use office automation systems (OAS) to help the
organization to prepare and control the flow of paper work. Also,
to perform all the clerical tasks of the organization into an
electronic way (e-mail, word processing systems).
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3. Middle management level
In MML the served groups are middle managers. Middle managers use middle management systems into two main functions:o Resource control (money, labor, equipment…). o Tactical planning.
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3. Middle management level
MIS handles routine problems with predefined solution
procedures (i.e. fully structured). MIS helps managers in
decision making (not support). MIS usually serve managers in
weekly, monthly, and yearly results (i.e. not day-to-day
activities as TPS). MIS summarize data by using ( totals,
means, variances). MIS present outputs using pie, bar charts
and tables.
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3. Middle management level
For tactical planning middle managers use decision support
system. DSS handles routine problems but with predefined
solution procedure(i.e. semi or unstructured problems). DSS
addresses certain problems and uses highly sophisticated
mathematical models to analyze the problems. DSS are highly
interactive and give their users the chance to change the
solution assumptions.DSS use more internal and external data
than ESS.
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4. Top management level
Serve strategic and planning top managers. Unlike other types
of information systems, Executive Support Systems (ESS) are
not designed mainly to solve specific problems instead, ESS
provide a generalized computing and telecommunications
capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems.
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4. Top management level
Because ESSs are designed to be used by top managers who
may have little direct contact or experience with CBIS. They
have easy-to use graphic interface (i.e. highly user friendly
interface). ESSs are designed to use filter compress and track
critical data reducing time and effort required to obtain
information useful to top managers.
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4. Top management level
ESS data are obtained from:
o External sources and events (large volume).
o Internal (historical) from MIS& DSS.
ESS answer questions like:
o What business should we be in?
o What are the competitors doing?
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Remarks
Operational control: is a task oriented and it
ensures that work be performed according to
accepted standards.
Higher level managers impose standards, at the
operational level. Standards such as:
o Quality and resource utilization.
o Minimum volume of output.
o Maximum number of defective parts.
o Final completion date.
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Relationship of systems to one another
Strategic level(ESS)
Middle Management
(MIS)
Middle Management
(DSS)
Operational level
Knowledge level
(KWS,OAS)
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The Information Systems (IS) Department
The information systems (IS) department also
called the information technology (IT) department
is responsible for developing, running, and
maintaining the computers and information
systems in an organization, as well as processing
the vast amount of data that passes through the
organization to keep its critical systems (such as
transaction processing systems) running smoothly.
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The Role of the IS Department
IS team supports all workers in a business, and
supports the business' mission, as well. An IS
department's tasks include designing, planning,
installing, and maintaining systems; generating
reports; and cost control. Roles Players in an IS Department
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Managers Network Administrators
Computer Scientists Hardware maintenance Technicians
Systems Analysts Purchasing Agents
Database Specialists
Trainers
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Building Information Systems
The Systems development life cycle (SDLC), or
Software development process in systems engineering,
information systems and software engineering, is a process
of creating or altering information systems, and the models
and methodologies that people use to develop
these systems. In software engineering,
the SDLC concept underpins many
kinds of software development
methodologies.
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Lesson review Mention system concept.
Explain System are differentiated.
Explain System are hierarchical.
Mention three major approaches for CBIS.
Explain system improvement.
Explain the managerial activities.
Explain the management levels supporting system.
Mention major types of information systems.
Mention the role of IS department.
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