ميحّرلا نمحّرلا ﷲا مسب - · PDF fileNumerical order ١١ Object pronoun...

الرّحمن الرّحيمهللا بسم ا

ترجمه كامل بخش گرامر

ويژه تمامي Barron'sتافل

رشته ها و مقاطع

( كارشناسي، كارشناسي ارشد و دكترا)

و حاوي تمامي Barron'sنكته بسـيار كليـدي تافـل 170اين مجموعه شامل

(تسـت 795)مجموعه تست هاي مطـرح شـدة آن

Cumulative ، Part B ، Part A همراه با ترجمه درچهار بخش

Review Exercise و Model Test 1-8 مي باشد.

محمود رمضاني : مترجم

PROBLEM فهرست مطالب به ترتيب حروف الفبا

A and an ٢٦

A few and few ٢٦

A large (small) amount of ١٧

A large (small) number of ١٧

A little and little ٢٦

Adjective pronouns before body ٧١

Adjective pronouns before ing ٧٢

Adjectives with verbs of the senses ٥٨

Adverbs of manner ٧٦٢

Agreement- collective subject and verb ٧٨١

Agreement- impersonal pronouns ٧٨١

Agreement- indefinite subject and verb ٧٧٦

Agreement- modified subject and verb ٧٧٨

Agreement- noun and pronoun ٧٨٧

Agreement- subject and appositive ٧٨٧

Agreement- subject with accompaniment and verb ٧٧٢

Agreement- subject with appositive and verb ٧٧١

Agreement- subjective and possessive adjectives ٧٨٦

Agreement- verb subject order ٧٧٥

Alike ٥٥

Almost all of the ١٦

Among ٧١١

And …… either ٧٦٧

And …… too ٧٦١

And neither ٧٦٧

And so ٧٦١

As …… as ٦١

As a whole ٧١٢

As high as ٧١٨

As long as ٧١٨

As many as (after number) ٦١

As many as (before number) ٦٨

As much as (after number) ٦١

At (place) ٧١٧

At (time) ٧١٨

Be used to ٧٧

Because of and because ٧٧٧

Besides ٧١٢

Between ٧١١

Borrow ٧٢١

Both …… and ٧٧٢

Both …… and …… as well as ٧٧١

arron’sB /3 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر

But ٧١١

By (means) ٧٧٧

Clause ٧١١

Clause- maker subjects ٧١٥

Comparative adjectives ٦٢

Comparative adverbs ٦٦

Conditional ( ٧ + will + ٦٦ (٧

Conditional ( ٧ + will +٦٧ (٧

Conditional (٧+٧) ٦٧

Conditional (٦) ٦١

Conditional (١) ٦٧

Conditional (were) ٦٨

Count and noncount nouns with similar meanings ٨٨

Count nouns ٨٦

Dates ٧١٧

Dead ٧٧٧

Despite ٧٧١

Differ from ٦٦

Differ from that / those ٧١٧

Different from and different ٦٧

Different from that / those ٧١٧

Do ٧٢٥

Each other ٨٧

Ed (adjectives) ٥١

Ed (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨

Enough with adjectives ١٧

Enough with nouns ١١

Ever (questions words with –ever) ٧٦٨

Except ٧١١

Fast ٧٦١

Few ٢١

For ٧١١

From (cause) ٧٧٦

From …… to ٧٧٨

Get (causative) ٧١

Had better ٧٦

گروه پی اچ دی یار / 4

Had hoped ١٦

Hard ٧٦١

Have (causative) ٧٥

Have been ١٢

Have been + ١١ ١

Help (causative) ٦١

Hyphenated adjectives ١٦

Impersonal expressions ٦٦

In (place) ٧١٧

In (time) ٧١٨

In spite of ٧٧١

Indirect questions ٧٦٧

Infinitive subjects ٨٦

Infinitives of pupose ٧٨٢

Ing (adjectives) ٥١

Ing (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨

Ing nouns (qualifying phrases) ٢١

Ing subjects ٨٦

Instead of ans instead ٧١٥

Irregular adjectives ٦٥

Irregular verbs ٨

It (anticipatory) ١٨

Kind ٨٥

Know ٧١

Know how ٧١

Late ٧٦١

Lay ٧٢١

Leave ٧٢٢

Lend ٧٢١

Less than ٦٧

Let ٧٢٢

Let (causative) ٧٦

Lie ٧٢١

Like ٥٥

Like that / those ٧١٧

Little ٢١


Logical conclusion (past) ١

Logical conclusion (present) ٥

Logical conclusion (repeat) ٦

Make ٧٢٥

Make (causative) ٧٢

Many ٢٥

Meaning all ٢٧

Missing auxiliary verb- active ٧١

Missing auxiliary verb-passive ٧٧

Missing main verb ٧

Modal + verb word ٢

More than ٦٧

Most of the ١٦

Much ٢٥

Need ١٧

Negative emphasis ٧٦٦

Negative imperatives ٧٨

No ٢٨

No longer ٧١٦

Noncount nouns ٨١

Noncount nouns that are count nouns in other language ٨٢

Not …… but ٧٧٦

Not only …… but also ٧٧٥

Nouns that function as adjectives ١٥

Nouns with count and noncount meanings ٨٧

Numerical order ١١

Object pronoun ٧٧

Object pronoun after preposition ٧٨

On (place) ٧١٧

On (time) ٧١٨

Once ٧١١

One, another, the other ١٨

One another ٨٧

One of the ٢٢

Only a few ١١

Only a little ١١


Parallel structure- after correlative conjunctions ٧٨٥

Parallel structure- in a series ٧٨١

Parts of speech ٧١١

Passives- agent ١٦

Passives- infinitives ١١

Passives- word order ١٧

Propositional idioms ٧٢٦

Purpose- for ٧٧١

Purpose- infinitives ١١

Raise ٧٢٦

Reciprocal pronouns ٨٧

Redundancy- repetition of noun by pronoun ٧٢٧

Redundancy- repetition of words with the same meaning ٧٢١

Redundancy- unnecessary phrases ٧٨٦

Reflexive pronouns ٨١

Relative pronouns (person & thing) ٧٥

Relative pronouns (persons) ٧٦

Reported speech ٧٧٦

Rise ٧٢٦

Say ٧٢٨

Set ٧٢٧

Similar to and similar ٥١

Similar to that / those ٧١٧

Since ٧١١

Singular and plural expressions of noncount nouns ٨١

Sit ٧٢٧

So ٥٧

So that ٧٦٦

Some of the ٢٢

Some, other, the other ١٢

Some, others, the others (the rest) ١٢

Sometime ٧٦٥

Sometimes ٧٦٥

Subject pronouns ٧٦

Subject pronouns (complement) ٧١

Subjunctive nouns ٦٥

Subjunctive verbs ٦١


Such ٥٦

Such as ٧١٦

Superlative adjectives ٦١

Tell ٧٢٨

Than that / those ٧١٦

That clause (nominal) ٢٧

The + noncount nouns + of ٢١

The + noun + that ٧٧١

The + one /ones + that ٧٧١

The ……. the ٧١١

The same …… as ٥٦

The same as and the same ٥٢

Too ٥١

Type ٨٥

Unless ٦٢

Used to ٧٧

Verb + ing ١

Verb + to + verb ٦

Verb phrase + ing ٧

Verbs ٧٧٧

Verbs and adverbs ٧٧١

Verbs in dependent clauses ٧١٦

Very ٥٧

When (future result) ٧٦١

While ٧١٧

Wholly ٧١٢

Will have + ١٥ ١

Would rather ٧١

Would rather that ٧٧


PATTERNS

الگوها

Patterns are the parts of a sentence. In some books, patterns are called structures. In

patterns, the words have the same order most of the time.

Some of the most important patterns are summarized in this review section. Remember,

the generalizations in the charts and explanations for each pattern refer to the structure

in the examples. There may be similar structures for which these generalizations are not

appropriate .

در الگوها لغات . در برخي كتابها الگوها ، ساختار ناميده مي شوند. الگوها بخش هايي از يك جمله هستند

برخي از اين الگوها در اين بخش مروري . داراي همان نظم و ترتيبي است كه در اكثر زمانها دارند

ر اين نمودارهـاو توضيحات مربوط به هر الگو به ساختار بخاطر داشته باشيد، تعميم ها د. خالصه شده اند

ممكن اسـت سـاختارهاي مشـابهي وجـودداشته باشد كه در مورد آنها اين تعميم ها . مثال ها اشاره دارد

. مناسب نباشند

PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCES AND CLAUSES

مسائلي در خصوص جمالت و جمله واره ها

A verb is a word or phrase that expresses existence, action, or experience.

There are two kinds of verbs in English. They are the main verb and the auxillary verb.

In some grammar books, the auxiliary verb is called a helping verb because it is used

with a main verb.

Every verb in English can be described by the following formula:

VERB = tense + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word

Each of the parts of this formula will be summarized in one or more of the problems in

this review.Don't spend time studying it now. Just refer to it as you progress through

this review section.

فعل ، كلمه اي است كه وجود، عمل يا تجربه را بيان مي كند.

ابهـاي در برخـي كت. آنها فعل اصـل ي و فعـل كمكـي هسـتند. در زبان انگليسي دو نوع فعل وجود دارد

. گرامري، فعل كمكي يك فعل معين ناميده مي شود زيرا آن با يك فعل اصلي بكار مي رود


: در زبان انگليسي هر فعلي مي تواند از طريق فرمول زير توصيف شود

هر يك از بخش فعل = زمان+ (افعال كمكي ناقص) + have) +قسمت سوم + (be = ing) + (كلمه فعلي

خود را براي مطالعه اكنـون وقـت. ك يا چند مسئله در اين بررسي خالصه خواهند شدفرمول در يهاي اين

ه د بطور دقيق بيـد و جلـومي روياين بخش از بررسي پيشرفت مي كن وقتي شما از طريق. آن صرف نكنيد

. آن مراجعه كنيد

یارگروه پی اچ دی / 01

PROBLEM ١ : Missing Main Verb

Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb.

جمله انگليسي بايد داراي يكنبود فعل اصلي بخاطر داشته باشيد كه هر -٧

. و يك فعل اصلي باشد فاعل

S V

The sound of the

dryer bothers my concentration

صداي سشوار تمركز مرا بهم مي

.زند

Avoid using an- ing form, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another part of speech

instead of a main verb.

از بكارگيري ing ، مصدر، فعل كمكي يا ديگر اجزاي كالم بجاي فعل اصلي اجتناب كنيد.

فاعل+ فعل اصلي صحيح

غلط

فاعل+ دار ing فعل

فاعل فعل + مصدر

حروف فاعل+ كمكي

فاعل+ اضافه


PROBLEM ٢: Verbs that Require an Infinitive in the Complement

Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive.

مصدر باشد افعالي كه متمم شان بايد -٦

.بخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به مصدر دارند

Agree توافق كردن Fail رد شدن Plan قصد داشتن

Appear بنظر رسيدن Forget فراموش كردن Prepare آماده كردن

Arrange مرتب كردن Hesitate شك كردن Pretend تظاهر كردن

Ask سئوال كردن Hope اميدوار بودن Promise قول دادن

Claim ادعا كردن Intend قصد داشتن Refuse امتناع كردن

Consent رضايت دادن Learn ياد گرفتن Seem بنظر رسيدن

Decide تصميم گرفتن Manage اداره كردن Tend تمايل داشتن

Demand تقاضا كردن Mean معني دادن Threaten تهديد كردن

Deserve سزاوار بودن Need نياز داشتن Wait منتظر ماندن

Expect توقع داشتن Offer پيشنهاد كردن Want خواستن

S V C (infinitive) M

We had planned to leave day before yesterday

.كنيمرا ترك ( اينجا)ما قصد داشتيم پريروز

Avoid using an – ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after want.

want علـي بعـد ازاز بكارگيري كلمـه ف. اب نمائيدبعد از افعال ليست شده اجتن ing از بكارگيري شكل

اجتناب نمائيد.


PROBLEM ٣: Verbs that Require an Ing Form in the Complement Remember that

the following verbs require an –ing form.

فرم باشد ingافعالي كه متمم شا ن بايد -3

. فرم دارند ingبخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به

Admit پذيرفتن Miss از دست دادن

Appreciate نقدردا ي كردن Postpone به تعويق انداختن

Avoid اجتناب كردن Practice تمرين كردن

Complete كامل كردن Quit ترك كردن

Consider در نظر گرفتن Recall بخاطر آوردن

Delay به تأخير افتادن Recommend توصيه كردن

Deny انكار كردن Regret تأسف خوردن

Discuss بحث كردن Risk خطر كردن

Enjoy لذت بردن Stop متوقف كردن

Finish تمام كردن Suggest پيشنهاد دادن

Keep نگهداشتن Tolerate تحمل كردن

Mention ذكر كردن Understand فهميدن

S V C (ing) M

He enjoys traveling by plane

.او از مسافرت با هواپيما لذت مي برد

Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed.

Forbid may be used with either an infinitive or an ing complement, but Forbid from

is not idiomatic.

. مصدر بعد از افعال ليست شده اجتناب نمائيد از بكارگيري

Forbid مي تواند يا با متمم مصدر يا با متمم ing بكار رود اما Forbid from مصطلح نيست.


PROBLEM ٤: Verbs Phrases that Require an -Ing Form in the Complement

Remember that the following verb phrases require an–ing form for a verb in the

complement.

فعل ]دارند بخاطر داشته باشيد كه ingبراي متمم بودن نياز به [ فعل بعد از آن]عبارتهاي فعلي كه -4

. دارند ing نيـاز بـهعبارت هاي فعلي زير براي اينكه يك فعل متمم واقع شوند [ بعد از

Approve of تأييد كردن Insist on پافشاري كردن

Be better off بهتر بودن كه Keep on ادامه دادن به

Can't help قادر به ترك نبودن Look forward to انتظار داشتن

Count on حساب كردن روي Object to اعتراض كردن به

Do not mind اهميت ندادن Think about فكر كردن در مورد

Forget about فراموش كردن Think of فكر كردن روي

Get through تمام كردن

S V ph C (ing) M

She forgot about canceling her appointment

او فراموش كرد قرار مالقات را لغو

. كند

Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after look

forward to and object to.

Remember that the verb phrases BE likely does not require an –ing form but

requires an infinitive in the complement.

look از بكـارگيري كلمـه فعلـي بعـد از. از افعال ليست شده اجتنـاب نمائيـد از بكارگيري مصدر بعد

forward to و object to بخاطر داشته باشيد كه عبارت فعلي . اجتناب نمائيدBE likely

. فرم ندارد ولي نياز به مصدر دارد ingنياز به

ing + عبارات فعلي

be likely+ مصدر


PROBLEMS WITH MODALS AND MODAL- RELATED PATTERNS

مسائلي در خصوص افعال كمكي ناقص و الگوهاي مرتبط با افعال كمكي ناقص

Modals are auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional

meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are listed below, along with

some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs.

اضـافي بـه فعـل اصـلي بكـار مي ا افعال اصلي براي دادن معنـاي آنها همراه ب. مدالها افعال كمكي هستند

اضافه مي كننـد در زيـر ليسـت مي رايجترين مدالها همراه با معنائي اضافي كه آنها به افعال اصلي .روند

. شوند

Can Possibility , ability , permission احتمال ، توانايي ، اجازه

Could Possibility , ability in the past احتمال ، توانايي در گذشته

May Possibility , permission احتمال، اجازه

Might Probability احتمال

Must Necessary , logical conclusion ضروري ، نتايج منطقي

Shall Future with emphasis آينده همراه با تأكيد

Should Advice, obligation, prediction يگو ي پند ، الزام ، پيش

Will Future آينده

Would Condition شرط


PROBLEM ٥: Irregular Past Forms

Remember that the past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the

participles.

داشته باَشيد كه اشكال گذشته افعال بي قاعده زير بي قاعده بخاطر[ افعال]اشكال گذشته -5

.شبيه اسم مفعول شان نيستند

Verb Word Past Form Participle Be = بودن Was/were Been

Beat = Beat Beatenزدن ، كتك زدن

Become = شدن Became Become

Begin = شروع كردن Began Begun

Bite = Bit Bittenگاز گرفتن

Blow = وزيدن Blew Blown

Break = شكستن Broke Broken

Choose = Chose Chosenانتخاب كردن

Come = آمدن Came Come

Do = Did Doneانجام دادن

Draw = Drew Drawnرسم كردن ، كشيدن

Drink = نوشيدن Drank Drunk

Drive = Drove Drivenراندن ، رانندگي كردن

Eat = خوردن Ate Eaten

Fall = افتادن Fell Fallen

Fly = Flew Flownپرواز كردن

Forget = Forgot Forgot/forgottenفراموش كردن

Forgive = بخشيدن Forgave Forgiven

Freeze = يخ بستن Froze Frozen

Get = گرفتن Got Gotten or got

Give = دادن Gave Given

Go = رفتن Went Gone

Grow = رشد كردن Grew Grown

Hide = Hid Hiddenمخفي كردن

Know = Knew Knownدانستن ، شناختن

Ride = سوار شدن Rode Ridden

Run = دويدن Ran Run


See = ديدن Saw Seen

Shake = تكان دادن Shoke Shaken

Show = Showed Shownنشان دادن

Verb Word Past Form Participle Shrink = Shrank Shrunkكوچك شدن ، جمع شدن

Sing = Sang Sungآواز خواندن

Speak = صحبت كردن Spoke Spoken

Steal = دزديدن Stole Stolen

Swear = Swore Swornسوگند خوردن

Swim = شنا كردن Swam Swum

Take = گرفتن Took Taken

Tear = Tore Tornپاره كردن

Throw = انداختن Threw Thrown

Wear = پوشيدن Wore Worn

Weave = بافتن Wove Woven

Withdraw = عقب كشيدن Withdrew Withdrawn

Write = نوشتن Wrote Written

S V(past) M

The concert began at eight o'clock

.شروع شد 8كنسرت ساعت

Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements.

. بجاي گذشته اجتناب نمائيد( قسمت سوم)براي بيان گذشته ساده از بكارگيري اسم مفعول


PROBLEM ٦: Modal + Verb Word

Remember that a modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of

the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive because it

appears without the word TO. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but

they are used most often with modals.

بخاطر داشته باشيد كه يك فعل كمكي ناقص با يك [ قسمت اول فعل]كلمه فعلي + افعال كمكي ناقص - 6

يعني به شكلي كه فعل در ديكشنري آمده ]ديكشنري است كلمه فعلي شـكل فعـل در. كلمه فعلي بكار مي رود

toناميده مي شود زيرا آن بدون كلمه toفعلي مصدر بدون ي ، كلمـهدر برخي كتابهـاي گرامـر[. است

ي در بسـيار ي از الگوها خيلي مهم اند اما آنها غالباً با افعال كمكي ناقص بكار كلمات فعلـ. ظاهر مي شود

.مي روند

S modal verb word

They might visit us

. كنند آنها ممكن است ما را مالقات

Avoid using an infinitive or an ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.

زبعد ا مدال از بكارگيري مصدر يا ing فرم بجاي يك كلمه فعلي اجتناب نمائيد.


PROBLEM ٧: Logical Conclusions - Events in the Past

Remember that MUST is a modal. MUST followed by the verb word HAVE and a

participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an

event that happened in the past.

Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion

about something that happened in the past. For example, "here is a message on my

desk." It may be concluded that "my friend must have called last night."

نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث در گذشته - 7

و اسم مفعول HAVEهمراه با كلمه فعلي MUST. باشددال مي يك م MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه

نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه در گذشته . نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و شواهد است را بيان مي كند

. اتفاق افتاد

بخاطر داشته باشيد كه مشاهده در زمان حال ممكن است بعنوان مبنايي بـراي نتيجـه گيـري در مـوردچيزي

ممكن است نتيجه ".اينجا روي ميزم يك پيام است"براي مثال ، . كه در گذشته اتفاق افتاد باشد

".دوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من زنگ زده باشد"گرفته شود كه

S must have participle past time

My friend must have called last night

.زنگ زده باشددوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من

Avoid using an should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and

a participle when referring to events in the past.

وقتي كه به حوادثي در گذشته اشاره مي كنيد. اجتناب كنيد must بجاي can يا should از بكارگيري

مفعول اجتناب نمائيداسم have از بكارگيري كلمه فعلي بجاي

Must have + 3 صحيح

غلطCan have + 3

Should have + 3


PROBLEM ٨: Logical Conclusions - Events in the present

Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by BE and an ING form or an

ADJECTIVE expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about

an event that happening now.

نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث درزمان حال -8

فرم يا يك صفت نتيجه INGو BEهمراه با MUST. ك مدال مي باشدي MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه

نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه هم اكنون در حال . منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند

. اتفاق افتادن است

S must be - ing present tense

my friend must be calling now

.دوستم اكنون بايد در حال زنگ زدن باشد

S must be adjective present tense

He must be upset now

. او االن بايد ناراحت باشد

Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be.

كلمه فعلي بجاياز بكارگيري ing فرم بعد از must be اجتناب كنيد.

Must be + ing صحيح

Must be + صفت

Must be + 1 غلط


PROBLEM ٩: Logical Conclusions - Events that repeat

Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical

conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

نتايج منطقي ـ حوادثي كه تكرار مي شوند -9

همراه با يك كلمه فعلي نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني MUST.يك مدال مي باشد MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه

. نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه بطور مكرر اتفاق مي افتد. بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند

S must be Verb word repeated time

My friend must call often

.بزنددوستم غالباً بايد زنگ

Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must.

بعد از must از بكارگيري مصدر و ing فرم بجاي كلمه فعلي اجتناب كنيد.

Must + 1 صحيح

غلطMust + مصدر

Must + ing فرم

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