Nutrients – substances that :› provide energy and/or› provide raw materials the body needs to

grow, repair worn parts, and function properly

› Many are polymers

The process of breaking polymers into monomers (large molecule into small molecules)

In your body, your body breaks large food molecules into small food molecules that it can use

CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids

An energy rich organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

From “carbo” - carbon, and “hydrate”- combined with water

Our body’s main energy source

Simple carbohydrates› Sugars› Many different kinds› Are found in fruits, vegetables, milk, and

sweets› Glucose – blood sugar› Sucrose is the sugar used to sweeten

cookies, soda, etc.

› A long chain of simple carbohydrates› It is a polymer of sugar monomers› May have hundreds of carbon atoms› Starch and cellulose are 2 examples

Both are made of glucose monomers Arranged differently Starch is used for energy, found in bread,

cereal, pasta, rice, potatoes Cellulose can not be digested. Found in

fruits, vegetables, and nuts

Without proteins, there would be almost nothing left of you!

Make up hair, skin, fingernails, muscles.

Feathers, spider webs, fish scales, rhino horns are all made of protein

Proteins are polymers The monomers that make them are

called amino acids› There are 20 different amino acids› They are made of carbon, nitrogen,

oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur› Each amino acid has a carboxyl group (-

COOH)(like other organic acids)

Amino acids also contain an amine group (NH2)

The body uses the food proteins to make your proteins

It breaks apart the protein polymers into monomers (amino acids)

Then, the body reassembles those amino acids into the proteins it needs to make

Lipids are energy rich, like carbs Lipids are also made of Carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen They store more than twice as much

energy as carbohydrates Examples are fats, oils, waxes, and

cholesterol

Fats – in meats, butter cheese Oils – corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil,

olive oil Both are made of three fatty acid

monomers and one alcohol monomer named glycerol

Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquids

Saturated fats are generally solids (higher melting points)

Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils

If the fatty acid has all single bonds, it is saturated

If and oil has fatty acids with one double bond, it is monounsaturated

If the oil has fatty acids with many double bonds, it is polyunsaturated

Waxy substance found in all animal cells

Used to build cell structures and form chemical messengers

Body makes cholesterol, also gets it from foods from animals

Very large polymers Made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

hydrogen, and phosphorus DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Monomers that make them are

nucleotides

Made of 4 kinds nucleotides May have billions of nucleotides The order of the nucleotides are coded

instructions for cells The differences among all living things

depend on the order of nucleotides in the DNA

RNA reads the DNA, carries the code out of the nucleus, and makes the protein at the ribosome of the cell

Organic compoundsAre helper molecules in reactions in your

bodyEx. Vit C and vit D

Elements needed by the body. NOT ORGANIC