Non-renewable- Cannot be replenished Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) Nuclear power (uranium)

World

NaturalGas23%

Coal22%

Biomass12%

Oil30%

Nuclear power6%

Hydropower, geothermal,Solar, wind

7%

UnitedStates

Oil40%

Coal22%

NaturalGas22%

Nuclear power7%

Hydropowergeothermal, solar, wind

5%

Biomass4%

USA 4.6% of World

pop Uses ~25% of

world’s commercial energy!

India 16% of World

pop Uses ~3% of

world’s commercial energy

~93% of all commercial energy is derived from NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES• 86% from FOSSIL FUELS!• 8% from NUCLEAR POWER!

That other ~7% comes mainly from renewable biomass and hydropower

Begun in 1977 by President Carter

In charge of US nuclear program• Weapons and nuclear submarines

In charge of energy program• Decide which energy resources

the US will use/ invest inSteven Chu (Secretary of Energy)

Contains bureaus on:• land management (development of mining

& natural resources)• Fish & Wildlife & National Parks• Water & Science (USGS)

Current secretary: Sarah Jewell• Confirmed April 10, 2013!

Barrels or gallons= petroleum Cubic feet= natural gas Tons= coal Kilowatt-hours= electricity

How much will be available in the near future (15-25 yrs) and in the long term (25-50 yrs)?

What is the net energy yield? How much will it cost to develop and

phase in? What gov’t research & development

subsidies/ tax breaks will be used to help develop it?

How will dependence affect national/ global economic & military security?

How vulnerable is that resource to terrorism?

How does extracting, transporting, and using the resource affect the environment, human health, and the climate?

It takes energy to make energy Have to find, extract, refine, and

transport resources before they are useful

When you used the resource, energy is used, lost, and wasted (Laws of Thermodynamics)

Total energy available – amount of energy used/ lost/ wasted in getting that energy ready for consumers to use

Ex: For every 10 units of energy in oil in the ground, it takes 8 units of energy to find, extract, refine, and transport it. • Net energy= 10-8= 2 units of energy

Petroleum or Crude Oil Combustible hydrocarbons Small amounts of S, O, and N

impurities

Originally organic material that was buried under sediments over millions of years

Heat and pressure “cooked” organic material down into oil

Oil collected in porous rock (limestone) where we collect it

Trapped together with natural gas Only about 35-30% of oil is extracted Left over is heavy crude oil which is

to difficult/ expensive to recover

Remember… Identified resource that can be extracted for a profit on the current market

“Proven” means there is 90% certainty the resource can be extracted for a profit with current technology under the current political climate

Drilling causes minor effects Doesn’t take a lot of land

Major effects are the result of spills, accidents, and improper handling

OIL DERRICK OFF-SHORE OIL RIG

Heated and distilled

Compounds separate out at different temperatures

Most volatile compounds with the lowest B.P. are removed at the top of the column

Petrochemicals- raw materials used in the manufacturing of pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, lubricants, etc…

Oil sand or tar sand Mixture of clay, sand, water, and

bitumen• Bitumen is a combustible organic material

Oil that was degraded into tar by bacteria & groundwater

Alberta, Canada

Mixed with hot water and steam to remove the bitumen

2 TONS of oil sand are strip mined and 3 barrels of water are used for EACH BARREL OF OIL derived this way!

Fine grained sedimentary rock that contains kerogen (combustible hydrocarbon)

Rock must be crushed and heated Very thick. High viscocity.

Low grade deposits Potentially 240x more than crude oil

deposits Too much $$ Much larger environmental impact

Use 2 techniques:• Horizontal Drilling• “Fracking”

Fracking Song Video Tap water on fire

Who do you think has the most oil?

Who do we import the most oil from?

We must not have any/ much oil if we are so dependent on “foreign oil”, right?

Top 5 suppliers of oil and petroleum products:

1. Canada2. Mexico3. Venezuela*4. Saudi Arabia5. Nigeria

Only 14% of our oil comes from Middle Eastern countries in the Persian Gulf

We get more from AFRICA!

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

78% estimated global oil reserves

Iran* Iraq* Kuwait Saudi Arabia Qatar UAE Algeria Angola Ecuador Libya* Nigeria* Venezuela*

Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Qatar UAE Bahrain*

Middle East is very volatile Anti-American sentiments Dictators Revolutions (Arab Spring) Unstable governments Libya has the largest proven oil

reserves in Africa. Big exporters to Italy. Economy relies heavily on oil exports.

WRONG! We export 3 million barrels of refined

petroleum products EACH DAY US imports are at the lowest level

since the late 1980’s

25% oil comes from offshore drilling 17% from Alaska’s North Slope

ANWR?- only last about 1.5-2 years(Drill baby drill!- not really)

If we improved fuel efficiency by 1 mpg we would save more oil than what is in ANWR

We mine oil in 31 states

Top 5:• Texas• Alaska• California• North Dakota• Louisiana

1973 to 1974- OPEC and friends

Embargo against US

Coincided with a stock market crash

Oil production is about to reach its peak

Reserves are expected to be depleted in the next 50- 90 years if we continue using at the same rate

People aren’t going to care until gas $5/ gallon (end of this year???)

Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline.

Mostly methane (CH4) which is the simplest hydrocarbon

Found with crude oil Methane hydrates- small bubbles of

NG are trapped in ice crystals at the bottom of the ocean

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)- propane and butane (liquid state)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Powers electric plants (more efficient than coal burning plants)

Can be used in cars/ trucks with minor modifications

Heaters in homes Cooking source

US has 3% proven reserves AT THE CURRENT RATE OF

CONSUMPTION • supply=62-125 (globally) or 55-80 years

(US)

Pres Obama wants to expand Could greatly expand if we joined up

with CAN

Highly vulnerable to terrorist threats! Could potentially cause a huge

disaster

Solid fossil fuel Forms in several stages over millions

of years 3 types

• Lignite (brown coal)• Bituminous coal (soft coal)• Anthracite (hard coal)

Burned to generate 62% of world’s energy

Burned to generate 52% of US electricity

Not really sure…

Could last between 214-1125 years at current rate of use

Accounts for over 1/3rd of global carbon dioxide emissions

Releases sulfur dioxide, mercury, arsenic, and lead

Releases more radioactive particles than nuclear power plants

Can convert coal into synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification

Or into methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction

Nuclear fission reaction (splitting nuclei)

Use isotopes of Uranium and Plutonium

Heats water to produce steam to spin turbines

Large fuel supply Low environmental impact (if no

accidents or natural disasters…) Produce much less carbon dioxide Safety measures are in place

Little effect on oil use (don’t use oil to make electricity)

Incredibly expensive (gov’t subsidies keep it cheap)

Needs stricter safety regulations Vulnerable to terrorist attacks (and

natural disasters…) No realistic/ widely accepted storage

method for wastes

Core contains 35,000-70,000 long thin fuel rods packed with fuel pellets

Pellets are 1/3rd size of a cigarette

Pellets contain uranium oxide fuel 97% nonfissionable U-238 3% fissionable U-235

Increase concentration of U-235 by removing some U-238

Control rods of Boron or Cadmium Absorb neutrons Helps regulate rate of fission

Moderators slow down neutrons to keep the chain reaction going

Can be liquid water, graphite, or heavy water (deuterium)

Coolant (usually water) keeps fuel rods cool

Mining U pr Pu Processing and enrichment Use in a fuel reactor Storing the highly radioactive wastes

for 1000s of years Dealing with reactor after its useful

life

Idea is to use U-238 to make Pu-239 Takes waaaaaaaaaaaaaaay to long Not really worth the investment

Reactors become contaminated over time

15-60 years of operation Have to retire or decommission Cannot just abandon it

1. Dismantle it & store materials in a waste facility

2. Put up a barrier and hire security 24/7 for 30-100 years before dismantling

3. Enclose the whole thing in cement that must last and be monitored for 1000s of years

Spent fuel rods Must be kept cool Can cause just as much damage as a

core accident Storage has little protection

Use to seal waste in steel drums and chuck them into the ocean

Now they are sent to nuclear landfills

Bury it Shoot it into the Sun/ space Bury it under Antarctica/ Greenland Ice

Sheet* Dump it into subduction zones in the ocean* Bury it in thick mud deposits on the ocean

floor* Change it into less harmful isotopes (we

have no idea how to do this…)

*Approach prohibited by international law

Wanted to be a nuclear waste burial site

Out in NV desert Most people didn’t want it Geologically unstable area Obama pulled funding and shut it

down

0: Deviation (No safety significance)1: Anomaly2: Incident3: Serious incident4: Accident with local consequences5: Accident with wider consequences6: Serious accident7: Major accident

Chernobyl April 26, 1986 Power surge during testing (caused

by human error & bad design) triggered a series of steam explosions and fires that blew the top off the reactor and ejected radioactive debris into the atmosphere

~30 people died 1000s exposed to radiation and

developed cancers City was shut down- everyone had to

leave Just now being reopened for people

who accept the risk and want to return for the day

Chernobyl Pictures

Fukushima, Japan March 11, 2011 Tsunami caused generators to shut

down Reactors overheated Reactors 1, 2, and 3 had a full

meltdown Hydrogen explosions Use of seawater to cool systems

completely ruined them

Surrounding areas (up to 50km) are severely affected

Food cannot be sold or grown in these areas

Estimated cancer deaths due to radiation exposure are up to 1000 people

Long term psychological effects

1979 near Harrisburg, Penn Partial reactor core meltdown in Unit

2 due to a stuck switch Everything was okay Amount of radioactivity released was

so small that human impacts could not be accurately counted

The China Syndrome

Almost limitless supply of high-temp heat & electricity

D-T fusion (deuterium & tritium- both are isotopes of H)

No emissions Water is fuel source Little to no risk Still in lab stages (haven’t quite

figured it out yet…)

Fukushima made many countries reconsider their nuclear programs• Germany is getting rid of it’s plants• US is keeping it’s options open- just

approved plans to build a new plant Still being constructed in other

countries• Iran…?• North Korea…?

Renewable- Can be replenished fairly quickly AS LONG AS WE DON’T USE IT FASTER THAN IT CAN BE REPLENISHED• Solar, hydropower, geothermal, biofuels, bio

waste, wind, wood

Changing from a few non-renewable sources to many renewable sources of energy can• Reduce vulnerability of source• Improve national security• Reduce greenhouse emissions• Create jobs!• Save us $$$

Uses the sun Passive, active, panels, PV cells No CO2, fast to build, moderate

impact High initial costs, may need a backup

system, needs the sun…

Waves and tidal currents on the East Coast could provide up to 1,420 TWh/year• We use 4,000 terrawatt hours/year (TWh)

Alaska and Hawaii also have lots of potential

Largest one will open this year in France

Relatively low impact• Have to watch out for whales