Invasives - oct APFISN Newsletter.pdf · or yellow in colour and winged. They ... prefers a mean...
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Newsletter of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network ( APFISN )
Vol. 42 Sept - Oct 2017
APFISNInvasivesInvasives
Contents The Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) has been established as a
response to the immense costs and dangers posed by invasive species to the sustainable
management of forests in the Asia-Pacific region. APFISN is a cooperative alliance of the
33 member countries in the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (APFC) - a statutory body
of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The network
focuses on inter-country cooperation that helps to detect, prevent, monitor, eradicate
and/or control forest invasive species in the Asia-Pacific region. Specific objectives of the
network are: 1) raise awareness of invasive species throughout the Asia-Pacific region; 2)
define and develop organizational structures; 3) build capacity within member countries;
and 4) develop and share databases and information.
About APFISN
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Asia-PacificForest Invasive
Species
Network
Australian Pine ( )Casuarina equisetifolia
Pond at Ballachulish
'free' of invasive crayfish
nd th th22 – 26 October, 2017. 20 International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species(ICAIS): Global Action against Aquatic Invasive species, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
rd th23 – 27 October, 2017. APFISN partner event in thconnection with 27 Session of the APFC Forestry
week, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
INVASIVES, the Newsletter of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (AFPISN) is intended to share information among countries in the Asia-Pacific region on Forest Invasive Species( FIS ) and the threats they pose in the region. If you have any items of news value on FIS to share between national focal points of APFISN and more widely among foresters, agriculturists, quarantine personnel and policy makers, please pass them on to the editor - Dr. T. V. Sajeev, APFISN Coordinator, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi-680 653, Kerala , India ([email protected]). This newsletter is supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI).
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02Invasives
Threats
Casuarina equisetifolia L., commonly known as
Australian pine, introduced worldwide for
coastal landscaping, is a deciduous and fast
g rowing t ree be longs to the fami ly
Casuarinaceae. The tree has a pine like
appearance because of its distinctive segmented
needlelike foliage and woody cone like
structures. It attains reproductive maturity in 4 -
5 years and maximum growth within 20
years.The life span varies between 40 to 50 years
and growth is around 3m per year.It is not a
leguminous tree, even though it has the ability to
form root nodules with microbial associations
and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
The Australian pine, also known as Whistling
pine, Beef wood or Horse tail tree - a native of
A u s t r a l i a a n d S o u t h e a s t A s i a - i s
presentlyreported as an invasive species from
several countries including American Samoa,
Bangladesh, Brunei, China, Christmas Islands,
Coco Islands, Federated states of Micronesia,
French Polynesia, Japan, Kiribati, Marshal
Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Singapore and the
United States. It is listed as a category 1 pest in the
Florida exotic pest plant council species list and
category 2 invader in South Africa according to
the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act,
1983.
Australian pine is a perennial woody tree, having
straight slender trunk, conical crown and scaly
bark. It reaches a height up to 45 m and diameter
of 1 m. The foliage occurs as olive to green
branchlets that are slender and jointed producing
short segments or nodes. The segmented
branchlets, having a length of 25 cm and
thickness up to 0.1 cm, are angular with
longitudinal ridges separated by furrows
containing stomata.Leaves are reduced to scale
like teeth, up to 0.8 mm length, lanceolate or
triangular in shape appressed to branchlets, and
arranged 6 to 8 per each node.It is a monoecious
plant (sometimes dioecious), with male flowers
originating from tip of the branchlets and female
flowers from lateral positions of branchlets.
Seasonal flowering occurs twice each year during
spring and summer. Flowers are arranged in
separate cylindrical spike inflorescence and
female flowers form woody cones when ripen.
Male cones have an ellipsoid structure and
female cones have cylindrical, conical or globose
structure. Generally wind pollinated and mostly
reproduced by seed production. Seeds are grey
or yellow in colour and winged. They are
dispersed by wind.
http
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Australian Pine ( )Casuarina equisetifolia
stem with reduced scaly leaves
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03 Invasives
Australian pine is readily adaptable to a variety
of environmental conditions and can grow on
limestone and volcanic soils. It is extremely
tolerant towards wind and salinity, and grows
rapidly during the hot summer. It commonly
occurs in coastal sand dunes, rocky shores,
mangroves, high mountain slopes, pine forests
and humid tropics. It colonizes in disturbed sites
such as filled wetlands, roadsides, cleared sites
and vacant places. It has a very poor survival rate
in the areas of prolonged flooding.This low land
species grows from sea level up to 1500 m and
prefers a mean annual temperature of 22 to 27 ⁰ C,
mean annual rainfall of 640 to 4300 mm, and soil
pH between 5.0 to 7.7.
Because of the hardness and the durability of the
wood, C.equisetifolia has been used forthe
production of poles, rafters, furniture, fences,
tool handles and oars.Ithas beenalso regarded as
an excellent fuel wood with a calorific value of
5000kcal per kg. The other uses of this tree
include coastal landscaping, waste water
treatment through irrigation,reclamation of
lands affected by fluoride emissions and mine
dumps,erosion control, extraction of tannin and
pulp, beautification of parks and cities, and as a
fodder during extreme drought. The medicinal
and anti-bacterial properties of C.equisetifolia are
also effective against diarrhoea, dysentery, beri
beri, head ache, fever and dropsy. It is also
considered as a good alternative for leguminous
plants, due to its remarkable nitrogen fixing
ability.
The Australian pine invasion has been resulting
in negative impact on ecology, economy and
human health. Ecological impact range from
habitat alteration, reduction in native
biodiversity, threat to endangered species,
modification in soil hydrology, physical
disturbances, allelopathic effects and alteration
in successional patterns. The invasion has been
interfering in the nesting of endangered sea
turtles and American crocodiles. The leaf litter
has been increasing the soil acidification to levels
that may be toxic to other plants. The seasonal
release of pollen grains cause respiratory
irritation in humans.
C.equisetifolia is an invasive species rated under
high risk category. Various physical, chemical
and biological measures such asuprooting of
seedlings and saplings, raking and removal of
leaf litter, cones and seeds, periodic fire coupled
with use of herbicides, basal bark or squirt and
hack application of a triclopyr-diesel mixture,
use of bio control agents etc. have been
introduced for its management. The major
biocontrol agents are the seed feeding wasp
Female flower Male flowers
Woody female cones
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(Bootanelleus orientalis) andthe defoliator moth
(Zauclophora pelodes). Pathogens like Rhizoctonia
spp., Lymantria xylina, Clitocybe tabescens etc. also
have significant role in Casuarina management.
Among those management measures, uprooting
of seedlings and saplings is the most effective
method of control.The major challenges of
C.equisetifolia management are the high cost of
control, temporary period effectiveness,
necessity of continuous follow up and
monitoring, and repeated application.
04Invasives
Lochaber Fisheries Trust, Highland, Scotland, reported that a quarry pond located at Ballachulish
Village has been cleared of North American Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacusleniusculus). The crayfish
invasion at this specific site had been first reported in 2011, and the trust now said that there is no
reports of crayfish since last 5 years. Highland council, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Lochaber
Fisheries Trust were involved in the eradication project at Ballachulish. The method adopted for the
eradication process was the use of a poison which is harmless to mammals and birds. The Trust has
tweeted: “Success is an empty crayfish trap. Five years after treating Ballachulish quarry its great the
pond is full of local wildlife but no Cray fish”.
NewsPond at Ballachulish 'free' of invasive crayfish
New publications
Cordeiro, A.D.A.C., Coelho, S.D., Ramos, N.C. and Meira-Neto, J.A.A., Agroforestry systems reduce
invasive species richness and diversity in the surroundings of protected areas. Agroforestry Systems,
pp.1-11.
Merow, C., Bois, S.T., Allen, J.M., Xie, Y. and Silander, J.A., 2017. Climate change both facilitates and
inhibits invasive plant ranges in New England. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(16),
pp.E3276-E3284.
Tamura, M., Suseela, V., Simpson, M., Powell, B. and Tharayil, N., 2017. Plant litter chemistry alters
the content and composition of organic carbon associated with soil mineral and aggregate fractions
in invaded ecosystems. Global Change Biology.
Sardans, J., Bartrons, M., Margalef, O., Gargallo‐Garriga, A., Janssens, I.A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M.,
Sigurdsson, B.D., Chen, H.Y. and Peñuelas, J., 2017. Plant invasion is associated with higher
plant–soil nutrient concentrations in nutrient‐poor environments. Global change biology, 23(3),
pp.1282-1291.
05 Invasives
Bornholdt, J.W., Bornholdt, R. and Gray, D.M., 2017. Alien plant species establishment is associated
with reduced soil acidity in the vicinity of concrete block structures 1, 2. The Journal of the Torrey
Botanical Society, 144(3), pp.328-338.
Craig, M.E. and Fraterrigo, J.M., 2017. Plant–microbial competition for nitrogen increases microbial
activities and carbon loss in invaded soils. Oecologia, pp.1-14.
Wong, W.H., Piria, M., Collas, F.P., Simonović, P. and Tricarico, E., 2017. Management of invasive
species in inland waters: technology development and international cooperation. Management, 8(3),
pp.267-272.
Books
Invasion Dynamics. By Cang Hui & David.M.Richardson, published by
Oxford University Press, 2017.
Invasive Species: Risk Assessment and Management. Eds. Andrew P.
Robinson, Terry walshe, Mark A. Burgman & Mike Nunn, Published by
Cambridge University Press, 2017.
This book examines both the spread and impact dynamics of invasive
species, placing the science of invasion biology on a new, more rigorous,
theoretical footing, and proposing a concept of adaptive networks as the
foundation for future research. Biological invasions are considered not as
simple actions of invaders and reactions of invaded ecosystems, but as co-
evolving complex adaptive systems with emergent features of network
complexity and invasibility. Invasion Dynamics focuses on the ecology of
invasive species and their impacts in recipient social-ecological systems. It
discusses not only key advances and challenges within the traditional domain of invasion ecology,
but introduces approaches, concepts, and insights from many other disciplines such as complexity
science, systems science, and ecology more broadly. It will be of great value to invasion biologists
analyzing spread and/or impact dynamics as well as other ecologists interested in spread processes
or habitat management.
This book presents a comprehensive review of risk-based techniques that
help policy makers and regulators protect national interests from invasive
pests and pathogens before, at, and inside national borders. Selected from
the research corpus of the Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk
Analysis at the University of Melbourne, this book provides solutions that
reflect scientific rigour coupled with practical, hands-on applications.
Future eventsnd th th22 – 26 October, 2017. 20 International Conference
on Aquatic Invasive Species(ICAIS): Global Action
against Aquatic Invasive species, Fort Lauderdale,
Florida.
The International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species (ICAIS) is organizing a conference on nd th'Global action against Aquatic invasive species', from Sunday, 22 to Thursday, 26 of October 2017
at Marriot Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The sessions and presentations include the review
of accumulated scientific knowledge; presentation of the latest field research; introduction of new
technological developments for prevention, monitoring and control; discussion of policy and
legislation; and mechanisms to raise awareness with the general public through education and
outreach initiatives. For more details please visit: http://www.icais.org/
rd th23 – 27 October, 2017. APFISN partner event in thconnection with 27 Session of the APFC Forestry
week, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Asia Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network
(APFISN), organizing a workshop on 'Habitat and
species specific protocols for management of forest
invasive species in the Asia – Pacific region', during the th rd27 Session of APFC Forestry Week from Monday, 23
thto Friday, 27 of October, 2017 at Bandaranaike
Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH),
Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka. For more detai ls please visi t :
http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/events.
06Invasives
Focusing on surveillance, stochastic modelling, intelligence gathering, decision making and risk
communication, the contents combine the strengths of risk analysts, mathematicians, economists,
biologists and statisticians. The book presents tested scientific solutions to the greatest challenges
faced by quarantine and biosecurity policy makers and regulators today.
For more information on the APFISN, please contact:
T.V. SajeevAPFISN CoordinatorKerala Forest Research InstitutePeechi-680 653, Kerala, India
Tel: 0487 2690320. Fax: 0487 2690391E-mail: [email protected]
Chunxu HanSecretary GeneralInternational Society of Zoological Sciences (ISZS)China National Committee for International Union of Biological Sciences (CCIUBS)Room C506, IOZ, CAS, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
Tel/Fax: 86-10-64807295; Email: [email protected]; [email protected]., www.globalzoology.org; www.iubs.org
Patrick B. DurstSenior Forestry OfficerFAO Regional Office Asia and the Pacific39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200, Thailand
Tel: 66 2 697-4139. Fax: 66 2 697 4445E-mail: [email protected]