“ახალი და უახლესი ისტორიის...

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Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology ISSN 1512-3154 Studies in Modern and Contemporary History 1(7) `UNIVERSAL~ Tbilisi 2010

Transcript of “ახალი და უახლესი ისტორიის...

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Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

1(7)

`UNIVERSAL~

Tbilisi 2010

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ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

1(7)

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2010

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uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984

saredaqcio kolegia:

gia gelaSvili SoTa vadaWkoria

vasil kaWarava

vaJa kiknaZe

voicex materski

(poloneTis mecnierebaTa

akademia)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

malxaz sioriZe

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

niko javaxiSvili

EDITORIAL BOARD:

Gia Gelashvili Shota Vadackoria Vasil Kacharava Vazha Kiknadze Wojciech Materski (Academy of sciences of Poland) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Malkhaz Sioridze Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

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S i n a a r s i Contents

P l a t o n J o s e l i a n i – 2 0 0

gela saiTiZe .................................................................................13

platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti (dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)

Gela Saitidze Platon Ioseliani – Editor, Publicist

xaTuna qoqraSvili .....................................................................35

Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio istoriis mkvlevari (zogadi mimoxilva)

Khatuna Kokrashvili Platon Ioseliani – The Researcher of the Church History (General review)

The History of the Georgian

dodo WumburiZe .........................................................................49

rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da dasaxleba parnauTi

Dodo Chumburidze Russian Colonialization in Abkhazia and the Settlement Parnauti

caca CxartiSvili .......................................................................64

afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba Tsatsa Chkhartishvili Theatrical Life in Abkhazia in the 80-90es of the 19th

Century and Historical Memory oTar gogoliSvili ....................................................................77

aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT (XIX s-is 80-iani

wlebi) Otar Gogolishvili Historian Evgeni Veidenbaum’s Writings about Adjara

ilia vadaWkoria ..........................................................................84

gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da gamoqveynebuli mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb (1886-1889 ww.) Ilia Vadachkoria The Newspaper “Iveria” About the Sources of the History of Georgia and Published Scientific Literature (1886 - 1889)

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qeTevan mania .................................................................................98

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis procesi `iveriis~ (1887) mixedviT Ketevan Mania The Process of National Identity Hardening According to `Iveria~ (1887)

nato sonRulaSvili ..................................................................113

identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali: Tavisuflebis

idea da misi kultivacia beWduri mediis saSualebiT

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi Nato Songulashvili Identical Autonumous Ideal: the Idea of Freedom and its Cultivation on the

Basis of Printing Media in the 10-years Georgian Unity of XX century

irina arabiZe ................................................................................125

damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT Irina Arabidze Additional Information About Ekvtime Takaishvili’s Expedition in 1917 lela saraliZe ............................................................................132

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.) LLela Saralidze From the History of So Called `South Osetia~ Autonomous Oblast Formation in 1917 – 1922

SoTa vadaWkoria .........................................................................168

Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo politika

da qarTuli politikuri azri (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)

Shota Vadachkoria Exile Policy of the Shida Kartli Osetians Living in the Mountains and Geor-gian Political Thinking (The 20es of the 20th century)

nugzar zosiZe ..............................................................................190

baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi Nugzar Zosidze Batumi District in the First Part of year 1920

nino RambaSiZe ..............................................................................200

vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba Nino Ghambashidze Vakhtang Ghambashidze – The Life and Activity

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Tamar TamaraSvili .....................................................................227

ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (Telavis peda-

gogiuri teqnikumi (1924-1939))

Tamar Tamarashvili From the History of Education in Georgia (Telavi Pedagogical Technical In-stitut (1924-1939))

Georgia and the World

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................238

qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII saukunis

miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)

Niko Javakhishvili Trace of Georgians in the Baltics (From the end of XVII th – to the first half of XIX th century) giorgi beJitaSvili ...................................................................254

poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis istoriis

zogierTi aspeqti

George Bezhitashvili The Certain Aspects of History of the Georgian Military Immigration in

Poland

avTandil sonRulaSvili ........................................................260

saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT evropasa da

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi

Avtandil Songulashvili Relations of Georgia with the Western Europe and the USA In the first quarter of the XX century

nodar xorbalaZe ........................................................................283

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis

istoriidan

Nodar Khorbaladze

From Russia's Imperial Politics in Georgia

malxaz makaraZe ...........................................................................295

damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo da ruseTis

agresiuli politika

Malkhaz Makaradze

Independent Georgia and Russian Aggression Politics

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sofiko davlaSeriZe ..................................................................299

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze Sopho Davlasheridze Restoration of Georgia Independence and Policy of USA of Soviet Spare korneli kakaCia ..........................................................................306

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartia: icavs Tu ara is saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas? Kornely Kakachia United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership: Does it protect Georgia’s Sovereignity?

The History of the Caucasus

mzia tyavaSvili ...........................................................................321

SotlandielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo

kavkasiaSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi) Mzia Tkavashvili From the History of the Scots’ Colony in the North Caucasus

(The beginning of the 19th century)

The History of the World

Tamar anTaZe .................................................................................329

Uuiliam III oraneli Tamar Antadze William III of Orange

vasil kaWarava .............................................................................342

1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Vasil Kacharava American Presidential Elections of 1952

vasil kaWarava .............................................................................360

politikuri partiebis ideologia da platformebi

aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi Vasil Kacharava Ideology of Political Parties and their Platforms in the Presidential Elections

of the United States in 1952

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The Policy

Tengiz grigolia ........................................................................372

ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis regionalur geopolitikaSi Tengiz Grigolia Russia and Iran in Close-east Regional Geopolitics

Tornike SurRulaia ..................................................................378

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento (`Savi oTaxi~) Tornike Shurgulaia National Security Agency (NSA) of the USA (Black Room)

maia amirgulaSvili ..................................................................385

globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi Maia Amirgulashvili Modern Tendencies of Globalization

Millitary History

Teimuraz dalaqiSvili, xaTuna TodaZe, daviT

mamulaiSvili ..............................................................................394

tradiciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva (ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)

Teimuraz Dalaqishvili, Khatuna Todadze, Davit Mamulaishvili Traditional Caucasus Cold Weapons History and Geography of their Production Main Types

Religion. The History of the Church

eldar bubulaSvili .................................................................405

ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesaxeb XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi Eldar Bubulashvili Unknown Material about Religious Education (20-ies of the 20th

century)

sofio andRulaZe .......................................................................412

qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis periodSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili)

Sophio Andghuladze Georgian Clergy in the Period of Establishing Soviet Totalitarian Regime and

the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili)

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Historiography

merab kalandaZe ..........................................................................423

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi XX saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi Merab Kalandadze Modern History of Eastern Europe Studies in Georgia

Source-Studies

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................445

toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis Niko Javakhishvili For the History of Toponym `Tbilisi~

xaTuna qoqraSvili .....................................................................448

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqimandriti nikifore

Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.) Khatuna Kokrashvili Archimandrite of `The Osetia Ecclesiastic Commission~ Nikifore About the

Settlement Of the Osetians in Shida Kartli (1817 - 1818)

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili .............................463

masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis samTavros istoriidan (frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobis~

mixedviT) Mzia Mgaloblishvili, Lela Mikiashvili The Materials From the History of Abkhazia Principality of the 30es of the

19th Century (According to `The Travel~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)

gia gelaSvili ..............................................................................499

sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb Gia Gelashvili Three Documents about Georgia

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Numismatics

irakli faRava ..............................................................................515

Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa

sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi) Irakli Paghava The Weight Standard, Denominations’ System and Minting Technique of Tiflis Coins (Afsharid Period)

View Point

zurab kvetenaZe ...........................................................................533

saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis `xelaxla

dawera~ Zurab kvetenadze Is it Necessary that Georgian History `Write again?~

Criticism and Bibliography

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................540

soliduri samecniero wigni Niko Javakhishvili Solid Scientific Work

In the Memory of Our Collegue

dodo WumburiZe .........................................................................542

aleqsandre bendianiSvili Dodo Chuburidze Aleksandre Bendianashvili

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krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kano-

niT presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze

pasuxismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli

telefoni: 93 41 37

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gela saiTiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis isto-

riisa da eTnologiis institutis axa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti (dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)

1875 wlis 11 dekembers, gazeTi `kavkazi~ pl. ioselianis

gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT dastambul werilSi, miuTi-

Tebda: `Cvens saukuneSi platon egnates Ze ioseliani iyo pir-

veli qarTveli mecnieri, kavkasiaSi rusuli perioduli gamo-

cemis pirveli qarTveli redaqtori, xelmwifis mier samecnie-

ro-literaturuli saqmianobisaTvis dajildoebuli pirveli

qarTveli moRvawe, sxvadasxva samecniero sazogadoebis wev-

rad arCeuli pirveli qarTveli da aseve pirveli qarTvelTa-

gani, romelmac Tavisi samSoblos arqeologiisa da istoriis

Seswavlas mohkida xeli~ [38].

kavkasiis mxaris oficiozis furclebze qarTveli moR-

vawis aseTi maRali Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli srulebiT ar

aris. pl. ioselianis, XIX saukunis qarTvel moRvaweTa erT-

erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, mravalmxriv nayofieri

saqmianoba sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili, Tumca bevri ram

kidev elodeba WeSmaritebis maZiebeli mkvlevaris Zalisxme-

vas; axlebur wakiTxvas da Sefasebas imsaxurebs misi gamoqvey-

nebuli Txzulebebi — istoriis, literaturis, xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebis, eklesiis, qarTuli damwerlobis, gramatikis, rus-

Tvelologiis, saredaqtoro Tu publicisturi moRvaweobis

sakiTxebze, amasTan gamomzeurebas elian arqivsacavebis, mu-

zeumebisa da sxva samecniero centrebSi daculi jer kidev ga-

mouqveynebeli nawerebi, maT Soris mdidari epistolaruli

memkvidreoba. isini, umeteswilad, rusul da sxva ucxo eneb-

zea dawerili da maT ara marto amaTuim konkretuli dargis

specialistis, aramed gawafuli mTargmnelis kalamic esaWi-

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roeba. ra Tqma unda, Cven amis pretenzia ara gvaqvs, aq mxolod

Sexsenebis mizniT vayenebT am sakiTxs.

mokled gavixsenebT im wyaroebsa da literaturas, rom-

lebze dayrdnobiTac winamdebare statia daiwera. pirvel

rigSi, esaa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis me-4,

440-e, 489-e da 1438-e fondebSi daculi dokumentebi [1; 2; 3];

imdroindeli qarTuli da rusulenovani perioduli gamoce-

mebis kompleqtebi; sxvadasxva enciklopediebi da enciklope-

diuri leqsikonebi; dokumentebis krebulebi. kavkasiis arqe-

ografiuli komisiis mier Sekrebili aqtebis tomebi; qarTve-

li mkvlevarebis naSromebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa

mimoxiluli pl. ioselianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis peri-

petiebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: a. abramiSvilis, arC. barami-

Zis, ak. gawerilias, m. gocaZis, v. gorgaZis, j. vaTeiSvilis, g.

TumaniSvilis, al. kalandaZis, k. kekeliZis, g. leoniZis, n. ma-

xaraZis, s. mesxis, l. meliqseT-begis, pr. ratianis, sol. yuba-

neiSvilis, d. SuRliaSvilis, z. WiWinaZis, al. xaxanaSvilis,

sol. xuciSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebi. ra Tqma unda, CemTvis

upirveles wyaros warmoadgenda pl. ioselianis aTeulobiT

wigni, broSura Tu statia, romlebic yvelaze saukeTesod

warmoaCenen mis pirovnebas...

winamdebare TemasTan uSualo SexebaSia nino maxaraZis

vrceli saJurnalo statia: `Платон Иоселиани в «Закавказском

Вестнике»~ [18, 366-388], romelSic avtori dawvrilebiT mimoi-

xilavs pl. ioselianis gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnikSi~ moRva-

weobis orwlian (1845-1846) periods. mkvlevaris azriT, es

wlebi srulad asaxavs am araCveulebrivi adamianis saredaq-

cio-publicisturi moRvaweobis stilsa da xasiaTs imdroin-

deli amierkavkasiis rusul presaSi; rom `es ori sruli weli

warmodgenas gviqmnis pl. ioselianze, rogorc moqalaqisa da

mecnieris uzarmazar patriotul gmirobaze~ [18, 375].

savsebiT gasaziarebelia n. maxaraZis Semdegi mosazrebac

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom pl. ioselians Segnebuli hqonda ra

kavkasiaSi rusuli gamocemis redaqtorisa da publicistis

pasuxismgebloba, amitom igi, yovelTvis cdilobda farTo

mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno mxaris warsuli da awmyo da amiT ru-

seTis mcxovrebTa Soris interesi da mxardaWera gamoewvia

Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis legendaruli da gmiruli istoriis

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mimarT... [18, 376] magram ver daveTanxmebiT n. maxaraZes roca

igi pl. ioselianis misasalmebel sityvaze amaxvilebs yurad-

Rebas graf. m. s. voroncovis saqarTveloSi CamosvlasTan da-

kavSirebiT da TiTqos ar surs daijeros, rom maTi avtori p.

ioseliani iyo: «Приветственное слово, произнесенное П. Иоселиани

в честь приезда в Тифлис наместника Кавказа графа Воронцова (№8, 1845) звучит дисонансом по отношении к остальным его выступлением. Напищенность,патетическая приподнятость, непривычный пафос его

речи: «Кавказ! Проснись от вековой дремоты! Твой царь дал тебе миротворца»... и т. д., настоько не характерны для такого автора, как

Иоселиани и выглядят как нелепо, что кажеться не он писал эти строки, а писал за него необходимость привичка к такому тону в отношении

официальных персон, общепринятость, но вряд ли искренность. Ибо

весма сомнительно, чтобы такой патриот и крупнейший историк как

Иоселиани мог считать, что от пресловутой дремоты Кавказ призван

пробудить наместник» [18, 380]. am sityvebis avtors, rogorc Cans bolomde Tvali aRar

gaudevnebia pl. ioselianis pativiscemiT aRsavse da siyvaru-

liani damokidebulebisadmi mefisnacvali mix. voroncovis

personis mimarT, Torem Zneli mosaZebni ar Seeqmneboda is aR-

frTovanebuli da madlierebis grZnobiT aRsavse striqonebi,

romlebic mis araerT `mgzavris CanawerebSia~ dafiqsirebuli

`mxaris angelozad~ movlinebul am didmoxelis mimarT. vfiq-

robT, es srulebiT ar amcirebs pl. ioselians, roca igi gul-

wrfelad da ara mliqvnelurad Tvlida, rom grafi mix. vo-

roncovi, evropul civilizacias naziarebi pirovneba, bevr

rames akeTebda mis qveSevrdomobas daqvemdebarebul mxareSi

da met adamianur yuradRebas iCenda aq mcxovrebi xalxebis is-

toriisa da adaT-wesebis, enisa da kulturis mimarT.

meore naSromi ki gaxlavT arCil baramiZisa da juanSer

vaTeiSvilis vrceli monografiuli gamokvleva — `platon io-

seliani — cxovreba da samecniero-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweo-

bis narkvevi~, romelic 1978 wels gamomcemloba `mecnierebam~

dastamba (rusul enaze).

wignSi avtorebi pl. ioselians warmoaCenen, rogorc XIX

saukunis Sua wlebis udides qarTvel istorikoss, Jurnalis-

tsa da moRvawes, romlis mravalmxrivi mecnieruli interese-

bi, misadagebuli iyo mSobeli qveynisaTvis sasargeblo moRva-

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weobasTan; rom misi `enciklopediuri ganaTleba da mecnieru-

li keTilsindisiereba, romelic maRal patriotizmTan iyo

Serwymuli, srulad iyo gamoyenebuli mSobeli xalxis ganaT-

lebis keTilSobiluri saqmisa da misi umdidresi istoriuli

warsulis popularizaciisadmi...~ [9]. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom monografiuli gamokvlevis me-

ore TavSi, romlis saTauria — p.e. ioselianis Jurnalisturi

moRvaweoba (avtori j. vaTeiSvili), farTodaa Seswavlili da

ganzogadebuli pl. ioselianis moRvaweobis es mxare, kerZod,

misi saredaqcio da publicisturi saqmianoba. savsebiT vizia-

rebT avtoris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom razedac ar unda

ewera pl. ioselians, ra Janric ar unda gamoeyenebina mas Tavisi

nafiqralis gadmosacemad, erTi ram aSkara iyo: igi gamudmebiT

fiqrobda samSoblos keTildReobis amaRlebaze, misi soflis

meurneobisa da mrewvelobis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganvi-

Tarebaze... mas ara marto Tavisi qveyana uyvarda, aramed pati-

viscemiT epyroboda da afasebda sxva xalxTa uwmindes grZno-

bas — samSoblos siyvaruls... yvelaferi es masSi warmoaCens

WeSmarit patriotsa da humanists, rac mxolod didbunebovani

adamianebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli... [9, 193].

Temaze muSaobisas, rasakvirvelia, angariSs vuwevdiT

sxva winamorbed avtorTa nafiqrals, magram CvenTvis upirve-

les pirvelwyaros warmoadgenda is mravalferovani publika-

ciebi, romlebsac pl. ioseliani missave redaqtorobiT gamo-

maval gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is furclebze Tu calke

gamocemebis saxiT awvdida mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. swored ma-

Ti axleburi wakiTxva da zogjer striqonTa Soris Cadebuli

azris gamomzeureba warmoadgenda Cems mizans, raTa Tavis

drois am mravalmxrivi moRvawe mamuliSvilis damsaxureba

ukeT warmomeCina, Tanac ara yovelmxriv, aramed erTi konkre-

tuli kuTxiT. kerZod, rogorc redaqtoris da kalamnayofie-

ri publicistisa.

* * *

XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos ruseTma administra-

ciuli cvlilebebi ganaxorciela kavkasiaSi. gaauqma mTavar-

mmarTebloba da mis nacvlad mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba Semo-

iRo. ganTavisuflebuli mTavarmarTebeli a. i. neidgardti,

ruseTis erT-erTi gamorCeuli sagvareulos warmomadgenel-

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ma, grafma mixeil simonis Ze voroncovma Secvala `kavkasiaSi

mefisnacvlis~ tituliT. mas, vidre kavkasiaSi daniSnavdnen

saxelovani cxovrebis gza hqonda gavlili — leib-gvardiis

preobraJenskis polkis kursantobidan — odesis (novorosiis)

gubernatorobamde... londonSi, rusi diplomatis ojaxSi da-

badebulsa da gazrdils, iqve `brwyinvale ganaTleba hqonda

miRebuli~, xolo axalgazrda oficers Tavisi qveynis gafar-

Toebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolebSi hqonda monawileoba

miRebuli. kavkasieli xalxebis, frangebis Tu osmalebis wina-

aRmdeg... maT Soris gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrebis p. ciciano-

visa da p. bagrationis xelmZRvanelobiT [5, 222-223].

SemdgomSi, am marTlac-da mefistola kacs, did pativad

miaCnda maTi saxelebis gaxseneba... SesaZloa, es madliereba

poulobda gansxeulebas mis damokidebulebaSi saqarTvelosa

da qarTveli xalxis, misi istoriisa da kulturis mimarT.

1845 wlis dasawyisSi mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis jarebis

mTavarsardlad axladdaniSnuli mix. voroncovi, kavkasiis me-

5 fexosanTa korpusis mebrZolebisadmi gamocemul brZanebaSi

miuTiTebda: umaRlesi nebiT miviRe ra ufrosoba kavkasiis

jarebisa, samarTlianad vamayob, rom 40 wlis winaT, me samsa-

xuri daviwye swored kavkasiaSi cnobili generlis, Tavad ci-

cianovis xelmZRvanelobiT... masTan erTad vibrZodi eliza-

vetpolTan; Semdeg imereTis damorCilebisaTvis... axalgaz-

rdobis wlebidanve me Seviswavle da SeveCvie kavkasiis mamaci

mebrZolebis gmirobiT gaocebas... damorCilebuli xalxebis

mimarT Cven mSvidobianad da megobrulad yofna gvmarTebs.

kavkasia mSvidobianobis dros imdenad unda gviyvardes da pa-

tivs vcemdeT, ramdenadac gveSinoda saomari moqmedebis

dros, Tu aseTi ram isev mogviwevs~ [36].

brZaneba, romelsac xels awers general-adiutanti, gra-

fi mix. voroncovi 1845 wlis 14 marts aris gamocemuli q. qer-

CSi, anu jer kidev gzaSi myofi mefisnacvlis mier.

1845 wlis 18 marts saqarTvelos sazRvao gziT Semovida

kavkasiaSi SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone mmarTveli, grafi mix.

voroncovi.

misi mogzauroba dadianis samflobelo q. grigoriopo-

lidan (?) vidre Tbilisamde, TviTmxilvelis, gazeT `zakavkaz-

skii vestnik~-is redaqtoris pl. ioselianis mier dawvrile-

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biT aris aRwerili werilSi: `kavkasiis mefisnacvlis TbilisSi

mobrZaneba~.

avtori sixaruliT aRsavse, aRfrTovanebiT egebeba axa-

li mmarTvelis qarTul miwaze Semosvlas da mas argonavtebis

winamZRolis iazonis stumrobas adarebs, mxolod im gansxva-

vebiT, rom `iazoni daupatiJebeli stumari iyo, exlandel ia-

zons ki yvelani sixaruliT movelodiT... amitom, kavkasiav! ga-

iRviZe saukunovani Tvlemisgan, Senma mefem (gulisxmobs ru-

seTis imperators — g. s.) Sen mSvidobismyofeli mogivlina...~

[38, 1845, #8].

gzad momaval mefisnacvals, pl. ioselianis TqmiT, gamo-

uvlia martvilis monasteri, sadac Sexvedra hqonia episkopos

antonTan; Semdeg das. saqarTvelos sagubernio centri q. qu-

Taisi; 22 marts Rame moliTis sadgurSi gauTevia, momdevno

dRes suramis qedis SuaSi mas qarTlis Tavad-aznauroba mige-

bebia; gorisa da mcxeTis mcxovrebTa mier zar-zeimiT daxved-

ris Semdeg, 27 marts grafi ukve TbilisSi Semosula da genera-

litetisa da qalaqis maRali rangis moxeleebis TanxlebiT si-

onis sakaTedro taZarSi gamarTul RvTismsaxurebas daswre-

bia, xolo Semdeg saqarTvelos egzarqos isidores Sexvedria

mis rezidenciaSi da xangrZlivi saubari hqonia masTan («На-местник имел свидание с мудрым преосвященейшим Исидором Экзар-хом Грузии в его доме...») — amTavrebs pl. ioseliani.

unda vigulisxmoT, rom am dReebidan iwyeba is axlo ur-

TierToba pl. ioselianisa mefisnacval mix. voroncovTan,

romelic Semdeg mTeli aTi wlis manZilze aRar ganelebula.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pl. ioseliani gazeT `zakavkazskii ves-

tnik~-is redaqtorad daniSnuliyo 1844 wels, anu jer kidev

mix. voroncovis kavkasiaSi Camosvlamde. gazeTis istoria ki

1838 wlidan iwyeba, da misi aRmavloba pl. ioselianis saxel-

Tan aris dakavSirebuli.

istorikos j. vaTeiSvilis TqmiT: `kavkasiis sazogadoeb-

rivi cxovrebisa da beWduri sityvis istoriaSi gazeTi `zakav-

kazskii vestniki~ ara marto originaluri dasaxelebiT gamo-

irCeva am profilis rusuli gamocemebisagan, aramed, rac uf-

ro mniSvnelovania, Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi TviTmyofadobiT.

Tavisi dauRalavi saqmianobiT pl. ioselianma SeZlo manamde

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usaxuri oficialuri gamocema, yuradRebamisaqcev periodul

organod eqcia~ [9, 57].

pl. ioselianis redaqtorad daniSvnisTanave araerTi

dabrkoleba aRimarTa mis winaSe. erT-erTi pirveli — stambis

sakiTxi iyo. imJamad TbilisSi did kontrolsdaqvemdebarebu-

li samiode tipografia arsebobda: kavkasiis mefisnacvlis

kancelariis, generaluri Stambisa da somxuri saswavleblis.

swored pirvel maTganSi ibeWdeboda gazeTi `zakavkazskii ves-

tnik~-i, romlis redaqtoris ZalisxmeviT xerxdeboda misi Se-

uferxebeli beWdva [38].

meore sakiTxs gazeTis xelismomwerTa povna da maTTan

kavSirurTierTobis damyareba warmoadgenda... swored aq, aS-

karad ikveTeba is keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba redaq-

torisadmi mefisnacvlis mxridan, romelic maT Soris nacno-

bobis pirvelsave dReebidanve damyarda. mix. voroncovma yve-

la Tanamdebobis pirs iZulebis wesiT daavaldebula xsenebu-

li gazeTis gamowera; adgilobrivi administracia gazeTs do-

taciiTac uwyobda xels. yovelive es ki misi sicocxlis Senar-

Cunebis myari garantia iyo.

siZneles warmoadgenda gazeTSi saTanamSromlod ramde-

nadme kalamgawaful avtorTa moZebnac. amitom iyo, rom xSi-

rad Tavisi gazeTisaTvis korespodenciebis werac TviTon re-

daqtors uxdeboda. saqarTvelos istoriaSi, literaturaSi,

xelovnebaSi, kavkasiis xalxebis tradiciebsa da kulturaSi

Rrmad ganswavlulobam, rusuli da zogierTi sxva ucxo enis

codnam, pl. ioselians SeaZlebina, rom gazeTis arc erTi no-

meri ar Cavardnoda. paralelurad igi TviTonve zrunavda ga-

zeTSi saTanamSromlod avtorTa SemokrebisTvisac. maT ki Ta-

vis megobarTa, nacnobTa da kolegaTa Soris eZebda... misTvis

erT-erT aseT wyaros imJamad TbilisSi saxelganTqmuli al.

WavWavaZisa da manana orbelianis salonebi warmoadgendnen.

mkvlevarebis arC. baramiZisa da j. vaTeiSvilis mowmobiT, swo-

red iq SeZlo pl. ioselianma gazeTSi saTanamSromlod Semo-

ekriba iseTi adamianebi, rogorebic iyvnen: nik. baraTaSvili,

gr. orbeliani, mari brosse, giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifia-

ni, d. meRvineTuxucesi, g. gagarini, x. aboviani, mirza faTali

axundovi, n. xanikovi, i. slovicki, a. ianovski, a. muraviovi, o.

konstantinovi, f. lada-zablocki, i. polonski, nik. berZenovi

da sxv. [9, 72].

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imave xanebSi, pl. ioselians daevala TiTqmis analogiu-

ri dasaxelebis gazeTis qarTul enaze gamocema. es iyo qarTu-

li Jurnalistikis istoriaSi cnobili `kavkasiisa mxareTa uw-

yebanis~ gamocema da redaqtoroba, rac Seusrulebia kidec,

magram xelismomwerTa da sxva siZneleebis gamo misi gamocema

didxans ar gagrZelebula... [15,111].

1849 wlis dasawyisidan pl. ioselianma gaz. `zakavkazskii

vestnik~-Si mniSvnelovani siaxle danerga. gazeTi mefisnac-

valTan SeTanxmebiT orad — oficialur~ da `araoficialur~

nawilebad gaiyo.

swored `araoficialuri~ nawili gaxda popularuli da

mosawoni gazeTis mravalenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis, maT Soris

qarTvelebisaTvisac, pirvelyovlisa ki imaTTvis, vinac rusu-

li ena icoda. gazeTSi farTo adgili eTmoba samecniero-sais-

torio Tematikas, adgilobrivi cxovrebis amsaxvel publi-

cistikas, saqalaqo cxovrebis, swavla-ganaTlebis, litera-

turis, Teatraluri cxovrebis, erovnebaTaSoris urTierT-

damokidebulebis sakiTxebs, gamoCenil moRvaweTa cxovreba-

moRvaweobis warmomaCinebeli masalebis beWdvas...

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is Tematuri mravalferov-

nebis Taobaze, konkretuli saubaria redaqciis mier 1847

wlis dekemberSi gamoqveynebul gancxadebaSi, romelSic vkiT-

xulobT: `momavali, 1848 wlis 1 ianvridan, `zakavkazskii ves-

tnik~ misi brwyinvalebis Tavad mefisnacvlis nebarTviT, ga-

mosvlas daiwyebs axali formatiT. sam svetad — `kavkazis~ da

misnairi perioduli gamocemebis msgavsad.

oficialuri nawili darCeba ucvleli: winandeburad

masSi moTavsdeba — brZanebebi, samTavrobo gankargulebani,

sasamarTlo gamoZiebani, palatebis gadawyvetilebani, cnobe-

bi, sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa saxelebi, sacalo fasebi...

araoficialuri nawili mkiTxvelebs gaacnobs amierkav-

kasiis mxaris warsul da Tanamedrove yofa-cxovrebas.

mcire moTxrobebi, istoriuli statiebi — Targmnilni

qarTulidan, somxuridan da TaTruli enebidan; arqeografia,

iumoristika, mogzauroba mxareSi da bolos mTeli ganyofi-

leba feletoni, romelic mkiTxvels gaacnobs Tbilisis sazo-

gadoebriv cxovrebas. feletoni Seatyobinebs saxalxo dRe-

saswaulebsa da adaT-wesebs, isaubrebs mejlisebis, Teatris,

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koncertebis, seirnobebis, axali mSeneblobebis da sxva sakiT-

xebis Sesaxeb.

`vestnikis~ bolos mudmivad iqneba moTavsebuli meteo-

rologiuri dakvirvebani.

`vestniki~ gamova yovelkvireulad.

misi fasi Zveleburi darCeba — 5 vercxli 52 nomrisaTvis,

anu mTeli wlisaTvis; ruseTis guberniebSi gagzavnisaTvis

daemateba 50 kap. vercxliT.

msurvelebs `zakavkazskii vestnik~-ze xelis mowera, anda

TavianTi statiebis gamogzavna SeeZlebaT misamarTze: tfili-

si, `zakavkazskii vestnik~ redaqcias~ [38].

gazeTis formatisa da periodulobis gazrdam, Tematur-

ma da Janrobrivma gamravalferovnebam, TiToeuli masalis Si-

naarsobrivma datvirTulobam, avtor-TanamSromelTa profe-

sionalizmis amaRlebam, redaqtoris alRoanobam da mxaris

upirveles mmarTvelTan keTilma damokidebulebam, gazeT

`zakavkazskii vestnikis~ popularoba kidev ufro sacnauri

gaxada regionSi mcxovrebi yvela mkiTxvelis TvalSi. am saqme-

Si didi iyo gazeTis redaqtoris piradi damsaxureba.

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnikis~ furclebze pl. ioselia-

nis mier dastambuli masalebidan naTlad igrZnoba mecnier-

istorikosis ganswavluloba, Tavisi qveynis warsulis Rrma

codna da misadmi siyvaruli... Tumca isic kargad sCans, Tu ra-

oden didi diplomatiuri niWis gamovlena sWirdeboda av-

tors, raTa Zala-uflebis mqoneTa risxva ar daemsaxurebina,

dampyroblebi ki ara, aramed CvensaviT dapyrobil da daTrgu-

nul mezoblebis wyenasac unda morideboda... amitomaa, rom

general p. cicianovze masalis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, somxeTis

patriarqis nersesis TbilisSi Camosvlis faqts uTmobs saTa-

nado adgils... amasTan, mecnieri-redaqtori yovelTvis cdi-

lobda, ara Tu sakuTari, aramed sxva avtorTa Txzulebebic

ganemtkicebina mecnieruli aparaturiT, pirvelwyaroebis da-

mowmebiT, winamorbed avtorTa naazrevis miTiTebiT.

pl. ioseliani yovelTvis cdilobda kavSirurTierTobis

damyarebas istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas Soris. misi mTavari

gzavnili rogorc Tavis TanamedroveTa, ise momavali Taobe-

bisaTvis iyo: `icxovreT samSoblos istoriiTa da sagmiro

saqmeebiT. istoriis gareSe ar aris cxovreba...~

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mis mecnierul garjilobas da rusis politikisadmi lo-

ialur damokidebulebas, istoriuli faqtebis daumaxinjeb-

lad da gaulamazeblad gadmocemas Tvals adevnebda da, ro-

gorc mkiTxveli, kmayofili rCeboda mefisnacvali mix. vo-

roncovi. swored misi nebiT, iyo, rom gazeT `zakavkazskii ves-

tnik~-is redaqtori pl. ioseliani samagaliTo da erTguli

samsaxurisaTvis 1848 wels umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier wm.

anas mesame xarisxis ordeniT daajildoves, xolo samecniero

naSromebisaTvis igi odesis istoriisa da siZveleTa sazoga-

doebam Tavis namdvil wevrad airCia.

pl. ioselianisaTvis udidesi bedniereba iyo isic, rom

imave mix. voroncovis mxardaWeriT Tavisi didi xnis ocneba

aRisrula da saxelmwifos xarjze 1849 wlis martidan oTxi

TviT mivlinebuli iyo saberZneTSi, aTonis wm. mTis monaster-

Si. misi, rogorc Jurnalist-mogzauris niWi kargad gamosWvi-

vis gazeT `zakavkazskii vestniki~-saTvis gzidan gamogzavnili

vrceli masalebidan: `werilebi trapezuntidan~ (#22, 1849);

`werili aTenis mTis gzidan~ (#24, 1849 w.), `werilebi konstan-

tinopolidan~ (#31, 1849 w.); `werili qalaq salonikidan~ (#31,

1849 w.)...

am mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebiT pl. ioselianis colis

ZmisSvili niko buri (bagrationi) mogvianebiT werda: `pl. io-

selianma, rogorc arqeologiis (siZveleTmcodneobis) iSvi-

aTma mcodnem da moyvarulma, moaxerxa saberZneTSi gamgzav-

reba. aTonSi didi pativiscemiT miiRes qarTuli `iveriis~ mo-

nastris berebma. platonma ukan dabrunebisas Tan Camoitana

erTi Zvelis-Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri saxareba. bolos Tavi-

si SesaniSnavi biblioTeka, romelic Seicavda ara marto qar-

Tuli wignebis koleqcias, aramed mdidari iyo sxva qveynebis

wignebiTgan, man saqarTveloSi wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas

uanderZa im pirobiT, rom SemdgomSi igi qarTuli universite-

tisaTvis gadaecaT. marTlac, mis gardacvalebisTanave misma

qvrivma mTeli wignebi 12 did yuTSi Caawyo da daniSnulebisa-

mebr gagzavna~ [8].

misive mowmobiT: platonma `ramdenime ucxo ena icoda;

miwer-mowera hqonda evropis did arqeolog-mecnierebTan da

saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas ojaxSi miipatiJebda xolme... yve-

la SesaZleblobiT cdilobda, rogorc mecnierebaSi, ise sa-

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zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Tavisi wvlili Seetana, rom sikvdi-

lis win saSualeba hqonoda eTqva: `diax, me vcxovrobdio~ [8, ].

saberZneTSi mogzaurobis dros miRebul STabeWdile-

bebs pl. ioseliani SemdgomSi moxdenilad imowmebs Tavis erT-

erT mogzaurul narkvevSi `tfilisidan mcxeTamde~, roca igi

sofel diRmis sanaxebs aRwers. Cveni azriT, saukunenaxevris

winaT istorikos-publicistis mier gakeTebuli sof. diRmis

aRweras, dResac pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvs masSi dafiq-

sirebuli faqtebis gamo...

`diRmis miaxloebisas mgzavris Tvalsawieri aucileb-

lad mis uwylo, magram mdidar, mosavlian dablobze Cerdeba.

aq zamTrobiT pirutyvis samwyemso adgilia. mozamTreTaTvis

igi mdidari veldablobia Tavad sofeli diRomi SesaniSnavia

Tavisi vrceli venaxis zRvrebiT da wm. giorgis saxelobis uZ-

velesi eklesiiT. es eklesia, Tavisi SemogareniT, arc ise didi

xnis winaT ganaxlebul iqna batoniSvil Tamaris, mefe erekles

SviliSvilis mier, romelic 1854 wels gardaicvala.

eklesiis kedlebs sxvadasxva epoqaSi ganaxlebis kvali et-

yoba. qvebi, romliTac is aris mopirkeTebuli ara gawafuli xe-

lis mier aris Cadgmuli da warwerebi yovelTvis garkveviT ar

moCans. mTis maRlobidan, romelzec sofeli diRomia gaSenebu-

li da sadac wm. giorgis uZvelesi eklesia mSvenierobs, diRmis

velis vrceli landSafti iSleba. Cems mier 1849 wlis attikis

maraTonis daTvalierebiT cocxali STabeWdilebebis qveS

myofma wamoviZaxe — maraToni saqarTvelos adgilmdebareobi-

sa! oRond aq md. mtkvari cvlis pontos Sav zRvas. momxibvle-

lia es xedi diRmis simaRlidan diRmis velamde~ [30, 80-81].

aseTi istoriul-publicisturi pasaJebi pl. ioselianis

TiTqmis yvela narkvevSi gvxvdeba, romlebSic qarTuli ekle-

sia-monastrebi, Tu sxva qveynis adgilebia mimoxiluli... swo-

red maT mniSvnelobaze SevaCerebT yuradRebas...

qarTul mxatvrul-publicistur Tu saistorio mwerlo-

baSi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenen mogzauruli Janris nawarmo-

ebebi, romlebSic avtorebi nanaxisa da gancdilis Sesaxeb Ta-

vianT STabeWdilebebs gadmoscemdnen. magaliTisaTvis sul-

xan-saba orbelianis, rafiel danibegaSvilis, timoTe gabaSvi-

lis, aleqsandre WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianis, giorgi eris-

Tavis, giorgi yazbegis da sxvaTa Canawerebis gaxsenebac kmara.

maT Soris pl. ioselianis `mgzavris Canawerebic~ iqceven yu-

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radRebas. am Janris nawerebs pl. ioseliani gazeT `zakavkaz-

skii vestnikis~ furclebze beWdavda. yoveli maTganis gul-

dasmiT gacnoba TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs avtoris ganswavlu-

lobaze, publicistur niWze, istoriuli faqtebis siRrmise-

ul wvdomaze, weris kulturaze, azrebis gadmocemis sisxar-

tesa da logikurobaze, faqtebisa da movlenebis ganzogade-

bis unarze, miRebuli daskvnebis damajereblobaze... samwuxa-

ro is iyo, rom pl. ioseliani Tavis naSromTa absolutur um-

ravlesobas rusul enaze werda da beWdavda da qarTul sinam-

dvileSi ufro rusuli enis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas uwyob-

da xels, vidre saxelmwifoebriv funqcias moklebuli mSob-

liuri qarTulisas...

amjerad pl. ioselianis erT-erT am Janris narkvevebze

SevaCerebT yuradRebas. es aris `mgzavris Canawerebi Tbilisi-

dan axtalamde ~.

avtori narkvevis SesavalSive erT mniSvnelovan istori-

ul faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. kerZod, es gamgzavreba me-

fisnacvlis mix. voroncovis survilis Sesabamisad ganxorcie-

lebula. pl. ioselianis mowmobiT: misma brwyinvalebam mefis-

nacvalma ineba Tbilisidan aprilis 11-s gamgzavrebuliyo ax-

talis Zveli monastris nangrevebis dasaTvaliereblad, rome-

lic imJamad berZeni episkoposis rezidencias warmoadgenda.

bedniereba mqonda Tan vxlebodi mis brwyinvalebaso, — das-

Zens pl. ioseliani da ganagrZobs: Cems mgzavrul Canawerebs

vakeTeb im mizniT, raTa gavagebino imaT, vinc cnobismoyvare-

obiT swavlobs saqarTvelos geografiasa da xalxur metyve-

lebaSi am mxaris istoriasa da siZveleebs somxiTis, anu `sa-

qarTvelos somxeTis~ saxeliT rom aris cnobili [29, 3]

Tbilisidan gasuli mogzaurebi gezs samxreTisken iReb-

dnen... avtori gza da gza yuradRebas uTmobs im daba-sofle-

bis, gzebis Tu xidebis, vel-mindvrebis, cixe-koSkebis, ekle-

sia-monastrebis, tbebisa Tu mdinareebis, toponimebis aRwe-

ras, romelTa gavlac maT uxdebaT; akeTebs istoriul wiaR-

svlebs, drodadro iSveliebs Zvel berZenTa Tu sxva evropel

geografos-istorikosTa da mogzaurTa cnobebs, vaxuSti ba-

toniSvilis saqarTvelos aRweras, anu yvelafer imas, rac im-

droisaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.

pl. ioseliani gazeTis mkiTxvelebs acnobs, rom imdroi-

saTvis Tbilisidan 10 versiT daSorebul soRanluRs, `Zvelad

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`gzis kariT~ moixseniebdnen, zogierTebi mas `yuryutas~ uwo-

debdnen... `soganlugi~ TaTruli sityvaa da qarTulad `xaxvis

vels~ niSnavso... TeleTis Savnabadas, sefi-abadis, kumisis, ko-

das, kojris cixis Tu marabdis gavlisas aseve saintereso ko-

mentarebs akeTebs (mag. `kumisis balaxiT mdidari velisa da

tbis midamoebSi mefis aqlemebs mwyemsavdnen~; sof. TeleTi

sam nawilad iyofa — qurdi TeleTi, xatis TeleTi da Tavad

muxranbatonTa TeleTi... kojris cixe, sadac 1837 wels xel-

mwife-imperatorma nikoloz pavles Zem Rame gaaTia... sof. ko-

da, romlis samxreTiT md. qcias napiras mdebareobs sof. ma-

rabda saqarTveloSi erT-erTi Zveli sagvareulos Tavad ba-

raTaSvilebis samflobelo, sofeli, sadac jer kidev dauzia-

neblad aris Semonaxuli wm. luarsab II-is mier aSenebuli ek-

lesia... sabaraTiano, samxreT saqarTvelos uZlieresi saTava-

do, romelsac araerTxel aRumarTavs Tavisi mrisxane maxvili

damRupveli xalxisaTvis da saSiSi mefisaTvis, saxelganTqmu-

li birTvisis cixiT... da a. S.~) [30, 12, 13].

lomTa-gorasTan mimdebare sof. marneulis gavlisas av-

tori aRniSnavs, rom misi vake gasaocaria xorbleulisa da mesa-

qonleobisaTvis, sadac mTavrobisagan daculi TaTrebi Sesa-

niSnavad grZnoben Tavso... aseve miuTiTebs Sulaveris umdid-

res miwaze, sadac 700-mde somxis ojaxi cxovrobso... [30, 15].

avtori ufro met adgils Sulaveris Semdgom 20 versis

manZilze gadaWimul borCalos velis aRweras uTmobs, rom-

lis SuaSi md. borCalu, anu md. debeda miedineba... mdinare

odiTganve mdidari yofila TevziT, romelsac kapoeti ewode-

bao da aRwers misi Weris originalur meTods RamiT cecxlmo-

kidebuli Calis konebis gamoyenebiT... avtoris mowmobiT, md.

debedis gaswvriv gadaWimuli vrceli veli TaTrebiT dasax-

lebuli yofila, romelic TiTqmis 8 versis sididis sofel sa-

daxloTi mTavrdeba. es sofeli qarTveli Tavadebis meliqo-

vebis (meliqiSvilebisa) iyo, sadac maT mefis dros TavianTi

rezidencia hqondaT. amJamad sofelSi TaTris 300 ojaxi sax-

lobs da a.S.

swored aq, sof. sadaxloSi unebebia mefisnacval mix. vo-

roncovs Tavis amalasTan erTad pirveli Ramis gaTeva.

meore dRisiT ki md. debedis dinebis marcxena mxares da

lalvaris mTebis marjvniv mdebare gziT axtalis monastrisa-

ken auRiaT gezi. avtoris TqmiT, es istoriuli Zegli sadax-

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lodan 20 versiT, anu cxeniT sami saaTiT savalze yofila da-

cilebuli... amasTan ixsenebs imasac, rom iq erekle II-is dros

samefo saxls oqrosa da vercxlis sabadoebi hqonia mowyobi-

li, saidanac yovelwliurad 100 fuT oqros iRebdneno...

... pl. ioselianis mier 170 wlis winaT axtalis samonas-

tro kompleqsisa da misi Semogarenis aRwera da motanili faq-

tebi dRes did istoriul mniSvnelobas iZens... avtori Tavis

mkiTxvelTa gasagonad aRniSnavs, rom `axtala~ TaTrul enaze

`TeTr vels~ niSnavs, Zvelad ki mas agaraki erqva; rom axtalis

Tu agarakis saepiskoposo-sakaTedro taZars warmoadgenda,

romelic jer kidev mexuTe saukuneSi vaxtang I-is mier iqna da-

arsebulio da iqve, ironiulad SeniSnavs: `somxebs, romlebsac

uyvarT TavianT Zvel siZliereze mogonebebi, miikuTvneben ax-

talis daarsebas, misi mezoblobis gamo axtalasTan da sana-

ginTan, Tumca arafriT ar SeuZliaT aseTi swrafvis damtki-

ceba~ [30, 15]. axtalis monastris dawvrilebiT daTvaliereba

unebebia mefisnacvals, Tavad mix. voroncovs, romelsac Tavi-

si yuradRebiT didaT wauxalisebia berZnebi, romlebsac ija-

riT auRiaT misi aRdgena Zveleburi saxiT da am mizniT iq ram-

denime dRiT adre gagzavnil arqiteqtors misi brwyinvalebi-

saTvis ZiriTadi samuSao gegma warudgenia kidec [30, 27].

monastris xilviT aRfrTovanebuli pl. ioseliani ki

wers: romeli mxridanac ar unda Sexedo axtalis monastris

saarako Senobas, ar ici saidan ufro aRfrTovande misi mSve-

nierebiT, vinaidan msgavs rames me ar Sevxvedrilvar saqarTve-

loSi Tavisi natifi mopirkeTebiT da aseTi saunje sruliad

migdebuli da miviwyebulia. sityviT misi gadmocema SeuZle-

belia. is mxolod unda naxo... «ибо один только глаз можеть при-нять впечатление всего, что извлек здесь гениии человеческий из каменной массы: каждый прямой очерк стены или крыши смягчень узорчатым карнизом, каждая дуго двери или окон обвита каменною пле-теницею цветов; сердцевина малых кругов и квадратов, разбросанных в виде украшении по стенам здания, представляется тонким кружевом, сплетенным из камня; кресты, изваянные над алтарем и на боковых

фронтонах, высшей степени изящны. В них отразилось самозабвение людей, которые жертвовали целыми годами свое жизни, лишь бы только

их произведения было достоины высокого назначения, а имя труже-ников видимо одному Богу. Но если нет слов для описания, есть сердце

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для сочувствия, и конечно то безотчетное и глубокое благочестие, с которым созыдались святилища лущих времен...» [30, 28-29].

am sityvebidan TvalnaTliT warmoCndeba ara mxolod Ta-

visi qveynis warsulze Seyvarebuli da misi Tayvanismcemeli

pirovneba, aramed publicistis madliani kalmiT dajildoe-

buli adamianic...

ukangamobrunebul mefisnacvalsa da mis mxlebelT Su-

laverTan axlos mdebare adgili aRbabalo dauTvalierebiaT

da Ramis gaTevac iqve unebebiaT. pl. ioselianis Canawerebidan

sayuradRebo istoriul faqtebs aqac vgebulobT, romelTac

dRes pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvT. kerZod, imdroisaTvis

`aRbabalod~ wodebul adgils Zvelad `xidis yuri~, xolo

mogvianebiT `polkovniklu~ rqmevia, misi ganmaaxleblisa da

aRmSeneblis, Tavad ilia orbelianis saxelis pativsacemad.

md. maSaveras marcxena napirze gaSenebuli es sofeli, Tavisi

mcxovreblebiT imJamad kneina orbelianis sakuTreba yofila

(cnobili manana orbelianis ? — g. s.). iq, arsebula qvis magari

xidi md. maSaveraze... avtoris TqmiT, amasTan erTad yuradRe-

bas iqcevda jer kidev daumTavrebeli orsarTuliani saxli,

evropulad gawyobili oTaxebiT, xuT qceva farTobze gaSene-

buli venaxis zvriT, Rvinis sardafiT, sadac sxvadasxva wlisa

da jiSis sufTa da gemoiani Rvinoebi inaxeboda qarTuli da

rusuli warwerebiT damTvalierebelTa da damgemovnebelTa

gasacnobad; avtori iqve aRwers xexilis baRs Tavisi uzarma-

zari 16 Ziri kaklis xiT, romelTagan TiToeuls sul mcire 20

kv. saJeni ekavaT da SesaniSnav saCrdilobels warmoadgendnen

damsvenebelTaTvis... dasasruls pl. ioseliani dasZens: `Cemis

azriT evropuli cxovrebis wesis es nawili (открывок) miTume-

tes am mxareSi, yovelgvar yuradRebas da Seqebas imsaxurebs~-

o~ [30, 34].

swored iq, istoriul saerisTavoSi miuRia stumrebi kne-

ina orbelians Ramis TeviT, xolo meore dRiT mefisnacvals

kolagiris mtkice da lamazi cixe-simagre dauTvalierebia da

sofel kodas gamovliT TbilisSi dabrunebula [30, 37].

narkvevis dasasruls pl. ioseliani miuTiTebs: ai, rac

SemeZlo meTqva am mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. dRes es mxare ruse-

Tis uZleveli iaraRis wyalobiT daculia, xolo misi mdgoma-

reoba gaumjobesebuli. vuyureb amas da vfiqrob, saukuneebis

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winandel mdgomareobaze da Zalauneburad TavSi grovdeba az-

rebi im saSinelebaTa da uZlurebaTa Taobaze, romlebmac

Rrma kvali datoves am kuTxeSi — dacarielebuli soflebis

da daoblebuli eklesiebis saxiT, Tumca naTeli xsovnac Ta-

vianT arsebobazec... es mogzauroba ramdenadac sasargeblo

iyo, imdenad sasiamovno da sasixarulo mogonebad darCeba

Cems cxovrebaSio! — daaskvnis avtori.

pl. ioselianis, rogorc redaqtorisa da publicistis

damsaxurebaze, gadauWarbebel Sefasebas gvTavazobs mkvleva-

ri j. vaTeiSvili, roca wers: `1845-1855 wlebSi gazeT `zakav-

kazskii vestnik~-Si gamoqveynebuli masalebis mixedviT Seum-

cdarad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom gazeTis Sinaarsi, rome-

lic winaT `sagubernio uwyebis~ programiT gamodioda, didad

scildeba am programis CarCoebs. masSi saistorio-Semecnebi-

Ti xasiaTis publikaciebTan erTad arc-Tu iSviaTad qveynde-

boda statiebi da SeniSvnebi, romlebic adgilobrivi cxovre-

bis saWirboroto sakiTxebs exmianeboda. imaSi, rom gazeTi

`zakavkazskii vestniki~ mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi damou-

kideblad arsebobda, upirvelesi damsaxureba, mis redaqtors

pl. ioselians ekuTvnis. gazeTi ramdenadme agrZelebda `tfi-

lisis uwyebanis~ tradiciebs, romelic umTavresad informa-

ciuli xasiaTis masalebis publikaciebiT kmayofildeboda,

maSin, roca gazeTi `zakavkazskii vestniki~ samecniero-anali-

tikur werilebs aZlevda upiratesobas, rac misi redaqtoris,

gamoCenili istorikos-mecnieris da moqalaqe-patriotis dam-

saxureba iyo...~ [9, 115].

aqve SeiZleba, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom

Tu ara bednieri SemTxveva pl. ioselianisaTvis da aqedan ga-

momdinare qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, piradi nacnoboba (an

urTierToba) daemsaxurebina da keTilganwyoba moepovebina

kavkasiaSi mefisnacval mix. voroncovTan, mxaris mmarTvelTa

Soris yvelaze liberal da ganaTlebul pirovnebasTan, misi

survilebi da SesaZleblobani realizebis gareSe darCebod-

nen, miTumetes samoqalaqo moRvaweobis sarbielze... pl. iose-

lians bedma gauRima, Torem umkacresi cenzuruli pirobebis

viTarebaSi aravin miscemda uflebas, erovnuli Rirsebis war-

momaCinebeli publikaciebi daestamba Tundac Tavismierve re-

daqtirebul perioduli gamocemis furclebze.

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yovelive es maSinve saCino gaxda, roca 1854 wlis bolos

avadmyofobis mizeziT mefisnacvalma mix. voroncovma dakave-

buli Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba iTxova... misma Sem-

cvlelma, qarTvelTmoZule da uxeSma saldafonma generalma

n. n. muraviovma, TbilisSi Camosvlidan sul cota xanSi, ker-

Zod 1855 wlis 21 ivliss vasil osefas Ze bebuTovis mier Sed-

genili proeqti daamtkica, romelic gazeT `zakavkazskii ves-

tnikis~ adgilobrivi mTavrobis oficioz gazeT `kavkazTan~

mierTebas iTvaliswinebda, romelsac erTi redaqtori, samo-

qalaqo kancelariis moxele, tituliani mrCeveli verderev-

ski uxelmZRvanelebda.

pl. ioseliani ki samsaxuris gareSe darCa... miuxedavad

protestisa igi redaqtorobas CamoaSores. Zalam aRmarTi

daxna...

mas Semdeg pl. ioseliani TiTqmis oci wlis manZilze ag-

rZelebda urTierTobasa da TanamSromlobas adgilobriv ga-

momaval qarTul da rusulenovan periodul gamocemebTan.

maT Soris iv. kereseliZis Jurnal `ciskarTan~, gazeTebTan

`kavkazTan~, `tifliski listokTan~ `droebasTan~ da sxvebTan.

mamaTa banakis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli ar izia-

rebda `TergdaleulTa~ Taobis samoqmedo programas, misaRe-

bad miaCnda g. bagration-muxranelis mcire erebis enebis

kvdomis Teoria da sxv.

dadgenilia, rom ilia WavWavaZe 1871 wlis dekemberSi da-

weril Tavis `gamocanebSi~ uyuradRebod arc pl. ioselians

tovebs da daundoblad xatavs mis pirovnul portrets da

imaT rigSi ayenebs, visac erTi da mamuli fexebze ekidaT...

Cven aq mtyuan-marTlis Zebnas ar SevudgebiT, erTs ki vit-

yviT, 38 wlis ilia, 62 wlis xnovan adamians tyuilubralod ar

gaimetebda, Tu Tavis naTqvamis marTebulobaSi darwmunebuli

ar iqneboda. saqme exeba ara maT pirad urTierTobas, aramed

samSoblosadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxs... vfiqrobT, axal-

gazrda mamuliSvilis aRSfoTeba gamowveuli unda iyos im mo-

nuri TavdadrekiT, romliTac Cin-medlebs daxarbebuli qar-

Tveloba imxanebSi saqarTveloSi myof imperators aleqsan-

dre II-es egebeboda... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `gamocanebi~ ili-

as, arc platon ioselianis, arc sxvaTa sicocxleSi ar gamouq-

veynebia, igi xelnaweris saxiT vrceldeboda mkiTxvelTa viw-

ro wreSi da mogvianebiT, TviT avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg, iqna

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poetis TxzulebaTa krebulebSi Setanili... pl. ioselianisad-

mi miZRvnil striqonebSi naTqvamia:

`cxvirdida da Tvaldidroni,

msunagi da trabaxia,

erTi uSnod awowvila,

erTi raRac axmaxia;

sexnia hyavs saxeldidi,

TiTon ki marto grZelia,

Zvelis mcodnea, magrama

ybedi da Wkvazed Txelia;

enabrtyelia, gulmrude,

advilad mosayidia,

am ylapiasac qveyana

Zmano, fexebzed hkidia~ [22, 132].

pl. ioseliani 1875 wlis 5 noembers gardaicvala. sainte-

resoa aRiniSnos, rom igi zustad Tavis dabadebis dRes aRes-

rula. pirveli, am samwuxaro faqts gazeTi `droeba~ gamoexma-

ura... `wuxel saRamos, 15 saaTze, didi xnis avadmyofobis Sem-

deg gardaicvala Cveni Zveli, pativcemuli moRvawe, qarTuli

literaturisa — platon egnates Ze ioseliani. mis literatu-

rul moRvaweobaze imedi gvaqvs, male ufro vrcel statias wa-

ikiTxavs mkiTxveli Cvens gazeTSi~ [46].

`droebis~ redaqtorma danapirebi Seasrula da gazeTis

erT-erT uaxloes nomerSi sakmaod vrceli nekrologi uZRvna

pl. ioselianis gardacvalebas. sergei mesxis mier imdroinde-

li sazogadoebisaTvis araerT saintereso kiTxvazea pasuxi

gacemuli, warmoCenilia `mamaTa~ da `SvilTa~ uTanxmoebis mi-

zezebi da a. S. `nekrologSi~ kerZod naTqvami iyo:

`ama wlis 15-s TfilisSi gardaicvala platon egnates Ze

ioseliani. mesame dRes, e. i. 18-s micvalebuli daasaflaves

misganve aSenebul amaRlebis eklesiaSi.

rasakvirvelia, aravis ar gaukvirdeba, rom vsTqva: rom

amierkavkasiis TiTqmis uZveles mwignobars bevri pativismce-

meli aRmouCnda, bevrma gaacila is Tavis ukanasknels sadgo-

mamde.

aravis gahkvirvebia isic, roca gamyolTa ricxvSi micva-

lebulis Tanamedrove da Tanamoazre moxucebulebi dainaxes.

es srulebiT Cveulebriv movlenaT eCvenaT. magram zogier-

Tebs gaukvirda, zogierTebma TiTqo ver gaiges is, rom gam-

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yolTa ricxvSi TiTqmis yvela warmomadgenelni Cvenis axal-

gazrdobisa erivnen.

`droebis~ redaqciam Tavisi mkiTxvelebi dapatiJa, rom

daswrebodnen micvalebulis gasvenebaze da amnairaT ukanas-

kneli pativi ecaT imis xsenebisaTvis.

es garemoeba kidev ufro gaugebari Seiqmna zogierTebi-

saTvis. ambobdnen: `ra iyo saerTo micvalebul platon iose-

liansa da axalgazrdobas Sua? rad ucxadeben imas aseTs Ta-

nagrZobas, rodesac imaTi miznebi da rwmunebani ase gansxvav-

debodnen? mama da Svili ver moTavsebula axla rigianaT Cven-

Si da micvalebuli xom axali Taobis papad CaiTvleboda~-o, —

dasZens s. mesxi da ganagrZobs, — `sakvirveli da gaugebari ama-

Si srulebiT ara aris ra. oriode sityviT agixsniT: marTalia

axalgazrdobisa da platon ioselianis rwmunebaTa da azrebs

Sua didi samzRvaria, didi gansxvavebaa. amaze laparakis dro

rom iyos axla, rodesac micvalebulis saflavi jer kidev

TiTqmis ar gamSrala, Cven vityodiT, rom iqneba micvalebu-

lis cxovrebaSi bevri iseTi mxareebi iyo, romelsac axalgaz-

rdoba keTilad ver moixseniebs; iqneba axalgazrdobis haz-

riT, micvalebuls bevri iseTi ram Caudenia, Tavis sicocxle-

Si, romelsac is ver TanaugrZnobs; iqneba axalgazrdobis haz-

riT, micvalebulma imis meaTedic ver Seasrula, rac SeeZlo,

ris RonisZiebasac mas bednieri garemoeba aZlevda.

magram yvela amas, axalgazrdobis TvalSi, erTi Rirseba

gamoisyidis micvalebul platon ioselianisa:

erT dros is iyo moRvawe qarTuli literaturisa.

axalgazrdobam daiviwya yvela rac micvalebulSi ar

moswonda da gaixsena mxolod es erTi damsaxureba. rom is qar-

Tuli mwerlobis Sesamagreblad da gasamdidreblad zrunav-

da; daiviwya yvelaferi rac ar gaukeTebia da gaixsena imis war-

suli Sroma, is, rac gaakeTa da mxolod amisTvis sca imas uka-

naskneli pativi.

qarTuli literaturis siyvarulma ori Taoba SeaerTa

micvalebulis saflavze. am literaturisa da xalxis saxeliT,

axali Taoba yovelTvis mzaTaa bevri naklulovaneba, bevri Se-

codeba miutevos yvelas, vinc unda iyos. oRond Cveni dacemu-

li literaturis gansaRviZeblad izruneT da axalgazrdoba

mudam TqvenTan iqneba; esaa is sagani, romelic unda gvaerTia-

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nebdes, romelic unda gvaviwyebinebdes yvela wvrilman anga-

riSebs, uTanxmoebas, ganxeTqilebas.

am hazrs vacxadebT Cven micvalebul platon ioselianis

saflavze im Cveni mamebisaTvis, romelnic, saubeduroT, Cven,

Tavian Svilebs, rogorRac ganze gviyureben~ [46].

amrigad, pl. ioselianis mravalferovan moRvaweobaSi

gansakuTrebuli nayofierebiT gamoirCeva aTwliani (1845-

1855) periodi, roca igi gazeT `zakavkazskii vestniks~ edga sa-

TaveSi. misi niWis mravalmxriv warmoCenas, gansakuTrebul

warmatebebs samecniero-saganmanaTleblo da saredaqtoro-

publicistur saqmianobaSi imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom gangebam

igi mxaris upirveles mmarTvelTan, ganswavlul pirovnebas-

Tan graf mixeil voroncovTan Camosvlis pirveli dReebidan-

ve daaaxlova. pl. ioseliani amiT mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis

manZilze amayobda da SemTxvevas ar uSvebda werilobiTac da-

efiqsirebina es faqti... rogorc redaqtorma da publicistma

man SeZlo rusulenovani oficialuri gamocema qarTuli is-

toriis, eklesiis, kulturisa da tradiciebis ucxotomel-

TaTvis gasacnobad gamoeyenebina. madlieri STamomavloba yo-

velTvis gaixsenebs patriotuli suliskveTebiT gaJRenTil

mis brZnul Segonebas: `icxovreT mamulis istoriiTa da sag-

miro saqmeebiT. istoriis gareSe ar arsebobs cxovreba!~.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 4, aRw. 1, saqme 129; 182.

2. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 440, aRw. 1, saqme 16, 109, 112, 152, 154, 162.

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 489, aRw. 1, saqme 14074, 14466.

4. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической коммиссей, том XI, стр. 757 (Докладная записка Бебутова №795); там-же: стр. 764

(Докладная записка Бебутова №796). 5. Энциклопедический словарь (издатели Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон),

том VII, Санкт-Петербург, 1892. 6. Большая Советская Энциклопедия, том 5, М., 1971. 7. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 5, Tb., 1980.

8. n. bagrationi, burebTan, mogonebani, Tb., 1990.

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33

9. Барамидзе Арч., Ватейшвили Д., П. И. Иоселиани, Очерк жизни и

научно-общественной деятельности, «Мецниереба», Тб., 1978. 10. gawerilia akaki, rCeuli Canawerebi, Tb., 1962.

11. gagoiZe v., filosofiuri azris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

XIX s-is saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1962.

12. gocaZe mix., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, Tsu gamom-

cemloba, Tb., 1954.

13. Зерцелов, Библиография русских издании, Тб., 1951. 14. Туманов Г. М., Характеристики и воспоминания, Тиф., 1913. 15. kalandaZe al., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (1819-

1853), t. I, Tb. 1977.

16. kaxiani v., winaparTa nakvalevze, Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovne-

ba~, #3, 1965.

17. leoniZe g., platon ioseliani, Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~,

#47, 1915.

18. Махарадзе Н., Платон Иоселиани в «Закавказском Всетнике», «Вопро-сы теории и истории журналистики», III, Тб., 1974.

19. meliqseT begi l., epizodebi platon ioselianis cxovrebi-

dan, gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1938, #31.

20. ratiani prokofi, epizodebi pl. ioselianis moRvaweobi-

dan Jurn. `sabWoTa qali~, #2, 1976.

21. Шуглиашвили Д., Пламенный патриот родной культуры, газ. «Вечерный Тифлиси», №282, 1964.

22. WavWavaZe ilia, Txzulebani 20 tomad, t. I, Tb., 1987.

23. WiWinaZe zaqaria, platon ioseliani, Tb., 1893.

24. Иоселиани Пл., Кацхский храм в Имеретии, Тифлис, 1845. 25. Иоселиани Пл., Описание Шиогвимской пустыни в Грузии, Тифлис,

1845. 26. Иоселиани Пл., Города сушествовавшие и существующие в Грузии,

Тифлис, 180. 27. Иоселиани Пл., Описание Марткопского монастыря, Тифлис, 1847. 28. Иоселиани Пл., Гора св. Давида в Тифлись, Тифлис, 1858. 29. Иоселиани Пл., Икортский монастырь в Карталини, Тифлис, 1858. 30. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки от Тифлиса до Ахталы, Тифлис,

1850. 31. Иоселиани Пл., Описание города Душета Тифлисской Губернии,

Тифлис, 1860. 32. Иоселиани Пл., Описание древностей города Тифлиса, Тифлис, 1866.

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34

33. Иоселиани Пл., Алевская святыня, Тифлис, 1870. 34. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки от Тифлиса до Мцхеты, Тифлис, 1871. 35. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки по Кахетии... Тифлис, 1886. 36. ioseliani pl., cxovreba mefe giorgi mecametisa, Tb., 1895.

37. pl. ioseliani werilebi... sol. yubaneiSvilis redaqciiT,

Tb., 1941.

38. Газ. «Закавказский вестник», комплекты 1845-1855 гг. 39. Газ. «Кавказ», комплекты 1846-1875 гг. 40. gaz. `droeba~, 1868, 7 ivnisi.

41. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 27 Tebervali.

42. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 13 marti.

43. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 25 dekemberi.

44. gaz. `droeba~, 1873, 21 seqtemberi.

45. gaz. `droeba~, 1874, 12 ivlisi.

46. gaz. `droeba~, 1875, 18 noemberi.

47. gaz. `droeba~, 1875, 26 noemberi.

Gela Saitidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ivane

Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Platon Ioseliani – Editor, Publicist Summary

The ten years were the most fruitful among Platon Ioseliani’s (1809 - 1875) many-sided activity. They were the years when he was the editor of “Kavkazski Vestnik” (“The Messenger of the Caucasus”). The many-sided manifestation of his talent, great successes in science, elucidation, editorial, publicistic activity was also promoted by his close relations with count Mikhail Voroncov, the main ruler of the Caucasus. The count was a person with the help of whom Platon Ioseliani could manage to use the official newspaper issued in Russian language for revealing and displaying Georgian history, church, culture and national traditions. Grateful posterity always will remember his wise suggestion full of patriotism: “Live with the history and heroic deeds of the fatherland. There is not a life without history”.

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xaTuna qoqraSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio istoriis mkvlevari

(zogadi mimoxilva)

platon ioselianis moRvaweobis dasawyisi metad rTul

periods emTxveva. XIX s-is 30-40-iani wlebi amierkavkasiaSi ru-

seTis politikur-administraciuli reJimis damkvidrebisa da

ganmtkicebis periodia. Mmas win uZRoda saqarTvelos istoriis

umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi: ruseTis mier saqarvelos aneq-

sia, samefo xelisuflebis gauqmeba, samefo gvaris warmomad-

genlebis — bagrationebis iZulebiTi gadasaxleba ruseTSi,

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba da rusuli sa-

eklesio wes-ganebis damkvidreba, rusuli administraciis

TviTneburi moqmedeba, antirusuli ajanyebebis sastiki Cax-

Soba. am procesebma sazogadoebis erT nawilSi arsebul re-

JimTan Segueba, pesimizmi, konformizmi ganapiroba. Tumca, pa-

ralelurad, iwyeba qarTuli erovnuli erTobis konsolida-

ciis procesi, erovnuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZo-

la.A asparezze gamodis nacionaluri inteligenciis is wre,

romelmac ganaTleba rusul saswavleblebSi miiRo, Caeba sa-

moqalaqo-Cinovnikur samsaxurSi. maTi CarTva ruseTis saxel-

mwifo cxovrebaSi da imperiis samxedro Tu samoqalaqo karie-

raSi, TviTgadarCenis instinqtiT Tu taqtikiT iyo nakarnaxe-

vi. Mmeore mxriv ki, isini erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ganmtki-

cebas cdas ar aklebdnen, im saSualebebiT, rac maT xelewife-

bodaT TanamdebobiT Tu codniT. K

ena, romelic nacionaluri identobis erT-erTi umTav-

resi niSania, rusuli politikis Sedegad, sakmaod mZime zewo-

lis qveS aRmoCnda, amitom qarTveli inteligencia ibrZvis

qarTuli saliteraturo normebis SesanarCuneblad. terito-

riuli mTlianoba, romlis farglebSic unda momxdariyo kon-

solidacia, gareSe Zalis meSveobiT TiTqosda gaerTianda.

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gaCnda dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebis imedi. saxelmwi-

foebrivi da politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea, am

etapze, damarcxda, amitom mTeli aqcenti gakeTda erovnul-

kulturuli faseulobebis Cvenebasa da popularizaciaze. sa-

xezea e. w. `kulturuli nacionalizmi~-s, rodesac saxelmwi-

foeba dakargul erTobaSi politikuri brZola SeuZlebelia

da erovnuli identobis gamyareba, nacionaluri TviTgamor-

kveva eris kulturuli faseulobebis win wamoweviT, misi

kvleviTa da popularizaciis gziT xdeba.

Eerovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis procesSi saerTo

kanonzomierebad aris miCneuli, qveynis eklesiis istoriis

sferoSi kvlevebis gaaqtiureba. qarTuli saeklesio istori-

ografia swored am dros iRebs saTaves, formisa da Sinaarsis

mixedviT zustad pasuxobs drois moTxovnebs.P pirveli mkvle-

vari, romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis istoria da SemdgomSic am sferoSi arsebul proble-

mebs araerTi samecniero naSromi uZRvna, aris platon iose-

liani.

saeklesio istoriis kvleva platon ioselianis Semoqme-

debis metad saintereso mimarTulebaa. Cveni naSromi miznad

isaxavs am mecnieris, rogorc saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris,

mxolod ganzogadebul Sefasebas da am sferoSi misi Semoqme-

debis zogad mimoxilvas. aqve davsZenT, rom es sakiTxi samo-

mavlod imsaxurebs seriozul gamokvlevas da Rrma analizs.

Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1831

wels, platon ioselianma swavla ganagrZo peterburgis sasu-

liero akademiaSi. igi iyo erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli, rome-

lic aRizarda ruseTis umaRles sasuliero saswavlebelSi.

cnobilia, rom akademiaSi swavlis dros man rusul enaze

Seadgina `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~ [15]. naSromi

metad sayuradReboa, radganac qarTul istoriografiaSi is

aris pirveli monografiuli naSromi saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriis Sesaxeb. dRemde moRweulia am wignis II gamocema, ro-

melic 1843 wliT TariRdeba. misi pirveli gamocema, samwuxa-

rod, samecniero Ziebebis miuxedavad bolo dromde mikvleu-

li ar iyo. samecniero literaturaSi arsebobda Tvalsazrisi,

TiTqos wignis pirveli gamocema 1841 wels unda Sesrulebu-

liyo [2, 77; 4, 302]. es mosazreba uaryo mecnierma g. SaraZem. is

daeyrdno episkopos kirion saZagliSvilis cnobas, rom pla-

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ton ioselianis `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoriam~ `da-

beWdvis welsve (1843) gauZlo or gamocemas~. g. SaraZem es mo-

sazreba damatebiT sarqivo dokumentebis monacemebiT gaamya-

ra [5, 40]. man miakvlia 1842 wels aprilSi miRebul uwmindesi

sinodis brZanebulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, rus mecniers a. n.

muraviovs dadebiTi recenzia warmoudgenia pl. ioselianis am

naSromis Sesaxeb, amasTanave aucileblad miuCnevia misi gamo-

cema mniSvnelovani gadamuSavebisa da Sesworebebis Semdeg.

amasTanave, g. SaraZem moiZia cnoba, romlis mixedviT, 1942

wlis 11 agvistos Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis reqtorma

arqimandritma flavianem seminariis gamgeobas auwya, wignis

gamosacemad momzadebisaTvis sankt-peterburgSi uwmindesi

sinodis miwveviT platon ioselianis gamgzavrebis ambavi. am

dokumentebidan gamomdinare g. SaraZe daaskvnis, rom 1842

wlis zafxulSi pl. ioselianis wigni `saqarTvelos eklesiis

mokle istoria~ ar yofila dabeWdili,A anu misi pirveli gamo-

cema 1841 wels ver iarsebebda. is marTebulad miiCnevs kirion

saZagliSvilis azrs, rom am wignis orive gamocema 1843 wels

unda Sesrulebuliyo [5, 38-45]. sxvaTaSoris, platon ioselia-

nisa da m. broses mimoweras Tu gadavxedavT, aqac kargad Cans,

rom 1841 wels es naSromi marTlac ar iyo gamoqveynebuli [6] .

unda aRiniSnos, rom ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutma 2009 wlis dekemberSi platon ioselia-

nis dabadebis 200 wlisTavs samecniero konferencia miuZRvna.

mecnieris aRniSnuli naSromis Sesaxeb moxseneba warmoadgina

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis ma-

gistrantma mixeil qarTveliSvilma.M man sazogadoebas auwya,

rom miakvlia am wignis aqamde ucnob pirvel gamocemas, rome-

lic, marTlac, 1843 wels yofila dabeWdili. am aRmoCenam,

wignis pirveli gamocemis TariRis Sesaxeb (1843 w.), kirion

episkoposis cnobis da g. SaraZis varaudis marTebuloba daa-

dastura.

`saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~-s Tavis droze di-

di gamoxmaureba moyva. imave wels cnobilma rusma revolucio-

ner-demokratma n. nekrasovma `Литературная газета~-Si gamoaqvey-

na am naSromis recenzia da pirveli Tavis sruli teqsti [24].

n. nekrasovis SefasebiT, `...amgvari naSromi imsaxurebs srul

mxardaWeras, miT ufro, rom is Seicavs axal mtkicebulebebs

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berZnul-aRmosavluri eklesiis uZvelesi warmomavlobisa da

dasavluri religiebis samociqulo... eklesiis WeSmariti ka-

nonebisagan gandgomis Sesaxeb~ [24] .

XIX s-is 50-ian wlebSi m. broses mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~

frangul enaze gamoqveynebam, axali wyarosa da faqtologiu-

ri masalis Semotanam, erTgvari gadatrialeba moaxdina maSin-

del orientalistikaSi. Ggaizarda interesi saqarTvelos is-

toriuli warsulis, eklesiis istoriisa da kulturis mimarT.

Aamdenad, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom platon ioselianis am

naSromma, romelSic pirvelad gamoqveynda saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis istoriis ara erTi saintereso cnoba, ucxoeli mecnie-

rebis yuradRebac miiqcia. 1866 wels `saqarTvelos eklesiis

mokle istoria~, inglisur enaze Targmna, komentarebi daur-

To da gamosca samRvdelo pirma, warmoSobiT frangma, Sveica-

riaSi dabadebulma, SemdgomSi oqsfordis universitetis

cnobilma mecnierma, aRmosavleTmcodnem, poliglotma, so-

lomon sizar malanim (1812-1894 ww.) — History of the Georgian

Charch, translated and edited from the russian of the P. Ioseliani, by the rev. S. C. Malan, M.A. Vicar of the Broadwindsor, 1866.

ingliseli mecnieriD d. langi, romelmac Seiswavla qar-

Tvelologiuri kvleva-Ziebani oqsfordis universitetSi

(`Georgian stadies in Oxford~ (Oxsford slavonic papers, vol.VI, 1955, Oxsford, 1956, gv. 115-143 )), solomon sizar malanis inglisSi

qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis pionerad miiCnevs da Tavisi

drois yvelaze universalur lingvistad aRiarebs. misive

cnobiT, solomon sizar malanis qarTuli enac kargad scod-

nia da qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis istoriiT yofila da-

interesebuli [1, 139-151].

malani anglikanuri eklesiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli

iyo da is 1845 wlidan e.w. `Broadwindsor~-is vikarad dainiSna. Aan-

glikanuri eklesia cnobilia Tavisi liberaluri damokidebu-

lebiT sxva qristianul aRmsareblobebTan. misi erT-erTi mi-

marTuleba, romelic farTo eklesiis (Broad Church) saxeliT

aris cnobili, mowodebulia gaaerTianos yvela qristianuli

mimdinareoba. cnobilia, romQ qristianobis es mimarTuleba

mogvianebiT (XX s-Si) aqtiurad CaerTo ekumenur moZraobaSi.

XIX s-is II naxevarSi evropasa da amerikaSi gansakuTrebulad ga-

aqtiurdnen samRvdelo pirebi, romlebic cdilobdnen warmoe-

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CinaT anglikanuri da orTodoqsuli anu aRmosavlur-qristia-

nuli aRmsareblobis msgavseba. Bamdenad, aRmosavluri avtoke-

faluri eklesiebis istoriis Seswavlas dasavlur saRvTismet-

yvelo mecnierebaSi metad didi yuradReba daeTmo. vfiqrobT,

solomon sizar malanis daintereseba platon ioselianis naS-

romiT — `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~, garda wminda

samecniero interesisa, anglikanuri eklesiis praqtikuli miz-

nebiTac iyo nakarnaxevi. niSandoblivia, rom solomon sizar ma-

lanis 1867 wels uTargmnia, agreTve,G gabriel episkoposis qada-

gebani (Sermons by Gabriel, bishop of Imereth, London, 1867), xolo 1872

wels Tavad umogzauria saqarTveloSi, piradad Sexvedria Ggab-

riel episkoposs da quTaisis sakaTedro taZarSi wirva da qada-

geba qarTulad Seusrulebia. [5, 43]

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom XIX-XX s-is mijnaze, rodesac

daisva saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kvleva-Ziebis samecni-

ero donis gansazRvris, naklovanebebis gamovlenis, misi sis-

temuri, safuZvliani Seswavlisa da srulyofis sakiTxi, pla-

ton ioselianis am naSromis samecniero Rirebulebac kidev

erTxel Sefasda. episkoposma kiron saZagliSvilma, romelic

sagangebod Seexo qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis mdgo-

mareobasa da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs, platon iose-

lianis aRniSnuli naSromi ZiriTadad dadebiTad Seafasa,

Tumca aRniSna kidec misi xarvezebi: `...miuxedavad Tavisi

arasrulobisa, gaumarTaobisa, seriozuli samecniero xerxe-

bis uqonlobisa, rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis

Sedgenis pirveli cda, jer kidev, dasamuSavebel da kritiku-

lad Sesafasebel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, es wigni, ra Tqma un-

da, darCeba avtoris Sromisa da erudiciis maradsaxsovar Zeg-

lad~.B[26, 2]

bunebrivia, dRes qarTuli saistorio mecniereba ver gai-

ziarebs platon ioselianis mier `saqarTvelos eklesiis mok-

le istoriaSi~ gamoTqmul zogierT Tvalsazriss. gansakuT-

rebiT ki, rusul saeklesio istoriografiaSi damkvidrebul

koncefciebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian qarTul isto-

riografiaSi arsebul Sexedulebebs da aseve saeklesio tra-

diciebs. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom naSromma — `saqarTvelos ekle-

siis mokle istoria~ — gamoqveynebamde Semowmebis metad xan-

grZlivi da rTuli gza ganvlo. Pplaton ioselianisa da m. bro-

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ses mimoweridan Cans, rom is ganuxilavT kievisa da peterbur-

gis sasuliero akademiebSi. Semdeg Sesamowmeblad gadaeca ru-

seTis uwmindesi sinodis specialur komisias, romelmac mii-

Ro gadawyvetileba avtori Tbilisidan peterburgSi gamoex-

mo, naSromis gadamuSavebisa da zogierTi Tvalsazrisis gada-

sasinjad [6]. Aes, faqtobrivad, iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba Tu

moTxovna, avtoriseuli Sexedulebebis Secvlis Taobaze.

platon ioselianma peterburgSi wignis `gamosacemad momza-

debas~ sakmao dro moandoma da mxolod amis Semdeg daumtki-

ces dasabeWdad. vfiqrobT, mis mier rusul istoriografiaSi

damkvidrebuli zogierTi saistorio Tvalsazrisis gaziare-

ba, zewolis Sedegi unda yofiliyo. platon ioselianis naSro-

mis araerTi xarvezi maSindeli saistorio kvlevebis da isto-

riografiis donemac ganapiroba; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom ucxour wyaroTa gamoyenebis, problemis wamoWris, masa-

lis gaazrebis da analizis kuTxiT, aRniSnuli wigni Tavisi

drois qarTuli saistorio azrovnebis inovaciur naSromad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

platon ioselianis am da sxva naSromebSi kargad Cans is-

toriuli procesebis gaazrebis miseuli xedva da msoflaR-

qma. is, rogorc Rrmad morwmune adamiani, istoriis Semecnebas

samyarosa da RmerTis Semecnebis gzad miiCnevs. istoriuli

movlenebis da procesebis gaazrebisas misi xedva qristia-

nul-providencialuria: istorias RvTiuri nebis gamovline-

bad, adamianebisa da erebis `xsnis~ RvTaebrivi gegmis ganxor-

cielebad miiCnevs.

Aplaton ioselianis saeklesio istoriis kvlevebSi kar-

gad warmoCnda, is ZiriTadi saistorio koncefciebi, romli-

Tac SeiZleba iTqvas, sazrdoobs misi Semoqmedeba: 1) is, ro-

gorc yvela saeklesio istorikosi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi

qristianobis gansakuTrebuli adgilisa da rolis saRvTis-

metyvelo koncefciis mimdevaria. Mmisi azriT, marTlmadideb-

lobam gansazRvra saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi mniSvnelo-

vani procesi, misi politikuri orientacia da qarTuli erTo-

bis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula.

@2) pl. ioselianis SemoqmedebaSi kargad Cans saqarTvelos

RvTisrCeulobis koncefcia. is Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos

`xsna~ samyaros ganviTarebis RvTiuri gegmis nawilia. RvTis-

mSoblis wilxvedr qveynad saqarTvelos aRiareba, am koncef-

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ciis erTgvari gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom

mis naazrevSi naklebad Cans qarTuli mesianizmis idea, rome-

lic qarTul saekleso istoriografiaSi XX s-is dasawyisSi

sakmaod mkveTrad gaJRerda. is rusuli mesianizmis ideas uf-

ro iziarebs, rodesac ambobs: `...gangebaman RvTisa qmna ise,

romel rusTa ZaliTA damSviddnen... Temni TviT qarTvelTa sa-

mefosa daglejilni da danawevrebulni... gangeba RvTisa rus-

Tave ZaliTa moiyvans naTesaobiTsa erTobasa qobuleTsa, aWa-

rasa, livanasa TurqTagan pyrobilTa...~[4, 247-248] Tumca, aqve

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio poli-

tikis Sefasebisas, platon ioseliani xSir SemTxvevaSi ukmayo-

filebas gamoTqvams saqarTvelos egzarqosebis damokidebu-

lebis Sesaxeb qarTuli siZveleebisa da eklesia-monastrebis

mimarT. Eegzarqos isidores dros sveticxovlis taZarSi Cata-

rebul aRdgeniT samuSaoebs platon ioseliani ase afasebda:

`mcxeTis ganmaaxlebelisa dasca sruliad eqsarqosad yofil-

man da aw peterburRisa mitropolitad isidoreman... movaxse-

ne 1858 welsa araeTgzis da merec SfoTiTaca mas, istoriisa

da qveynis siZveleTa umecarsa da ara miiRo Hhazri Cemi. iyo ka-

ci TviTneba da idumal ara moyvare qarTvelTa...~ [7, 86]

platon ioselianis, rogorc saeklesio istoriis mkvlev-

ris, metad sayuradRebo mxarea mis mier Sesrulebuli ara er-

Ti qarTuli taZrisa da eklesia-monastris aRwera. Tavdapir-

velad, saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris korpusis

TanamSromels, mRvdels l. mixalovskis, romelic, rogorc

Cans, TanaugrZnobda saqarTveloSi SemorCenili qristianuli

siZveleebis patronobisa da zrunvis saqmes, platon ioselia-

nisaTvis originaluri arqiteqturiT gamorCeuli, Zveli qar-

Tuli taZrebis liTografiuli gamosaxulebebis Sesruleba

urCevia. pirvelad mecnierma kacxis taZris mokle aRwera da

am taZris fasadis liTografiuli gamosaxuleba gamoaqveyna.

[9, 16] SemdgomSi amas mohyva, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eklesia-

monastrebis mosaxilad platon ioselianis mizanmimarTuli

mogzauroba. platon ioselianis m. brosesTan mimoweridan

Cans, rom mecnieri ar zogavda Tavis fizikur Tu materialur

SesaZleblobebs da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `mogzau-

robebis~ dros krebda iSviaT xelnawerebs, taZrebis kedlebi-

dan gadaRebul warwerebs da freskebis aslebs, uamrav eTnog-

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rafiul da folklorul masalas. saTanado damuSavebis Sem-

deg peterburgSi agzavnida samefo akademiaSi [6, 149-201].

platon ioselianma aRwera sveticxovlis da nokornos

taZrebi, aseve SiomRvimis, gelaTis, kabenis, ikorTis monas-

trebi, iq daculi `siZveleebi~. Aam informacias statiebad pe-

riodulad aqveynebda Jurn. `Закавказский вестник~-Si, romelic

misi redaqtorobiTa da uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT gamodio-

da. masalebi ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva rusul solidur gamoce-

mebSic, zogierTi taZris aRwera calke wignadac gamoica. [5;

10; 11; 12; 14, 67-89; 16; 17, 49-59; 18; 19; 20; 22; 23]

es naSromebi SesaniSnav suraTs qmnian saqarTvelos ekle-

sia-monastrebis maSindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gvawvdian

saWiro cnobebs ama Tu im eklesiisa Tu monastris adgilmde-

bareobis, bunebrivi garemo pirobebis, Zeglis Seswavlis is-

toriis (romelma mecnierebma, mogzaurebma Seiswavles an aR-

weres), nagebobebis arqiteqturul stilze mkvlevarTa mosaz-

rebebis, moxatulobis, warwerebis, monasterSi daculi saek-

lesio saWurvlis, xatebis, biblioTekis, aqtebis da sigele-

bis, Semowirulobebis, monastrebis winamZRvrebis vinaobisa

da qronologiis, cnobili pirebis saflavebis Sesaxeb da a. S.

platon ioselianma aRwera zogierTi iseTi Zegli, romelic

ganadgurebis pirze iyo misuli (mag. nokornos eklesia, alevi-

sa da wm. mamebis samlocveloebi da a.S.), amiT Semogvinaxa cno-

bebi am eklesiebis pirvandeli arqiteqturuli stilisa da is-

toriis Taobaze [10; 22; 23].

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT daculi qarTuli saekle-

sio literaturisa da wyaroebis SeswavliT platon ioselia-

ni, jer kidev, 1838 wels dainteresebula. sazRvargareT arse-

bul qarTul monastrebSi daculi qarTuli siZveleebis Ses-

wavlis mizniT, ruseTis bibliuri sazogadoebis iniciativiT,

n. d. CubinaSvilis TaosnobiT, jer kidev 1820 wels, Sedga 6 ka-

ciani eqspedicia. Tumca is CaiSala, saberZneTSi momxdari

ajanyebis gamo. Mmoxda ise, rom pirveli qarTveli mkvlevari,

romelic aTonis mTas estumra, iyo platon ioseliani. mecni-

ers xelT hqonia, ilarion yanCiSvilis mier Sedgenili, aTonis

mTis qarTvelTa monastris qarTuli xelnawerebisa da wigne-

bis arasruli nusxa, romelsac m. brosec icnobda da frangu-

ladac uTargmnia. 1849 wels saqarTvelos mefisnacvlis m. vo-

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roncovis daxmarebiT platon ioselians aTonis mTaze gam-

gzavrebis neba darTes. es mogzauroba 4 Tve da 21 dRe gag-

rZelda. Mmogzaurobis mizani aTonis qarTul monasterSi da-

culi qarTuli xelnawerebis Seswavla iyo [8, 116-118].

platon ioselians muSaoba mZime pirobebSi mouwia: por-

taitis monastris samreklos Senobis erT-erT oTaxSi, iatak-

ze da Taroebze uwesrigod daxvavebuli 4000-mde wignidan, mas

unda gamoerCia qarTuli xelnawerebi da wignebi. samwuxarod,

pl. ioselianis am mogzaurobis Sedegebsa da mniSvnelobaze

srulyofil warmodgenas ver SeviqmniT. am samecniero mivli-

nebis Sesaxeb detaluri angariSi, romelic mecniers Sedgeni-

li hqonia, platon ioselianis arqivis nawilTan, sxvadasxva

masalebTan erTad ganadgurda da DdRemde ver moaRwia. Semor-

Cenilia mxolod, mis mier Sesrulebuli aTonis iverTa monas-

tris aRwera, romelic xelnawerTa erovnul fondSia daculi,

Tumca aq dasaxelebul xelnawerTa nusxa ar aris sruli. aTo-

nis monasterSi dacul xelnawerebze nawyveti bibliografiu-

li cnobebi gafantulia platon ioselianis mier gamocemul

timoTesa da ionas wminda adgilTa mimoxilvaSi, agreTve ka-

Tolikos anton I-is `wyobilsityvaobaSi~.A aTonis mTaze mecni-

eris mogzaurobisa da aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSiM muSao-

bis Sedegebze garkveul cnobebs gvawvdian, agreTve, kores-

pondenciebi, romelTac pl. ioseliani drodadro `Закавказс-кий вестник~-Si gamosaqveyneblad gzavnida. korespondenciebi-

dan irkveva, rom mecniers miukvlevia ramdenime mniSvnelova-

ni uZvelesi xelnawerisaTvis, esenia: 1) pergamentze Sesrule-

buli xelnaweri, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo monastris qti-

torebis cxovreba. xelnawers Tan erTvoda wm. ilarion qar-

Tvelis cxovreba da uZvelesi qarTuli diptiqebi; 2) sakmaod

Selaxul mdgomareobaSi myofi xelnaweri wm. giorgi mTawmin-

delis cxovrebis Sesaxeb; 3) wminda barTlomes cxovreba, ro-

melmac qristianoba kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobaSi iqadaga (mec-

nieri aRniSnavs, rom es aris axali jer kidev ucnobi wyaro sa-

qarTvelos istoriisaTvis); 4) V s-is moRvawis svimon mesvetis

Tanamedrove wmindanis anton qarTvelis cxovreba. [8, 132]

aTonis mTaze samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebze damatebiT

informacias iZleva, agreTve platon ioselianis SemorCenili

arqivis, xelnawerebisa da naSromebis bibliografia, romelic

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XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi aris Sedgenili, qarTuli saeklesio is-

toriisa da `siZveleebis~ SeswavliT dainteresebuli qarTve-

li inteligenciis mier [25]. bibliografiaSi Sesulia is wigne-

bi da xelnawerebi, romelic pl. ioselians droebiTi sargeb-

lobisaTvis Camoutania saqarTveloSi an Tavisi xeliT gadau-

weria. Eesenia: 1) wmindanTa sadidebeli kanonebis krebuli (per-

gamenti, uTariRo, wm. eqvTimes, ioanes, giorgis da gabrielis

cxovreba); 2) cxra Zma kolaelTa cxovreba (pl. ioselianis xe-

liT gadawerili); 3) wm. varlamis cxovreba da wm. marTas (svi-

mon mesvetes dedis) cxovreba erT wignad (pergamenti); 4) sa-

qarTvelos eklesiis wmindanTaA cxovreba (pl. ioselianis xe-

liT gadawerili); 5) berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli aRapebi 6

wignad, romelSic ixseniebian saqarTvelos eklesiis mamebi da

qarTveli Semomwirvelebi 6) wm. marTas (svimon mesvetes de-

dis) cxovreba, anton qarTvelis mier gadawerili da sxva.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo platon ioselianis mi-

er saqarTveloSi droebiTi sargeblobisTvis Camotanili X

saukunis (978 w.) biblia, romelic oSkis lavraSi gadauweriaT

da Tornike erisTavs Seuwiravs aTonis monastrisTvis. XIX s-

is I naxevarSi sakmaod aqtualurad dadga `dabadebis~ teqstis

dadgenisa da gamocemis sakiTxi. aTonis mTaze daculi zemoT-

naxsenebi bibliis xelnaweri jer kidev 1818 wels droebiTi

sargeblobisaTvis gamoiTxova `ruseTis bibliurma sazoga-

doebam~, magram aTonis mamebisagan mtkice uari miiRo. aRniS-

nuli sazogadoebis mier Aam da sxva xelnawerTa gadasawerad da

Sesaswavlad aTonis mTaze gagzavnili eqspedicia n. CubinaSvi-

lis xelmZRvanelobiT warumateblad dasrulda, saberZneTSi

garTulebuli politikuri viTarebis Sedegad. Aamgvarad, rac

ver SeZlo `ruseTis bibliurma sazogadoebam~, imas warmate-

biT gaarTva Tavi pl. ioselianma. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad

egzarqos isidores dros Seiqmna bibliis qarTuli Targmanis

Semsworebeli komiteti, romlis erT-erTi wevri swored pl.

ioseliani iyo. [8, 150-151]

aTonis mTaze mogzaurobis dros pl. ioselianma trapi-

zonSi moixila grigol niselis saxelobis eklesia da aRwera

aq mdebare imereTis mefis solomon II saflavi, aTonis mTaze

erT-erT monasterSi ki Sexvda mis yofil moZRvars — ilari-

ons. am Sexvedram da ber-monazonTan saubarma pl. ioselianze

sakmaod didi STabeWdileba moaxdina [8, 135]. aTonis mTaze

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mogzaurobis dros is Sexvda, agreTve, msoflio patriarqs,

saberZneTis mefes otos da sxva cnobil pirovnebebs.

saeklesio istoriografiaSi PwmindanTa da sasuliero

pirTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gadmocema, ZiriTadad,

qristianobis umTavresi debulebebis Semecnebas da qristes-

Tvis wamebulTa Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobs. CvenTvis sainte-

reso periodSi, qarTvel wmindanTa Tavdadebis Cvenebas, erov-

nuli meobis amaRlebis funqcia unda Seesrulebina. platon

ioselianma qarTul da ucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gad-

mosca saqarTvelos eklesiis mier Seracxuli wmindanebis, —

wm. ninos, wm. raJdenis, wm. SuSanikis, wm. ioane zedaznelis, wm.

Sio mRvimelis, — cxovreba da moRvaweoba [13]. niSandoblivia,

rom es Txzuleba mas, sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tbi-

lisis sasuliero seminariis aRsazrdelebisaTvis Seudgenia.

sayuradReboa, rom platon ioselianma Aam TxzulebaSi ga-

moaqveyna saqarTvelos eklesiaSi wmindanTa xsenebis saeklesio

kalendari. im dros, rodesac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-

lia gauqmda, mkvidrdeba rusuli eklesiis wes-gangeba, aikrZa-

la manamade arsebuli qarTuli saeklesio dResaswaulebi,

wmindanTaA xsenebis dReebi — platon ioselianis amgvarma naS-

romebma Semogvinaxes cnobebi saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moqmedi

kalendris SEesaxeb. platon ioseliani Tavis naSromebSi xSirad

exeba qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi damkvidrebul saeklesio

dResaswaulebs, aRwers da xsnis maT etimologias [13].

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom platon ioselianma qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi saTave daudo saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoriis macnierulad gaazrebasa da Seswavlas. saeklesio

istoriis kvlevis dargSi, mis damsaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTva-

los saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis gaazreba maxlobeli aR-

mosavleTis qristianuli eklesiis istoriuli fonis gaTva-

liswinebiT; qarTuli wyaroebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos

eklesiis istoriis Seswavlis mizniT, samecniero brunvaSi uc-

xouri (berZnuli, somxuri laTinuri da sxva) saistorio wya-

roebisa da monacemebis Semotana, maTi kritikuli gaazreba.

yovelive es maSindeli qarTuli saistorio azrovnebisaTvis

erTgvar siaxles warmoadgenda.

D

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. d. langi, qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba oqsfordSi,

Targmani al. gamyreliZisa, Jurnali `ciskari~, 1957, #4.

2. megreliZe, rusTvelologebi, Tb., 1970.

3. platon ioseliani, aRwera martyofis monastrisa, rusu-

lidan Targmna, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da komentari daur-

To xaTuna maruSaSvilma, Tb., 2009.

4. platon ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa,

akaki gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da Se-

niSvnebiT, Tb., 1936.

5. g. SaraZe, platon ioseliani, rusTvelologi, Tbilisi,

1980.

6. s. yubaneiSvili, platon ioselianis werilebi akad. mari

brosesadmi, baTumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, wigni I, baTumi, 1941.

7. z. WiWinaZe, platon ioseliani (cxovreba da moRvaweoba),

tfilisi, 1893.

8. А. Барамидзе, Д. Ватеишвили, Платон Иоселиани, Очерк жизни и

научно-общественной деятельности, Тб., 1978. 9. `Закавказский вестник~ 1845, №16. 10. П. Иоселиани, Алевская святыня, Душети, 1870. 11. П. Иоселиани, Гелатский монастырь, Кавказский календарь,

Тифлис, 1852. 12. П. Иоселиани, Древние памятники Тифлиса, Журнал министерства

внутренных дел, 1844, № 6. 13. П. Иоселиани, Жизнеописание святых, прославляемых

православною грузинскою церковью, Тифлис, 1850. 14. П. Иоселиани, Икортский монастырь в Карталинии, Грузинский

духовный вестник, 1865, №11. 15. П. Иоселиани, История грузинской церкви, Тифлис, 1843. 16. П. Иоселиани, Кацхский храм в имеретии, Тифлис, 1845. 17. П. Иоселиани, Мцхетский храм в Грузии, Журнал министерства

народнаго просвещения, ч. XXXVI, Спб., 1842. 18. П. Иоселиани, Описание древностей города Тифлиса, Тифлис, 1866. 19. П. Иоселиани, Описание Кабенского монастыря, Кавказский кален-

дарь, Тифлис, 1854.

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20. П. Иоселиани, Описание Шиомгвимской пустыни в Грузии, `Закавказский вестник~, 1845, №12-14, №16.

21. П. Иоселиани, Святая Нина просветительница Грузии христианскою

верою, `Закавказский вестник~, 1845, №1. 22. П. Иоселиани, Святыня Мамеба, gaz.: `Кавказ~, 1871, №6. 23. П. Иоселиани, Храм в Нокорно Душети, 1870. 24. gaz.: `Литературная газета~, 1843, #35.

25. gaz.: `Новое обозрение~, 1894, №3521. 26. Г. Садзагелов-Ивериели, К вопросу о грузинской церковной исто-

риографии, `Пастырь~, 1886, № 20-21.

Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior

research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Platon Ioseliani – The Researcher of the Church History

(General review)

Summary

The Church history studies carried on by Platon Ioseliani is an

extremely interesting sphere of his creative activity. While studying in the

Theological Academy of Petersburg he compiled short history of Georgia in

Russian. After corresponding revision and improvement the book was edited

in 1843. This is the first work that studies the Church history of Georgia

monographically. The book was highly evaluated by author’s contemporaries. It does not lose its significance even now.

Platon Ioseliani has described not a single Georgian church, monastery, cathedral. Such as: Svetitskhoveli, Nokorno, Shiomghvime, Gelati, Kabeni, Ikorta. These works give an obvious picture of the condition of those days

Georgian churches and monasteries; they give and provide us with important data about the relics, manuscripts or books preserved there; they preserve an

information about the history of this or that church and monastery and about their condition at that very time.

Platon Ioseliani‘s journey to Mount Athos is worth to be mentioned. He described the current state of those days Monastery of Georgians on the

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Holy Mountain; compiled a list of manuscripts that were available for him

among there preserved ones; brought in Georgia some of them for temporary

use. Among these manuscripts there was a Bible copped in Oshki Monastery

for the Monastery of Athos. Platon Ioseliani was a scientist who directed his

attention on the importance of Biblical studies. On the basis of available

sources he edited the `Lifes~ of Georgian Saints who were canonized by the

Church of Georgia. The evaluation of the history of the Church of Georgia on the

background of the Near East Christian Church history, bringing foreign

historical sources and data into scientific circulation together with Georgian

ones and their critical comprehension is the merit of Palton Ioseliani. It really

was a kind of novelty for those days Georgian historical thinking. Thus, we

may say that scientific studies of the church history in Georgian

historiography originate from Platon Ioseliani’s works.

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49

dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis ins-

titutis axali da uaxlesi ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da dasaxleba parnauTi

XIX saukunis II naxevridan daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriu-

li miwebis aTviseba-kolonizacia ruseTis imperiuli xeli-

suflebis mier. afxazi da rusi avtorebi am process sruliad

damaxinjebulad warmogvidgenen. maTi azriT, am dros ganxor-

cielda qarTvelebis mier afxazeTis `dapyroba~, maTi `SeWra~

da am regionSi demografiuli cvlilebebis safuZvelic es

gaxda (ZiZaria, lakoba, bRaJba). sinamdvileSi, afxazeTSi ru-

seTma 35 rusuli da sxva garusebuli erovnebebis soflebi da-

aarsa. qarTvelebs aqedan devnidnen da kolonizaciis proeq-

tis gareT acxadebdnen.

rusuli kolonizaciis namdvili, Sovinisturi miznebis

mkafio gamoxatulebas warmoadgens xelisuflebis damokide-

buleba afxazeTis sofel parnauTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli mo-

saxleobisadmi, maTi uflebebis darRveva da rusuli intere-

sebis gatareba saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi. parnauTis saq-

mem didi gamoxmaureba hpova amdrois ara marto qarTul, ara-

med rusul presaSic. aqedan Cans, Tu ramdenad arasamarTlia-

ni iyo mTavrobis gadawyvetileba parnauTeli glexebis mi-

marT.

parnauTis istoria ase ganviTarda: aq mcxovrebi mosax-

leoba XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi muhajirobis saSinel

process Seewira. isini TurqeTSi gaasaxles da es adgili dau-

saxlebeli, TiTqmis gaveranda. sofeli soxumidan 11 kilomet-

ris daSorebiT mdebareobda, magram aRaravis izidavda Tavisi

veluri mdgomareobis gamo: niadagi yamirad qceuliyo, imdeni

Sroma da saxsrebi Wirdeboda am miwisTvis kulturuli same-

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urneo saxis dabrunebas, rom amis saSualeba maSindel piro-

bebSi ar iyo. amitom Tqves uari parnauTSi dasaxlebaze rusma

kolonistma glexebma, ara marto maT, vinc imperiis Sida gu-

berniebidan iyvnen da ufasod SesTavazes aq dasaxleba, aramed

ukve afxazeTSi dasaxlebulma rusma glexebmac. soxumis sat-

yeo meurneobam ufleba misca qarTvel glexebs— zugdidisa

da senakis mazris mcxovrebT, rom arendiT aeRoT miwa, es

arenda, rogorc maT dahpirdnen, samudamo an xangrZlivi iqne-

boda. Tu rus glexebs ufasod sTavazobdnen aqaur miwas, qar-

Tvelebs desetinaSi 6 maneTi gadaaxdevines. fuls ixdidnen

msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis yolazec: TiTo sulze 40 kapiks

weliwadSi. glexebma Seisyides miwis dasamuSavebeli iaraRebi,

rasac, sxvaTaSoris, Tavad aZlevdnen rus Camosaxlebulebs,

ufasod.

Zneli gza ganvles parnauTelebma velur bunebasTan

brZolaSi, didi nebisyofa da energia Seswires aqaurobas. ro-

gorc maSindeli presa erTxmad aRniSnavda, maTi damsaxureba

iyo, rom es dasaxleba, manamde sruliad unayofo, migdebuli

da gaveranebuli, ayvavebuli baRebiT, xexiliTa da venaxebiT

gamorCeul adgilad iqca. is adamianebi, romlebmac saijaro

xelSekruleba gaaformes parnauTelebTan, Cveulebriv, rusi

erovnebisa da rusuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,

rogorc Semdgom gairkva, maT moatyues arendatorebi, daamu-

Savebines, gaalamazebines veluri adgili, Semdeg ki rusuli

soflis Seqmna gadawyvites maT sakarmidamoebSi, metic, isini

aq Cumad Semoparul `zaxvatCikebad~ CaTvales. marTalia, iy-

vnen iseTebic, romlebic agarakze axali mosulebi iyvnen, mag-

ram ZiriTadi mosaxleoba ramdenime, zogjer ori, an sami aTe-

uli wlis dasaxlebuli iyo. mTavroba am moments iyenebda da

mosaxleTa ukanono qmedebas amiT asabuTebda. maTi danaSauli

mxolod erovnuli warmomavloba iyo. kavkasiaSi gadmosaxle-

bulTa sammarTvelos ufrosis Sedgenil dokumentSi isini mo-

Zaladeebad da ukanonod SemoWril adamianebad arian dasaxe-

lebulni. ai, nawyveti am dokumentidan: `gadasaxlebulTa sam-

marTvelos xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, parnauTis agarakis

zogierTi xelsayreli miwebi mTxovnelebs ijariT mxolod

ukanasknel periodSi gadaecaT. amasTan, ijaris vada mxolod

erTi wliT ganisazRvra, raTa, rogorc ki amas saWiroeba mo-

iTxovs, unda CamoerTvas isini moijareebs, radgan es zemoT

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dasaxlebuli agaraki rusi gadmosaxlebulebis dasakmayofi-

leblad aris gankuTvnili. zemoT dasaxelebuli sammarTve-

los mier ijaris mTxovnelTaTvis uaris Tqmis mizezia parna-

uTis agarakis xelsayreli miwis nakveTebis sabolood gada-

cema rusi gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis. erT welze meti droiT

ijaris gacemaze uars imitom eubnebian megrel moijareebs,

rom isini TavianTi mravalricxovani naTesavebiT damagrdebi-

an am miwaze da faqtiurad TviTneburad moaxdenen am miwebis

miTvisebas da maTi aqedan gaZeveba Semdeg ufro gagviWirde-

ba...am adgilebSi mudmivad dasasaxlebelTa siaSi ijaris

mTxovnelTa CarTva SeuZlebelia, radganac sasoflo-sameur-

neo sargeblobisaTvis xelsayreli farTobi aq arc ise didia

da amasTan, es aris erTaderTi miwis fondi, romelsac metnak-

lebad SeuZlia myarad uzrunvelyos soxumis olqSi ukve Camo-

saxlebulTa moTxovna miwaze...~ dokumentSi saubaria afxa-

zeTSi rusuli dasaxlebebis—spasovkis, beloreCinskis, sta-

roCernigovskis da sxva, rus miwaTmoqmed da xelosan glexeb-

ze, amasTanav, xelisuflebisgan dagegmil, ruseTis Sida gu-

berniebidan Camoyvanili glexebis dasaxlebaze. am mizniT aris

Sedgenili mTavrobis moxeleTa mier parnauTis agarakis miwe-

bis gegmao,— askvnida moxele. parnauTSi bevr dasaxlebul

qarTvel glexs miwa kerZo mflobelidan hqonda aRebuli, rac

saqmes uZnelebda xelisuflebas, mijnebic kerZo da saxazino

mamulebs Soris mkveTrad ar iyo gavlebuli. proeqtis gan-

xorcieleba amitom yovndeboda, magram mTavrobas miaCnda,

rom aucileblad iyo saWiro qarTveli glexebis gasaxleba,

radgan es miwa rus Camosaxlebulebsac ar yofnida. maT Soris

sammarTvelos ufrosi asaxelebda parnauTSi pirvelad Camo-

sul qarTvel moijareebsac, romlebic iseve unda gaesaxlebi-

naT, rogorc axali moijareebi

[1, 75].

rus moxeleebs kargad esmodaT, rom sakiTxi Zalze fa-

qizi da, xelisuflebis mxridan riskiani iyo, amitom misi gan-

xorcieleba politikurad xelsayrel, reaqciis dros, revo-

luciis sastikad CaxSobis Semdeg ganaxorciela. gadmosaxle-

bulTa sammarTvelos Tavmjdomare mefisnacvals imazec wer-

da, rom eSeris 95 afxazi komli miwis naklebobiT cud dReSi

iyo da Tu megrelebs daukanonebdnen parnauTs, maSin maTac

veRar daakmayofilebdnen. amas rusi moxele sxvaTaSoris imi-

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zezebda, Torem sxvagan, yvela dokumentSi parnauTSi rusi Ca-

mosaxlebulebis dasaxlebaze saubrobda [2, 7].

1908

wlis oqtomberSi gadmosaxlebulTa sammarTvelos

moxeleebi— arxipovi da sapoJnikovi mefisnacvlis kancelari-

aSi gagzavnil mimarTvaSi gamoricxavdnen megreli arendato-

rebis Tavisi nebiT gasvlas parnauTidan, piriqiT, isini sxva

naTesavebsac iwveven, raTa agarakis miwebi Zaladobrivad mii-

tacono, Txovdnen mefisnacvals, yvelaferi gaekeTebina par-

nauTidan megrelebis saswrafod gasayrelad. arxipovi mefis-

nacvals parnauTis miwis fondsac uzustebda, agaraki am cno-

biT, 3250 desetina iyo, saidanac samosaxlod da sameurneod

920 desetina vargoda. mefisnacvlis kancelariidan male am

moxeleebma Txovnaze Tanxmoba miiRes [3, 14-15]. daiwyo megre-

li glexebis gayra, rasac satyeos revizori rodiSCevi anxor-

cielebda.

parnauTel glexebs ar egonaT ambis amgvarad dasru-

leba, rogorc maTi saqmidan Cans, isini imedovnebdnen, rom

fuliT mainc moaxerxebdnen dakavebuli da ganaSenianebuli

sakarmidamoebis dakanonebas. Tavdapirvelad TavianTi nebiT

arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSulebiT werdnen Txovnebs, sa-

Civrebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs, imedovnebdnen samarTliano-

bis miRwevas, magram sabolood mwared motyuvdnen. vin aRar

Caries,ruseTis dumis qarTveli deputatebi, saxelmwifo sab-

Wo, adgilobrivi Tu peterburgis presa, yvela maT mxareze

iyo, magram koloniuri moxeleebisTvis es gadamwyveti ar

aRmoCnda, Tumca, mTlad gulgrilad rom ver uyurebdnen am

faqts, es iqidan Cans, rom gazeTis amonaWrebs, sadac dabeWdi-

li iyo parnauTel glexebze werilebi, gadasaxlebulTa sam-

marTvelos kancelaria punqtualurad ugzavnida mefisnac-

vals.

peterburgidan mefisnacvalTan gamogzavnil depeSaSi

dumis deputati prokofi ServaSiZe aprotestebda parnauTi-

dan 45 megreli glexis ukanono, Zaladobrivad gasaxlebas

da maT adgilze rusi Camosaxlebulebis soflis Seqmnas [3,

27].

mefisnacvlisadmi depeSaSi amave faqts akritikebda sa-

xelmwifo dumis social-demokrati deputati evgeni gegeWko-

ri. TbilisSi gamogzavnil depeSaSi is werda: `Cems wminda mo-

valeobad vTvli, Tqveni yuradReba mivapyro soxumis adminis-

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raciis qmedebas, romelic saxlebs ungrevs gumisTis ubnis—

parnauTis mcxovreb glexebs, 400 sul adamians tovebs Ria

cisqveS, rac namdvili antisaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebaa. Tqveni

administracia mxars uWers da amarTlebs im gadawyvetilebas,

rom es dasaxleba momzaddes rusi gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis.

es saqcieli ara marto saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv in-

teresebs ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed policiursac ki. gTxovT mii-

RoT zomebi amgvari qmedebis asalagmavad da daicvaT asobiT

adamianis interesebi~

[3, 28].

ramdenime dReSi TbilisSi, mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi

sxva Sinaarsis depeSac movida peterburgidan. is senator va-

tacis ekuTvnoda, romelic gamoirCeoda Tavisi Sovinisturi

SexedulebebiT e. w. `inorodcebisa da tuzemcebis~ mimarT.

depeSaSi naTqvami iyo, rom megrelebi aq TviTneburad daesax-

len bolo or weliwadSi da maTi saswrafod gasaxleba auci-

lebelia, radgan es teritoria rusi CamosaxlebulebisTvis

aris gankuTvnilio.

parnauTelebma saqmis namdvili istoria vis aRar miwe-

res: mefisnacvals, saxelmwifo saTaTbiros, Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrs — stolipins, qarTul da rusul gazeTebs, Tavad ru-

seTis imperators, magram verafers miaRwies. simarTles ar

cnobda imperiis koloniuri miznebi, isinic danebdnen. soxu-

mis olqis ufrosi, polkovniki kropotCevi werda mefisnac-

vals, rom parnauTidan megrelebis gasaxleba mimdinareobda

raportis Sesabamisad, mSvidad, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis

gareSe [3, 73].

rusuli Sovinizmi iqidanac gamosWvioda, rom arsad

parnauTelebs qarTvelad ar moixseniebdnen, maT megrelebs

uwodebdnen, rusuli biurokratia `dayavi da ibatones~ impe-

riul devizs amaSic gamoxatavda, qarTvel xalxs isini svane-

bad, imerlebad, megrelebad, TuSebad, xevsurebad, raWvele-

bad da a. S. yofdnen, rac Zneli asatani iyo qarTveli xalxi-

saTvis. parnauTelebi qarTvelebad mxolod erTaderT ru-

sul demokratiul gazeTs—`novaia reCs~ hyavda dasaxelebu-

li. gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statias erqva: `soxumis olqidan

qarTvelebis gasaxlebis mZime istoria~. statiis gamoqveyne-

bis mizezi gamxdara is, rom parnauTis mosaxleobis warmomad-

genlebi Tavad misulan redaqciaSi da gazeTis redaqtoris-

Tvis miumarTavT daxmarebis TxovniT. redaqcia garkveula

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saqmis arsSi da glexebis simarTle aSkarad daunaxavs. statia-

Si naTqvamia, rom bevri parnauTeli saxazino miwebze daesax-

len saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis sammarTvelos agentebis

TanxmobiTa da SuamdgomlobiT. zogma kerZo mflobelebisa-

gan aiRo arendiT miwa, marTlac arnaxuli Sroma Cades am mTa-

RorRiani da tyiani adgilis gasawmendad, maTi wyalobiT iqca

es miwa nayofier da mosavlian adgilad

[3, 43].

parnauTel glexebze werdnen rusuli presis sxva or-

ganoebic, eseni iyo:`golos kavkaza~ (#971 ,1909), `zakavkazie~

(# 242 ), `reCi~, `baku~, `kaspia~da sxv.

gansakuTrebul agresias rusul sazogadoebaSi iwvev-

dnen saxelmwifo dumis qarTveli deputatebi, romlebic, par-

tiulobis miuxedavad, mxars uWerdnen rusuli politikis ga-

mo Seviwroebul qarTvelebs, amxeldnen saqarTveloSi mimdi-

nare kolonizaciisa da rusifikaciis process. gazeTi `rus-

skoe znamia~, 1913 wlis 13 martis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli we-

riliT—`saxifaTo simSvide~— mTlianad gamoxatavda rusuli

oficiozis damokidebulebas saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-

wyalze mimdinare kolonizaciisadmi. redaqcias mizanSi hyav-

da amoRebuli saxelmwifo dumaSi baTumisa da soxumis olqis

warmomadgeneli— prokofi ServaSiZe. saTaTbiro organoSi sa-

gadasaxlebo sammarTvelos xarjTaRricxvis damtkicebisas

gamoTqmulma misma Tvalsazrisma, rogorc Cans, didi agresia

gamoiwvia carizmis mexotbe inteligenciaSi, rasac bevri an-

tiqarTuli da antikavkasiuri gamoxmaureba mohyva. erT-erT

werilSi redaqcia aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamda,— ServaSiZes sa-

TaTbiros memarjvene fraqciis mTavari wevrebidan sakadrisi

pasuxi aravin gasca, arada, misi gamosvla saZageli ciliswame-

ba iyo brwyinvale kavkasiuri rusuli armiisao. Tu ratom iyo

ServaSiZisadmi mkacri pasuxis gacema saWiro, amas werilis av-

tori ramdenime punqtad ayalibebda.

`pirvel rigSi vin aris Tavadi ServaSiZe?— kiTxulobda

statiis avtori. —igi oficialurad gadamdgari general- mai-

ori, yofili artileristi, erovnebiT afxazi, pirovnulad

yovelTvis naklebad cnobili adamiania. rodesac peterson-

junkovskis gawafulma xelma kavkasiis mTliani avtonomia

daWra saarCevno olqebad, qarTvel avtonomistTa gulis gasa-

xarad, soxumis olqi,romelzedac uflebebs acxadebdnen av-

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tonomistebi, SeerTebuli iqna baTumis olqTan, romelTanac

mas saerTo araferi aqvs, Tu ar CavTvliT, ra Tqma unda, qar-

Tveli teroristebisa da avtonomistebis, aseve socialiste-

bisa da uTvalavi megreli TaRliTis saerTo sargebels. ase-

Tebi mravlad arian rogorc erT, ise meore olqSi. ServaSiZe,

romelic warmoSobiT afxazia, mietmasna qarTvel avtonomis-

tebs da amitom advilad gavida dumaSi xmis uflebiT. im dros

`gaerTianebul mTavrobas~ gansakuTrebulad uyvarda oqti-

abristebi da am partiaze did imedebsac amyarebda. masSi xe-

davda mZlavr dasayrdens warmomadgenlobiT organizaciebSi.

kavkasiis avtonomiis mmarTvelobac TanaugrZnobda am parti-

as, romlis warmomadgenlebic Tavs warmoaCendnen yvelaze

morCil elementebad. amitomac miiRo baTumis administraciam

brZaneba, mxari daeWira oqtiabristi tuzemcisaTvis. maSin Ta-

vadma ServaSiZemac sakuTar tansacmelze avtonomistis toga

Semoicva da am gaurkveveli feris samosSi saguldagulod Se-

farebulma Tavi monarqistad warmoaCina. administraciis

mxridan daxmareba imdenad didi iyo, rom rodesac erT-erTi

amomrCeveli ar movida, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi xma

ServaSiZes unda mieRo, masTan specialuri kurieri gaagzav-

nes, romelmac, TiTqmis ZaliT moiyvana keTilgonieri amom-

rCeveli, romelic cdilobda am saqmisagan Tavi aeridebina.

Sedga arCevnebi da baTumsa Tu TbilisSi administraciu-

li wreebi xarobdnen: Zalisxmeva warmatebiT dasrulda da

dumaSi gveyoleba erTi zedmeti oqtiabristio. aseTi saxiT

arCeuli Tavadi ServaSiZe SeiZleba CaiTvalos xelisuflebis

kandidatad. pirvel xanebSi am saxelmwifos kandidatma mar-

Tlac srulad gaamarla molodini da Tavisi awowili figura

kargad daasvena oqtiabristebis saZinebelSi. magram rolis

TamaSi didxans ver SeZlo da dumaSi Semoitana qarTveli av-

tonomistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uRrmesi siZulvilis

gancda ruseTisa da rusi xalxisadmi, zizRi da undobloba,

revoluciuri aRtyineba da xelisuflebis mZlavri mxardam-

Weris rolis TamaSis Semdeg iqca `progresistad~.

Tavisi oficialuri memarcxene azrebiTa da saSiSi lay-

bobiT umaRles SekrebaSi, am saxelisuflo kandidatma, bolos

Tavi gamoiCina xelisuflebisa da rusuli armiisadmi saziz-

Rari ciliswamebiT. vinaidan aravin ar aRSfoTda arc saxel-

mwifo dumis wevrebidan da arc umaRlesi xelisuflebis war-

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momadgenlobidan, amitom Cven CavTvaleT saWirod da Cvens

movaleobad gagveca pasuxi am tyuilebSi gaxlarTuli kavka-

sielisaTvis.~

amis Semdeg sagazeTo statia arCevda deputatis gamos-

vlis Sinaarss da akritikebda mas. `erTi wlis Semdeg ( ?) kavka-

siis dapyrobidan, generalma kolubiakinma salaSqrod waiyva-

na gurulebisa da rusi jariskacebisagan Sedgenili druJina.

rodesac mividnen Setevis adgilas da mewyeris pirispir dad-

gnen, saldaTebi ar gauSva win, radgan maTze pasuxismgebloba

ekisrebodaA, DdruJinis ricxovaneba relaciaSi dazustebuli

ar yofila. gurulebi gaemarTnen sabrZolo adgilisaken da

raRac meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg 200 kacidan 114 iqna moklu-

li.~ruseTis siZulviliT dabrmavebuli ServaSiZe pirdapir

ityueba, —vkiTxulobT statiaSi,—kavkasiis omis dapyrobis

Semdeg iq kolubiakini aRar iyoo,meore, relaciaSi yovelTvis

moixseniebdnen guriis druJinis danakargsac da gamarjvebeb-

sac. mesamec, gancxadeba rusi saldaTebis sicocxleze pasu-

xismgeblobisa da upasuxismgebloba guruli milicionerebis

sicocxleze Tavisi velurobiTa da sibeciT samarcxvinoa im

adamianisaTvis, romelic jer kidev aqamde generlis mundirSi

iyo gamowkepili. rusul armiasa da rus meomrebs, `russkoe

znamias~ azriT, arasdros eSinoda Tavganwirvis, Cadioda iseT

gmirobebs, romlis winaSec sxva xalxebis gmiroba gafer-

mkrTaldeba. ar yofila SemTxveva, rom samxedro ufrosebi Se-

Sinebuliyvnen da saSiS adgilebSi gamgzavrebaze eTqvaT uari.

nu ityuebiT batono ServaSiZe, SesaZloa Taviseburi saxiT xe-

lisuflebis kandidatoo, — paTetikurad dasZens rusuli

presis flagmani.

meore tyuilad qarTvel deputats gazeTi uTvlis ru-

suli xelisuflebisagan TavadaznaurTa klasis xelovnuri

Seqmnis braldebas. iseTi elementebis gamocxadebas am klasis

warmomadgenlebad, romlebsac araferi hqonda masTan saer-

To. meti ekuTvnis Cvens xelisuflebaso, vkiTxulobT statia-

Si,—didsulovanma rusma monarqebma rusi Tavadaznaurobis

uflebebi rom mianiWeso, Tu vinme arasworad moxvda Tavadaz-

naurTa rigebSi, es Tavad qarTvelebis mier wardgenili sie-

biT gakeTda, ra SuaSia aq ruseTis xelisufleba da misi poli-

tikao. ise, qarTveli Tavadebi, romelTa wres ServaSiZe ekuT-

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vnis, madlobeli unda darCeniliyvnen ruseTis TavadebTan ga-

Tanabrebis, magram amis nacvlad gvsayvedurobeno.

`gadavalT bolo gamoxdomaze am batonisa,— agrZelebs

statiis avtori,— romelic kavkasiaSi sagadasaxlebo politi-

kas exeba, igi am movlenas ruseTis xelisuflebis organize-

bulsa da antisaxelmwifoebrivs uwodebs. manam, sanam aq ru-

sebs Caasaxlebdnen, jer adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaxle-

baa saWiroo. Tqven anadgurebT adgilobriv mosaxleobas da iq

asaxlebT centraluri guberniebidan glexebs, romlebmac ar

ician es mxare, arc klimatis atana SeuZliaT da arc sameurneo

kulturas floben. amiT azaralebT qarTvelebsac da ruseb-

sac. vis arTmevT miwebs? qarTvelebs, romelTac am miwebze

igive ufleba aqvT, rogorc donel kazakebs(?).~ gazeTis mier

aq dasmuli kiTxvis niSani imas moaswavebda, rom rus Sovinist

avtors eeWveboda, rom qarTvelebs qarTul miwaze doneli ka-

zakebisodeni uflebebi hqonodaT, ServaSiZe ki amas uSvebda.

is marto ar iyo amgvar SefasebaSi. ilia WavWavaZe, arCil jor-

jaZe da sxva qarTveli patriotebi, doneli kazakebis raime

uflebas am miwaze verafriT warmoidgendnen, maTTvisac Ser-

vaSiZesaviT cxadi iyo rusuli kolonizaciis saSineleba mci-

remiwiani saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis.

` Tavad ServaSiZis gancxadebaSi yvelaferi tyuilia, —

askvnida gazeTi. —tuzemcebma amierkavkasiaSi miiRes didZali

saxazino miwebi, rac saWiro iyo da axali miwebis micema maT-

Tvis sruliad dauSvebelia. Tu miwa ar hyofniT, Seisyidon is

kerZo mesakuTreebisagan.es SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon sagle-

xo bankis meSveobiT. magram qarTvel avtonomistebs undaT da-

itacon TavisTvis momavali avtonomiisaTvis mTeli amierkav-

kasiis miwebi, ukanasknel gojamde. qarTvel Tavadebs, amis

garda, surT, rom saxelmwifom maTac gamouyos saxazino miwe-

bi, raTa es miwebi miscen TavianT droebiTvaldebul glexebs

da Tavad gaTavisufldnen maTTvis miwebis micemis valdebu-

lebisagan, im miwebisa, romlebzec ukve 40 welia ukanonod ba-

tonoben. es iyo warmoudgeneli ukanonoba. ratom dauSves

qarTveli TavadebisTvis is, rac rus memamuleebs ekrZalebo-

daT? amaze unda gaecaT pasuxi xelisuflebis warmomadgen-

lebs da iqve gamovlindeboda, rom yvela saxazino miwa amier-

kavkasiaSi ekuTvniT rus gadasaxlebulebs da araviTari xelis

aRmarTva maTze tuzemcebs ar SeuZliaT.

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magram, amis nacvlad, sagadasaxlebo sammarTvelos uf-

rosisagan Cven sul sxva ram movismineT. undoda ra aRSfoTe-

bul kavkasielTa damSvideba, man ganacxada, rom 1909 wels kav-

kasiaSi rusuli dasaxlebebisaTvis gamoyofili iqna 6 aTasi

samosaxlo nakveTi, romlidanac adgilobriv qarTul dasax-

lebebze gamoyenebuli iqna mxolod 35—io, amJamad miwis mTa-

vari fondi aris 12 aTasi nakveTi muRanisa da mulis stepebSi,

sadac qarTvelebis interesebsac gaviTvaliswinebTo. axali

araferi Tqmula sagadasaxlebo sammarTvelos ufrosis mie-

ro,—irwmuneboda gazeTi. rusebis gadasaxleba Sewyda `yofi-

li saqarTvelos~, erevnisa da yarsis guberniebSi, radgan aqa-

ur avtonomistebs es miwebi ar emetebaT rusebisTvis, marto

muRanis, mulisa da sxva uvargisi adgilebis gameteba SeuZlia-

To. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia, mxaris yvelaze saSiSi da ara-

saimedo nawili MmTlianad Seunaxes qarTvelebsa da somxebs,

ase rom qarTveli da somexi avtonomistebis yvelaze didi

survilic dakmayofilebuliao. Cans, rom rusul saqmes amier-

kavkasiaSi didi safrTxe emuqreba, axali mTavroba rom mova,

am saqmes veRaravin uSvelis, radgan yvela miwa ukve darigebu-

li iqneba, amitom, ramdenadac seriozulad mivudgebiT saga-

dasaxlebo sammarTvelos ufrosisa da qarTvel avtonomis-

tTa gamosvlas saTaTbiroSi, imdenad seriozul RonisZiebebs

miviRebT, SesaZloa jer kidev SeiZlebodes rusuli saqmis ga-

darCena amierkavkasiaSio.

aseT midgomas iCenda rusuli presa kavkasiis koloniza-

ciisadmi.

`moskovskia vedomosti~(1911, 1 maisi, #98) da `novoe vre-

mia~(1911, 17 ivnisi, #12665) vrclad exeboda gadasaxlebulTa

sameurneo pirobebs, adgilobriv kulturebs, morwyvis mecni-

eruli codnisa da sistemis Seqmnis aucileblobas, gidroteq-

nikuri da agronomiuli skolebis daarsebis sakiTxs amierkav-

kasiaSi. aseTi skolebi arsebobda TurqmeneTSi da taSkentSi,

rusi CasaxlebulebisaTvis.

Temas kidev ufro mwvaved exeboda qarTuli demokrati-

uli presa. miuxedavad saSineli sacenzuro mdgomareobisa,

romelic mohyva pirveli revoluciis periodsa da reaqciis

momdevno xanas, qarTveli publicistebi axerxebdnen ukanono-

basTan brZolas, amxeldnen carizmis Cinovnikebsa da koloni-

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ur reJims. ixureboda gazeTebi, iWreboda Tamami statiebi,is-

jebodnen redaqtorebi da gabeduli publicistebi.

gazeTi `golos kavkaza~, kavkasiuri rusuli gazeTebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, rusuli reaqciuli presis Tvalsazriss izi-

arebda da parnauTis saqmes mTavrobis poziciidan afasebda,

akritikebda parnauTelTa damcvel presasac da im qarTvel

glexebs, romelTac yvelaferi waarTves, damtaceblebs uwo-

debda. werilis saTauric ase iyo SerCeuli: `parnautski zax-

vat~.

am grZeli werilis mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: `amierkavkasia

kerZo pirebis mier saxelmwifo qonebis datacebaSi klasikur

qveyanas warmoadgens. samiwaTmoqmedo urTierTobebis momava-

li istorikosi-mkvlevari iZulebuli iqneba aRweros gansac-

vifrebeli suraTi im procesisa, gasuli saukunis II naxevarSi

Cveni saxelmwifo ganuwyvetliv rogor kargavda aq ramdenime

aseul aTas desetina savargul miwas, romelic sxvadasxva sa-

SualebebiT iqna datacebuli uTvalavi adgilobrivi miwebis

mtaceblebisagan.

es procesi axlac grZeldeba. misi Sewyveta sasamarTlos

ZaliT Znelia, radgan, rogorc ki sasamarTlo daiwyebs samar-

Tlianobis da saxelmwifos kanonieri interesebis dacvas mta-

cebeli yaCaRebisagan, maSinve ayvirdebian am YyaCaRebis damcve-

lebic, imwamsve gamoCndebian crumowme tuzemcebis gazeTe-

bic, sadac mTavrobis warmomadgenlebic ki iwyeben Tavisebu-

ri `simarTlis ~mtkicebas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa is xmauri, rac Tbi-

lisurma gazeTebma atexes megreli damtaceblebis gandevnis

gamo parnauTidan. aqamde am sakiTxs ar vexebodiT, gvegona,

rom `novaia reCi~ da `zakavkazie~miudgomlad da sworad Sea-

fasebdnen am Temas.

ramdeni ar agines da ar afurTxes maT kavkasiis mTavar-

marTebels am yaCaRebis gasaxlebis gamo. ise gamovida, rom `sa-

zizRarma rusulma xelisuflebam~, romelsac Sromismoyvare

qarTvelebisaTvis gasufTavebuli da damuSavebuli miwis war-

Tmeva da rusi gadmosaxlebulebisTvis micema undoda, moi-

surva ganadgureba da gaanadgura kidec mTeli parnauTis da-

saxleba, daangria nagebobani, gamoyara iqidan mcxovrebni,

400suli adamiani dayara Ria cis qveS...

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ra Tqma unda, umagaliTo faqtia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebe-

li, es rom sinamdvile yofiliyo, asec iqneboda, magram sabed-

nierod, sinamdvile sxvagvaria~.

gazeTis Semdegi msjeloba da movlenis miseuli Sefaseba

zustad emTxveva imperiuli azrovnebis CarCos, es `rusuli

simarTlea~, dRemde ukvdavi da gaucveTi. ai, ras wers `golos

kavkaza~ maSindeli parnauTis tragediaze, sadac qarTvelebi

(megrelebi) marTalia Casaxlebulebi iyvnen senakisa da zug-

didis mazrebidan, magram aq dasaxlebis meti ufleba da moti-

vi hqondaT, vidre ruseTis Sida guberniebidan Camosaxlebul

glexebs, radgan es qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblo iyo da

miwa Tu haeri maTTvis margebeli, nacnobi da mSobliuri gax-

ldaT. rusebi ki, rogorc ar ecada xelisufleba, mainc ver

gaaSinaures, ver Seagues verc meurneobis adgilobriv wesebs,

verc haers da wyals, zogi avaddeboda, zogi garboda, vinc

rCeboda, maTgan umetesoba dezertirobda. Tavad rusi moxe-

leebis Sedgenili sabuTebidan Cans yovelive es...

rac Seexeba `golos kavkazas~ sabuTebs parnauTsa da iqi-

dan gaZevebul qarTvelebze, is aseTia: `parnauTis dasaxleba

soxumis olqSi saerTod ar arsebobs da is qarTuli gazeTebi,

romlebic aseT dasaxlebaze weren, tyuian. es satyeo daCaa,

romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Camosaxlebuli rusi glexe-

bisaTvis jer kidev 90-ian wlebSi, romelic miitaces quTaisis

guberniidan soxumis okrugSi mosulma megrelebma, jer aren-

diT aiRes, Semdeg ki unebarTvod dasaxldnen zed.~ gazeTSi

saubaria megrelebisagan mkvidri afxazi mosaxleobis miwis

datacebaze, maSin, rodesac afxazebi arsad ar iyo gaTvalis-

winebuli saxelisuflo gegmebSi, naTqvami iyo aseTi fraza:

`rusuli xelisuflebis movaleobaSi Sedis daicvas afxazebi

megrelebis Semosevisagan, romelic SesaZloa Zalze arasasia-

movno SedegebiT dasruldes~ [3, 120]. ai, rusuli imperializ-

mis siTavxede, romelic yvela gziT axdenda da axdens afxaze-

Tis okupacias, `icavs~ afxazebs qarTvelebis `dapyrobisa-

gan~...

parnauTelTa saCivrebs da sasamarTlo saqmeebs saTave-

Si gabeduli da xelisuflebisagan arasaimedod miCneuli le-

van axalaia edga. koleqtiur saCivrebTan erTad, is persona-

lur saCivrebs, gancxadebebsa da axsna-ganmartebiT werileb-

sac werda xelisuflebisa da presis sxvadasxva organoebs.

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momCivani qarTvelebis siebSi ZiriTadad es saxeli da gvarebia

Setanili: 1. stefane papava; 2. gidon papava; 3. andro papava; 4.

andro gogua; 5. anton Sonia; 6. zaxar beria; 7. nacil ubilava;

8. kiCo bebia; 9. Salva berulava; 10. stefan kaliCava; 11.Samkva

fifia; 12. nestor kvaracxelia; 13. miqel gogua; 14. gizo kva-

racxelia; 15. parmen kvaracxelia; 16. aleqsi kvaracxelia; 17.

estate kvaracxelia; 18. pavle qardva; 19. vasil qardava; 20.

gerasime gegeWkori; 21. gaxu miqava; 22. jaka Todua; 23. niko

kopaleiSvili; 24. ilia berulava; 25. maTe markozia; 26. goCa

gogoxia; 27. gersa fifia; 28. miqael salia; 29. kimo miqava;

30.grigol miqava; 31. pavle janaSia; 32. kalistrate Todua; 33.

anton kakubava; 34. kvati beria; 35. nestor beria; 36. rema kuxa-

leiSvili; 37. isidore fifia; 38. siko berulava; 39. kosta go-

gia; 40. levan axalaia

[3, 120]. `saxelmwifo qonebis Tavxedi

damtaceblebi~, — ase naTlavda oCamCiris satyeos ufrosi n.

sokolovi parnauTelebs, mefisnacvals Txovda maT dasjas,

radgan uamisoba, misi azriT, gamoiwvevda `saxelmwifo miwebis

axal datacebebs~. sacxovreblebidan ayril parnauTelebs,

romlebmac mTeli imperia SeZres da mxardamWerebic blomad

ipoves, SesTavazes soxumis okrugis sxva adgilebi, kerZod,

iaStvica, Wadali, birja. maT `dvureCie~ airCies, risi winaaR-

mdegic wavida soxumis rusuli xelisufleba da satyeo meur-

neoba. mefisnacvlisadmi miweril raportSi soxumis okrugis

ufrosi, polkovniki kropotkini werda, rom parnauTelebi

daJinebiT iTxoven am adgils, me winaaRmdegi var, meamboxeebs

isev cnobili levan axalaia udgaT saTaveSio. raportSi Ca-

moTvlili iyo is mizezebi, ris gamoc parnauTelebma daiwunes

SeTavazebuli adgilebi: am adgilebis axlos ar iyo wyali, gan-

sakuTrebiT mdinare, romelzedac wisqvilebi gaimarTeboda;

icoda mkacri zamTari, radgan isini maRalmTian zolSi mdeba-

reobdnen: iaStvica 3000-5000 futze, Wadali da birja 2000-

dan 6000 fut simaRlemde;

iaStvicaSi Tovlis zvavebi da mewyrebi icoda, Wadalsa

da birjaSi ki saxnav-saTesad vargisi Zalian cota miwa iyo [3,

furc. 126].

kropotkini da satyeo meurneobis ufrosi rodiS-

Cevi damatebiT SetyobinebaSi werdnen, rom dvureCie, doula-

ki (igive rokoni) da cumkuri iyo yvelaze kargi adgilebi eSe-

ris, gumisTisa da kelasuris agarakebs Soris. aq aris unika-

luri tyeebi, romlebic winaprebma gadmogvces da ase xelux-

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leblad unda gadavceT momaval Taobebso

[11, 241]. saintere-

soa, kropotkinsa da rodiSCevs romelma winaprebma dautoves

afxazeTis tyeebi, anda, rodesac rusi CamosaxlebulebisaT-

vis Cexdnen am tyeebs, maSin ratom aRar axsovdaT es `winapre-

bi~?..

parnauTSi qarTvelebs rom ar aWaWanebdnen da rusebs

yvela kari hqondaT Ria, iqidanac Cans, rom aq sasoflo-same-

urneo interesiT iTxovda nakveTis arendiT gamoyofas soxu-

meli platon iakobis Ze gvazava, igi werda mefisnacvals: so-

xumeli var, aq vcxovrob bavSvobidan, myavs eqvsi Svili, vmuSa-

obdi qalaqis sanitarul meTvalyured, magram anazRaureba

mcire mqonda da ar myofnida ojaxis gamosakvebad, bavSvobi-

dan miyvars da vocnebob meurneobaze, mis kargad mowyobaze,

magram, samwuxarod, miwa ar maqvs. iTxovda arendiT parnauTis

dasaxlebaSi miwis nakveTis gamoyofas, raTa gamoekveba mra-

valricxovani ojaxi. mas mefisnacvalTan rekomendacias so-

xumis okrugis ufrosic ki aZlevda, magram masac uari uTxres.

am dros, msgavsi Txovna Seusrules dasaxleba vladimirskis

rus glexebs, da ara marto maT.

parnauTidan gasaxlebuli qarTvelebis nawili daasax-

les mdinare kodoris zemo welSi, xeobaSi 30 komli parnauTis

yofili mkvidri dasaxlda [4, 216].

parnauTis istoria afxazeTSi rusuli koloniuri poli-

tikis, afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobis devnisa da mxaris ru-

sebiT dasaxlebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa. aqedan Cans, Tu ro-

gor cdilobda ruseTi afxazeTis denacionalizacias da asi-

milacias imperiul sivrceSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 231, aRwera 1, saqme #417.

2. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #260.

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #266.

4. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #259.

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Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Russian Colonialization in Abkhazia and the Settlement Parnauti

Summary

From the second half of the 19th century the imperial government of

Russia started to colonize the historical territories of Georgia. Abkhazian and Russian scientists evaluate this process totally distorted. According to their viewpoint at that very period Abkhazia was captured by Georgia that caused demographical changes in this region (Dzidzaria, Lakoba, Bghazhba). In fact Russia founded 35 Russian and other Russified nations’ villages in Abkhazia. Georgians were drawn out and were announced beyond the colonization project.

The history of the village Parnauta reveals the real aims of the Russian colonialization. Its extremely chauvinistic nature became even the subject of the discussion of the Russian press. The Russian press was mentioning that the Russian government was unfair to drive out the native Georgian population from this village. The publication describes how the natives of the village Parnauta were fighting to defend their rites. The publication also shows the attitude of the Russian government towards the common process of the colonialization of Abkhazia.

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caca CxartiSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba

Teatrma bevri sikeTe moutana Cven ers: xeli Seuwyo mis

gaTviTcnobierebas, mxatvrul-esTetikuri gemovnebis daxve-

was, sicocxle misca mSobliur enas.

saqarTvelos ganapira raionebSi Teatrs gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba eniWeboda. ilias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is aq

icavda ra erovnul Rirsebas, marTlacda, nacionalobis mata-

rebeli erTaderTi niSanwyali iyo. carizmis rusifikatoru-

li politikis umZimes pirobebSi ki, is erT-erT mZlavr iara-

Rad iqca erovnuli Rirebulebebis SesanarCuneblad da pat-

riotuli suliskveTebis gasaZliereblad. am mxriv gansakuT-

rebuli gaxldaT qarTuli Teatris misia afxazeTSi.

qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxo-

lod dedaqalaqis Teatrebis istoriis Seswavla, saWiroa sa-

qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis Teatraluri warsulisa da aw-

myos, maTi Taviseburebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis Se-

narCunebisaTvis brZolaSi Setanili wvlilis kvlevac, wers

eTer qajaia naSromSi — `qarTuli Teatri afxazeTSi (1885-

1940 ww.)~. savsebiT veTanxmebi avtors da davamateb, aseve didi

interesiT unda xdebodes saxalxo Teatrebis da sasceno

TviTmoqmedebis Seswavla. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, mxo-

lod presidan da SemorCenili samecniero Tu mxatvruli li-

teraturidan SegviZlia warsulis aRdgena da warmodgenis

Seqmna, Tu rogor viTardeboda qarTuli Teatri.

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi bevrgan (soxum-

Si, oCamCireSi, oqumSi, gudauTSi, galsa da sxv.) imarTeboda

scenismoyvareTa warmodgenebi. pirvel cnobas, afxazeTSi

scenismoyvareTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb, gvawvdis gazeTi `droe-

ba~ (#12, 17 ianvari, 1885 w.). kerZod, is gvauwyebs oCamCireSi

Catarebuli ori warmodgenis Sesaxeb. magram yvelaze mniSvne-

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lovani iyo soxumel scenismoyvareTa moRvaweoba. maT saTave

daudes qarTul profesiul Teatrs.

afxazeTSi, carizmis umkacresi erovnuli politikis pi-

robebSi, rodesac wera-kiTxvac ki ikrZaleboda qarTul ena-

ze, advili warmosadgenia, Tu raodeni mniSvneloba hqonda Te-

atrs. man udidesi roli iTamaSa masis erovnuli TviTSegnebis

gaRrmavebasa da sulieri mxneobis SenarCunebaSi.

samwuxarod, dReisaTvis afxazeTSi datrialebuli ube-

durebis Sedegad, bevri dokumentacia damwvar-ganadgurebu-

lia, maT aRsadgenad ki fasdaudebel daxmarebas istoriis fo-

liantebSi Cakarguli gayviTlebuli furclebi, samecniero

naSromebi, literaturuli masala da SemorCenili saarqivo

dokumentebi gviwevs.

soxumSi qarTuli warmodgenebi 1889 wlidan scenismoyva-

reTa ZalebiT imarTeboda, 1911 wlidan Teatri naxevradpro-

fesiuli gaxda, xolo 1928 wlidan — profesiuli [1, 5].

XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis afxazeTSi saxalxo gamos-

vlebiT damfrTxali mefis ruseTi dRiTidRe amkacrebda da

aZlierebda koloniur politikas, is devnida yovelive nacio-

nalurs, cdilobda Caekla adgilobriv mkvidrTa erovnuli

TviTSegneba, mzad iyo aeyara isini mSobliuri adgilebidan.

am gegmis umniSvnelovanesi nawili maT ganaxorcieles ki-

dec: `Savi zRvis ganapira xazze afxazuri mosaxleoba ganad-

gurebul iqna, misi mama-papeuli miwawyali daurigdaT rus

wvril da msxvil moxeleebs, qveynis Suagul TemebSic ki Seiq-

mna mniSvnelovani kompaqturi mosaxleoba ucxoeli kolonis-

tebisa~ [2,15].

analogiur pirobebSi iyo aq qarTuli mosaxleobac. am

mdgomareobiT SeSfoTebuli korespondenti, `wamsvlelis~

fsevdonimiT, gazeT `iveriaSi~ werda: `samwuxaroa, rom aqeT

qarTuli enis WaWaneba arsad ar ismis arcerT saswavlebelSi.

warmoidgineT aqauri qarTvelebis mdgomareoba: bevrs maT-

gans ise ar esmis rusuli ena, rogorc Tqvens umorCiles monas

Cinuri... am garemoebas ganmarteba aRar eWirveba, radgan cxa-

dia, ris momaswavebelic aris aseTi ambavi~[3].

am werilidan naTlad Cans ra kritikul mdgomareobaSi

iyo qarTveli da afxazi mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kultu-

ris ganviTarebis saqme.

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dResac analogiuri situacia gvaqvs. ruseTis mier Zal-

momreobiTa da cbieri diplomatiiT dakavebuli teritorie-

bi, afxazeTidan devnilebi, anu, zusti termini rom vixmaroT,

afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi.

davubrundeT isev XIX saukunis bolo ocwleuls. ruse-

Tis koloniuri reJimis fonze, qarTuli warmodgenebis ga-

marTva namdvili gmiroba iyo. misi momwyobni, mamaci, WeSmari-

tad patrioti adamianebi iyvnen. xalxi sixaruliT egebeboda

am mamuliSvilur saqmes.

scenismoyvareTa muSaoba Zalian rTul pirobebSi mimdi-

nareobda. warmodgenis moTaveebs umZimesi winaaRmdegobebis

gadalaxva uxdebodaT. `1893 wlis 7 Tebervals scenismoyvare-

ebma, mariam SarvaSiZis TaosnobiT, qarTulad warmoadgines

avqsenti cagarelis ormoqmedebiani piesa `baiyuSi~, rusulad

ki vodevili `Wiqa Cai~. Semosavali, 153 maneTi, gadaeca Tbi-

lisSi mariam vaxtangis asul orbelianis mier sazogadoebis

xarjze daarsebul qalTa qarTul saswavlebels. arakeTilmo-

surneebma yovelgvari Rone ixmares saRamos CasaSlelad. amis

Sesaxeb gazeT `iveriis~ korespondenti, `abu-kixos~ fsevdoni-

miT werda: `manam es keTili azri ganxorcieldeboda, ramdeni

zneobrivi tanjva miayenes moxsenebul juris xalxma am pativ-

cemul kn. mariam SarvaSiZisas. ra oinebi ar gamarTes, ra Wore-

bi ar gaavrceles, rom es warmodgena CaeSalaT da xalxi nakle-

bi daswreboda. `nuTu fuli gadasayreli gaqvT, rom gnebavsT

im warmodgenas daeswroT?! Cven ra, TbilisSi rom saswavlebe-

li imarTeba da mere visTvis? qarTvelebisTvis... sjobs, mer-

wmuneT, eg fuli SeinaxeT da ai, eqvs am Tves warmodgenas mar-

Tavs Rarib-Rataki avadmyofi qali, romelsac es oTxi weliwa-

dia inaxavs soxumi da maSin wabrZandiT. samadlo saqmec aris

da warmodgenac ukeTesi iqnebao. aba jer TviT qarTvelebi ra

arian, rom maTi warmodgena ra iyos?! ara, ara, wasvla ar Rirs!

isev sjobs ori stoli gavaSlevinoT... Wkua-gonebis gamosaf-

xizlebeli sasmeli da seliotka davawyoT. ese suliTac da

xorciTac davstkbebiT~ [4].

`iveriaSi~ dabeWdili es statia imasac gvauwyebs, rom

warmodgenis dRes msurvelebs speqtaklze daswrebas uSlid-

nen, afiSebs glejdnen, xalxSi xmas avrcelebdnen, rom bile-

Tebi srulad gayidulia da tyuilad Tavs nu iwuxebT misi Sov-

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nisTviso. miuxedavad amisa, speqtakls mainc bevri mayurebeli

daswrebia.

am statiidan naTlad Cans ruseTis moxeleTa da adgi-

lobriv mstovarTa roli, rogor Telavdnen qarTvelTa erov-

nul Rirsebas, enas da kulturas.

miuxedavad msgavsi siZneleebisa, keTilSobilur erov-

nul saqmeTa qomagni afxazeTSi cota rodi iyvnen. maTi wyalo-

biT SeinarCuna am kuTxem erovnuli saxe, romelic dRes iavar-

yofilia.

soxumSi pirveli qarTuli warmodgenis gamarTvis Tari-

Rad unda CavTvaloT 1889 wlis 12 aprili. am dRes warmodge-

nil iqna d. awyurelis mier frangulidan gadmokeTebuli er-

Tmoqmedebiani vodevili `mSivrebi~ (dantonis rols asruleb-

da s. franguliani). adgilebis simcirisa da bileTebis siZvi-

ris gamo, saRamos yvela msurveli ver daeswro. sazogadoeba

kmayofilebiT Sexvda am warmodgenas, magram, amave dros, ime-

di gamoTqva, rom SemdegisaTvis ufro Sinaarsiani piesa Seir-

Ceoda, wers gazeTi `iveria~ [5].

scenismoyvareTa muSaobas, keTilismsurvelebTan er-

Tad, bevri xelisSemSlelic hyavda. uTuod maTi `wyalobiT~

Sewyda warmodgenebi da ganaxlda mxolod 1892 wels. speqtak-

lis gamocxadebas adgilobrivi mcxovrebni didad gauocebia.

`vinc kargad icnobs soxums isini gakvirvebaSi movlen da it-

yvian `ra ambavia?! vin soxumi da vin qarTuli warmodgenao. di-

dad gakvirvebulebi Sehyurebdnen soxumelebi afiSasac ki~, —

wers gazeTi [3].

speqtaklebis ganaxlebam gamoacocxla scenismoyvareTa

muSaoba. gazeT `iveriis~ informaciiT, mas meti damajereblo-

ba da energiuloba Semata cnobili msaxiobis — lado aleqsi-

mesxiSvilis soxumis dramatul dasSi gamosvlebma. es iyo 1892

wlis ivnisis miwuruls. didma msaxiobma dadga valerian guni-

as `da-Zma~ da Tavad iTamaSa gaioz faRavas roli. ivnisis dam-

degs ki man monawileoba miiRo adgilobrivi ZalebiT gamar-

Tul or rusul warmodgenaSi. lado aleqsi-mesxiSvili xSi-

rad Camodioda stumrad ZmasTan, romelic soxumSi msaxurob-

da da yovelTvis Tavazianad monawileobda saqvelmoqmedo

speqtaklebSi.

`am SesaniSnavi msaxiobis adamianurma ubraloebam, ma-

Ralma ostatobam, niWierma TamaSma, adgilobriv sazogadoe-

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bas qarTuli warmodgenebis sistematurad mowyobis survili

gauRviva. 1895 wlidan scenismoyvareTa saqmianobam organize-

buli xasiaTi miiRo. Semodgomaze Sedga wre `qarTuli scenis-

moyvareTa amxanagoba~. am wres gaaCnda scenismoyvareTa sia,

samuSao gegma, sadac momavali dadgmebi da miznebi iyo gaTva-

liswinebuli. es yovelive SeTanxmebuli da nebadarTuli iyo

soxumis olqis ufrosis — brakeris mier. yvela warmodgena

saqvelmoqmedo mizniT tardeboda. scenismoyvareTa saqmiano-

bis organizatori da xelmZRvaneli Tavidanve iyo anTimoz

juReli (1846-1925)~[1,1].

scenismoyvareTa muSaoba, ZiriTadad, vodevilebsa da

komediebs emyareboda. am JanrSi winsvlis SesaZleblobas kar-

gad grZnobda sazogadoeba da Tavidanve iCenda kritikul da-

mokidebulebas repertuaris mimarT. jer kidev pirveli war-

modgenisas, gamoTqves rwmena, rom SemdgomisaTvis scenismoy-

vareebi ufro Sinaarsian piesebs SearCevdnen dasadgmelad.

dro gadioda, repertuars ki gaumjobeseba ar etyoboda. Te-

atri ar unda gamxdariyo mxolod msubuqi sicilis kera, mas

sazogadoebriv problemebze unda Caefiqrebina mayurebeli.

repertuaris sakiTxi metad mtkivneulad idga saqarTve-

los yvela Teatris winaSe, radgan ar arsebobda Zlieri ori-

ginaluri dramaturgia. qarTuli Teatris aseTi mdgomareoba,

ra Tqma unda, imave mimarTebiT axdenda gavlenas scenismoyva-

reTa muSaobaze afxazeTSi. magram aq mas sxva xelisSemSleli

pirobebic erTvoda: dramatuli jgufi susti iyo, is mxolod

scenismoyvareTagan Sedgeboda, dabali iyo aqauri mayureb-

lis Teatraluri gemovneba, magram mTavri mainc is gaxldaT,

rom afxazeTSi Teatraluri saqme metad mZime politikur vi-

TarebaSi ikafavda gzas.

1877-1878 ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT

mizanswrafuli xdeba imperiis koloniuri politika afxazeT-

Si. am politikis umTavresi mizani iyo: saqarTvelos nawilis,

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriis nawilis — afxazeTis Camo-

cileba saqarTvelodan, adgilobrivi, mkvidri qarTuli mosax-

leobis maqsimaluri Seviwroveba, afxazeTis asimilacia. es yo-

velive SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tu afxazeTidan ganidevneboda

qarTuli ena, qarTuli eklesia, qarTuli kultura, skola, Te-

atri, romelic is iyo fexs idgamda afxazeTSi, amiT afxazebi da

iqauri qarTvelebi moswydebodnen qarTul samyaros [10, 1].

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caristuli ruseTis Sovinisturi politika aq gansakuT-

rebiT mkacri iyo. afxazeTis miwaze isini didi gulmodgine-

biT cdilobdnen fexis mokidebas. amisaTvis erovnul SuRls

aRvivebdnen mravalerovan mosaxleobaSi, krZalavdnen mSob-

liur enas. am kuTxis sruli rusificirebis politika tarde-

boda. amitom erovnuli sakiTxebis warmatebas (gansakuTrebiT

nacionaluri skolebis gaxsnas, mSobliuri enis, literaturi-

sa da xelovnebis ganviTarebas) gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdego-

bebi xvdeboda. soxumis olqis xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic ca-

rizmis erTguli moxeleebi iyvnen, qarTuli saRamoebis mow-

yobas yovelmxriv xels uSlidnen, magram politikuri uTan-

xmoebis SiSiT mas srulad ver krZalavdnen. samagierod, re-

pertuars mkacri cenzuris qveS atarebdnen. warmodgenebis

gamarTvis uflebis SesanarCuneblad dramatulma wrem xerxs

mimarTa da daiwyo qarTul-rusuli saRamoebis gamarTva, ro-

melzedac orive enaze sruldeboda Teatraluri dadgmebi.

sayuradReboa afxazuri Teatris pirveli warmodgenebis

Taviseburebani, romelic agebulia xalxuri musikalur-sa-

simRero masalebis fonze. Teatrs jer kidev ar hqonda raime

piesa, arsebobda mxolod Tema, romelic iSleboda musika-

lur-teqstur nawyvetebSi.

aseTi ram pirvel xanebSi damaxasiaTebeli iyo afxazeTis

dramatuli nimuSebis xelovnebisaTvis, romelic italiur sa-

xalxo sanaxaobas mogvagonebs, aRmavlobis epoqaSi, imdros,

roca aseT sanaxaobaTa erT-erTi saxeoba e.w. `moxetiale Te-

atri~ iyo. aseT TeatrSi ar arsebobda piesa garkveuli teq-

stiT, scenebiTa da sxva.

xalxuri sanaxaobis siRrmidan Jamidan Jamamdis mrav-

ldeboda masala, romelic idgmeboda axal TeatrSi, musika-

luri Semoqmedebis fonze.

primitiuli Teatraluri xelovneba da saxalxo garTo-

bani afxazi xalxisaTvis didi xnidan aris cnobili.

erT-erTi popularuli da uZlieresi saxe saxalxo xe-

lovnebisa iyo simRera. damkvrelebi da xalxuri simReris

mTqmelebi afxiarcaze da Congurze dakvriT xalxs mudam ar-

Tobdnen da amSvidebdnen. es simRerebi Seqmnili iyo rogorc

gmirebze, ise laCrebze, zogjer es simRerebi warmoadgenda

mware satiras arsebuli sinamdvilis uaryofiT mxareebze.

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simRera da leqsi afxazeTis mematianea. simRera marad

Tan axlda afxazi xalxis moqmedebas — ojaxur yofa-cxovreba-

Si, saxalxo krebebze da yrilobebze, sixarulsa da mwuxareba-

Si. is egebeboda maT gaCenas, Tan axlda mTeli sicocxlis man-

Zilze, akvnidan samaremdis da gadascemda STamomavlobas maT

saqmeebsa da moqmedebas [1, 11].

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari musikosis Jana aCbas mdidari

memkvidreoba werilobiT ar SemorCenila, magram is, rac xal-

xma, qarTulma presam da samecniero naSromebma Semogvinaxa,

naTlad metyvelebs saxalxo mgosnis farTo SemoqmedebiT di-

apazonze, mis gamiznul maxvil satiraze. igi sofel-sofel

dadioda da interesiT usmenda xalxis gulisnadebs, mis Wir-

varams da Semdeg improvizebul formaSi originalurad amRe-

rebda afxiarcaze.

Jana aCba moRvaweobda afxazi xalxis cxovrebis yvelaze

mZime wlebSi, muhajirobis periodSi. es is dro iyo, rodesac

xalxs mama-papaTa miwa-wylidan asaxlebdnen, ris gamoc adgi-

lobriv mkvidrTa sami meoTxedi ganadgurda, xolo zogierTi

raioni sruliad dacarielda. soflad da qalaqad fexs iki-

debda mliqvneloba, Cin-medlebisadmi swrafva, aRviraxsni-

loba, ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, Tavadaznaurebs So-

ris. yovelive amas Seupovrad ebrZoda Jana. mas xSrad abez-

Rebda Tavadaznauroba. amitomac igi uvadod gadaasaxles sa-

megreloSi.

Jana aCba improvizaciis didi ostati iyo. misi epiTetebi,

cocxali Tqmebi axlac cocxlobs xalxSi.

`adamiani kvdeba — sityva rCeba~ — uTqvams mas da es sit-

yvebi zedgamoWrilia mis satirul, maxvilgonivrul Semoqme-

debaze.

Jana aCba daibada 1846 wels, gudauTis raionis sofel

aCandaraSi, gaRaribebuli Tavadis ojaxSi. dedamisma Tavi moik-

la, TviTon ki bavSvobaSi dabrmavda da usinaTlod gaatara Ta-

visi sicocxlis samoci weli. Tumca mas ar unaxavs bunebis um-

Svenieresi ferebi, magram SeigrZno garemoebidan yvelaze naTe-

li, cxadi ferebi, romlebsac is mTeli JiniT ayuradebda. Jana

aCbas Semoqmedeba, misi simRerebi mimarTulia Tavadebisa da

moxeleebis winaaRmdeg. xan satiruli simRerebiT, xan poemebiT,

xan ki SairiT, is Tanabari yuradRebiT exmaureboda Tavisi kuT-

xis rogorc did movlenebs, aseve yoveldRiur, wvrilman ambeb-

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sac. mis SemoqmedebaSi naTladaa gamosaxuli xalxis yofa-cxov-

rebis yvelaze ufro sayuradRebo, damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.

Jana aCbas Semoqmedeba organulad iyo dakavSirebuli afxazi

xalxis xelovnebasTan. man aiTvisa afxazi xalxis gasuli sauku-

neebis zepiri sityvierebis yvela Tavisebureba da misi naciona-

luri melodiebi. usinaTlo momRerali cdilobda es melodie-

bi momavali TaobebisaTvis gadaeca. aRsaniSnvia, rom Jana aCbas

repertuarSi Warbobda sagmiro simRerebi, is yuradRebas amax-

vilebda aseve socialur Tematikaze, saZirkvels uyrida xal-

xuri sanaxaobis Teatralur formas.

Jana aCbas yvela nawarmoebi, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT

warmoadgens afxazuri xalxuri poeziis saukeTeso nimuSs, xo-

lo faqizi iumori, enis suraTovneba, mkveTri aforizmebi gax-

da amouwuravi wyaro afxazi xalxis Semoqmedebisa. is ganuyo-

feli nawilia afxazuri xalxuri Semoqmedebis, romlis ele-

mentebi Seesisxlxorca afxazeTis Teatrs, dRidan misi daar-

sebisa. misi simRerebi gamoirCeoda mxatvruli formiT da sa-

xeebis srulyofilebiT. isini xSirad fokloruli xasiaTisa

iyo. sagulisxmoa, rom Cauwereli simRerebi dResac Tavisi

pirvandeli redaqciiTaa Semonaxuli, rac maT xalxurobaze

da did Rirsebaze metyvelebs.

Jana aCbas SemoqmedebaSi afxazeTis cxovreba gadmocemu-

lia xan gaSarJebul simRerebSi, xan SairSi, xan improvizebul

dramatul moqmedebaSi, xSirad ki misi satiruli simRerebi

poemis saxiTaa warmodgenili. is Tanabari yuradRebiT exmau-

reba Tavisi kuTxis rogorc did movlenebs, ise yoveldRiur

wvrilmans, mis SemoqmedebaSi naTladaa gamosaxuli xalxis yo-

fa-cxovrebis yvelaze ufro aRsaniSnavi, damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi. afxazi xalxi faqizad inaxavs usinaTlo poetis mi-

er Seqmnil leqsebsa da satirul moTxrobebs. Jana aCba iyo sa-

xalxo poeti da amasTan, mas momRerlis mxatvruli alRoc

hqonda. socialuri SinaarsiT ganmsWvaluli misi Semoqmedeba

afxazi xalxis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos aSuqebda.

Jana aCba mTel rig satirul moTxrobebSi da SairebSi ara

marto qmnida saxeebs, aramed anviTarebda aqtioruli Sesru-

lebis Cvevebs, romelmac Tavi iCina afxazuri nacionaluri sa-

naxaobis sxvadasxva formasa da saxalxo warmodgenebSi.

afxazurma folklorma, romelic saukuneTa manZilze ya-

libdeboda simRerebTan erTad, musikaluri sakravebic war-

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moSva. es instrumentebi ukve TavisTavad metyveleben, rom af-

xazur musikalur folklors uZvelesi tradiciebi da mtkice

safuZveli gaaCnia.

afxazuri musikaluri sakravebi farTodaa gamoyenebuli

musikalursa da sagundo ansamblebSi.

`aviuma~ — uZvelesi sakravi, mogvagonebs arfas.

`aCarpani~ — es sakravi salamurs hgavs, keTdeba balaxis

Rerosgan, romelsac aCarpani hqvia.

`aConguri~ — gitaris msgavsi musikaluri sakravi, ber-

Znuli warmoSobis, oTxsimiania, iTvleba qalTa sakravad [1,17].

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom Jana aCba cdilobda afxiar-

cis musikaluri SesaZlebobebis gaZlierebas. man didad gaaum-

jobesa afxazuri violino, romelic xalxuri Semoqmedebis

mudmivi Tanamgzavria. Janas Semoqmedeba afxazuri kulturis

ganuyofeli nawilia, romlis elementebi Seisisxlxorca afxa-

zurma Teatrma misi Casaxvis droidan.

mefis moxeleTagan devnili da damcirebuli, Raribi da

uTvistomo moxuci Jana aCba 1918 wels gardaicvala, 72 wlis

asakSi. igi dausaflavebiaT sofel aWandarSi, mis ganuyrel

musikalur sakravTan, afxiarcisTan erTad [1,14].

afxazuri simRera, romelic uxsovari droidan Tan ax-

lda afxazis cxovrebas, pirveli Sevida scenaze da xalxis Se-

moqmedebis sxvadasxva saxeobis warmosaxviT gza gauxsna afxa-

zur Teatralur xelovnebas.

sayuradReboa, afxazeTis kulturuli cxovreba, pirve-

li warmodgenebi, romlebmac saTave daudes afxazur Teatrs.

maT Sesaxeb saintereso informacias gvawvdis XIX saukunis

qarTuli presa.

pirveli qarTuli warmodgena OoCamCireSi 1885 wels Sem-

dgara, romelic aqauri skolis sasargeblod gamarTula [2, 2].

warmodgenebi, ZiriTadad saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTisa iyo, mag-

ram mas sxva daniSnulebac hqonda,— gamoevlina mamulis siyva-

ruli. maSindeli presa saTanadod asaxavda yvela kulturul

wamowyebas, miaCnda is erovnul saqmed, patriotizmis amaRle-

bis, afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis SemakavSirebel saSualebad,

ganaTlebisa da kulturis macned. presa mkiTxvels acnobda

warmodgenis organizatorebs, scenismoyvareT, aqebda da aqe-

zebda maT saqmianobas.

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didi rezonansi gamouwvevia meored gamarTul warmod-

genas, romelic gaumarTavT 1899 wels soxumSi. amis Sesaxeb ga-

zeTi `iveria~ wers: `aqauri axalgazrdebis meTaurobiT gamar-

Tuli iqna qarTuli warmodgena. iTamaSes frangulidan gad-

mokeTebuli erTmoqmedebiani vodevili `mSivrebi~. gazeTi

msjelobs warmodgenis av-kargze, imaze, Tu vin rogor asru-

lebda rols, vin moikoWlebda, vin kargad TamaSobda. iqvea

sxva informaciac: `am mokle xans kidev apireben warmodgenas.

unda iTamaSon b-n ilia WavWavaZis `deda da Svili~ [23,1].

gazeT `iveriaSi~ dabeWdili AanTimoz juRelis korespon-

denciidan vgebulobT, rom `warmodgenebi ZiriTadad saqvel-

moqmedo mizans isaxavda, imarTeba warmodgena warmodgenaze: es

tusaRTa sasargeblod, es Raribi studentebisaTvis xelis ga-

samarTavado, es saswavleblis sasargeblodo... ai, Tund, 3 Te-

bervlis warmodgenaze mogaxsenebT. b-nma n. iak. aleqsi-mesxiS-

vilma, kn. g. SaraSiZis TaosnobiT gahmarTa momaval dedaTa sas-

wavleblis sasargeblod qarTul-rusuli warmodgena. warmo-

adgines `baiyuSi~ a. cagarelisa~ [4, 3]. iqve CamoTvlilia monawi-

lenic, naTqvamia, rom ubileTod bevri darCa; Seqebulia msaxi-

obTa TamaSi, saubaria imaze, rom aleqsi-mesxiSvilma gamoaRvi-

Za miZinebuli sazogadoeba, rom kvlavac apireben am gziT sia-

ruls da fulis Segrovebas, raTa yrmaTa imgvari skola gamar-

Ton, sadac qarTuli Seiswavleba. `iveriis~ cnobiTve, gudauTa-

Si warmoudgeniaT Targmnili piesa `wuTis sacole~, a. cagare-

lis `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~, xolo gazeTi `kvali~ ityobine-

ba, rom 1895 wlis 15 noembers soxumSi gamarTuli warmodgenis

Semosavali gadaeca soxumis samrevlo skolas [5, 3].

Teatralur warmodgenebTn erTad, imarTeboda litera-

turuli saRamoebic. gazeTi `droeba~ wers: `iqauri skolis

didi zala savse iyo xalxiT. waikiTxes ori Tavi `kacia-adamia-

ni?!~-dan, poema `mese dimitri Tavdadebuli~ WavWavaZisa, `ube-

duri~, poema Waladidelisa da oriode wvrili leqsi~ [6, 3] .

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mravalerovan afxazeTSi

warmodgenebs marTavdnen qarTul da rusul enebze. es xdeba

farTo masebis mosazidad. garda amisa, ar ifarglebian qar-

Tveli mwerlebiT, dgamen rus, somex da ucxoel avtorTa na-

warmoebebs. magaliTad, 1892 wels daudgamT somexi sundukia-

nis popularuli piesa `pepo~ [7, 2].

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rogorc informaciidan Cans, amgvari warmodgenebiT sak-

mao saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa grovdeboda. `cnobis furclis~ pub-

likaciis mixedviT, `samis saqvelmoqmedo warmodgenisa da er-

Tis seirnobisagan, romlebic pativcemulma kn. wereTlisam

gamarTa, wleul Semovida 2000 maneTi [8, 4]. es im droisaTvis

uzarmazari Tanxa iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom pedagogis

xelfasi saSualod wliurad iyo 150-200 maneTi.

warmodgenebi, Teatraluri dadgmebi, saxelovnebo dase-

bi ukve aRar iyo ucxo xili afxazeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. mar-

Tlac, 1895-1900 wlebSi warmodgenili iqna al. yazbegis `arse-

na~, g. erisTavis `Zunwi~, rafiel erisTavis `monadire~, akaki

wereTlis `butiaoba~, a. cagarelis `prikaSCiki~, v. nasiZis, v.

abaSiZis, g. Ciqovanis, k. yifianis da sxvaTa piesebi. magram mxo-

lod adgilobriv scenismoyvareTa imedad ar miutovebia af-

xazeTi, aq Camodiodnen Tbilisisa da quTaisis saxelovani da-

sebi. kerZod, `1894 wels soxumSi quTaiselebs orjer gaumar-

TavT warmodgena da ise moswonebiaT aqaurebs es gamosvlebi,

stumrebi vaxSamzec miuwveviaT~ [4, 2].

yovelive es xels uwyobda da ganapirobebda sakuTriv af-

xazuri Teatris momwifebasa da Camoyalibebas. eWvi araa, am saq-

mes saTanado niadagi qarTulma warmodgenebma moumzada. amas

aRniSnavs afxazuri erovnuli Teatris istoriis mkvlevari m.

lakerbaia: `qarTuli Teatri da misi gamoCenili Teatraluri

moRvaweebi... didi xnidan cdilobdnen daxmarebodnen afxazebs,

rom SeeqmnaT sakuTari Teatraluri kultura~ [1, 31].

qarTuli presa afxazeTis Sesaxeb yovelgvar masalas aq-

veynebda, magram arcerTi sakiTxi ise farTod ar gaSuqebula,

rogorc kultura da ganaTleba. Cveni presis mesveurebi mar-

Talni iyvnen. k. gamsaxurdia miuTiTebs, roca qveyana politi-

kur damoukideblobas kargavs, man kulturuli diqtatura un-

da daamyaroso. amis saWiroebas, rogorc Cans, kargad xedavdnen

iliaseuli `iveria~, sergei mesxis `droeba~, sxva Jurnal-gaze-

Tebi da maTi xelmZRvanelebi. amitomac Tu iyo, rom gamudmebiT

ibeWdeboda informaciebi, statiebi Tu recenziebi afxazur an-

bansa da damwerlobaze, aq gamarTul samrevlo, saerobo da sxva

tipis skolebze, afxazi xalxis folklorze, literaturul sa-

Ramoebsa da Teatralur dadgmebze, qarTuli Teatris saxelo-

vani muSakebis gamosvlebze afxazeTSi [9, 147].

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es yovelive, erTi mxriv, emsaxureboda afxazeTSi kul-

turisa da ganaTlebis gavrcelebas, xolo meore mxriv, fes-

vebs unarCunebda istorias, tradicias, urTierTobebs.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. qajaia eTer, qarTuli Teatri afxazeTSi (1885-1940 ww.),

Tbilisi, 2006.

2. janaSia simon, giorgi ServaSiZe, soxumi, 1946.

3. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #85.

4. gazeTi `iveria~, 1893, #52.

5. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #82.

6. lakerbaia m., afxazuri Teatris istoriidan, Tbilisi,

1957.

7. abuTiZe, aswlovanTa ansambli, Tbilisi, 1977.

8. gazeTi `iveria~, 1885, #12.

9. gazeTi `iveria~, 1889, #18.

10. gazeTi `iveria~, 1893, #38.

11. Jurnali `kvali~, 1851, #51.

12. gazeTi `droeba~, 1884, #81.

13. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #85.

14. gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, 1897, #341.

15. naWyebia n., afxazeTis problematika XIX saukunis qarTul

presaSi, Tbilisi, 2006.

16. silagaZe a., guruli v., saqarTvelos ganuyoflobisaTvis

brZolis istoriidan, nakveTi II, Tbilisi, 1999.

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Tsatsa Chkhartishvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research

scientist of the Department of Modern and

Contemporary History

Theatrical Life in Abkhazia in the 80-90es of the 19th Century and

Historical Memory

Summary In the 80-90es of the 19th

century in Abkhazia, when Tsarism was

carrying out the strictest policy, when even writing and reading in Georgian

language was forbidden, it is easy to imagine the importance of theater. Theatre played the greatest role in deepening the national mentality of masses

and preserving spiritual strength. Since the 80-90es of the 19th century in

many places in Abkhazia (Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Okumi, Gudauta, Gali etc) the performances of the amateur theater lovers’ were held.

Since 1911 the theater became half professional and in 1928

professional. Abkhazian song, which from time immemorial was

concommited the life of Abkhazian, was the first that set foot on the stage and

with the help of performing different types of folk art gave the theatre of Abkhazia the perspective of development, the outstanding representative of which was Jana Achba.

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oTar gogoliSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, baTu-

mis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis sruli profesori

aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT

(XIX s-is 80-iani wlebi)

evgeni veidenbaums sapatio adgili uWiravs im istoriko-

sebs Soris, romlebic kavkasias ikvlevdnen. igi Targmnida

Sromebs, monawileobda cnobili mecnieris petre uslaris

wignis, `Zveli Tqmuleba kavkasiaze~, redaqtirebaSi. manve ga-

mosacemad moamzada krebuli, romelSic Sesulia ingliseli

moRvawis — palgrevis angariSebi aWaraze. e. veidenbaumis Ta-

osnobiT gamoqveynda, agreTve, frangi l. granJes da sxvaTa ma-

salebi, romlebic aWaras exeba.

veidenbaumma araerTi gamokvleva uZRvna saqarTvelos.

zogierTi maTgani Seitana krebulSi `kavkasiis etiudebi~. sa-

yuradReboa mogzauruli Canawerebi `baTumidan arTvinamde~,

romelic pirvelad 1878 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~ gamoqveynda.

aWaris Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebia mocemuli, aseve, mis uaR-

resad sayuradRebo naSromSi _ `kavkasiis gzamkvlevi 1888 wli-

saTvis~. 1878 wlis 31 oqtombers gem `rioniT~ veidenbaumi ba-

Tums ewvia. navsadgurSi daxvda ruseTis xomaldebi `kocebu~,

`redut-kale~, `CixaCevi~ da sxva, agreTve uamravi feluga,

romlebic simindiT, yurZniTa da Tixis WurWeliT daetvir-

TaT.

baTumi warmoSva mdinare Woroxma, romelmac droTa gan-

mavlobaSi mozida qva-RorRi, sila da amoavso napiri, _ SeniS-

navs veidenbaumi. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda mas Sem-

deg, rac navsadguris talRebisagan dasacavad wyalSi specia-

luri kedeli gaiyvanes. aman ufro Seakava xreSi da sila, ris

gamo bulvari maSin Tu zed zRvaze iyo, 1902 wlisaTvis zRva

asi saJeniT daSorda napirs da baTumelebs saSualeba miecaT

bulvarisaTvis kidev ori xeivani miematebinaT. baTumis kon-

cxi Woroxis naleqebiT Seiqmna — wers g. wereTeli. [1, 141]

baTumi gamoirCeoda swori da sicocxliT saves quCebiT.

zRvispira quCas amSvenebda erT-orsarTuliani qvis saxlebi

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maRaziebiT, agreTve sastumroebi da yavaxanebi. gamoirCeoda

sastumro `moskovi~. paraleluri quCebi bazars ekava, aqa-iq

qvafenilic daegoT. qalaqSi antisanitaria ar yofila, radgan

sila da qviSa wyals advilad atarebda. sasmeli wyali urexis

mTidan moedineboda. wyalsadenis mosawyobad samebis taZari

daeSalaT. baTums icavda zRvispiras agebuli sami saartile-

rio batarea qvis yazarmebiT. maT SesaniRbavad uamravi mcena-

re daergoT.

yvelaze didi problema maSin sacxovrebeli binis nakle-

boba iyo. amis miuxedavad mSenebloba mainc mimdinareobda,

Tumca nela. aguri da kramiti adgilze SeiZleba damzadebu-

liyo, magram saSeni xis masala Zalian cota iyo. mizezi amisa ki

is gaxldaT, rom tye adre gaCexes da evropaSi gazides. amitom

xe-tye xersonidan da qerCidan SemoaqvT, — aRniSnavs istorik-

osi. [2, 110] mSeneblobis dabali tempis mizezi iyo agreTve meryevi

politikuri viTarebac. 1879 wlis gazafxulisaTvis gavrcel-

da xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom TurqeTi axal oms iwyebs ruseTis

winaaRmdego. amis gamo Semcirda vaWroba. gaCerda mrewvelo-

ba. baTumi erT did samxedro banakad aris gadaqceuli da Tu

axali omi isev daiwyeba, maSin azri ara aqvs saqmis keTebas —

acxadebdnen baTumSi moRvawe vaWar-mrewvelebi. es iqneba ka-

pitalis wyalSi gadayrao. aseve, amis garda baTumSi Zalian

cudi quCebi iyo. wvimis dros, romelic xSiri iyo, qalaqi TiT-

qmis paralizebuli gaxldaT.

veidenbaumi obieqturad aSuqebs porto-frankos sa-

kiTxs, romelic baTumSi 1878 wels SemoiRes berlinis kon-

gresze ingliselebis daJinebiT da man 1886 wlamde iarseba.

portos-frankos — Tavisufali navsadguris SemoRebiT, bevrs

egona iaf evropul saqonels miiRebdnen, amotomac aqeTken

gamoswies, magram adgilobrivi produqtebisa da marselis li-

qioris meti araferi daxvdaT. ukeTesi xarisxis saqoneli imi-

tomac ar SemohqondaT, rom myidveli cota iyo. axlo sofle-

bidan Tu modiodnen glexebi. amasTan liqioris, romisa da

asanTis garda, sxva saqonlis gatana SeuZlebeli yofila. por-

to-franko emsaxureba ara vaWrobis ganviTarebas, aramed ad-

gilobriv mcxovrebTa Seviwroebas. maT marTlac moaqvT pro-

duqtebi gasayidad, iZenen qsovils. magram sakordono dacva,

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ar vici instruqciis safuZvelze, Tu gaugebrobiT, SeiZleba

romeliRac sxva mizezis gamo, xSirad maT akavebs da baJis ga-

daxdas iTxovs imis gamo, rom qalaqidan saWiro saqoneli ga-

aqvT. glexebs rom saqoneli gasayidad gahqondeT, maSin SeiZ-

leba gagvemarTlebina kordonis moqmedeba, magram piradi mo-

xmarebisaTvis SeZenil saqonelze ar SeiZleba moviTxovoT ba-

Ji, da saerTod, gana Rirs baJis gamo mosaxleobis ukmayofi-

leba gamoviwvioT, ambobs veidenbaumi. Semdeg igi kvlav ub-

rundeba porto-frankos sakiTxs da ambobs, rom maWaxlelebs

evropuli saqoneli winaTac baTumidan gahqondaT, magram baJs

ar ixdidnen, rogorc es porto-frankos SemoRebis Semdeg xd-

ebao. igi gabedulad amxels imaT, vinc yovelmxriv aviwroveb-

da xalxs, vinc ara Tu aziara isini axali xelisuflebis sike-

Tes, aramed aiZula osmaleTSi gadaxvewiliyo.

veidenbaumma cixisZiric moinaxula. man aRniSna, rom ci-

xisZirs gamagrebuli pozicia uWiravs da amitomac iyo, rom

misi aReba gauWirda rusis jars, rogorc 1829 wels, aseve 1877

wlis 11 ivnisso. veidenbaumi is pirovnebaa, romelmac cixisZi-

ri Zvel simagre petrad miiCnia. cixisZiris teritoriaze mas

eklesiis nangrevebic unaxavs. axlos moCuxCuxebda wyaros

wyali. 1883 wels rkinigzis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT aqauro-

ba gadaTxares, aafeTqes, qvebi ki jebirebis mSeneblobaze ga-

moiyenes, ris gamoc cixe-simagrem dakarga pirvandeli saxe,

aremare gauval tyeebs daefara. [3, 303-305] 1878 wlis 4 noembers mogzaurma Tanmxleb osebTan er-

Tad arTvinisaken aiRo gezi. kaxabris dablobi ialanuzis mTe-

bidan (TurqeTSia) mosul qurTebsa da 1886 wels gadmoxvewil

afxazebsac ekavaT. aq mcire siRrmeze daesaflavebinaT 1877-

1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi daRupuli 12 aTasi Turqi

jariskaci, ris gamoc uamravi tura moyriliyo. aq xelisufl-

ebas gaeyvana gzatkecili, romlis kideebze qvebi daewyo, aego

xidebi. yvelgan simindi eTesa. veidenbaumi da misi Tanmxlebi

pirebi male miadgnen sadgur kapandids, anu im adgils, sadac

axla maxos xidia. aq iwyeboda gza mdinare Woroxis ayolebiT.

saamisod iyenebdnen navebs — kaiukebs. isini baTums arTvinTan

akavSirebdnen. sami-oTxi menave ostaturad marTavda maT. Ti-

Toeuli mgzavri aT maneTs ixdida. yovel kaiuks asi fuTi tvi-

rTi gadahqonda. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom am gziT 1876 wels

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imogzaura istorikosma luka isarlovma. 1909 wels ki rusma

profesorma aleqsi kiselma.

kapandidSi veidenbaumma simindiTa da Tixis WurWleu-

liT savse kaiukebi naxa. aq gacvliTi vaWroba gaeCaRebinaT.

mdinareebisa da gzebis SesayarSi gaekeTebinaT qvis xelovnu-

ri sadinarebi, rom wyals ar Caerecxa gzebi. iq, sadac aWaris-

wyali Woroxs erTvis, orive mxareze unaxavs qvis xidis maRa-

li sayrdenebi. qviTkiriT nagebi xidi am cota xnis win waule-

kia mdinareso, — aRniSnavs veidenbaumi. Semdeg mas gauvlia so-

feli mirvana, romelic Woroxis marjvena napirzea Sefenili.

isic minda aRvniSno, rom am sofels mirvanas saxeliT ixseni-

ebs isarlovi da sxva mogzaurebic. rukaze ki es sofeli aRniS-

nulia simorisis saxeliT. maradidis ubnis ufross axmed

efendis ganumartavs veidenbaumisaTvis, rom am sofels simo-

neTi hqviao. Semdeg veidenbaumi misula sofel maWaxelaSi, sa-

dac mas daxvedria soflis mejlisis Tavmjdomare da sxva war-

Cinebuli pirni. veidenbaumi ambobs, rom aq laparakoben qar-

Tuli enis im kiloTi, rogoriTac aWaris sxva kuTxeSio. vei-

denbaumi civad ixseniebs maWaxlis ubnis ufross — wereTels

(akakis Zmas). ubnis ufrosi ganawyenebuli yofila imiT, rom

glexebi masTan misvlamde TavianT begebs eTaTbirebodnen. ve-

idenbaumi aqve SeniSnavs: `aba ra qnas xalxma. Turqebi maT um-

tkicebs, rom sazRvari male aWariswyalze gava, e. i. Tqven isev

Cvens xelSi moxvdebiT da maSin naxeT moRalateebs ras gizam-

To~. mosaxleobis meryeoba aseT pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, da-

sagmobi araa. mTavari mainc isaa, rom isini qarTulad lapara-

koben da dadebiTad miiRes axali xelisufleba. amitomac iyo,

rom veidenbaumi wereTels ar ewvia ojaxSi. aqve SevniSnav, rom

ubnis ufros wereTels arc Tu ise Tbilad ixseniebs zaqaria

WiWinaZec. igi ambobs, rom: `am batoni Tavadis gamgeobis peri-

odSi, fexi moikida muhajirobamo~. [4, 199-200] veidenbaums maWaxelasa da Woroxis SesarTavSi dauTva-

lierebia qvis xidis nangrevebi. qveda maradidSi naxa Tu ro-

gor ostaturad agebdnen kaiukebs. es sofeli gemTmSeneblo-

bis Zveli centria, SeniSnavs igi. aq mas daxvda ubnis ufrosi

axmed efendi, romelic veidenbaumis TqmiT gamoirCeoda `ti-

piuri qarTuli cxviriT, qarTuli laparakiT, oxunjobiTa da

stumar-maspinZlobiT. miuxedavad Turqulis didi zegavleni-

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sa, masSi ar CaxSobiloyo qarTuli sisxli~. axmed efendim

stumrebi ojaxSi miipatiJa, magram drois uqonlobis gamo ver

ewvivnen mas. axmed efendi daexmara maT toponimebis dadgena-

Si. man kelasuris wyalTan cixisa da eklesiis nangrevebi uCve-

na, rac rukaze aRniSnuli ar yofila. Woroxis qvemo welis er-

Ti sofeli veidenbaumma kamurenis saxeliT moixsenia, amaze

ubnis ufross uTqvams, rom misi namdvili saxeli wiTureTiao.

axmedis gvars veidenbaumi ar asaxelebs, magram varaudoben,

rom es pirovneba axmed xalvaSi unda iyos. am varaudis Sesaxeb

isev minda moviyvano zaqaria WiWinaZis sityvebi. igi 1892 wlis

Semodgomaze axmedis stumari iyo. ai, ras wers zaqaria WiWina-

Ze: `didma moWirnaxulem, saqarTvelos siyvaruliT damwvarma

axmed xalvaSma jer kidev 1875 wels, Tbilisidan gamoiwera

qarTuli wignebi...…1878 wels maradidis xoja qadagebda aWar-

lebis TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas, ris gamoc axmedma kinaRam cim-

birSi gadaasaxlebina igi. Tavis xarjze aago skolis Senoba,

magram moxda ise, rom skolaSi gamogzavnes qarTulis ar

mcodne maswavlebeli, razec uari ganacxades — qarTulis

mcodne maswavlebeli gvWirdebao. asec moxda.~ skolis gaxsnas

SemdegSic apirebdnen, moxele andRulaZis daxmarebiT. es

mcdeloba warmatebiT dagvirgvinda. am moxelem SeZlo yvela

problemis mogvareba da skolis gaxsna.

veidenbaumi aWaris mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ambobs: `aWar-

lebi fexmardni arian. erT xelSi kalaTa da inglisuri warmo-

ebis iaraRi, meoreSi — qolga uWiravT...Turqebma omis win 14

aTasi cali iaraRi daariges, rom mosaxleoba ruseTis winaaR-

mdeg aemxedrebinaT, magram amaod~. [5, 128]

ruseTis moxele mefisaSvils, romelic aWaris mmarTvel

ximSiaSvilebs TanamemamuleebTan da rus generlebTan akavSi-

rebda, mogzaurisaTvis ucnobebia, rom aWarlebs dRemde Cve-

ulebad aqvT, mividnen TavianTi winaprebis eklesia-taZrebis

nangrevebTan da aanTon sanTeli. Semdeg veidenbaumi ambobs:

`aWarlebi qarTvelebi arian, qarTulad laparakoben, mSobli-

uri ena Turqebis mier mitacebuli qarTuli kuTxeebidan,

sufTad mxolod aq Semoinaxa.~ Semdeg veidenbaumi rusuli So-

vinisturi xilisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT akeTebs im droi-

saTvis metad Tamam da progresul daskvnebs. kerZod is am-

bobs, rom: `aWarlebisaTvis oficialuri ena qarTuli unda

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gaxdes. mSobliuri ena daaxloebs maT TanamemamuleebTan, sa-

Sualebas miscems zneobrivad iltvodnen erTiani samSoblo-

saken, riTac dairRveva kavSiri muslimanur ideasTan. xelisu-

flebam ki am xalxs qarTulad unda mimarTos~. Semdeg veiden-

baumi ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTavs da Tanac afrTxi-

lebs, rom: `ise ar mogvivides, rogorc 1829 wels axalcixis

SemoerTebisas. maSin mosaxleobas udierad moveqeciT, riTac

sul davaviwyeT mSobliuri ena, xeli avaRebineT qarTveloba-

ze. ase rom ar moxdes aucileblad saWiroa aWaraSi gavxsnaT

mxolod qarTuli skolebi... aq xoja-molebi cotani arian,

amasTan bavSvebs TiTqmis ar aswavlian yurans~.

1888 wels TbilisSi gamocemuli veidenbaumis meore wig-

ni `kavkasiis gzamkvlevi~ Seicavs cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ba-

Tumis olqis mosaxleoba 1887 wels 117 873 kacamde aRwevda.

1886 wels gautaniaT 14,5 milioni maneTis marcvleuli da nav-

Tobi. SemoutaniaT mxolod 4 milioni maneTis saqoneli. maSin

baTumSi 1088 gemi mosula, aqedan 473 sakabotaJo.

veidenbaumi aRniSnavs, rom: `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

gadmocemiT, ivlis-agvistoSi, aWaris zRvispireTSi mZvinva-

rebda cieb-cxeleba. amas isic ganapirobebda, rom wvimebisas

mTebidan momdinare wyali zRvas ver aRwevda, radgan ar iyo

arxebi. amitom warmoiqmneboda Waobebi, tborebi. sinestes

xels uwyobda agreTve gauvali mcenareuli safarveli, xe-

lovnuri sagubarebi, romlebic brinjis nakveTebis mosarwya-

vad moewyoT~.

veidenbaumi wers: `ara ugvianes orasi wlisa e.i. me-17 sa-

ukuneSi, qarTuli ena batonobda mTeli Woroxis xeobaSi, axla

ki mxolod aWaraSi SemorCa. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom

aWarlebi qarTvelebi arian, saerTo aqvT ena, zogierTebi ki

ucodinarobis gamo cdebian~. [6,120-125]. aseTi mosazrebebi ki,

namdvilad, cxadyofs veidenbaumis progresulobasa da mis ke-

Tilganwyobil damokidebulebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

mimarT.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. g. wereTeli, publicistika, Tbilisi, 1974. 2. Е. Вейденбаум, Кавказоведение, Т. I, Тифлиc, 1901. 3. Е. Вейденбаум, Путеводитель по Кавказу, Тифлиc, 1888.

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4. z. WiWinaZe, muslimani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi sa-

qarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1914.

Otar Gogolishvili Doctor of Historical Sciences, the Full Professor of the Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Historian Evgeni Veidenbaum’s writings about Adjara

Summary

Some of the scientific researches of Evgeni Veidenbaum are dedicated to

adjara. Some of these researches are included into the book `essays about Caucasus~. It is worth mentioning the essay `from Batumi to Artvin~. This

essay was publishes in 1878 in the newspaper `Caucasus~. Very interesting

information about Adjara was published in a very important scientific

research `the guideline to Caucasus for the 1888 year~. On October 31, 1878

Evgeni Veidenbaum returned to the town of Batumi by the ship `Rioni~.

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ilia vadaWkoria

soxumis universitetis magis-

tranti

gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da gamoqveynebuli

mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb (1886-1889 ww.)

gazeTi `iveria~ mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo qarTu-

li Jurnalistikis flagmani, erovnul-demokratiuli inte-

lignciis miswrafebaTa mTavari gamomxatveli. i.WavWavaZem

Tavis `pirmSos,~ miznad Tavidanve dausaxa qarTveli xalxis

erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZola.

erovnuli TviTSemecnebis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebad

eris warsulis mecnierul-kritikuli Seswavla, axlad gamov-

lenili xelnawerebisa da istoriuli dokumentebis gamomzeu-

reba-popularizacia iqna miCneuli. dasaxuli miznis gansa-

xorcieleblad, gazeTsa da mis redaqtors, Tanadgoma qar-

Tvelma istorikosebma da kulturis istoriis mkvlevarebma

aRmouCines. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom XIX saukunis meore

naxevris qarTuli istoriografia aRmasvlas ganicdida da mi-

si warmomadgenlebi pirvelwyaroebisadmi gansakuTrebul

kritikul damokidebulebas iCendnen. movlenaTa axsnis prag-

matulma midgomam da mizez-Sedegobrivi meTodis gamoyenebam,

saqarTvelos istoriis (kulturuli, ekonomikuri, politi-

kuri da eTnikuri) sakiTxebis axleburad gaSuqebis SesaZleb-

lobis pirobebi Seamzada [1, 6]. aRniSnul problematikaze Seq-

mnili produqcia, gazeT `iverias~ furclebze qveyndeboda da

eris erTianobis ideiis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.

gazeT `iveria~-Si gamoqveynebuli masalebi, Tematuri

TvalsazrisiT ramdenime jgufaT SeiZleba daiyos. erT-erT

maTgans, saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaroebi warmoadgens.

marTalia, gazeT `iveria~-s 1886-1889 wlebSi TiTqmis arcerTi

matiane ar gamouqveynebia, magram `bibliografiis~ rubrikiT

dabeWdil werilebSi iZleoda, axladaRmoCenili matianis mok-

le Sinaarssa da daxasiaTebas. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis

Sesaxeb aseTi bibliografiuli rubrika gazeTma 1887 wlidan

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SemoiRo. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas T.Jordanias werili `ax-

lad aRmoCenili gelaTis matiane~ iqcevs. igi sazogadoebas

amcnobs, rom am mniSvnelovani xelnaweris aRmoCena (1829 we-

li) da litografiuli wesiT misi pirveli gamocema, m.broses

saxels ukavSirdeboda. T.Jordanias azriT, es matiane vaxuSti

batoniSvils gamouyenebia Tavis TxzulebaSi. amis damadastu-

reblad igi erTmaneTs udarebs `gelaTis matiane~-sa da vaxuS-

ti batoniSvilis `aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisasa~-s im

gverdebs, sadac misi msgavseba aSkarad dasturdeba. T.Jorda-

nias mtkicebiT, matiane genaTeli beris mier unda yofiliyo

Sedgenili, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva pirebs gaug-

rZelebiaT [2].

aRniSnuli matianesadmi `gelaTis matianis~ saxelwode-

bis mikuTvneba, gaumarTlebeli unda iyos, Tundac im moti-

viT, rom igi mxolod genaTeli beris mier ki ar aris Sedgeni-

li, aramed sxvadasxva pirebis mieraa `ganvrcobili.~[3, 18] aR-

niSnuli Txzulebis parizSi daculi xelnaweri e. TayaiSvilma

`parizis qronika~-s saxelwodebiT gamosca. saqarTvelos is-

toriis mkvlevarTa azriT, `parizis qronika~-s ZiriTadi wya-

roebia: 1) gelaTuri qronikoni, 2) mesxuri matiane, 3) ioseb

Tbilelis istoriuli poema `didmouraviani,~ 4) rostom me-

fis 1648 wlis gujari, 5) grigol dodorqelis `cxovreba da

wameba qeTevan dedoflisa,~ 6) farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzu-

lebis ukanaskneli nawili.[3, 18] yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan

gamomdinare Tuki mivudgebiT sakiTxs, im daskvnamde mivalT,

rom `parizis qronika,~ anu T.Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT

`gelaTis matiane~ sxvadasxva Txzulebebze damyarebul naS-

roms warmoadgens da pirobiTad XVIII saukunis 30-iani wlebiT

TariRdeba [3, 35].

saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisadmi, kerZod, `qar-

Tlis cxovrebisadmi~ XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTveli

istorikosebi gansakuTrebul interess iCendnen. yoveli axa-

li xelnaweris aRmoCenas didi sixaruliT xvdebodnen da amis

Sesaxeb Sesabamis informacias gazeT `iverias~ furclebze aq-

veynebdnen. T. Jordania gazeT `iveriaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi

`axali wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisa,~[4] sazogadoebas mes-

xiSvilis mier 1888 wels werakiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-

doebisadmi gadacemul xelnawerebSi tyavze daweril `moqce-

vai qarTlisai~-s d.baqraZis mier gamovlenili xelnaweris Se-

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saxeb auwyebda. am umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli wyarosadmi

T.Jordanias Tvalsazrisidan, yuradRebas, wminda ninos Rvaw-

lisa da cxovrebis sruli aRweris ori redaqciis arsebobis

mtkicebis faqti iqcevs. igi orive redaqciis mokle daxasia-

Tebas iZleva. misi azriT, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ aRniSnuli

redaqcia, manamde cnobil redaqciaTa Soris yvelaze Zveli

iyo, ris gamoc, T.Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ufro Se-

saniSnavi da Zvirfasia.~ rogorc werilidan irkveva, T.Jorda-

nia, aRniSnuli redaqciebidan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

pirvels aniWebda, radgan igi Seicavda `didZal friad saWiro

masalas Cveni uZvelesi istoriisas.~[4] amis dasasabuTeblad

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ is adgilebi moyavda, sadac qarTvel

mefeTa sia iyo CamoTvlili. imave matianeze dayrdnobiT, ga-

erTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed azos asaxelebs. misi

mtkicebiT, aleqsandre makedonels saqarTvelos dapyrobis

Semdeg mefed dausvams. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma ukritikod

miiRo da sarwmunod miiCnia `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ aRniSnul

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi moTxrobili ambebi. qarTul istori-

ografiaSi dRes garkveulia, rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ da-

culi cnoba, aleqsandre makedonelisgan qarTlis dalaSqvris

Sesaxeb, legendarulia da wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba.[5, 314]

Tu aleqsandre makedonels qarTlSi ar ulaSqria da igi ar

daupyria, bunebrivia, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefed

azos ver dasvamda.

xelnaweris aRwerisas T. Jordania dasZens, rom `moqce-

vai qarTlisai~-s xelnaweri daviT reqtoris—mesxiSvilis bib-

lioTekis ganZs warmoadgenda da #1141 ricxobrivi maCveneb-

liT iyo danomrili. iqve gulistkiviliT SeniSnavda, rom da-

viT reqtoris xelnawerebis es biblioTeka, misi gardacvale-

bidan 60 wlis Semdeg ganadgurebula da misgan mxolod 60

xelnaweri wigni darCenila. aseTive bedi ergo mcxeTis xelna-

werTa biblioTekas. (7000 xelnaweri wignidan, 6800 ganadgur-

da). am faqtebis winwamoweviT, T.Jordanias qarTveli sazoga-

doebis yuradRebis, erovnuli xelnawerebis movla-patrono-

bis aucileblobisken gadatana surda. werilis avtoris mier

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-dan saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb mo-

tanili cnobebi da misi analizi iTvaliswinebda: 1) saqarTve-

los uZvelesi istoriisadmi sazogadoebis yuradRebis mip-

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yrobas da arsebuli wyaros gacnobas, 2) Cveni eris warsulis,

misi kulturis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis uZvelesi xelnawere-

bis mniSvnelobis winwamowevas.

XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli istoriografia,

saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas, ZiriTadad `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ ama Tu im xelnawerebs eyrdnoboda, magram, para-

lelurad ucxouri wyaroebis moZiebasa da mis gamomzeureba-

sac cdilobda. am did saSviliSvilo saqmeSi qarTvel istori-

kosebs mxarSi gazeTi `iveria~ edga. igi periodulad im axlad

aRmoCenili wyaroebis mokle anotirebul monacemebs aqvey-

nebda, romlebic saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb cnobebs Sei-

cavda. amis erT-erT nimuSs, gazeTi `iveria~-Si 1886 wels `ax-

li ambvis~ rubrikiT dabeWdili vrceli informacia warmoad-

gens. masSi somexi istorikosis malaqia beris Txzulebaza sau-

bari. gazeTi mkiTxvel sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom aRniSnuli

naSromi, monRolTa periodis saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb

sayuradRebo cnobebs Seicavda da motanili faqtebis umete-

soba `qarTlis cxovrebis~—aTvis ucnobi iyo. aseTi preambu-

lis Semdeg, qarTveli istorikosebis misamarTiT dasZenda:

`saintereso iqneba, Tuki vinme xels mokidebs misi qarTulad

gadmoTargmnas.~[6] aseTi saxis imformaciis miuxedavad, Txzu-

lebis saxelwodeba gaurkveveli rCeboda, radgan zemoaRniS-

nul rubrikaSi amis Sesaxeb araferi iyo naTqvami. dReisaTvis

cnobilia, rom malaqia beri, igive grigol akanelia, avtori

`moisarTa tomis istoriisa.~ misi qarTuli Targmani mxolod

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.[7]

gazeTma `iveria~-m 1886 wels, mkiTxvel sazogadoebas

romaeli istorikosis tacitusis (56-117 w.w.) Sesaxeb miawoda

cnoba.[8] Cveni eris pirveli — meore saukuneebis istoriis

SeswavlisaTvis aRniSnuli istorikosis naSromis mniSvneloba

srulad rom warmoeCina, gazeTma mokled, magram sainteresod

warmoadgina saqarTvelo-somxeTisa da romis urTierTobis

istoriis amsaxveli masalebi. miuxedavad amisa, tacitusis

`analebis` da `istoriebis` qarTuli Targmani im etapze ver

moxerxda. igi mxolod 1973 wels iqna ganxorcielebuli [9].

wminda istoriuli wyaroebis farTo propagandasTan erTad,

gazeTi `iveria~ sazRvargareT gamoqveynebuli samecniero

Sromebidan, saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakavSirebuli ucno-

bi masalebis amokrefas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi masze miTiTe-

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bas axdenda. amis nimuSad, peterburgis arqeologiuri sazo-

gadoebis aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganyofilebis sxdomaze,

s.veselevskis mier wakiTxuli moxsenebis (1889 w. 23 marti) Se-

saxeb dabeWdili informaciuli xasiaTis cnoba gamodgeba.

imave gazeTidan irkveva, rom am moxsenebas, iranSi myofi rusi

elCebis 1597-1599 wlebis aRweriloba dadebia safuZvlad. ga-

zeTisave cnobiT, momxsenebels dawvrilebiT ganuxilavs qar-

Tveli mefis aleqsandres mier sparseTSi gagzavnili elCebisa

da misi Svilebis, qalaq yazvinSi rus elCebTan Sexvedris faq-

tebi. misive monacemebiT, qarTvel elCs Sah-abasisaTvis mSve-

nieri qarTveli qali mihyavda, romelic Sahma colad SeirTo,

xolo mefis vaJiSvili daasaCuqra. igive gazeTi mkiTxvels au-

wyebda, rom n.veselevskis moxseneba aRmosavleTmcodneobis

Sromebis 21-e tomSi daibeWdeboda [10]. gazeTi arafers ambob-

da, Tu romel aleqsandresTan gvqonda saqme da ra qvioda Sa-

hisadmi gagzavnil Svilebs. arc imis Sesaxebaa miniSnebuli,

romeli Sahi iyo iranis mmarTveli. sakiTxis gasarkvevad, imave

gazeTis mier saelCo aRwerilobis daTariReba (1598-599 wle-

bi) gamodgeba. am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rusi elCebi,

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre meoris (1474-1506 w.w.) mier wargzav-

nil qarTvel elCebs Sexvedria, romelsac Sah-abas pirvelTan

(1487-1529 w.w.) aleqsandre meoris qaliSvili (saxeli ucnobia)

da vaJi konstantine (igi im dros 12 wlis iyo) miyavda.

aRniSnuli masalebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davasknaT,

rom 1886-1889 wlebSi, gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis

werilobiTi wyaroebis zogadi monacemebis gamoqveynebiTac

ki, sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda. igi saqarTvelos istoriis

mkvlevarT, dasaxelebuli wyaroebis arsebobaze mianiSnebda

da misi mecnierul mimoqcevaSi Semotanis SesaZleblobas qmni-

da. gazeT `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalebis Seswavlam gviC-

vena, rom qarTvel da ucxoel mematianeTa Txzulebebis popu-

larizaciis paralelurad, igi qarTuli saistorio sabuTebis

gamoqveynebas, mis propagandas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobda. amis magaliTs, saqarTvelos mefis bagrat didis mi-

er SergilaZeTa saxelze gacemuli sasisxlo sigeli warmoad-

gens.[11] am dokumentis teqstTan erTad, gazeTma TviT sige-

lis aRwerilobac dabeWda. gazeTis monacemebiT, sigeli tyav-

ze iyo dawerili. misi sigrZe `alab naxevari,~ xolo sigane `me-

samedi alabi~ iyo. sigelis Tavze mefe bagratis suraTi yofi-

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la gamosaxuli warweriT `mefeT-mefe bagrat didi.~ sigelis

boloSi mefis xelmowera iyo darTuli. aseTi saxis aRwerilo-

bis Semdeg, TviT sigelis sruli teqsti iyo dabeWdili. aRniS-

nuli dokumentidan irkveva: 1) sigeli gaucia bagrat mefes

didaT erTguli aznauris jakva da misi Svilis maTe Sergila-

Zeebis saxelze, maTive Txovnis Semdeg. `dagveajnes da vismi-

neT aja da moxseneba maTni: SeviwyaleT da uboZeT sasisxlo

sigeli.~ 2) sigelSi mocemulia SergilaZeTa ojaxisadmi xel-

Seuxebloba. Tuki vinme Seecdeboda SergilaZeTa ojaxis wev-

rebisadmi odnavi Seuracyofa mieyenebina, Seuracmyofeli Se-

sabamisi gadasaxadiT isjeboda. iqve, CamoTvlili iyo sxvadas-

xva danaSaulebebTan dakavSirebiT dawesebuli gadasaxadTa

raodenoba. 3) sigeli garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis im perio-

dis saqarTveloSi aznaurTa wodebis uflebebsa da movaleo-

bebze. 4) sigelidan vgebulobT, rom misi gacemis momentisaT-

vis bagrati mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe yofila. amis

Sesaxeb dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `daudeviT ese Cvengan boZe-

buli sigeli da misi wesiTa da rigiTa gasinjeT da daaurveb-

diT aw qristes mier kurTxeulo episkoposno qarTlisa da af-

xazeTisa, kaTalikosno samcxes mawyverelno da aTormetno me-

udabnoeno, Wyondidelo, caiSelo, moqvelo da bedielo

Tqvenca asre daumtkiceT, sxvani karisa Cvenisa Tavadno eris-

TavTa erisTavo da svanTa erisTavo da mandaturTuxuceso,

dadiano, amir spasalaro, gurielo Tqvenc asre daumtkiceT

sxvano karisa Cvenisa vezirno amiraT amirao, amilaxoro cixi-

saTa karisa Cvenisasa.~[11]

rac Seexeba sigelis gacemis konkretul dros, imave do-

kumentis boloSi vkiTxulobT: `daiwera boZeba da sigeli ese

xeliTa karisa Cvenisa divnisaTa Tvesa martsa ocdacxrasa da

mTvaresa moqcevasa ocdaxuTsa indiqtonsa. mefobisa Cvenisa-

sa qronikonsa oras ormocdaorsa.~[11] e. i. 1554 wels. Tu ga-

viTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom imerTa mefe bagrat mesame

1510-1565 wlebSi mefobda, maSin aRniSnuli sigeli, romelsac

bagrati didis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli, bagrat mesamis mier

unda iyos gacemuli. rogorc gazeTidan irkveva, es sigeli

sof. obujSi (zugdidis mazra) Sengelaiebis ojaxSi aRmouCe-

niaT. ojaxis wevrebs gazeTis redaqciisaTvis miuwodebiaT as-

li da ara dedani. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi `iveria~ das-

Zenda: `kargi iqneba bb-nma Sengelaiebma es sigeli gaasinjinon

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Cveni istoriisa da arxeologiis mcodne kacebs an droebiT ma-

inc gamougzavnon werakiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoe-

bas.~[11] ramdenadac, sigeli araspecialistis mier iqna gada-

werili, gamoricxuli araa, saqme gvqondes gadaweris dros

daSvebul SecdomebTan. rac Seexeba TviT sigelis beds, igi ga-

urkvevelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi gazeTi `iveria~—s Semdeg, misi

publikacia sigelgujrebis arcerT gamocemaSi ar moxvedri-

la.

gazeT `iverias~ furclebze gamoqveynebuli saistorio

sabuTebidan, Cveni yuradReba `JurulianT gvaris gujarma~

miiqcia.[11] aRniSnul dokuments win uZRvis redaqciis mier

gakeTebuli mokle mimoxilviTi xasiaTis werili, romlidanac

vgebulobT, rom es gujari pergamentze iyo dawerili. sigane

sam goj naxevari, xolo sigrZe ori arSini qonda. gujaris Tav-

ze macxovari iyo gamosaxuli, xolo mis qvemoT taxtze fex-

morTxmiT mjdomi giorgi mefe. imave werilidan irkveva, rom

es gujari 1848 wels frangulad gamucia m.broses. xolo

d.baqraZes, vaxuSti batoniSvilis `istoriis~ SeniSvnebSi ga-

mouyenebia.

dokumentis teqstidan irkveva, rom aRniSnul gujars

mefe giorgi aZlevs winamZRvars Juruls, mis Zmebs avgarozs

da ratis. JurulianT STamomavlebs am dokuments uaxlebs gi-

orgis Zmiswuli mefe bagrati. giorgi mefis mier gacemul gu-

jars 1463 weli azis, xolo bagratis mier ganaxlebuls 1472

weli. es saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT Tu romeli giorgis

da bagratis mier aris igi gacemuli da ganaxlebuli [12, 733].

Cvens mier motanili daTariRebiT Tuki vimsjelebT, gujari

giorgi mervis (1446-1466 w.w.) mier unda iyos gacemuli, xolo

bagrat meeqvsis (1466-1478) mier ganaxlebuli [12, 733]. imave sa-

redaqcio werilSi, gvaris Jurulis warmomavlobis garkvevis

mcdelobacaa. gazeTis azriT, `Jurulni unda iyvnen qsnis

erisTavni Salvasa da largviselis erT-tomni da erT sis-

xlni~ [13]. rogorc samecniero literaturidan irkveva, amJa-

mad gvari Juruli mxolod axalgoris raionis sofel lar-

gvisSi gvxvdeba.[14, 136] saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb gazeT

`iveria~-Si dabeWdili masalebidan, gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas ori dokumenti iqcevs: 1) `mziTvis wigni anuka batoniSvi-

lisa da misi ganmarteba~ [15], da 2) mgalobliSvilTa saxelze

erekle meoris mier gacemuli wyalobis wigni [16]. aRniSnuli

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dokumentis publikacia saTanado gamokvleviT m.janaSvils

ekuTvnis. misi istoriul-eTnografiuli mniSvnelobis gar-

kvevis paralelurad, igi im ganmapirobebel mizezebsac Seexo,

ramac am saintereso dokumentis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. am fon-

ze, man vaxtang meeqvsis droindeli saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri da politikuri istoriis suraTi sainteresod

warmoaCina. rac Seexeba meore dokuments, sofel WalaSi vinme

xucess erT—erT ojaxSi karze gakruli unaxavs, gauwmendia da

teqsti sruli saxiT gadauweria. mas boloSi darTuli qonda

TariRi k welsa CRJz. rac 1797 wlis aprils niSnavs. igi erek-

le meorisa da anton kaTalikozis xelmoweriT da beWdiTaa

dadasturebuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT am dokumentebis daxasia-

Tebas da misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas, radgan amis Sesaxeb ga-

zeT `iveriaSi~ sakmaod vrcladaa saubari. mxolod avRniS-

navT, rom aseTi pirveladi wyaroebis gamoqveynebam, erovnuli

istoriografiis winsvlaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula. marTa-

lia, am masalebis umetesobis publikaciis done mecnierebis

maSindel moTxovnebs srulad ver pasuxobda, magram, saqar-

Tvelos istoriis ukeT Seswavlisa da qarTvel xalxSi erov-

nuli cnobierebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul

rols asrulebda [17, 201- 202].

gazeTi `iveria~-s yuradRebis centrSi, mecxramete sau-

kunis meore naxevris qarTveli da ucxoeli istorikosebis

Sromebi moeqca. rubrikaSi `saistorio da sabibliografio we-

rilebi,~ gazeTi xSirad aqveynebda recenziebs. ama Tu im naS-

romis mecnierul SefasebasTan erTad, mis popularizaciasac

axdenda. am mxriv, yuradRebas m. janaSvilis vrceli recenzia

iqcevs. igi d. baqraZis naSromis — `werilebi saqarTvelos is-

toriisa da siZveleTa Sesaxeb,~ Sefasebas isaxavda miznad. es

naSromi oTx samecniero werils Seicavs. 1) sad da vin daiwyo

saqarTvelos werilobiTi naSTebis Seswavla, 2) axlad napovni

Zveli qarTuli matiane, 3) sigeli XI saukunisa, 4) saqarTvelos

naSTebi ganxilulni akademiis mindobilobiT. `yvela es weri-

lebi — wers m.janaSvili — Tavisi SinaarsiT friad saintere-

soa...naTels hfens saqarTvelos istoriasa da matianes.~[18]

aRniSnul recenziaSi, m. janaSvili dawvrilebiT exeba saz-

RvargareT qarTvelologiis ganviTarebas da mis sawyis saTa-

veebs sen- martenis mier parizSi 1822 wels daarsebul aziur

sazogadoebas ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia, es sazogadoeba,

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aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlas

isaxavda miznad. m. janaSvili, mkiTxvels dawvrilebiT acnobs

im titanur Sromas, romelic sen-martenma, Sulcma, rotiesma,

klaprotma da brosem gaswies sazRvargareT qarTvelologiis

ganviTarebisaTvis. iqve sinanuliT dasZens, rom `im xanebSi, ra

xanasac Cven vexebiT, saqarTvelos Semswavlelni erTimeores

Semdeg gardaicvalnen da cocxali daSTa mxolod brose, ami-

tom urigo ar iqneba am moRvawezed ramdenime vrceli cnobebi

moviyvanoT~ [18]. recenziis meore nawilSi [19] dawvrilebiTaa

saubari mari broses (1802-1880) cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

mniSvnelovan momentebze. kerZod, mari brosesadmi Teimuraz

batoniSvilis daxmarebaze, ramac m. broses qarTvelologiis

did mkvlevarad CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seas-

rula [20]. es garemoeba qonda mxedvelobaSi m.broses, roca

ruseTis saimperatoro akademiis erT-erT krebaze warmoT-

qmul sityvaSi (1838 weli) acxadebda: `ganucvifreblad ar Se-

miZlian movixsenio mefis Ze Teimurazi, romelsac maRal zne-

obasTan erTad, mohmadlebia ganviTarebuli Wkua da vrceli

codna, igi mwerlobiTs SromaSi hpovebs keTilSobilur sit-

kboebas da siamovnebas. imisi sagania SromiT ukvdavhyos saxe-

li Tavisis erisa. gavtydebi da vityvi, rom misi morCili mowa-

fe var me~ [19].

m. janaSvili imave recenziaSi d. baqraZis meore werils

exeba, sadac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT,

mecnierTa erT jgufSi Seqmnil gaugebrobazea saubari. mas

d.baqraZis werilidan, moaqvs Sesabamisi amonaweri, sadac am

gaugebrobis Seqmnis ZiriTadi mizezia axsnili. `zogierTi

xelnaweri `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ — vkiTxulobT recenziaSi —

iwyeba imiT, rom vaxtang VI-m Sehyara swavlulni da imaT Semwe-

obiT Seaswora qarTuli matiane da Seavso somxuri da sparsu-

li matianeebis cnobebiT... am garemoebam zogierT mecnierSi

eWvi warmoSva, TiTqos qarTlis cxovreba Sedgenili yofili-

yos vaxtang V1-isagan da igi ar SeiZleboda mieCniaT sandoT.~

am Sexedulebis erT-erTi avtorTagani patkanovi iyo. m. ja-

naSvilis recenzia, sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom aRniSnul sa-

kiTxs d. baqraZem sagangebod daweril gamokvlevaSi, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ nusxebze dayrdnobiT, `qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~

skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnierebs daudastura, rom qar-

Tvel ers, `qarTlis cxovreba~ vaxtang VI-mde qonda da igi sa-

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qarTvelos istorias XIV saukunemde aRwerda [19]. Tanamedro-

ve qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia vaxtang meeqvsis

swavlul kacTa komisiis mier Catarebuli samuSaoebi. `vaxtan-

gis swavlul kacTa komisiam — wers prof. s. yauxCiSvili — er-

Ti mxriT Zveli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ damaxinjebuli adgile-

bi gaaswora (`ganmarTes~), xolo meore mxriT, bolo saukunee-

bis istoria dawera (`aRweres~), radgan Zvel `qarTlis cxov-

rebaSi~ Txroba wydeboda giorgi brwyinvalis mefobaze (XIV s.

dasawyisi). axlad dasaweri iyo XIV-XVII saukuneebis istoria.

es orive davaleba mecnier kacTa komisias pirnaTlad Seusru-

lebia~ [21, 024- 025].

m. janaSvilma vrceli mimoxilviTi recenzia miuZRvna

`saero ganaTlebis saministros JurnalSi~ #7, gamoqveynebul

mari broses naSroms: `mosazrebebi saqarTvelos istoriisa da

literaturis Sesaxeb~ (rusul enaze) [22]. rogorc m. janaSvi-

li SeniSnavs, m.brose, qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxebs le-

onti mrovelis cnobebze dayrdnobiT ganixilavda. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ uZvelesi nawilis avtoris mier gamoyenebul ze-

pir gadmocemebs, sando Rirebulebis matereblad miiCnevda.

aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlosis, misi Svilebisa da Targamosis

istoriulobas aRiarebda. am ukanasknelis STamomavlobaSi

calkeul qarTvel tomTa jgufebs gamoyofda. m. broses amo-

saval safuZvels bibliuri genialogiuri principi warmoad-

genda [1, 55]. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis safuZvlianad Seswavli-

dan gamomdinare, mkvlevari arCil baramiZe samarTlin das-

kvnas akeTebda, rom `m.broses eTnologiuri koncefcia arse-

biTad patriarqalur-genealogiuria da arafers axals ar Se-

icavs, rac mas ganasxvavebda mis winamorbed qarTvel istori-

kosTagan~ [1, 54-55]. saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevisas, m.bro-

sem qarTuli wyaroebis ucxourTan Sedarebis meTodis gamo-

yenebis aucileblobis sakiTxi daayena [22]. aRniSnul recenzi-

aSi, m. janaSvili mxolod m. broses ZiriTadi debulebebis gad-

mocemiT dakmayofilda da Tavisi pozicia ar daufiqsirebia.

es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi m.broseseul Sexedule-

bebs iziarebda da farTo sazogadoebaSi mis popularizacias

uwyobda xels.

rogorc cnobilia, m. broses samecniero kvlevis sfero-

Si, erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTuli literaturis

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istoriis sakiTxebs eWira. igi qarTul literaturidan sam Zi-

riTad dargs (RvTismetyveleba, poezia, istoria) gamoyofda

[23]. am principiT ganixila man qarTuli literaturis isto-

riis sakvanZo sakiTxebi Zveli droidan XVIII saukunis CaT-

vliT. vefxistyaosans, besikis da guramiSvilis Semoqmedebas

maRali Sefaseba misca [24]. imavdroulad, qarTvelolog

mkvlevarTa sayuradRebod ganacxada: `saqarTvelos siZvele-

ni elian bejiT gamokvlevas, rom saqarTvelos moepoveba TiT-

qmis yovelgvari saukeTeso Txzulebani, rom saqarTvelo Ta-

visi geografiuli mdebareobiT da istoriuli cxovrebiT, ax-

lo dgas da urTierTobaSi iyo aziis yvela udides erebTan.

Tu miviRebT yvela amas mxedvelobaSi, unda vaRiaroT, rom sa-

qarTvelo iseTi asparezi iyo, rom gasinjvas da gamokvlevas

unda mivmarTod, Tu gvinda avxsnaT bevri sayuradRebo sagani

aRmosavleTis istoriis Sesaxeb~ [24]. rogorc vxedavT, aq gar-

kveviTaa dasmuli sakiTxi, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xalxTa

istoriis gaTvaliswinebis fonze, saqarTvelos istoriis

kvlevis warmarTvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sakiTxis am for-

miT dasma, SemTxveviTobidan ar gamomdinareobda. mecnierul

alRosTan erTad, mas qarTveli eris warsulis yovelmxrivi

Seswavla edo safuZvlad. mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze,

m.brose am kuTxiT ikvlevda saqarTvelos warsuls, riTac

fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo qarTvel ers. exeboda ra am sa-

kiTxs, m.janaSvili gazeTi `iveria~-Si gamoqveynebul werilSi

`Sesavali, `qarTlis cxovreba~ m.broses moRvaweoba saqarTve-

los istoriis Sesaswavlad da Semdgom istorikosebisaTvis~—

miuTiTebda: `Tuki vinme mogvepoveba, romelic sindisierad

ikvlevs qarTveli eris istorias, maT Soris erTi maTgani mari

brosea, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelTa ers man daudga sau-

kuno Zegli. man frangul enaze gadaiRo qarTuli matianis na-

wili, agreTve mravali sxva qronikebi. amas ar dasjerda da fe-

xiT moiara mTeli saqarTvelo da adgilebze gamoikvlia si-

gel-gujarni, taZar monasterTa warwerebi, cixeni, nangreve-

bi, gamoqvabulni. Seagrova zogierTi zepiri Tqmulebani da am

gziT mopovebuli cnobani—istoriulni Tu qronologiurni

Seadara, SeuTanaswora qarTvel mematianeTa TqmulebaTa da

cnobaTa... ucxo tomTa qronologiani Seadara mTel am masa-

las da amnairaT uaryo mravalTa mcdari, ukuRmarTi azri sa-

qarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb~ [25]. marTalia, es daxasiaTeba

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srulad ver asaxavs qarTvelologiis ganviTarebaSi m.broses

damsaxurebas, magram aRniSnulidanac naTeli xdeba, Tu rao-

den didad iyo dafasebuli igi jer kidev XIX saukunis 80—iani

wlebis qarTveli moRvaweebis mier.

saqarTvelos istoriis SeswavlaSi wingadadgmul nabijs

a.cagarelis (1844-1929 w.w.) mier rusul enaze dawerili gamok-

vleva `Zveli qarTuli Zeglebi wminda miwaze da sinaize~ war-

moadgenda [26]. igi 1888 wels, `palestinis marTlmadidebeli

sazogadoebis~ IV tomis pirvel nawilSi daibeWda. misi gamoq-

veynebisTanave, gazeTma `iveria~-m m. janaSvilis vrceli re-

cenziiT gamoexmaura [27]. recenzentma a. cagarelis qarTve-

lologiuri saqmianoba m. broses damsaxurebis fonze ganixi-

la da mkiTxvel sazogadoebas dasaxelebuli naSromis arqi-

teqtonika SesTavaza. a) winasityvaoba, b) mogzauroba wminda

qveyanasa da sinaize g) istoriuli mimoxilva saqarTvelos mi-

mosvlisa da urTierTobisa wminda qveyanasa da sinaisTan, d)

aRwera qarTulis naSTebisa wminda qveyanasa da sinaize, e) qar-

Tveli moaxalSeneni palestinas. wignis damatebaSi, rogorc

recenzenti wers, CarTuli iyo: 1) ierusalimis jvrisa da sinas

monasterTa qarTuli wignebis katalogebi, 2) palestinis qar-

Tuli warwerebi, 3) erekle meoris werili. sarecenzio wignze

dayrdnobiT, m. janaSvili Tanmimdevrulad gadmoscems siria-

Si, palestinasa da sinas mTaze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis TxuT-

met saukunovan istorias. a. cagarelis aRniSnul naSroms, sa-

gangebo recenzia miuZRvna st. WrelaSvilma saTauriT `saqar-

Tvelos naSTni palestinaSi da sinas mTaze~ [28]. avtorma, m.ja-

naSvilis mier yuradRebis miRma datovebuli sakiTxebi wamos-

wia wina planze, sazogadoebas a. cagarelis naSromze darTu-

li, ierusalimisa da palestinis monastrebis 946 cali qarTu-

li xelnawerebis katalogi gaacno. a. cagarelis naSromidan

motanil masalebze dayrdnobiT, st. WrelaSvili daskvnis sa-

xiT dasZenda: `es mcireodeni cnobebi am werilisa sakmarisia

dainaxos kacma, Tu ra mdidari yofila Zveli mwerloba saqar-

Tvelosi~ [19].

amrigad, 1) axlad gamovlenili saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb gazeT `ive-

ria~-Si gamoqveynebuli mimoxilviTi xasiaTis publikaciebi,

pirvel rigSi, aRniSnuli faqtisadmi saqarTvelos istoriis

mkvlevarTa da mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradRebis miapyro-

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96

bas iTvaliswinebda. 2) warsulis RirsSesanisnavi faqtebisa da

movlenebis fonze, istoriuli pirovnebebis naRvawis popula-

rizaciiT, gazeTi `iveria~ qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviT-

Segnebis amaRlebas da warsulisadmi pativiscemis gacocxle-

bas isaxavda miznad.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. ar.baramiZe, narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriogra-

fiidan, Tbilisi, 1979.

2. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #193.

3. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika), teqsti gamosa-

cemad moamzada Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo gi-

uli alasaniam, Tbilisi, 1980.

4. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #4.

5. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970.

6. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #12.

7. grigol akaneli, `moisarTa tomis istoria,~ somxuri teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniT da komentarebiT gamosca nodar SoSiaS-

vilma, Tbilisi, 1961.

8. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #204.

9. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, laTinuri teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiT ga-

mosca aleqsandre gamyreliZem, Tbilisi, 1973.

10. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #70.

11. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #197.

12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 3, Tbilisi, 1979.

13. gaz. `iveria,~ 1886, #124.

14. i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tbilisi, 1981,

15. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #234.

16. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #175.

17. a. ioseliani, saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi da Ter-

gdaleulni, Tbilisi, 1972.

18. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #68.

19. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #69.

20. r. dodaSvili, mari brose— qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari,

Tb, 1962, S.xanTaZe, mari brose, Tbilisi, 1966.

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97

21. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xel-

naweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1955.

22. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #61.

23. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #66.

24. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #82, #83.

25. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #93.

26. k. kinwuraSvili, aleqsandre cagareli, Tbilisi, 1974.

27. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #274.

28. gaz. `iveria,~ #129, #130.

Ilia Vadachkoria Magistrant of Sokhumi State University

The Newspaper “Iveria” About the Sources of the History of Georgia

and Published Scientific Literature (1886 - 1889)

Summary

The study of the newspaper “Iveria” from the point of view of the history of Georgia and published scientific literature showed that: 1) The newly revealed sources of the history of Georgia and scientific literature published in the newspaper “Iveria” are the publications heaving a character of a review. They served to draw an attention of the readers and the researchers of the history of Georgia to the mentioned items. 2) On the background of the significant facts and events the newspaper “Iveria” aimed the popularization of the deeds of the prominent historical figures to strengthen the national identity and the revival of the honor towards the past.

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qeTevan mania

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxel-

mwifo universitetis asistent-pro-

fesori

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis

procesi `iveriis~ (1887) mixedviT

qarTuli nacionaluri erTianobis procesebis Seswavli-

sadmi miZRvnili araerTi naSromi gvxvdeba specialur lite-

raturaSi, sadac upiratesoba eniWeboda obieqtur faqto-

rebs, xolo subieqturi faqtorebi, m. CxartiSvilis marTebu-

li dakvirvebiT, uyuradRebod iyo datovebuli. me ar Sevud-

gebi sakiTxis istoriografias statiis SezRuduli formatis

gamo. mxolod erTs aRvniSnav, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi

Seqmnilma meTodologiurma krizisma XX s-is ukanasknel oc-

wleulSi piks miaRwia da dRis wesrigSi dadga Teoriuli Car-

Coebis axleburad gansazRvris sakiTxi. qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi vrceldeba dasavluri meTodologiuri Sexe-

dulebebi, rac iwyeba axleburi Tvalsazrisebis qarTveli

mkiTxvelisadmi miwodebiT — erTi mxriv, Targmnil iqmna bri-

taneli mecnieris e. smiTis Sromebi nacionalizmis [20], nacio-

naluri identobis [21] Teoriis Sesaxeb, sadac naciis axsna

warmodgenilia eTnosimbolistur CarCoebSi; meore mxriv, m.

CxartiSvilma SemogvTavaza qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis

eTnosimbolisturi paradigmis CarCoebSi ganxilva hagiogra-

fiuli Zeglebis magaliTze [22, 32-48; 23, 87-99; 24, 122-151]. sa-

kiTxis axleburad gadawyvetaa mocemuli mkvlevris monogra-

fiul naSromSi `qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi~

[25]. aseve, specialuri naSromi mieZRvna IV-VIII ss. qarTul er-

TobaSi politikuri da kulturuli identobebis kvlevas

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT [19].

winamdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens `iveriis~ deta-

luri analizi da qarTuli sazogadoebis mier identobis Sem-

sWvalvis procesis aRqmis gamorkveva 1887 wlis ramdenime

nomris publikaciebis magaliTze.

gansaxilvel wyaroSi cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris

warmodgenili problemebi, romlebic qarTuli identobis yo-

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veldRiur cxovrebas asaxavs. korespondenciebi Seexeba kul-

turul, socialur, eTnikur, politikur, ekonomikur, gende-

rul sakiTxebs.

gazeTs ramdenime mudmivi rubrika aqvs. esenia:

meTauri werili anu sayovelTaod cnobili redaqtoris

msjeloba sazogado cxovrebis Sesaxeb CvenSi da ucxo qveyne-

bis magaliTiT sasargeblo rCevebi.

feletoni — warmodgenilia xalxis cxovrebidan aRebuli

sxvadasxva sakiTxebis ganxilva (sikeTis, codnis madlianobis

Tema; socialuri usamarTlobis sakiTxi), eTnografiuli we-

rilebi, qarTuli da ucxouri mxatvruli literaturis pub-

likacia.

axali ambavi — aq mocemulia informacia amindze, uamin-

dobaze, Sedegad miyenebul zaralze, kriminalze, gamsesxebe-

li `kasebi~-saTvis Tval-yuris devnebaze, warmodgenebis ga-

marTvaze, arqeologiur aRmoCenebze, sameurneo sazogadoe-

bis krebaze, qarTuli wignebis gamocemaze, sxvadasxva Ronis-

Ziebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis, Teatris sasargeblod da

sxva.

narkvevebi Jurnal-gazeTebidan da ucxoeTi — Seexeba

ucxour presaSi gamoqveynebuli CvenTvis saintereso masalis

mimoxilvas. rubrikaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria msjeloba

evropaSi mSvidobianobis SesaZlo darRvevis Sesaxeb.

damakvirdi — aq mowodebulia amonaridebi qarTveli Tu

ucxoeli mwerlebis naazrevebidan — zneobis magaliTebiT

jansaRi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.

saintereso masalebia gamoqveynebuli rubrikiT: saxel-

daxelo (ybad-asaRebi — wyal-wasaRebi ambavi) da daba da sofe-

li.

daba da sofeli — am rubrikiT warmodgenilia saqarTve-

los sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan dabebisa da soflebis sazogado

cxovrebis suraTebi mokle istoriul-geografiuli Sesav-

liT.

yovel nomers axlavs gancxadebebi saadgil-mamulo ban-

kis mier gamarTuli sazogado vaWrobis Taobaze, warmodgenis

gamarTvis da wignebis gamocemis Sesaxeb; depeSebi sxvadasxva

qveynebidan; sakalendro da gamosadegi cnobebi.

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qarTuli sazogadoebis mier am masalebis aRqmis gamor-

kveviT saSualeba gveZleva davadginoT Tu rogoria `iveriis~

mkiTxvelebis gancda qarTuli erTobis Sesaxeb.

XIX s-is II naxevarSi `iveria~ qarTuli identobis makonso-

lidirebel beWdur media-saSualebad gvevlineba. mis damaar-

sebelsa da redaqtors i. WavWavaZes, sazogadoebrivi cnobie-

rebis ganviTarebis mxriv CvenSi arsebuli viTarebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, pirvelive nomerSi aqvs Camoyalibebuli `Jurnal-

gazeTobis~ daniSnuleba — `samecniero cnobaTa gadmotana da

gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi, Cvenisa da ucxo xalxis cxovrebis

dakvirveba da ganmarteba~, e. i. misi SexedulebiT, qarTuli

identobis gamTlianebis sakiTxSi, mediis roli sazogadoeb-

rivi cnobierebis amaRlebasa da xalxis yoveldRiuri cxovre-

bis amsaxveli suraTebis gadmocemaSi mdgomareobda. xolo Tu

ra mdgomareoba iyo sajaro kulturis ganviTarebis mxriv

CvenSi, amaze metyvelebs mesame nomerSi iakob svimoniZis av-

torobiT gamoqveynebuli publikacia. saTauri — `Cveni sisus-

te~ migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT

arc Tu saxarbielo mdgomareoba yofila. korespondenti See-

cada daedgina Tu ramdeni mkiTxveli hyavda `iverias~ saqar-

Tvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. gamoirkva rom sxvadasxva kuTxeSi

moTxovnileba sxvadasxvagvari iyo. es monacemebi avtoris az-

riT sainteresoa, erTis mxriv, Cveni qveynis gonebis moZrao-

bis xarisxis warmosaCenad; meore mxriv, gviCvenebs, romeli

kuTxe CamorCenilia ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze mci-

re mkiTxveli `iverias~ redaqtoris mSobliur kuTxeSi, kaxeT-

Si hyolia. aseTi Sedegis mizezad dasaxelebulia Sinagani

moTxovnilebis nakleboba, vinaidan kaxeTSi aseve naklebi yo-

fila saskolo wignebze moTxovnileba. aseve mcire mkiTxveli

hyolia quTaisis guberniaSi, zugdidSi, baTumSi. SeniSnulia,

rom amaTgan qarTul wignebze didZali moTxovnileba iyo

zugdidSi. aq didi da patara gonebriv sazrdos etanebao — aR-

frTovanebiT aRniSnavs svimoniZe da dasZens, kargi iqneboda

quTaissa da baTums zugdididan aeRoT magaliTi. yvelaze me-

ti daintereseba `iveriiT~ gamovlinda qarTlSi, aseve, gamo-

irCeva qarTuli literaturis moTxovniTac da Tavad-aznaur-

Ta mondomebiTac, romelTac swavla-ganaTlebis SemweobisaT-

vis 20000 Tumani gauRiaT, maSin roca am TvalsazrisiT lixTi-

meri laparaksac ver bedavs, xolo kaxeTi 2000 Tumans Tu ime-

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tebs. sayuradReboa, rom am droisaTvis ruseTis universite-

tebSi Svidi qarTvelia profesorad — TiTqmis yvela qarTle-

li.

Tumca qarTli gamorCeuli yofila xelismomwerlebiT

da literaturis moTxovnilebiTac, magram saerTo suraTis

gamorkveviT TvalsaCino gaxda qarTvelTa gonebrivi moZrao-

bis savalalo mdgomareoba. korespondenti gulistkiviliT

aRniSnavs — ras gaawyobs ramdenime asi cvari wylisa udaburs

saxaraSi? ra sulis Cadgma SeuZlia literaturisaTvis am pa-

wia gunds mkiTxvelebisao [2, 2-4].

zemoT ganxiluli korespondenciidan aSkaraa, rom qvey-

nis umTavres problemas mas-kulturis ganviTareba warmoad-

genda. aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba

ekisreba beWdur medias, romelmac mkiTxveli sazogadoebis

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda izrunos korespondencie-

bis xarisxze. qarTuli identobis konsolidatori i. WavWavaZe

beWduri mediis Rirsebis damcvelad gvevlineba. vinaidan

`Jurnal-gazeTobaSi~ gaparulma xarvezma SeiZleba uaryofi-

Ti Sedegi moutanos dasaxul mizans — sazogadoebis `Jurnal-

gazeTobisadmi~ gulacrueba gamoiwvios da eWvqveS daayenos

ganaTlebuli mkiTxveli erTobis Seqmna. amitomac, ilaSqrebs

`iveria~ `droebaSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalis winaaRmdeg. iu-

mornarevi ironiiT aris gadmocemuli MmTeli istoria. `cis-

karma~ `iveriis~ udavidarabo SeniSvna «Нашатирь»-i qafuri ar

aris, «Купорось»-i kviparosi da qari — xolerao, Surianobad

monaTla — ai, qarTvelebi sul aseTebi varT! Cven ra eSmaki

gagvasworebs! erTmaneTs ormos vuTxriTo — sayvedurobs

`ciskari~. korespondenciaSi mTeli simZafriT aris warmoCe-

nili qarTul sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli uzneoba. gulis-

tkiviliT aris SeniSnuli, rom Cveni ubedurebis mizezi Cveni-

ve ukeTurebaa. maSin, rodesac irgvliv aseTi uqonloba da

uRonobaa, Teatri, skolebi Semweobas iTxoven, Tavs aravin

iwuxebs qveynis keTildReobisaTvis. da Tu vinme iwuxebs ima-

sac dascinian [1, 1-2].

media-saSualebebTan erTad, sajaro ganaTlebis amaRle-

baSi mniSvnelovani roli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo cen-

trebs unda SeesrulebinaT. `iveriaSi~ gansakuTrebuli yu-

radReba eqceva swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul

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problemebs. rogorc gamoqveynebuli masalebidan vgebu-

lobT, bevri xelisSemwyobi hyavda am mimarTulebiT gaSlil

saqmianobas, ixsneboda axali saswavleblebi, sazogadoeba swi-

ravda Tanxas swavla-ganaTlebas. SeZlebuli qarTvelebi

Tvlidnen, rom maT sazogado movaleobac ekisrebodaT. xaz-

gasmulia, rom `eri maSin aris bednieri, rodesac mis samudamo

saqmeebs bevri TanamgrZnobi hyavs~. saubaria imereTis episko-

posis yovlad samRvdelo gabrielis, winamZRvriSvilis, sameg-

relos Tavadis nikolozis, giorgi qarTveliSvilis, iulia ka-

latoziSvilis keTil, sxvaTaTvis samagaliTo saqmeebze [3, 3].

didi moZraoba iyo gaCaRebuli xalxSi codnis amaRlebis

TvalsazrisiT. `yvelani sixaruliT gaiZaxodnen Cqara davuax-

lovdebiT ganaTlebul ersao~ — aRniSnavs meeqvse nomerSi ko-

respondenti anT. juReli q. soxumidan. magram ar gasula didi

xani, rom es dawesebulebebi sazogadoebis gulSematkivrobas

moklebulni, cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. beWdurma medi-

am Tavis Tavze aiRo saswavleblebis xelSewyobisaTvis propa-

ganda. `iveria~ isev qarTvelTa sifxizlis sadarajoze dgas —

`Cveneburad qarTvelurad~ miZinebis uflebas ar aZlevs qar-

Tvel sazogadoebas — mouwodebs sruliad ers, visac swavla-

ganaTlebaze guli Sestkiva, skolebis gansakargeblad mimar-

Ton Sesabamis RonisZiebebs [5, 3-4]. gazeTi Tavis daniSnulebas

zedmiwevniT asrulebs. gonebrivma CamorCenilobam daafiqra

da aRaSfoTa sazogadoeba. nel-nela imata saqveyno saqmeebi-

saTvis daxmarebis survilma. Semdeg nomerSi vxvdebiT saswav-

leblebis SemweobisaTvis gamarTuli warmodgenebis Sesaxeb

masalas. magaliTad, merve nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werili

`xma provinciidan~ gvatyobinebs winamZRvrianTkaris sameur-

neo skolis SewevnisaTvis gorSi gamarTuli warmodgenis Sesa-

xeb. avtori `provincialuri meTvalyure~ amavdroulad fri-

ad saintereso sakiTxsac exeba. statiaSi, erTi mxriv, madlie-

rebaa gamoTqmuli swavla-ganaTlebis SemweobisaTvis gamar-

Tuli warmodgenebis Sesaxeb, es TavisTavad sayuradRebo faq-

tia; magram meores mxriv, avtori aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams imis

gamo, rom aseTi warmodgenebis gamarTvam SeiZleba ziani mou-

tanos sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebas, radgan war-

modgenebma Tavisi maRali daniSnuleba unda Seasrulos — es-

Tetikuri grZnobaTa aRzrdis roli unda ikisros. avtoris

gakicxvis sagania gorSi warmodgenili vodevilebi, romlebic

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mxolod sazogadoebis Tvalis da yuris garTobis funqcias

asrulebs da saboloo jamSi zians ayenebs amave sazogadoebas

— iwvevs azris da gonebis umoZraobas da miZinebas, mouwodebs

Teatris warmomadgenlobas, rom Cveni xalxis cxovrebidan

aRebuli scenebi warmoudginon sazogadoebas [7, 3-4]. aseve,

vxvdebiT wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis mier ga-

weuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacias saqarTvelos sxvadas-

xva kuTxeSi qarTul wignebis gavrcelebis Taobaze.A am faq-

tTan dakavSirebiT aRfrTovanebas ver faravs baTumeli ko-

respondenti, radgan moZraobis mizani qveyanaSi arsebuli

uwignurobis mospoba iyo [19, 3-4].

codnis madlianobis Tema grZeldeba rubrikaSi `fele-

toni~ werilebis seriiT `Zmuri sityva~ meaTe, meTormete, me-

camete, meTeqvsmete, meTvramete nomerSi. rubrikaSi gatare-

bulia azri, rom ucodinroba iyo yovelgvari ukeTurebis sa-

Tave. umecrebis msxverplad ki ZiriTadad glexobaa dasaxele-

buli, romlebSic saTanado codnis uqonlobis gamo aTasgvari

sicrue iyo gavrcelebuli. mas atyuebda yvela ganurCevlad

socialuri mdgomareobisa — vaWari, moxele, aznauri Tu

mRvdeli. garda amisa, sxva saSineli senic iyo gavrcelebuli

glexobaSi — isini advilad moeqceodnen mkiTxavis gavlenis

qveS, cru-rwmenebi arsebobda sxvadasxva avadmyofobis — ba-

tonebi, muxlis qari, aseve, subsarqisis marxvis wesis Sesaxeb

[9, 1-3; 10, 1-3; 11, 1-3; 14, 1-3; 15, 1-3]. zemoT aRniSnuli masala,

ara marto miuTiTebs xalxSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebisaTvis

mimarTuli aqtiuri muSaobis aucileblobaze, aramed erTgva-

ri nabijia gadadgmuli am TvalsazrisiT, avtori cdilobs

mkiTxvel sazogadoebas daanaxos Tu ra mdgomareobaSi SeiZ-

leba aRmoCndes umecrebis gamo adamiani.

`iveriaSi~ intensiurad aris gaSuqebuli saxelmwifo mo-

xeleebis saqmianobis amsaxveli masala. amjerad, gansjis sa-

gans warmoadgenen sasamarTlo moxeleebi. avtori aRtacebiT

gviyveba meTaur werilSi saxelmwifo moxelis misabaZi moRva-

weobis Sesaxeb. Tavadi iase andronikaSvilis sazogado saqmi-

sadmi patiosani da keTilsindisieri, dauzareli da uangaro

samsaxuri sxvaTaTvis magaliTi unda yofiliyo [6, 1-2]. miT

umetes `iveriisave~ monacemebiT dasturdeba, rom irgvliv sa-

Sineli socialuri usamarTloba iyo gamefebuli. imave nomer-

Si Cveuli sarkazmiT aris aRwerili sasamarTlo saqmianoba

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korespondenciaSi `werili kudianeTidan~, xels awers `safam-

fsofonifi~. sasamarTlo uwyebis moRvaweoba warmodgenilia

kudianeTSi gurjeTidan mobrZanebuli sulebis aRsarebiT.

cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris moTxrobili gurji advoka-

tis aRsareba — Tu rogor iqca kuWis monad, rogor daiviwya

naTesavi, mezobeli, eri, sazogadoeba, sanacvlod rogor da-

iwyo RmerTis gmoba da aTi mcnebis pirveli striqonis Sebru-

nebulad — `yovelTvis guli giTqmodes colisaTvis moyvasisa

Senisa~ — Sesruleba [6, 1-3].

qarTuli erTobis SemsWvalvis procesebis gasagebad sa-

yuradRebo istoriuli werilebia gamoqveynebuli `iveriaSi~.

qarTuli erTobis istoriuli fesvebis kvlevis Tvalsazri-

siT aRsaniSnavia, mecxre nomerSi gamoqveynebuli s. baraTaS-

vilis werili `istoriuli SeniSvna~, romelic `Сборник газ. Кавказь~-Si iyo dabeWdili. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTve-

lo odiTganve mdidari qveyana iyo, gamorCeulia, rogorc ad-

gil-mdebareobiT, aseve, mdidari bunebiT. saqarTveloSi xvna-

Tesva iyo gavrcelebuli, amitomac am qveyanas ucxoelebma

`giorgia~ daarqves da qarTvels `giorgieli~ (miwis mxvneli)

uwodes. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom bunebis da havis araerTgva-

rovnebam ver SeZlo qarTlosianTa modgmis daSoreba-dacal-

kaveba. qarTlosianTa modgmas emCneva erTnairi bunebrivi sa-

xe, Seunaxavs erTi da igive Cveuleba, wadili, midrekileba. aq-

vea saubari farnavazis droindel wodebaze. avtoris Tval-

sazrisiT didi sxvaoba ar yofila wodebaTa Soris. qarTvelTa

yoveli wodebis SemaerTebeli Zala iyo: erTgvari zne-Cveule-

bani, rjuli da ena [8, 4].

amgvari naSromebis gamoqveynebas gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba hqonda, radgan saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

Sesvlam uaryofiTad imoqmeda istoriis weris gangrZobado-

bis TvalsazrisiT — Sewyda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZeleba.

es movlena `iveriaSi~ axsnilia im mizeziT, rom saqarTvelos

istoria ruseTis istorias SeuerTda da saqarTvelos memati-

anis movaleoba ruseTis mematianeze gadavida. saqarTvelos

istorias rusi mematianeni TavianT istoriebSi mcire adgils

uTmoben, rac rasakvirvelia, ar akmayofilebda qarTul inte-

ligencias. amitomac `iveria~ iwyebs saistorio Txzulebebis

gamoqveynebas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb `saistorio sabibliogra-

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fio werilebis~ seriiT. seriis avtori gaxlavs m. janaSvili.

meTvramete nomerSi mocemulia ganxilva d. baqraZis `arqeo-

logiuri mogzauroba guria-aWaraSi~. m. janaSvili SeniSnavs,

rom xazgasmiT aris saubari saqarTvelos teritoriul Semad-

genlobaze — saqarTvelod iwodeboda: albania, iveria, kolxi-

da, mesxeTi da taos-kari. odiTganve saqarTvelo garSemor-

tymuli iyo barbarosebiT. miuxedavad amisa daicva Tavisi

wyobileba — hyavda sakuTari mTavroba, hqonda sakuTari mmar-

Tveloba, sakuTari samarTali, Tavisi wodebrivad mowyobili

agebuleba, Tavisi saero da ekonomikuri yofa-cxovreba, sko-

la-saswavleblebi. imis gamo, rom eri saocrad cxoveli iyo,

qarTvelni itandnen yovelgvar ubedurebas da didi xalisiT

ekidebodnen ganaTlebas [15, 4].

saxeldaxelo — ybad-asaRebi — wyal-wasaRebi ambavi qal-

Ta sakiTxs exeba. meore nomerSi qveyndeba `iveriis~ mefele-

tonis mier gakicxuli qalebis sapasuxo werili. Cveuli iumo-

riTaa aRniSnuli, rom maS, ra qnas dedakacma Tu mTeli Tavisi

yuradReba Tavis garegnobas ar miaqcios, rodesac cxadad

hxedavs, rom marto imis Tvalebsa da fefeebzea kacebis yu-

radReba miqceuli. aqvea CarTuli amerikeli qalebis dabade-

bis axali Targmanis iniciativis Sesaxeb. werili mTavrdeba

niSnismigebiTi SekiTxviT: sakvirvelia am moZRvrebas (qarTve-

li qalebisas) rogor gaqcevian amerikis qalebi da marTla

adamianuri saqmisTvis rogor moukidniaT xeli [1, 3]?! qalebi

gakritikebulia meTvramete nomerSic — werilSi `Zmuri sit-

yva~, sadac qalebis garToba-mxiarulebisken miswrafeba axsni-

lia ucodinrobis mizeziT [15, 1-3]. vinaidan qali ojaxis

burjs warmoadgens da maszea metwilad damokidebuli ojaxis

winsvla da warmateba, aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli werilis

dedaazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qalTa ganaTlebis sakiTxi

sazogadoebis dafiqrebis da gansjis sagnad unda qceuliyo.

rubrikaSi feletoni — `eTnografiuli werilebi~, war-

modgenilia saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mimoxilva. merve, meToT-

xmete, meTxuTmete nomerSi rubrika eZRvneba xevsureTs, aq

gavrcelebul Cveulebebs, tradiciebs. werilidan irkveva,

rom am kuTxis mcxovrebTa SemakavSirebel Zalas Temoba war-

moadgenda da sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba axasiaTebda, rom-

lis gadmonaSTebi sakmaod Zlieri yofila am droisaTvisac.

radgan saTemo kavSirs didi gavlena aqvs xevsuris cxovrebaze

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da mis ojaxobaze, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saojaxo rjul-

Cveulebaze. SeniSnulia, rom xevsuris ojaxi ufro ekonomiku-

ri kavSiria, vidre zneobrivi, eklesiuri. werili sainteresoa,

Temis qalisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. xevsu-

reTSi Temi qalis mfarvelia, did pativs scems qalis mandils.

or Tems Soris SuRlis dros TviT Zlieri Temic ki muxls id-

reks mandilis win. aqve mocemulia xevsuri qalis saxe — xasia-

Ti — mamaci, Zu loms aris Sedarebuli, mis yovel moZraobaSi

ampartavneba, Tavis-Tavze msasoebloba ixateba. is iseTive

mrisxanea, rogorc buneba, romelic mas garSemo artyia. ga-

regnoba fSavlis qalisa, axovneba, gmiruli saxismetyveleba

uTuod iqcevs yuradRebas. mas umizezod veras gaubedavT, qa-

lis Seuracxyofa advili saqme rodia. TviTon qali gagcemT

pasuxs. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia xevsurul samarTalzec.

aqac CveulebiTi samarTlis dominantobaa xazgasmuli. Amis mi-

zezad dasaxelebulia xalxis iuridiuli azris ganuviTareb-

loba [7, 1-2; 12, 1-3; 13, 1-3].

erT-erT saintereso rubrikas warmoadgens daba da so-

feli, sadac mkiTxvels miewodeba informacia saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva soflebis yofiT cxovrebaSi arsebuli probleme-

bis Sesaxeb. korespondenciebSi mocemulia msjeloba imis Ta-

obaze, Tu ram ganapiroba ama Tu im soflis cxovrebis donis

dacema da SemoTavazebulia wamoWrili problemebis gadawyve-

tis gzebis Ziebis sakiTxi. magaliTad daba suramSi amgvar

problemad dasaxelebulia skolis ar arseboba. imisaTvis,

rom cxovrebis done amaRldes aucilebelia garkveuli cod-

nis arseboba — sajaro ganaTlebis amaRleba. amisaTvis mniS-

vnelovani iyo codnis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb propagandis ga-

weva xalxSi [3, 1]. momdevno nomerSi warmodgenilia leCxumis

mazraSi arsebuli problemebi. saubaria svanebSi gavrcelebu-

li barbarosuli qcevis sisxlis aRebis tradiciis moSlis au-

cileblobaze, sasoflo gamsesxebel-Semnaxveli amxanagobis

gaxsnis saWiroebaze, romlis iniciatorad dasaxelebulia b-n

aliSbaia [4, 1-2]. siRnaRis mazris magaliTze ki naCvenebia qar-

Tul istoriul sinamdvileSi arsebuli movlenis — ojaxebis

gayris uaryofiT Sedegebze. gayra dasaxelebulia qarTuli

ojaxebis cxovrebis donis dacemis umTavres mizezad. moyva-

nilia zemo maCxaanSi mcxovrebi gogiSvilebis gauyofeli oja-

xis siZliere. rogorc Cans, am movlenam imdenad cudad imoq-

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meda glexkacTa yofa-cxovrebaze, rom mTavrobam akrZala

soflis yrilobis neba daurTvelad ojaxebis gayra [18, 1-2].

Tumca aucilebeli iyo maTi realurad gatareba. amitomac

`iveriam~ gangaSi atexa sazogadoebisTvis am mavne senis gav-

rcelebis Sesaxeb da mouwoda mTavrobas droulad iqnes amoq-

medebuli gayris Taobaze miRebuli dadgenileba, rom sabo-

lood mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi aisaxos.

cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris warmodgenili saqveyno

saqmeebze zrunvas moklebuli sazogadoebis wevrebi. meTvra-

mete nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werili `ra var me~ naTlad aris

warmoCenili individi `me~, romelic yovelgvar sazogado

zrunvas moklebulia, simdidris gazrdiT aris dainteresebu-

li [15, 1-2]. sakuTari `me~-Ti gaborotebuli adamianis Tema

grZeldeba mecxramete, meoce nomerSi rubrikaSi feletoni —

s. mgalobliSvilis weriliT `Tavadi ieronime~. gakicxulia

adamiani, romelic simdidris dagrovebaze zrunvam pirsis-

xlian arsebad aqcia. Tavadi ieronime ise iyo daxelovnebuli,

rom adamianTa kvnesa misTvis sulis Sveba iyo, xolo adamianTa

sulis Sveba misTvis kvnesa. mistiroda batonymobas. saxlSi is

suraTi hqonda Camokidebuli, sadac aRbeWdili iyo Tu rogor

aZroben tyavs monas. ixsenebs Tu rogor cema axalgazrdobaSi

nadirobisas Sexvedrili glexi cxenidan Camousvlelad mi-

salmebisaTvis. erTxel ieronime yrilobaze moxvda, sadac

swavlis saWiroebis ganxilva mimdinareobda. yrilobis mona-

wileebi miesalmnen warmodgenil sakiTxs da uxvad gaiRes Sem-

weobisaTvis Tanxebi. swavlam daRupa qveynierebao — gaiZaxoda

ieronime. sabolood krebidan gaipara, radgan mxardamWerebi

ver hpova, Sercxvenili ieronime xalxma Semdegi sityvebiT ga-

acila darbazidan `da iltvodnen sircxviliT uriani igi~ [16,

1-2; 17, 1-3]. es masala Cveni dakvirvebisaTvis Zalian gamorCeu-

lia. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac garkveuli kulturuli erTo-

baa Sekruli, romelmac erTxmad gamoutana ganaCeni orgul

adamians. sazogadoebam uRirsi wevri TviTon mokveTa Tavisi

rigebidan da sazogado gansjis sagnadac aqcia — gazeTis fur-

clebze iqna dabeWdili misi saqveyno saqmisadmi orgulobis

Sesaxeb.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi rubrika aris meTauri werili, riTac

ixsneba TiTqmis yvela nomeri. am rubrikaSi redaqtoris gan-

sjis sagans warmoadgens qveynis sazogado cxovreba da ucxo

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qveynis magaliTiT sasargeblo rCevebs sTavazobs sazogadoe-

bas. Mmocemulia Tvalsazrisi Tu rogor SeiZleba Tavi daaRwi-

os saqarTvelom ukidures gaWirvebas, ram SeiZleba win waswi-

os saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. ase magaliTad, me-

oTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse nomerSi warmodgenilia samiwaTmoqme-

do kulturis, kerZod, puris mosavlis Sesaxeb msjeloba. sau-

baria am TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva qveynebis dawinaurebis Se-

saxeb, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sameurneo manqanebis, codnis,

transportirebis sakiTxis mogvarebiT. aqve ganxilulia vaW-

robis sakiTxic. aRniSnulia, rom warmatebul qveynebSi mosa-

valic didia da aReb-micemobaSic patiosneba did saqonlad

miaCniaT, samermisod saqmes ar ifuWeben. gansxvavebulia qar-

Tveli xalxis vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba. CvenSi vaWroba

motyuebazea damyarebuli da ara saqonlis sikeTiT da iefo-

biT mudmivi muStris gaCenis zrunvaze, rac kidev erT xelis-

SemSlel momentad aris dasaxelebuli Cveni puris msoflio

bazarze gasatanad. sayuradReboa, rom marto is ar aris mTa-

vari miaRwevs Tu ara warmatebebs ama Tu im dargSi qveyana, ama-

ve dros mniSvnelovania, rom zneoba da patiosneba ar dakar-

gos qarTulma sazogadoebam, mxolod zneobis da patiosnebis

ZlierebiT SeZlebs qveyana winsvlas. avtori am yvelafris

gaTvaliswinebiT urCevs qarTvelobas ufro sasargeblo saq-

mes mohkidos xeli, awarmoon iseTi produqcia, romlis gamo-

devnasac ver SeZleben warmatebuli qveynebi. magaliTad, da-

saxelebulia Rvino, bamba, ramac SeiZleba mniSvnelovani war-

mateba moupovos qveyanas, qarTvel xalxs amosunTqvis saSua-

leba misces [3, 1; 4, 1-2; 5, 1]. amave rubrikis meTormete, mecame-

te, meToTxmete nomrebSi grZeldeba qveynis ekonomikuri ga-

Wirvebidan gamoyvanis gzebze msjeloba. bunebrivi resurse-

biT imdenad mdidaria Cveni qveyana, romlis xeiriani gamoyene-

biT xalxi gaWirvebas Tavs daaRwevda. amjerad navTobis sar-

geblobazea saubari ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed sa-

zogadod, kavkasiisTvis. aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelosa (kaxeT-

Si) da azerbaijanSi (baqoSi) navTi didi raodenobiT moipove-

ba. magram ucodinrobis, mouxmareblobis, navTis bazarSi ga-

tanis saxsris uqonlobis gamo, CvenSi saerTod ver moikida

fexi navTis mrewvelobam, RvTiT boZebuli simdidris aTvise-

ba ver SeZlo qarTvelobam. `verc ruseTma SeZloo, aRniSnavs

avtori, navTis naxadi im mravalgvarobiT moixmaros, rogorc

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amerika, rom TviTonve sargebeli naxos Tavisi sakuTari sim-

didriT. sanam rames moifiqreben navTis aTvisebis Tvalsazri-

siT mwarmoeblebi, suli exuTebaT da simdidris tbebSi mcu-

ravT lamis SimSilisagan suli amouvideTo~ [10, 1-2; 11, 1; 12,

1]. es werili, rogorc Cans, mravalmxriv sainteresoa. SeniSnu-

lia, rom qarTulma sazogadoebam droa izrunos simdidris

rigian gamoyenebaze. aseve sayuradReboa ruseTTan mimarTe-

bis TvalsazrisiT. wina aTwleulis ganxilvisas gamoikveTa

politikuri erTobis sentimentebi. aq ki kavkasiis simdidre

moazrebulia ruseTis simdidred.

rubrikiT `narkvevi~ mkiTxvel sazogadoebas miewodeba

ucxour Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli sxvadasxva cnobe-

bis mimoxilva. rasakvirvelia, yvela informacia Tanabrad aq-

tualuri ver iqneba Cveni miznebisTvis, magram sayovelTao

mniSvnelobis problemebis analizis dros vxvdebiT Zalian sa-

intereso informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu ra ganapiro-

bebs eris siZlieres. magaliTad, mesame nomerSi vgebulobT

germanuli gazeTis `Kreuz Zeitung~- is msjelobas evropis mSvi-

dobianobis Taobaze. aRniSnulia, rom evropis saxelmwifoebi

saubroben mSvidobianobaze, Tan amavdroulad, omisaTvis gac-

xarebul mzadebaSi arian. germania mSvidobis momxrea, magram

ramdenad Seesabameba simarTles gaurkvevelia. radgan moxuci

imperatori moxalised ewereba samxedro samsaxurSi da mama-

curad ivlebs xels xmalze. mzad aris uSiSrad Seebas yvelas,

vinc mSvidobianobis darRvevas moindomebs. `gana moipoveba

iseTi eri, rom aRtacebaSi ar movides, rodesac Tvalwin udga

aseTi samagaliTo gmiri, gmiri, romelic ase wmindad asru-

lebs Tavis movaleobas~ [2, 2].

rogorc vxedavT, mkiTxvelis yuradReba miiqceva nacio-

naluri erTobisaTvis umniSvnelovanes elementze — mamuli

da misdami siyvarulze da Tavdadebaze. masalidan moxmobili

aRmafrTovanebeli frazebi emsaxureba eris gamofxizlebas

da mamulisadmi siyvarulis gaZlierebas.

meaTe nomeris imave rubrikaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebu-

lia ruseTis mTavrobis moTxovnaze — sasamarTloSi saqmeebis

sajaro ganxilvis mospobis Sesaxeb. im mizeziT, rom sasamar-

TloSi Tavmoyrili xalxi xels uSlis msajulebs samarTliani

ganaCenis gamotanaSi. gazeTi aRuSfoTebia am faqts. vinaidan

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samarTali yovelTvis ukeT iwarmoebs, roca sazogadoeba

Tvals adevnebs. magram Tu sajaro ganxilva moispoba sasamar-

TloSi, maSin aRarc Jurnal-gazeTobas eqneba SesaZlebloba

iqonios msajuloba sasamarTloSi gasarCev saqmeebze. aman sa-

gonebelSi Caagdo `iveria~ im garemoebis gamo, rom momravle-

bul usamarTlobas, daxurul kars miRma saerTod sazRvari

ar eqneboda [9, 3].

xSirad vxvdebiT madlierebis werilebs konkretuli pire-

bis mier keTili saqmisaTvis gadmogzavnili fulis Sesaxeb. ro-

gorc Cans, keTil saqmes CvenSi bevri momxre hyavs xeiriani gzis

maCvenebelTan erTad. gaxSirebuli Semweobis Sesaxeb informa-

cia es TviTon faqtia, erTis mxriv, Tu ramdeni mkiTxveli hyavs

gazeTs da vgebulobT Tu ramdenad Zlieria sazogadoebis go-

nebrivi moZraoba; meore mxriv, marTalia qarTuli erToba an-

Tebulia qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebisa da warmatebisaT-

vis, magram ufro meti Semweobis gaRebisaken mouwodebs xalxs,

raTa daiZlios qveyanas modebuli ucodinrobis seni.

publikaciebis analiziT ikveTeba nacionaluri konso-

lidaciis procesisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime sakiTxi: sa-

jaro kulturis ganviTarebis aucilebloba, rogorc mosax-

leobaSi swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebis mxriv, aseve erTobis

Sinagani impulsebis gaZlierebisaTvis; saerTo ekonomikis

Seqmna, rogorc aucilebeli piroba erTobis arsebobisaTvis;

qveynis istoriis da tradiciebis gadarCenaze zrunva, qarTu-

li erTobis istoriuli rolis da mniSvnelobis Cveneba Ta-

nadrouli sazogadoebisaTvis. am sakiTxebis gadaWrisaken mi-

marTuli aqtivoba, romlis umTavres asparezad beWduri me-

dia `iveriis~ saxiT gvevlineba, TvalsaCinoa, rom qarTuli er-

Tobis Sidajgufuri sentimentebis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebis

funqcias asrulebda.

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli masalebis safuZvelze SeiZle-

ba aRiniSnos, rom nacionaluri konsolidacia kulturuli,

ekonomikuri, socialuri erTobebis SeqmniT aRiniSneboda.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. gaz. iveria, 1887, #2.

2. gaz. iveria, 1887, #3.

3. gaz. iveria, 1887, #4.

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4. gaz. iveria, 1887, #5.

5. gaz. iveria, 1887, #6.

6. gaz. iveria, 1887, #7.

7. gaz. iveria, 1887, #8.

8. gaz. iveria, 1887, #9.

9. gaz. iveria, 1887, #10.

10. gaz. iveria, 1887, #12.

11. gaz. iveria, 1887, #13.

12. gaz. iveria, 1887, #14.

13. gaz. iveria, 1887, #15.

14. gaz. iveria, 1887, #16.

15. gaz. iveria, 1887, #18.

16. gaz. iveria, 1887, #19.

17. gaz. iveria, 1887, #20.

18. gaz. iveria, 1887, #21.

19. l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII

ss. qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ samyaro, Tbi-

lisi, 2009.

20. e. d. smiTi, nacionalizmi, Teoria, ideologia, istoria,

Targmani inglisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa, qarTuli

teqstis redaqtori rusudan amirejibi-maleni, Tbilisi,

2004.

21. e. d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Targmna lela patari-

Zem, Tbilisi, 2008.

22. m. CxartiSvili, qarTlis moqcevis istoria eTnikurobis

kvlevis problematikis TvalTaxedviT, eTnikuroba da na-

cionalizmi, I, red: d. musxeliSvili da m. CxartiSvili,

Tbilisi, 2002.

23. m. CxartiSvili, wminda mama giorgi mTawmindeli da qarTu-

li identobis samanebi XI saukuneSi, qarTuli wyaroT-

mcodneoba, XI, Tbilisi, 2006.

24. m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli erToba religiuri moqcevis epo-

qaSi (hierotopiuli proeqti `mcxeTa — axali ierusali-

mi~), saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, IX,

2008.

25. m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli erToba religiuri moqcevis

epoqaSi, Tbilisi, 2009.

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Ketevan Mania Doctor of History, Sokhumi State Univer-sity Assistant-Professor

The Process of National Identity Hardening According to

`Iveria~ (1887)

Summary The study of the national identity development based on the example of

the detailed analysis of some issues of `Iveria~ published in1887 is given in

the research. There are many works dedicated to the research of Georgian unity and

consolidation processes in scientific literature. The prior subjects of discussions in these researches were the objective factors. Subjective factors

were beyond the frames of the scientific interest before. The analysis of the

historical sources from the mentioned point of view occurred on the example

of hagiographic sources only in resent studies (M. Chkhartishvili). The given work is an attempt to fill up somehow the blanks. The work

is focused on analyzing the subjective factors of the national consolidation

process. With the help of elucidating how the publications of `Iveria~ were

perceived by readers we can state how they experience the Georgian unity

from one side and from the other, what is the role of press from the point of view of unity of Georgian identity.

After the analysis of the publications it becomes clear that there are

some important items for the process of national consolidation: the necessity

of development of public culture, from the point of view of spreading

education among the population, as well as strengthening the inner impulses

of the unity; creation of common economics as an obligatory and inevitable

condition for unity existence; taking care of preserving and saving national history and traditions, showing the historical role and importance of the

Georgian unity to the current society. The activities towards solving these

problems, the main field for which was `Iveria~ as a press media, had

obviously the function of strengthening and stabilizing the sentiments within

the inner groups of Georgian unity. Thus, on the basis of above discussed materials it can be designated that the

national consolidation was marked with the creation of cultural, economics

and social unity.

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nato sonRulaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis

doqtoranti

identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali: Tavisuflebis idea da misi kultivacia beWduri mediis saSualebiT XX saukunis

10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi

XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiis mier qarTuli sa-

mefo-samTavroebis dapyrobam, mefobis institutis da bagra-

tionTa samefo dinastiis uflebebis gauqmebam, Zlieri dar-

tyma miayena qarTul, erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas.

qarTuli realobidan gamomdinare mefobis institutis legi-

timuroba RvTisgan momdinareobda da ara Tavad Cven-jgufis

wevrebisagan, amitom qarTuli erTobis loialobis mTavari

obieqti iyo mefe. aRniSnuli movlenis radikalurad Secvlam,

bunebrivia, didi gardatexa Seitana qarTul cnobierebaSi. am

problemis gadaWras emsaxureboda qarTuli kulturuli eli-

tis mier saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis SemuSaveba, rom-

lis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda standartizebuli saswav-

lo-saganmanaTleblo sistemis saSualebiT erTobis wevrebis

cnobierebaSi qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli maxsov-

robis, tradiciebis wina planze wamoweva Sidajgufuri soli-

darobis sentimentebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, rac iqneboda sa-

fuZveli Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

bis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi.

aRniSnul RonisZiebebs seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna XIX

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. rodesac ruseTSi gaZlierda reaqcia

saqarTvelo uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am periodSi daiw-

yo saerTod dapyrobil qveynebSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi,

reaqciis axali talRa. Tu ruseTSi reaqciam inteligencias

da mSromel xalxs miayena ziani, saqarTveloSi devna da ganad-

gureba mTel ers Seexo. mefis moadgileebis da sxvaTa mizani

gaxda Zirfesvianad aRmoefxvraT erovnuli kultura da gaeZ-

lierebinaT gamarusebeli politika [6, 68]. mefis mTavrobam

mTavari dartyma erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis wi-

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naaRmdeg mimarTa. ruseTis xelisuflebam yvela Rone ixmara,

raTa gaenadgurebina erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-

ba, rogorc erT-erTi Zlieri nakadi revoluciisa, romlis ga-

marjvebas Sedegad unda mohyoloda carizmis damxoba da de-

mokratiuli mmarTvelobis damyareba. swored amitom srulia-

dac ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom QqarTuli kulturuli da poli-

tikuri elitis mier warmodgenili erovnuli programa yvela-

ze srulyofilad damuSavebuli sabrZolo gegma iyo [5, 115].

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare XX saukunis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos istoriaSi iwyeba axali etapi. ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraoba axal stadiaze gadadis. marTalia, erovnulma

moZraobam garkveuli formireba ganicada, magram idea uc-

vleli darCa. rogorc XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, ise XX sauku-

nis I meoTxedSi qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita

mTlianad orientirebulia nacionaluri Rirebulebebis, sim-

boloebis aRorZineba-propagandaze sazogadoebis yvela fe-

naSi, mniSvnelovanwilad socialurad dabali fenis warmomad-

genlebSi. am moqmedebebs erTi mizani gaaCnda: erTobis wev-

rebs Soris Sidajgufuri solidarobis gancdis gamZafreba.

aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT erT-er-

Ti saintereso monakveTia 1918-1921 wlebi, saqarTvelos de-

mokratiuli respublikis xana. drois am monakveTSi qarTuli

erToba nacionaluri konsolidaciis ganviTarebis axal faza-

Si Sedis da mTavari orientiri koleqtiuri kulturuli

identobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi — Tavisuflebis ide-

ali xdeba. saqme isaa, rom Sidajgufuri solidarobis mTavar

orientirebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, religia, istoriuli mex-

siereba, Tavisuflebis ideals mTavari adgili ukavia: `Tavi-

suflebis idealma dasabami misca nacionalur TviTgamorkve-

vas da erTobliv brZolas nacionaluri nebis realizaciisaT-

vis. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeZlebda sazogadoeba sakuTari

`Sinagani ritmis~ ayolas, Tavisi `Sinagani xmis~ gagonebas da

wminda da pirvandeli mdgomareobis dabrunebas. avTenturi

sazogadoeba da avTenturi gamocdileba aris sruli avtono-

miis winapiroba, radgan mxolod avtonomias SeuZlia saSuale-

ba misces nacias da mis wevrebs, Tavisi Tavi avTenturi saxiT

ganaxorcielon. aucilebelia, rom yovel nacias sruli TviT-

gamoxatvis saSualeba da avtonomiuroba hqondes. avtonomiis

nacionalur ideals aqvs ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimo-

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logiurad avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida

kanonebis an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari Sinagani xmisTvis yuris

migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas mivya-

varT koleqtiuri nebis da individualobis realizebis maZie-

beli, sakuTari koleqtiuri `me~-s cnebasTan~ (20, 51).

swored amitom kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze

yvela eris mTavar mizans TavisuflebisaTvis brZola warmo-

adgenda. `jer kidev kacobriobis arsebobis simwifis xanaSi

ocnebobdnen Tavisuflebaze RmerTis mfarvelobiT. am Tavi-

suflebis sawindari ki mudam suverenuli saxelmwifo iyo~ [1,

5]. saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ganvi-

Tarebis pirobebSi Tavisuflebis idealisken swrafvam gar-

kveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. Tavisuflebis idealis erov-

nulma percefciam Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo 1789 wlis saf-

rangeTis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg.

amis Sedegad Tavisuflebis idealma dasabami misca naciona-

lur TviTgamorkvevas da erTobliv brZolas avTenturi naci-

onaluri nebis realizaciisaTvis [20, 25].

qarTul sinamdvileSi Tavisuflebis idealis percefci-

am axali datvirTva SeiZina ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mier

dapyrobis Semdeg. qarTuli kulturuli elita Tavisuflebi-

saTvis brZolisken yovelTvis mouwodebda pirdapir Tu iri-

bad qarTvel sazogadoebas. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi erovnuli

ajanyebis kraxiT dasrulebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis II naxevri-

dan erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganviTarebis

axal fazaSi Sedis. es dakavSirebulia saswavlo-saganmanaT-

leblo procesis srulyofasa da sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi

gavrceleba-damkvidrebasTan. qarTuli kulturuli elita

orientirebulia qarTuli erTobis nacionalur konsolida-

ciaze, rac saerTo, erovnuli programiT unda ganxorciele-

buliyo. amavdroulad, inteligenciis progresuli nawili

Tavisuflebis idealis farTo propagandas iwyebs. aRniSnul

movlenas ukavSirdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-

bis mTavari lideris ilia WavWavaZis fraza `Cveni Tavi Cvenad-

ve gveyudnes~.

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi Tavisuflebis idealis

percefciam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. 1917 wlidan

qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciis axali periodi iwyeba. Tavi-

suflebis idealis propagandas pirveli msoflio omisa (1914-

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1918) da 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mi-

eca gasaqani.

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi da aseve misi dasrule-

bis Semdeg qarTul beWdur mediaSi gaCnda mowodebebi erovnu-

li erTianobis aucileblobaze: `saerTaSoriso omma wamoayena

bevri iseTi sakiTxi, romlis gadawyveta uqadis kacobriobas

momavalSi srul mSvidobianobas. erTi am sakiTxTagani gax-

lavT patara erebis interesebis win wamoyeneba [3, 2].

`Cveni Zala kulturul SemoqmedebaSia da imis Segnebis

moaxloebaSi, rac pirdapir gvianderZa dRevandelma omma.

erovnuli TviTSegneba da erovnuli erTianoba unda gaxdes

Cveni moqmedebis qvakuTxedad, romelzedac unda aSendes mTa-

vari kedlebi mTliani erovnuli cxovrebisa. amas gveubneva

Cveni dRevandeli omi. amas aswavlis gansakuTrebiT wvrili

erebis dRevandeli saSineli sisxlisRvra ganaTlebul da

kulturul kacobriobisa~ [4, 2].

beWduri media, romelmac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, did adgils uT-

mobs mowodebebs Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis brZo-

lisaTvis. am sakiTxis gasaSuqeblad Cveni kvlevis obieqtad

avirCieT erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis gazeTi `sa-

qarTvelo~, romelic gamodioda 1915-1921 wlebSi. 1917 wlis

ivnisSi ki erovnul-demokratiuli partiis organo gaxda. ga-

zeTi scdeba viwro partiul interesebs da saerTo erovnuli

programis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebas did adgils uTmobs.

beWduri mediis saSualebiT qarTuli kulturuli da po-

litikuri elitis mier Tavisuflebis idealis propaganda

SemTxveviTi ar iyo. 117 wlis manZilze rusul gavlenaSi myofi

qarTveli xalxis cnobiereba garkveulwilad Seicvala, amav-

droulad saqarTveloSi arsebul Yyvela socialur fenas gaaC-

nda gansxvavebuli fsiqologia. glexobaSi dabali iyo patri-

otuli, moqalaqeobrivi SemarTeba, Sesabamisad dabali iyo sa-

xelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis done. mis SegnebaSi miwa da Tavi-

sufleba SeduRabebuli iyo. glexi Tavisuflebas miwis mosa-

poveblad iyenebda [22, 72]. rac Seexeba muSebs, maTi didi nawi-

li klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sepyrobili da erovnul cno-

bierebas warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad Tvlida. muSebis umrav-

lesobas glexebis msgavsad ar gaaCnda patriotuli, moqalaqe-

obrivi Segneba. muSebi Tavis misias klasobrivi cnobierebiT

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Sepyrobili politikuri elitis mxardaWeraSi xedavdnen da

ara saxelmwifos erTgulebaSi [2, 26].

saglexo reformisa da burJuaziuli reformebis gata-

rebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi Cndeba

axali socialuri fena — burJuazia, romelic ZiriTadad ara-

qarTvelebiT iyo warmodgenili. sazogadod burJuazias Tavi-

si ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda da erovnuli sakiTxiT nak-

lebad iyo dainteresebuli. am SemTxvevaSic burJuazia saxel-

mwifoebrivi Segnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi ar monawi-

leobs. `burJuazias ar esmis erovnuli Tavisufleba, rogorc

Tanabrad saWiro yvelasTvis. burJuazias unda erovnuli Ta-

visufleba mxolod TavisTvis, rogorc iaraRi sxvis dasaCag-

ravad da dasamoneblad~ [21, 5].

erTaderTi nawili qarTuli sazogadoebisa, romelic mi-

zanmimarTulad moqmedebda saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis da gacnobierebuli hqonda problemis arsi iyo sam-

Rvdeloeba da kulturuli da politikuri elita. swored

isini Seecadnen saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis safuZvel-

ze Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris erTianobis gancda CaenergaT.

rac arc ise advili iyo. rogorc mixako wereTeli aRniSnavda:

`oriod kacis garda, Zvelebsa da axlebs ver warmoudgeniaT

urusod qarTuli Tavisufleba~ [23, 21]. noe Jordania Tavis

memuarebSi wers: `roca wamovayene debuleba saqarTvelos Ta-

visuflebis SesaZleblobisa, erTi glexi adga da momaxala —

awi Cven tyves syidvas ver davubrundebiTo! ~ [8, 15].

sazogadoebis umetes nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT socialu-

rad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi ruseTTan kavSiri maT

usafrTxoebas niSnavda da amitom arsebuli viTarebis Sec-

vliT da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgeniT maTi mdgo-

mareoba uaresobisken Seicvleboda. iakob mansvetaSvili Ta-

vis memuarebSi igonebs iliasa da glexebis saubars. es ukanas-

knelni swored rusuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeras gamoxa-

tavdnen. `adre gareT ver gamovdiodiT. sofels rom gavcile-

buliyaviT, an leki dagvixvdeboda an Sinauri avi kaci. sisxli

iRvreboda. mosveneba ara gvqonda, Svela arsaidam iyo. dalo-

ca RmerTma rusis xelmwife: exla ra gviSavs, ai, qalaqSic Ca-

movdivarT samuSaod. Tu ram gasayidi an sasyideli gvaqvs

xels vimarTavT. gzaSi xels veravin gvaxlebs~ [7, 125].

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qarTvelebSi jer kidev ar arsebobda erTianobis gancda.

`gurulebisaTvis saqarTvelo niSnavda — qarTlels, xandaxan

— kaxelsac. erTi mTliani qarTveli eri, erTi mTliani saqar-

Tvelo mis warmodgenaSi srulebiT ar arsebobda. is mudam

fiqrobda Tavis dacvaze TaTrebisagan~ [8, 15].

zemoT moyvanil mosazrebebTan erTad qarTul sazoga-

doebaSi sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisebi arsebobda. rogorc sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis erT-erTi aqtiuri meb-

rZoli Salva qarumiZe werda: `saqarTveloSi iyo xalxi, ro-

melTaTvisac ruseTis erTguleba samSoblos Ralati iyo da

romelTa azriT samSoblos bedniereba da momavali mxolod

ruseTis nangrevebze aSendeboda... am xalxis TvalSi ruseTi

da saqarTvelo erTad ver Tavsdeboda da qarTveli kacis wi-

naSe sakiTxi amnairad ismeboda — an samsaxuri ruseTs da Ra-

lati saqarTvelos, anda Ralati ruseTs da ganwirva mSobeli

erisaTvis~ [24, 226].

rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebis erTi na-

wilis protesti bunebrivia im nacionaluri ideologiis Se-

degi iyo, romelic kulturulma elitam SeimuSava. qarTuli

politikuri elitis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis

arCil jorjaZis azriT: `qarTveli eri yovelTvis ebrZoda

xolme yvelas, visac ki misi politikuri damonaveba surda.

riT aixsneba amgvari garemoeba? xalxi Seviwroebuli da Sexu-

Tulia, xolo moadgeboda ra mas gareSe mteri, igi iviwyebda

Tavis varams, xels aZlevda Tavis mCagvrels (feodals — n. s. )

da masTan erTad mters ebrZoda. etyoba is gareSe mteri mas

ufro mavnebel mtrad miaCnda, vidre Sinauri batoni, rom miu-

xedavad nivTieri uTanasworobisa, qarTveli glexi raRaciT

dakavSirebuli iyo sxva wodebebTan da mas Tavisi Sinauri mo-

noba erCivna, gareSe Zalis monobas. es `raRac~ iyo — ena, zne-

Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tradicia. maSasadame, qar-

Tvelebi icavdnen Tavis miwas, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela ami-

si dacva mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da gareSe mters ise

uyurebda, rogorc imis sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis damamxo-

bels~ [25, 315].

1917 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis av-

tokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg beWduri media sul ufro da uf-

ro xSirad saubrobs damoukideblobis aRdgenis saWiroebaze.

`avtonomia — ai is mkveTri sityva, romelic exla elvasaviT

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gadadis mTel saqarTveloze da aucileblad moaqcevs Tavis

cecxlis rkalSi yvela mamuliSvils, mas win, vnaxoT Tu vinme

aRudgeba~ [9, 2].

revoluciis Semdeg inteligencia warsulis idealize-

biT qarTuli erTobis wevrebSi brZolis Jinis gaRvivebas cdi-

lobs. `ifeTqa revoluciam, daemxvnen Zirs porfirmosilni

mtarvalni da jalaTebi. wamebul xalxs moevlina sanatreli

Tavisufleba. dRes dahkra qarTveli erisTvis sabediswero

Jamma, dRes eWirveba mas Wkua-fxizeli, maRal-niWieri, Zlieri

nebis, mamaci da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRgznebuli beladebi,

romlebmac unda aRZran eris suli, aamoqmedon da aqcion uZ-

level lomad. gvwams, rom aseTi gmirebi male gamoCndebian~

[13, 2]. saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare, sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvisa Tu teritori-

uli Seviwroebis dros qveynis Zliereba `didebul gmirebs~

gadaurCeniaT: `Tavis xangrZliv istoriul cxovrebaSi saqar-

Tvelos bevrjer ganucdia saSineli wamebi, xSirad yofila mis

win aRmarTuli yofna-aryofnis sabediswero sakiTxi, magram

eris genialobas warmouSvia am dros didebuli gmirebi da ma-

Ti meoxebiT qveyana gadarCenia daRupvas. mesxeTi, kolxeTi da

iveria kvlav Sesdgomia Tavis kulturul moRvaweobas. aseTi

tragikuli wamebi Cveni eris warsulSi iyo xSiri~ [13, 2].

1918 wlidan beWdur mediaSi Tavisuflebis idealis aqti-

uri propaganda iwyeba. `bevrjer miuyvania ulmobel istori-

ul qartexils Cveni xalxi Savi jurRmulis pirad, bevrjer,

bevrjer dausvams mis cvalebad cxovrebas misTvis samkvdro-

sasicocxlo sakiTxi, magram, sabednierod, survili sicoc-

xlis SenarCunebisa yovelTvis TvalsaCino yofila am eris

cxovrebaSi. sagani — Tavisufleba, risTvisac es erTi muWa

xalxi ebrZoda yovelgvar dabrkolebas. risTvisac is vaJka-

curad umklavdeboda karze momdgar ubedurebas — yovelTvis

xatad da jvarad hqonia qarTvel ers da amiT unda aixsnas is

garemoeba, rom yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic am eris sasargeblod

iWreboda~ [13, 4].

1900-1917 wlebSi qarTuli erTobis identobis mTavari

ganmsazRvreli iyo istoriuli mexsiereba, tradiciebi, ena,

qristianoba. 1918 wlidan aRniSnul nacionalur simboloebs

emateba Tavisuflebis ideali. `bazaleTis tbas Tavisuflebis

niavqarma dahbera da misi aqamde uZravi, Setborebuli zedapi-

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ri aamoZrava, dahqrola, xavsi ahyara da yovelis qarTvelis

WeSmarit gulSi imis movlinebis Suqmfeni imedi da sasoeba ga-

mohkvanZa~, ilias Tqmis ar iyos:

`visic ar iTqmis saxeli,

visac dRe da Ram natrulobs

Cumis natvriTa qarTvli~ [10, 2].

qarTuli progresuli sazogadoeba damoukideblobis

aRdgenas miiCnevda axali epoqis dawyebad saqarTvelos isto-

riaSi da amitom saqarTvelos sruluflebian qveynad damkvid-

rebisaTvis saerTaSoriso sarbielze saWirod Tvlida im re-

formebis da RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rac am miznisaken mima-

val gzaze arsebiTi da gadamwyveti iqneboda: `aRiarebuli da-

moukidebloba saqarTvelosi aris pirveli gverdi saqarTve-

los axali istoriisa. Tu es aris dasawyisi saqarTvelos

aRorZinebisa, amave dros es iqneba qarTvelTa ekonomikur da

politikur damoukidebeli cxovrebis unaris maCvenebeli mo-

mavalSi. damoukideblobis SenarCuneba da Cveni gaZliereba

Cvens xelT aris, Cvens muSaobazed aris damokidebuli. Tu

gvinda SevinarCunoT sapatio adgili kulturul saxelmwifo-

Ta Soris, Cven unda SevqmnaT sakuTari mrewveloba, sakuTari

jari~ [15, 4].

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis gaZlierebasTan erTad

rogorc kulturuli, aseve politikuri elita mTeli Zalis-

xmeviT cdilobs sazogadoebis umravlesobaSi im damaxinjebu-

li cnobierebis Secvlas, risi kvalic rusulma gavlenam da-

atyo. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, axa-

li gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda. amitom saWiro iyo Tanmim-

devruli RonisZiebebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfe-

roSi. es procesi arc ise advili iyo. qarTuli erTobis wevre-

bis umravlesobas ar hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisuflebis

arsi. beWdurma mediam da saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo sistemam

ver SeZlo problemis sabolood gadaWra. `ara marto mopove-

buli Tavisufleba, saqarTvelos miwa-wyali da dovlaTi, ara-

med TviT eris arseboba, misi fizikuri arseboba ganicdis gan-

sacdels da moiTxovs dacvas. saWiroa qarTveli eris yvela

Zal-Ronis Semokreba da mobilizacia~ [13, 1]. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT sainteresoa giorgi gvazavas werili `eri da Tavisuf-

leba~, sadac qarTveli eris aseT mdgomareobas rusuli gav-

lenidan gamomdinare xsnida. `asi wlis monobam moaduna qar-

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Tveli eris sxeuli da SexuTa kunTebi, ukiduresma klasobriv

brZolis moZRvrebam mis gonebas gadaubnia iseTi burusi, rom

am burusSi kinaRam Caimarxa uaRresi Rirebuleba — erovnuli

Tavisufleba~ [13, 2]. saqarTveloSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas igi

ara marto rusuli gavleniT xsnida, aramed qarTvelebis moq-

medebiTac. `sibneles miCveuli Tvali sinaTles ver itans, mo-

nobas miCveul adamians erTxans rCeba monuri midrekileba,

igi batons eZebs, imas ubatonod cxovreba ver warmoudgenia.

igi darwmunebulia, rom batoni usaTuod mova, mxolod ar

icis vin iqneba is batoni: rusi, Turqi, germaneli Tu inglise-

li. am samarcxvino fsiqologiis SeqmnaSi Cvenc didi brali

migviZRvis. Tu yvela ara, erTi nawili Cveni moRvaweebis sul

imis qadagebaSi iyo, rom samSoblo ar aris, rom igi mogonilia

mxolod burJuaziis da aznaurebis mier. Cven amovfxikeT xal-

xis gulidan mamulis siyvaruli da gmirebis qveyana gadavaq-

cieT monebis qveynad~ [13, 3].

1919 wlidan gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze ukve Sei-

niSneba nacioneluri konsolidaciis gaZliereba socialurad

dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi: `xalxSi didi sulieri garda-

texa xdeba, revoluciuri psixoziT Sepyrobili, ngreva-daq-

cevis ideologiiT gatacebuli, is bunebriv gamomTelebis

gzas daadga. es xdeba bunebrivad, TavisTavad. es procesi sa-

erTo movlenaa saqarTveloSi, xolo zogan ufro gamoaSkara-

vebulia da TvalsaCino~ [14, 1]. gazeTis piblicistebi am mov-

lenas imediT uyurebdnen da damoukideblobis SenarCunebas

aucilebel pirobad miiCnevdnen. `Tu erovnuli saxelmwifos

Seqmnis nebisyofa qarTvel xalxSi gaizarda iseTi proporci-

iT, rogorc amden xans, maSin araviTari eWvi ar aris imaSi, rom

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba mkvidr niadagze dadgeba da

rac unda partiuli Semadgenlobis ar iyos mTavroba, amas an-

gariSs gauwevs da WkuaSi Caxvdeba~ [15,1]. gazeTi erovnuli Ta-

visuflebis mopovebis da SenarCunebis mTavar obieqtad inte-

ligencias miiCnevs. `inteligenciam ar dazoga arc sakuTari

sisxli, arc Tavisi arseboba da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man miiy-

vana saqarTvelo dRevandel Tavisuflebamde. is dResac aseT

rols TamaSobs da albaT yovelTvis iTamaSebs~ [17, 2]. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavroba marTlmadidebel eklesias Tavisufali moqmedebis

saSualebas ar aZlevda da misi uflebebi Sekvecili iyo, erov-

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nul-demokratebi eklesiis rolis wina planze wamowevas cdi-

loben da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis problemebis gaSuqebas

did adgils uTmoben. `Cveni eklesia friad damsaxurebuli,

mxcovani dawesebulebaa Cvens samSobloSi. is asazrdoebda

qarTvel ers sulierad, zneobrivad, gonebrivad da wvrTnida

mis mamuliSvilur Semecnebasac. Cveni eklesia saqarTveloSi

asrulebda did kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmes, afxiz-

lebda ers istoriuli gansacdelis xanaSi, icavda mas gadar-

julebisagan. mravaljer politikurad ufleba-ayrili da da-

monebuli saqarTvelo arsebobda eklesiurad, sarwmunoebri-

vad SekavSirebuli mtkice safuZvliT~ [18, 4].

damoukideblobis xanaSic, saqarTvelos sinamdvilidan

gamomdinare nacionaluri simboloebis propagandas isev aq-

tualuri mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radgan saerTaSoriso sarbi-

elze damkvidrebas saerTo erovnuli faseulobebiT homoge-

nizirebuli qarTuli erToba Tu SeZlebda. nacionalur kon-

solidaciaSi ki qristianobas didi roli eniWeboda. `Cven vxe-

davT, rom kulturul kacobriobas da Tundac ara kulturul

kacobriobas imdenad ainteresebs rusis xalxi, ramdenadac

igi fizikur safrTxes warmoadgens Zvelsa da axal kulturi-

saTvis, xolo axlad ganTavisuflebuli erebi imdenad Seadge-

nen interess kacobriobisas, ramdenadac am erebs axali moti-

vi da axali gamarTleba SeaqvT kacobriobis istoriaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo yvelaze ufro privilegi-

ur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, radganac igi xidia evropasa da

azias Soris, mtkice iqneba qarTveli xalxi nacionalurad,

miT ufro yuradRebiT moepyrobian mas mezobel da Soreul

saxelmwifoebi — Tanac saqarTvelo jer kidev ar gamagrebula

erovnulad da saxelmwifoebrivad, rom SeiZlebodes erov-

nul brZolaze xelis aReba~ [19, 2].

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ 1921 wlamde am suliskveTebiT ag-

rZelebda saqmianobas da Tavisuflebis idealis qarTul er-

TobaSi formirebas da danergvas cdilobda.

amdenad, Tavisuflebis idealisTvis brZola qarTuli

erTobis cnobierebaSi istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare

qarTuli enis, qristianobis, tradiciis SenarCunebasTan igiv-

deboda. Tavisuflebis idealis am saxiT propagandis mTavari

mesveuri iyo kulturuli da politikuri elita.

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. b. andersoni, warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi, Tbilisi, 2003.

2. v. guruli, erovnuli cnobiereba-saxelmwifoebrioba, po-

litikuri orientacia, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. gazeTi `Temi~, 1914, #187.

4. gazeTi `Temi~, 1915, #203.

5. j. kaSia, gvelis-mWameli, gagebis cda, parizi, 1989.

6. g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo, 1966.

7. i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo, 1985.

8. n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi, sarangi, 1990.

9. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1917, #64.

10. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #3.

11. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #7.

12. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #43.

13. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #232.

14. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1919, #233.

15. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #1.

16. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #40.

17. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #49.

18. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #62.

19. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1921, #19.

20. e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba (inglisuridan Targmna

lela patariZem), Tbilisi, 2008.

21. socializmi da erovnuli sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1905.

22. g. qiqoZe, erovnuli energia, Tbilisi, 1919.

23. m. wereTeli, eri da kacobrioba, Tbilisi, Tbilisis uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.

24. o. janeliZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelos erovnul-demokra-

tiuli partiis istoriidan, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2002.

25. a. jorjaZe, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, Tbilisi, Tbili-

sis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.

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Nato Songulashvili The Doctoral Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Identical autonumous ideal: the idea of freedom and its cultivation on the basis of printing media in the 10-years

Georgian unity of XX century.

Summary

The ideal of freedom is one of the main parts of collectiv cultural identity. In the research workthere is studied the Georgian identical autonomous ideal, the idea of freedom and its cultivation in Georgian unity in

1918-1921, on the basis of publications newspaper, „Georgia.` among the Georgian we-group members the ring-leader for

propaganda-actualization of freedom ideal was cultural and politikal elite.

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irina arabiZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis 1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis brZolaSi eq-

vTime TayaiSvili 1905 wlidanve iyo Cabmuli. brZolis warma-

tebiT dagvirgvinebis (1917 w. 12 marti) pirvelive dReebidan

is aqtiurad Cadga saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebaTa realu-

rad ganxorcielebis samsaxurSi. iyo rus-qarTvelTa saekle-

sio interesebis SemTanxmebeli komisiis wevri. saqarTvelos

eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomebSi did mecniers mo-

nawileoba ar miuRia, magram sxdomis oqmebidan Cans, rom misi

profesionalizmis imedi mmarTvelobis wevrebs yovelTvis

hqondaT. arc Tu iSviaTad mimarTavdnen daxmarebisaTvis: sa-

qarTvelos sakaTolikosos Zveli sazRvrebis dadgenasTan Tu

qarTuli Zeglebis movla-patronobasTan dakavSirebiT.

1917 wlis 4 ivlisis sxdomaze saqarTvelos eklesiis

droebiTma mmarTvelobam moismina poruCik n. Sugurovis we-

rilobiTi moxseneba xaxulis RvTismSoblis monastris mdgo-

mareobis Sesaxeb. Sugurovs, rogorc moxsenebaSi iyo aRniSnu-

li, taZari 1916 w. mounaxulebia da SekeTebac ki ucdia. saqar-

TveloSi dabrunebuls qarTuli sazogadoeba taZris savala-

lo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi Cauyenebia, magram Se-

degi jer kidev ar iyo miRweuli [1, 215; 2, 3].

Sugurovi amjerad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

mosaydres episkopos leonids (oqropiriZe) sTxovda daxmare-

bas Tavisi xelnaweri broSuris — Грузинский Хахульский

монастырь dabeWdvaSi, rac istorikos Tedo Jordanias gar-

dacvalebis gamo Seferxebula. Sugurovi agreTve ayenebda wi-

nadadebas xaxulis monasterSi eqspediciis gagzavnis Sesaxeb

da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoTqvamda masSi monawileobis mi-

Rebis (xelmZRvanelobisac ki) survils [1, 215].

saqarTvelos is nawili — TorTumis olqi, sadac xaxulis

monateri mdebareobda, I msoflio omis msvlelobaSi (1914-

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1918 ww.) 1917 w. zafxulisaTvis gaTavisuflebuli iyo osmale-

Tis batonobisagan. amis gamo qarTul sazogadoebas eZleoda

saSualeba miexeda Tavisi Zveli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

centrebisaTvis. Tumca, am mxareSi eqspediciis mowyoba omis

periodis saSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebma monastris saWiroeba-

Ta gasacnobad eqspediciis mowyobis aucilebloba erTsulo-

vnad aRiares. kamaTi gamoiwvia sakiTxma, sasuliero wodebis

mxridan gagzavnili piri beri unda yofiliyo Tu eriskaci. sa-

bolood eqspediciasTan erTad maswavlebeli-beris gagzavna

saxifaTo saqmed miiCnies, raTa iqauri muslimanebis gaRizia-

neba ar gamoewviaT. umjobesad CaiTvala iseTi berebis mivli-

neba, romlebsac TavianTi monazvnuri cxovrebiT SeeZloT

iqaurTa ndobisa da pativiscemis damsaxureba.

droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebma eqspediciis wevrTa

SerCeva da misi xelmZRvaneloba eqvTime TayaiSvils miandes.

mas eqspediciis Sedegebi droebiTi mmarTvelobisaTvis unda

gaecno, miewodebina monastris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saWiro

cnobebi. eklesiis mmarTvelma organom Tavisi mxridan eqspe-

diciis wevrebad daasaxela parTen goTua, rogorc gamocdili

organizatori da erTi beri, romlis SerCevac Tavis Tavze ka-

Tolikos-patriarqis mosaydrem — episkoposma leonidma (oq-

ropiriZe) aiRo.

eqspediciis gagzavnisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi droebiT

mmarTvelobas ar gaaCnda. daadgines: daearsebinaT safinanso

komisia, romelic izrunebda eqspediciisa da droebiTi mmar-

Tvelobis sxva saWiroebaTaTvis Tanxebis mopovebaze.

komisiis wevrebad erTxmad airCies: generali vasil ga-

baSvili, giorgi Juruli, mixeil maCabeli, petre baraTaSvili,

aleqsandre ZegveliSvili da ioseb merkvilaZe [1, 215].

saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobas am saSuri

saqmis meTaurobasTan dakavSirebiT 7 ivliss ukve hqonda eq-

vTime TayaiSvilis Tanxmoba. am mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi

(4-7 ivlisi) dauRalavma mecnierma eqspediciisaTvis saWiro

Tanxis daangariSebac moaxerxa da TavadaznaurTa sakrebulo-

dan am Tanxis umTavresi nawilis gadaxdaze dapirebac miiRo.

misi varaudiT, sul saWiro iqneboda 7 aTasi man. aqedan Tava-

daznaurTa sakrebulo 4 aTass hpirdeboda. danarCeni 3 aTasi

droebiT mmarTvelobas unda gaeRo. eqvTime TayaiSvilis az-

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riT, erTi beris mivlineba sakmarisi ar iyo da eqspediciasTan

erTad ori-sami beri mainc unda gamgzavrebuliyo, romelTa

SerCevac man yovladsamRvdelo leonids sTxova [1, 222].

TavadaznaurTa sakrebulom, garda eqvTime TayaiSvili-

saTvis Sepirebuli Tanxisa, uSualod saqarTvelos eklesiis

droebiTi mmarTvelobas 7500 man. Sewira. piradad al. n. WavWa-

vaZem ki xaxulis taZrisaTvis 200 maneTi gaiRo [1, 222]. ase, rom

eklesiis mmarTvelma organom 3 aTasi man. eqspediciis saWiro-

ebisaTvis dauyovneblad gadado.

eqspediciaSi gamgzavrebis mosamzadebel samuSaoebTan

dakavSirebiT cnobebi moipoveba eqvTime TayaiSvilis pirad

werilebSi. 1917 w. 9 ivliss igi petrogradSi myof niko mars

wers, rom saWiro gaxda TorTumSi gamgzavreba. am saqmesTan

dakavSirebiT igi pirvel rigSi xuroTmoZRvrisa da fotogra-

fis SerCevis sirTules aRniSnavda [3, 283]. gamgzavreba Tavda-

pirvelad 25 ivlisisaTvis an Tvis bolosaTvis iyo dagegmili.

magram 8 agvistosTvis gadaido.

eqvTime TayaiSvili mTeli sisruliT grZnobda im saSiS-

roebas, rac frontis sazRvarTan axlos, naomar, dangreul da

damSeul olqebSi mogzaurobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, amitom

niko mars sTxovda, Tu cocxali ver dabrundeboda, gamoeca

misi svaneTsa da yarsSi mogzaurobaTa Sedegebi [3, 284-285].

rogorc giorgi lomTaTiZe aRniSnavs samxreT saqarTve-

loSi gamgzavrebis win anderZi eqvTime TayaiSvils Tavisi me-

uRlis — nino poltarackaiasTvisac daubarebia: Tu cocxali

ver davbrunde, mokrZalebiT dammarxeT, aravin SeawuxoT, qo-

neba saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebas darCeso [4, 39-

40].

samxreT saqarTveloSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis xelmZRvane-

lobiT mowyobili eqspedicia 1917 w. 8 agvistodan 18 seqtem-

bramde grZeldeboda. mogzaurobis Sedegebi didi dagviane-

biT, 1952 wels — rusulad da 1960 wels — qarTulad gamoica.

iq eqspediciis dawyebis TariRad 8 ivlisia dasaxelebuli [5,

19; 6, 3], rasac faqtobrivad ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc droebiTi

mmarTvelobis sxdomebze aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli

msjelobis TariRebi, aseve TviTon eqvTime TayaiSvilis weri-

lebi niko marisadmi [1, 213-217, 219-222; 3, 283-285].

AaRniSnul gamocemaTa mixedviT eqspedicia mowyobili

iyo saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis

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mier da iq eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis mier eqspediciis

mowyobis iniciativa aRniSnuli ar aris. mxolod miTiTebu-

lia, rom eqspediciis mowyobisaTvis Tanxebi gaiRes qarTvel-

ma Tavadaznaurebma da samRvdeloebam. im dros, roca 1917

wlis eqspediciis Sedegebi gamoica (1952 da 1960 ww.), sabWoTa

saqarTveloSi gamomaval wignebSi saqveyno saqmeebSi sasulie-

ro wodebis wvlilis mkveTrad warmoCena dauSvebeli iyo.

eqvTime TayaiSvili xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom fu-

liT im dros omiT ganadgurebul mxareSi arafris yidva SeiZ-

leboda. dauRalavma mecnierma eqspediciisaTvis aucilebeli

daxmareba ruseTis saerobo kavSiris gamgeobis sawyobidan mi-

iRo. erobaTa gamgeobisagan aRniSnuli daxmarebis gamoyofa

eqvTime TayaiSvilis yofil moswavles aleqsandre daviTis Ze

ciciSvils hqonda davalebuli, rasac man Tavi warmatebiT ga-

arTva [6, 3].

droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebSi miTiTebuli

araa eqspediciis Semadgenloba. amis Sesaxeb informacias eq-

vTime TayaiSvili gvawvdis. man SeZlo Seekriba: xuroTmoZRva-

ri anatoli nikolozis Ze kalgini, mxatvari dimitri Sevar-

dnaZe, moxalise xuroTmoZRvari, alpinisti da poeti ilia

zdaneviCi, mxatvari lado gudiaSvili, mxatvari-msaxiobi mi-

xeil Wiaureli. sasuliero wodebis mxridan, piradad episko-

pos leonidis rCeviT eqspedicias SeuerTda varZiis monas-

tris winamZRvari mRvdel-monazoni ilarioni. eqspediciis

xelmZRvanelma mxolod profesionali fotografis SerCeva

ver SeZlo. ramdenime kandidaturas, romelic samxedro uwye-

bas man warudgina, gamgzavrebis neba ar daerTo. fotografo-

bas eqspediciis ramdenime wevri iTavsebda [6, 3].

miuxedavad amisa, eqspediciis SedegebiT eqvTime TayaiS-

vili kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. imogzaures da Seiswavles xa-

xulis, oSkis, iSxnis monastrebi da maTi Semogarenis sasulie-

ro da saero Zeglebi.

eqspediciis xelmZRvanelma windaxeduleba gamoiCina da

eqspediciis 2 wevri oTxTa eklesiasa da parxalSi miavlina mo-

mavali eqspediciisaTvis winaswari kvlevebis Casatareblad.

SemdgomSi eqvTime TayaiSvili am nabijis kmayofilic iyo,

radgan TurqTa mier xelaxla okupirebul teritoriebis Ses-

wavla Zalian didi xniT miuwvdomeli gaxda [6, 4].

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eqspediciis mier TbilisSi Camotanili gegmebi da naxa-

zebi daamuSava xuroTmoZRvarTa jgufma: m. kerni, b. riabovi,

n. severovi. maT kalgini xelmZRvanelobda. teqnikur sakiT-

xebSi ki exmarebodnen kubera da meliqiSvili [6, 4].

eqspediciis periodSi moinaxules da aRweres Semdegi ek-

lesia-monastrebi: iSxani, oSki, xaxuli, eqeqi, soxToroTa, isi,

suxbeCi, oTxTa eklesia, muxlajiRilisi, parxali da maT ir-

gvliv mdebare patara nagebobebi Tu maTi nangrevebi. ZeglTa

Seswavlis saqmeSi ganxorcielebul siaxles warmoadgenda

mravali bareliefis gadmoReba mulaJiT. xeliT gadmoweres

an fotoze daafiqsires mravali warwera. Seitanes cvlilebe-

bi maT wakiTxvaSi. gaarkvies zogi taZris saxeli, romelic ma-

namde istoriul literaturaSi cnobili ar iyo. gamoavlines

taZarTa ucnobi tipebic. Tumca, rogorc eqvTime TayaiSvili

aRniSnavda, maT mier Seswavlili Zeglebi kidev wlobiT moiT-

xovda kvlevas, qarTuli kulturisaTvis maTi mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb saboloo sityva naTqvami ar iyo [6, 4].

eqspediciis Sedegebi droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomaze

ganxilvis sagani veRar gaxdeboda im ubralo mizezis gamo,

rom roca eqvTime TayaiSvili TbilisSi dabrunda (18 seqtem-

beri), saqarTvelos eklesias ukve ara droebiTi organo, ara-

med kaTolikos-patriarqi da sakaTolikoso sabWo ganageb-

dnen. saeklesio kreba, romelmac saWeTmpyrobeli da mmarT-

velobis umaRlesi organo airCia, 1917 w. 8-17 seqtembers mim-

dinareobda.

eqspediciaSi droebiTi mmarTvelobis warmomadgenel

mRvdel-monazon ilarionTan dakavSirebiTac eqvTime TayaiS-

vilisa da sxvaTa mogonebebidan gaxda cnobili. is eqspediciis

Sedegebis mosaxseneblad TbilisSi unda dabrunebuliyo da

Semdeg sanovagis maragiT isev xaxulis, oSkisa da iSxnis monas-

terTaTvis Tvalyuris sadevneblad gamgzavrebuliyo. magram

misi meore mgzavroba Sedegianad ver dasrulda: fronti dai-

Sala da TurqTagan gaTavisuflebuli saqarTvelos miwa-wya-

li isev mahmadian dampyrobTa tyveobaSi aRmoCnda. amitom mama

ilarioni gzidan ukan dabrunda [6, 3].

droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebi arc poruCik Su-

gurovis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs. eqvTime TayaiSvili aRniS-

navs, rom xaxulis komendant n. Sugurovs 1916 w. 29 maiss xaxu-

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lis mTavari taZris gumbaTze TuTis xisagan gaTlili jvari

aRumarTavs.

didi mecnieri xSirad axsenebs Sugurovis broSurasac,

romelic eqspediciaSi hqonia waRebuli, imowmebs mas xaxulis

monastris aRwerisas. xelnawer wignakSi moTavsebuli yofila

zogi warwera da aseve iqaur mosaxleobaSi Sekrebili Tqmule-

bani, xaxulis monasterisadmi TorTumSi mosaxle mahmadian

gurjTa mowiwebiT damokidebulebas rom gamoxatavda [6, 63,

66].

giorgi lomTaTiZe eqvTime TayaiSvilis moRvaweobaSi

umniSvnelovanes damsaxurebad Tvlis 1917 w. zafxulSi tao-

TorTum-ispirSi mowyobil eqspedicias, romelmac `sulze mi-

uswro~ iqaur Zeglebs. ramdenime TveSi es mxare isev Turqebma

igdes xelT da iq mogzaurobaze ocnebac ki SeuZlebeli gaxda

[4, 40].

ase, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis

sxdomis oqmebSi dafiqsirebuli masala azustebs ramdenime

detals eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier 1917 w. zafxulSi tao-Tor-

Tum-ispirSi mowyobili metad mniSvnelovani eqspediciis is-

toriaSi. naTelyofs am mogzaurobaSi ruseTis tyveobisagan

axladgaTavisuflebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis rols.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRw. 1, saqme

6421. 2. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1917 w., 2.VII, # 142. 3. niko marisa da eqvTime TayaiSvilis mimowera (1888-1931),

mec-ba, 1991, gamosacemad moamzada... r. kavilaZem, m. mama-

caSvilma. 4. g. lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime Taya-

iSvili, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1990. 5. Е. Такаишвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года в южные

провинции Грузии, издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР, Тбилиси, 1952.

6. eq. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia sam-

xreT saqarTveloSi, saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-

loba, Tbilisi, 1960.

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Irina Arabidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Additional Information About Ekvtime Takaishvili’s Expedition in 1917

Summary

In 1917 under the guidance of Ekvtime Takaishvili and on behalf of

The Historical and Ethnographical Society of Georgia the expedition in Tao-Tortum-Ispir was held. During the World War I (1914-1918), in summer 1917, this territory was liberated from Osmans’ rule. It was a chance for Georgian society to take care and restore old church centres.

The contribution of The Provisional Government of The Church of Georgia in organizing the expedition was not mentioned in the scientific

literature. Only the information about donation of the expedition by Georgian

clergy was known. From the records of proceedings of The Georgian Church Provisional

Government it becomes clear that planning of the expedition was on the

initiative of the ruling organ of The Church of Georgia. In July 4, at the

session of the provisional government the letter – report of Khakhuli commandant lieutenant N. Shugurov about the state of Kakhuli monastery

was discussed. The session passed a resolution to send an expedition to

become aware and learn the needs of the monastery. The members of the provisional government with one voice asked the

great Georgian scientist-archeologist Ekvtime Takaishvili to organize and

choose the members for the expedition. From the records of the proceeding and letters of Ekvtime Takaishvili

and Niko Mari it can be stated that the expedition started in August 8. The

mentioned date is wrongly indicated in the publications (E. Takaishvili, The

Archeological Expedition in 1917 in the South Provinces of Georgia, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, 1952, in Russian and in its Georgian translation published in Tbilisi, 1960 by the

same publishing house) about the expedition. The results of the expedition had not become the subject of discussion

at the sessions of the provisional government. When the expedition was

ended, in September 18, the Church of Georgia was ruled not by provisional organ but by the Catholicos-Patriarch and the council of catholicos.

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lela saraliZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriis da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofile-

bis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.)

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis isto-

ria sabWoTa istoriografiaSi sakmaod tendenciurad aris ga-

Suqebuli. aRniSnuli periodis naSromebSi, saqarTveloSi

erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta oqtombris revoluciis mona-

povrad iyo miCneuli da sabWoTa saxelmwifos leninuri erov-

nuli politikis damsaxurebas miewereboda. e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis realuri istoria, ZiriTa-

dad, gadmocemuli aris saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wleb-

Si Seqmnil, calkeul gamokvlevebsa da samecniero statiebSi.

termini `samxreT oseTi~ sruliad arabunebrivia isto-

riuli TvalsazrisiT da Sesabamisad miuRebelia, radgan aR-

niSnuli terminis qveS moiazreba osebiT dasaxlebuli saqar-

Tvelos istoriuli Sida qarTlis teritoria. saxelwodeba

savsebiT usamarTlod, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis

gverdis avliT ewoda qarTul miwa-wyals, romelic Crdiloe-

Tidan gadmosulma osebma TandaTanobiT daikaves. osebis sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze Camosaxlebis faqts adasturebs

araerTi qarTveli da ucxoeli avtori. germanelma mecnierma

august haqsthauzenma (1792-1866), romelic 1843 wels imyofe-

boda saqarTveloSi, moinaxula osebiT dasaxlebuli aRniSnu-

li teritoria. 1847 wels man berlinSi gamosca ortomeuli

saxelwodebiT: `gamokvlevebi ruseTis xalxTa cxovrebis sa-

Sinao mdgomareobis da gansakuTrebiT sasoflo mowyobis Se-

saxeb~. naSromis pirveli wignis XII TavSi gadmocemulia metad

saintereso cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia Semdegi:

`osebi Tavis Tavs uwodeben ir-s da iron-s, qveyanas ki ironis-

ten-s. Cerqezebi maT uwodeben kasha-s, TaTrebi os-s, aseve ta-

uli-s; lekebi-oc, oce-s; qarTvelebi-osi da ovs-is; micjegu-

ri xalxebi ki eZaxian ilheri-s. osi xalxis warmomavlobis, mi-

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graciisa da istoriis Sesaxeb im osebSi, vinc me vnaxe, Zalze

mwiri cnobebi miviRe. miTxres, rom osebs adre sxva adgil-

samyofeli hqondaT; rom isini CrdiloeTidan mTebiT gadmo-

vidnen; rom Tavdapirvelad Cerqezebis amJamindel qveyanaSi

ucxovriaT, xolo sxva xalxebis mowolis Sedegad dRevandel

samosaxloSi gadmovidnen. Aam arasando da bnel gadmocemas, ra

Tqma unda, aqvs istoriuli gamoZaxili. qarTuli analebic am-

boben, rom osebi gadmosaxlebulan donis midamoebidan. jer

kidev ptolemaiosi icnobda donis SesarTavebTan osiliebs...~

[1, 381].

sainteresoa eTnogenetikurad vin arian osebi. miCneu-

lia, rom osebi, (saxelwodeba `iron~, `digoron~, aqedan qvey-

nis saxelwodeba `irisTon~) indoevropuli xalxebis Crdilo-

iranul jgufs miekuTvnebian. eTnogenetikurad isini sarma-

tul-alanur tomebTan arian dakavSirebulni, maTi uaxlesi

winaprebi ki alanebi iyvnen [2, 30]. Crdilo kavkasiidan saqar-

TveloSi gadmosvlisas osebi umTavresad saxldebodnen didi

da patara liaxvis da qsnis xeobebSi. osuri mosaxleobis didi

nawili dasaxlda aseve, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebSi, xolo Se-

darebiT mcire ricxvi raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi. oseTi

Crdilo kavkasiis erT-erTi kuTxea, romelTanac saqarTve-

los saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mWidro urTierToba akavSi-

rebda. amJamad, osebs kavkasionis centraluri nawili ukaviaT

da gansaxlebulni arian kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT ferdob-

ze. es aris axlandeli ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali Crdi-

loeT oseTis avtonomiuri respublika, romlis teritoria 8

aTasi kv. kilometria. aRmosavleTiT mas esazRvreba CeCneT-

inguSeTi, samxreTiT- saqarTvelo, dasavleTiT- yabardo-

balyareTi, CrdiloeTiT- stavropolis mxare. bunebrivia,

arc erTi mosazRvre respublika imis gamo, rom Tavis droze

iq osebi Casaxldnen, sakuTar teritoriaze axal saxelmwifo-

ebriv warmonaqmns ar dauSvebs. osi xalxis mTeli istoria

aris —uwyveti da Tanmimdevruli mitaceba mezobeli xalxebis

teritoriebisa. kavkasiaSi ar aris arcerTi mezobeli xalxi,

romelTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili maT ar mieTvi-

sebinoT [26, 3].

pirvel oficialur dokumentad, sadac Sida qarTlis

mTianeTi `oseTad~ moixsenieba, qarTul istoriografiaSi

miCneulia, saqarTveloSi rusuli administraciis meTauris-

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mTavarmmarTvel knoringis 1802 wlis 26 martis Ppataki [3, 587].

rus istorikos p. butkovs ki mohyavs general-leitenant kno-

ringis 1802 wlis 15 TebervliT daTariRebuli pataki, sadac

knoringi wers: `oseTSi warmoqmnili sxvadasxva ganukiTxaobi-

sa da saqarTvelos sazRvarze osebis mier ganxorcielebuli

Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcvis gamo, goridan maTi winaaRmdegobis

CasaxSobad gaigzavna podpolkovniki simonoviCi. Tovlian qe-

debze sakmaod rTuli gadasvlis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, is

Tavisi razmiT oseTSi Sevida. osebi iZulebulni gaxdnen dae-

doT fici erTgulebaze da qarTul xelisuflebas damorCi-

lebodnen...~ [4, 349].

termini `samxreT oseTi~ da `CrdiloeT oseTi~, oficia-

lurad fexs ikidebs 1830 wlidan. gazeT `Тифлисские ведомости~-

Si (1830w. #72) dabeWdili anonimi avtoris publikaciaSi e. w.

`samxreT oseTad~ saxeldebulia didi da patara liaxvis, qsni-

sa da mejudas xeobebis mTianeTis teritoria. iqve CamoTvli-

lia e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ Svidi mTavari xeoba: maRrandvale-

Tis, qeSelTis, javis, patara liaxvis, mejudis, WurTisa da Ja-

muris [5, 33].

1830 wlis 24 maiss, general-feldmarSal paskeviCis mier

Tbilisis samxedro gubernatoris, general-adiutant streka-

lovisadmi gagzavnil werilSic `oseTis zemo nawilTan~ anu

`zemo oseTTan~ SepirispirebaSi moxsenebulia `oseTis qvemo

nawili~ anu `samxreT oseTi~. osi istorikosi i. cxovrebovi

Tavis dokumentebis krebulSi #209-e dokumentad gadmog-

vcems 1830 wlis 24 maisiT daTariRebul `kavkasiis calkeuli

korpusis sardlis general-feldmarSal paskeviCis miweri-

lobas, Tbilisis samxedro gubernator general-adiutant

strekalovisadmi, `samxreT oseTSi~ glexTa ajanyebis Casax-

Sobad samxedro eqspediciis daniSvnis Sesaxeb~. rogorc do-

kumentis Sinaarsidan Cans, paskeviCi mimarTavs strekalovs:

`...oseTi, romelic qarTls esazRvreba Cveni mmarTvelobis

qveS myofi provinciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, amdenad misi

xalxis mdgomareoba TqvenTvis ufro cnobilia. dagegmili

gankargulebis ufro ukeT axsnisaTvis saWirod vTvli mok-

led Camovayalibo oseTis mdgomareoba saerTod da gansakuT-

rebiT misi im nawilisa, romelic qarTls esazRvreba... `sam-

xreT oseTis~ soflebSi saxlebi mimobneulia da patara baRe-

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biTaa garSemokruli, xolo zemo oseTSi — TiTqmis Citis bu-

deebiviT, kldeebze da mTebzea mikruli... Crdiloeli osebi

adre xarks yabardoelebs uxdidnen, magram axla roca yabar-

doeli didgvarovnebis yubans iqiT gaqcevis Semdeg, osebi

xarkisgan ganTavisufldnen, isini sruliad damoukideblebi

gaxdnen...~ [6, 3].

Tavdapirvelad qarTvelTa da osTa saukuneobrivi Ta-

nacxovreba mniSvnelovnad 1918-1920 wlebSi Seilaxa, maSin ro-

desac saqarTvelom Seqmnili saerTaSoriso viTarebidan ga-

momdinare, 1918 wlis 26 maiss, damoukidebloba gamoacxada,

risTvisac qarTveli patriotebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi emza-

debodnen, vinaidan qarTveli xalxisaTvis miuRebeli iyo ru-

seTis carizmis koloniuri reJimi. swored, saqarTvelos da-

moukidebloba gaxda is realuri mizezi, raTa mesame Zala- ru-

seTi aqtiurad CarTuliyo konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi. samwuxa-

rod, ruseTi kvlavac ar Ralatobs sakuTar tradiciebs da

dResac uxeSad ereva damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinaur saq-

meebSi. ufro metic, qarTul-osuri konfliqtis sababiT, uka-

nonod aqvs dapyrobili saqarTvelos istoriuli teritorie-

bi. 1921 wels damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg,

72 wlis ganmavlobaSi, istoria sabWouri tendenciurobiT

iwereboda. qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenis mizniT, ucxo-

eTSi iZulebiT gaxiznuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis mTavroba sakuTar marTal xmas ver awvdenda mSob-

liur qveyanas, radgan ruseTma rkinis farda aRmarTa danar-

Cen msofliosTan. sakmaod didi xnis manZilze, istoria rea-

luri faqtebis uxeSi gayalbebiT iwereboda. aseTi naSromebis

avtorebs sabWoTa reJimi axalisebda da maT avtorebs sxva-

dasxva premiebiT ajildovebda, samagierod am wignebs, sadac

absoluturad aris Secvlili istoriuli realoba, ruseTi

dResac warmatebiT iyenebs. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

damoukideblobis dRis — 26 maisis nacvlad, saqarTvelos dap-

yrobis da gasabWoebis dRes — 25 Tebervals aRniSnavda. aseTi

iyo sabWoTa realoba. rusebi yovelmxriv ebrZodnen saR azrs,

risTvisac ar zogavdnen sakuTar politikosebs da diploma-

tebsac ki [7, 155].

Sida qarTlSi mcxovrebi osebis erT politikur-adminis-

traciul erTeulad gaerTianebis mcdelobas, jer kidev 1917

wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mieca gasaqani. pirvelad

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sakiTxi osebis TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb daisva 1917 wlis iv-

nisSi amierkavkasiis osTa javis yrilobaze. yrilobis mier mi-

Rebul rezoluciaSi aRniSnulia: `im olqebSi, romlebic xasi-

aTdebian Sereuli mosaxleobiT da sadac mosaxleobis raode-

nobis mixedviT SeuZlebelia erovnul-teritoriuli TviT-

mmarTvelobis Seqmna, Seiqmnas erovnul-teritoriuli TviT-

mmarTvelobebi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo mizniT. Tuki

kavkasiis xalxebi miiReben erovnul-teritoriul avtonomi-

as, maSin osebs, romlebic gaerTiandebian erT erovnul erTe-

ulad, unda mieceT Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis ufleba~

[8, 41]. Tavdapirvelad osebi calke samazro administraciuli

erTeulis Seqmnas moiTxovdnen. swored, aseT moTxovnas aye-

nebda amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis Tavmjdoma-

risadmi, 1917 wlis 10 aprils, gagzavnil werilSi nikoloz zu-

rabis Ze jioevi, amierkavkasiis mTian zolSi mcxovrebi osebis

saxeliT [8, 13]. 1917 wlis 15-17 dekembers q. cxinvalSi e.w.

`samxreT oseTis~ delegatTa meore yriloba gaimarTa, ro-

melmac oseTis erovnuli sabWo airCia. yrilobis mier miRe-

bul rezoluciaSi vkiTxulobT: `...damfuZnebel krebaze na-

cionaluri sakiTxis gadawyveta saerTo rusul orientacias

daemyaros; mxardaWeril iqnas samxareo xelisufleba kavkasi-

aSi. sabWo srul kontaqtSi unda muSaobdes mezobeli erebis

demokratiebTan. yriloba gadaudeblad Tvlis skolebis, ad-

ministraciebis, sasamarTloebis, jaris nacionalizaciis sa-

kiTxis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, `samxreT-oseTis~ erT terito-

riul-administraciul erTeulad gamoyofas. nacionaluri

programis sabooloo saxiT Camoyalibeba da misi cxovrebaSi

gatareba daevalos zemoT naxseneb erovnul sabWos~ [8, 15-16].

axladSeqmnilma e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom,

1918 wlis 4 ianvars oficialurad mimarTa saqarTvelos erov-

nul sabWos, rom ukve Seudga muSaobas da amieridan yvela sa-

kiTxze, romelic os ers exeboda miemarTaT erovnuli sabWos-

Tvis, romelic maTi cnobiT, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ saqmeTa

umaRles xelmZRvanel centrs warmoadgenda. 1918 wlis 10

ianvars e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom amierkavka-

siis komisariats warudgina proeqti, romelSic naCvenebi

iyo, Tu ra formiT da ra sazRvrebSi unda Camoyalibebuli-

yo e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ eroba. proeqtSi aRniSnuli iyo:

`samxreT oseTis~ xalxis naTlad da garkveviT gamoxatul ne-

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baze dayrdnobiT, Cven vTvliT, rom amierkavkasiaSi miwis sa-

kiTxis samarTliani ganxorcieleba warmoudgenelia gansa-

kuTrebuli samazro administraciuli zewolis Camoyalibe-

bis gareSe raWis, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebis im mTiani nawi-

lebis mxridan, romlebic `samxreT oseTis~ mosaxleobiTaa

dasaxlebuli... gasagebi xdeba osebis bunebrivi swrafva, yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi im zolSi, sadac isini kompaqtur masad cxov-

roben, Seqmnan erTi administraciuli erTeuli, specialurad

maTTvis Seqmnili marTvis organoebiT. vinaidan es zoli siv-

rculad ... da mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, srulad ak-

mayofilebs axali mazris Camoyalibebis aucilebel normas,

amitom yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda osebiT dasax-

lebuli mTeli es teritoria gansakuTrebul samazro organi-

zaciad gamoyofiliyo... warmoSobis, enisa da kulturuli gan-

viTarebis mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ mosaxleobis am erTgva-

rovani masis, nacionaluri administraciis mqone, mxolod

erT mTian mazrad an olqad gaerTianebiTaa SesaZlebeli mSob-

liuri osuri enis gamoyenebis daweseba organizaciebsa da da-

wesebulebebSi... amierkavkasiaSi rusebis TviTmpyrobelobis

dasawyisSi, CvenTvis saintereso mTeli mTiani zoli Seadgen-

da `samxreT oseTis~ erT samxedro-administraciul olqs,

amasTan am olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda naris xeoba, rome-

lic SemdgomSi Tergis olqs iqna mikuTvnebuli. am debulebe-

bis logikuri daskvnaa mTa-osuri raionis damoukidebel sa-

mazro teritoriul erTeulad gamoyofis sruli aucileblo-

ba... es iqneba xelSewyoba osebis swraf da amasTan, SesaZloa,

umtkivneulo gadasvlaze patriarqalur-gvarovnuli wyobi-

dan da Cveulebrivi samarTlis ierarqiuli gadmonaSTebidan

Cveni epoqis kulturuli monapovrebis aTvisebisaken. Tu ami-

erkavkasiis demokratia dainteresebulia mTa-oseTis ekono-

miuri ganviTarebiT, is yovelmxriv unda uwyobdes xels am ra-

ionis gamoyofas gansakuTrebul samazro teritoriul erTe-

ulad. bolos, damoukidebeli samazro erTeulis aseTi war-

moqmna aadvilebs `samxreT-oseTis~ xalxisaTvis erovnuli

TviTgamorkvevis problemas... `samxreT-oseTis~ samazro ad-

ministraciuli erTeulis Camoyalibeba cxovrebiseuli auci-

leblobiTaa nakarnaxevi, radganac aseTi erTeulis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia: 1) osi xalxis fsiqologiaze misa-

dagebuli administaciuli marTvis sistemis ageba, 2) osuri

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enis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba yvela dawesebulebaSi, 3) myari

safuZvlis Cayra mTa-oseTis raionis kulturul-ekonomiuri

ganviTarebisaTvis, 4) nacionaluri sakiTxis gadawyvetis

mkveTrad gamartiveba `samxreT-oseTis~ sinamdvileSi. cxinva-

lis gareSe mTa oseTis mosaxleoba dakargavs bunebriv gasas-

vlels barSi da mniSvnelovanwilad waagebs kulturul-eko-

nomikuri TvalsazrisiT~ [8, 16-18].

Oosi separatistebis mTxovnebi mkacrad gaakritika saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis miwaTmoqmedebis saminis-

trosa da glexTa centris rwmunebulma a. farnievma. gazeT

`erToba~-Si man statiac ki gamoaqveyna, sadac brali dasdo is-

torikos n. jioevs da sxva os separatistebs, romlebic saqar-

Tvelosagan gamoyofas moiTxovdnen. a. farnievi werda: `...Sar-

San amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlebis pirvel krebaze, 5 ivniss,

javaSi n. jioevma gaubedavad aRZra osebis calke gamoyofis —

damoukideblobis sakiTxi, krebam uari uTxra. maS, frTxilad,

awon dawone, nu ayvebiT upasuxismgeblo politikanebs, nu da-

iviwyebT, rom osebi erT adgilze ara xarT dasaxlebuli da

arc ise advilia calke saxelmwifos Seqmna da misi xarjebis

gaweva... erTaderT miuval simagred miaCniaT Cvens naciona-

listebs javis xeoba. Aam xeobaSi cxovroben osebi daaxloebiT:

javis sazogadoebaSi — 700 komli, rokis xeobaSi — 400 komli.

TiToeul komlze rom viangariSoT saSualod 10 suli mcxov-

rebi, sul iqnebian 16.000 suli. Tbilisis da quTaisis guberni-

ebSi ki cxovroben ara nakleb 1000.000 sulisa. maS, danarCeni

84.000 osis interesebs vis vandobT, isini vis miekedlon, Tu

ara da, vTqvaT, javis xeobam ar miuSva Tavadaznauroba. mere

TviTon imaT iq cxovreba ar undaT, ra unda Wamon? is imedi,

rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan moizidaven yovelTvis saWiro

sursaTs, es ar gamarTldeba imitom, rom TviTon CrdiloeTis

osebi naxevrad damSeuli xalxia da garda amisa, maTi arseboba

damokidebulia iqaur mahmadianebTan ganwyobilebaze. TviT

iqauri osebi or nawilad arian gayofilni: erTi nawili mahma-

dianebis mxarezea, meore ki cecxlis alSia gaxveuli. Ggarda

amisa unda vicodeT, rom iqaur osebsa da mahmadianebs Soris

swored, miwis siviwrovis gamoa ase gamwvavebuli damokidebu-

leba da Tu iqaur osebs ise uxvad moepovebaT sursaTi, rom

TviTonac eyoT da aqaurebsac gadmougzavnon, iqve gverdze

mcxovrebi mahmadianebi ras ityvian, isinic moiTxoven Tu ara

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sursaTs? Aan ara da vTqvaT, javis xeoba gamoeyo saqarTvelos,

mere an fuli ar undaT, an sxva rame? ra modis javis xeobaSi? —

araferi. xalxi damSeulia. erTad erTi tyea, romliTac irCe-

nen Tavs da Tu am tyeSi moWril masalas ar Camoitanen, cxin-

valSi an ufro qvemoT, saiT unda waiRon, mTebze xom ar gadai-

tanen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi an ara da CrdiloeT kavkasias ro-

dis sWirdeboda iqauri xe-tye, da Tu am tyiTac aRar isargeb-

lebs javis xeobis mcxovrebni, maS sxva raRa gaaCniaT, an ara da

sad unda moewyos saxelmwifos mTavroba, romel qalaqSi an

sofelSi, romel yazarmebSi unda iyos moTavsebuli jari da

sxva dawesebulebani? me vfiqrob isini, vinc osebis damouki-

debeli saxelmwifos Seqmnaze ocneboben, maT an araferi gae-

gebaT qveynierebis av-kargisa an da gangeb surT Seatakon qar-

Tveli da osis demokratia erTmaneTs da daRupon is, rac moi-

pova xalxma~ [9, 4].

1918 wlis dasawyisSi osebi gamodiodnen samazro sae-

robo administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis moTxovniT. mar-

Talia, osebi farTo avtonomiis sakiTxs maSin ar ayenebdnen,

Tumca cxinvals Tavidanve e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ administra-

ciul erTeulad moiazrebdnen. Eew. `samxreT oseTis~ adminis-

traciuli erTeuli oficialurad, mxolod, saqarTveloSi

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg gaCnda, miuxedavad

amisa, manamdec Cveulebriv saubarsa Tu oficialur dokumen-

tebSi osebiT dasaxlebuli Sida qarTlis teritoria pirobi-

Tad e. w. `samxreT oseTad~ moixsenieboda. am termins vxvdebiT

ara marto e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos saxelwode-

baSi, mis oficialur dokumentebSi (blanki, mimowera da a. S.),

aramed TviT saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mimarTvebSic,

aseve presaSic, rac TavisTavad xels uwyobda SemdgomSi am

terminis, TandaTanobiT, usamarTlod, damkvidrebas.

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom SeiZleba iTqvas

saqmiani, keTili urTierToba daamyara saqarTvelos erovnul

sabWosTan, romelic Tavis mxriv, miesalma kidec e. w. `samxreT

oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos Seqmnas da Tavis warmomadgenelsac

ki agzavnida osTa yrilobebze, Tumca es demokratiuli nabi-

ji SemdegSi Zvirad daujda axalgazrda saqarTvelos mTavro-

bas. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWo axali Semadgenlo-

biT sul 6-jer iqna arCeuli [10, 37]. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSna-

via IV mowvevis erovnuli sabWos saqmianoba, romelic 1918

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wlis dekemberSi airCia e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ delegatTa VI

yrilobam. igi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT umTavresad bolSevuku-

ri iyo. aRniSnuli sabWo ar cnobda saqarTvelos demokratiu-

li respublikis mTavrobas da moqmedebda, rogorc erTader-

Ti damoukidebeli politikuri Zalaufleba, e. w. `samxreT

oseTSi~. 1919 wlis ianvarSi, pirvelsave sesiaze, sabWom gadaw-

yvetileba miiRo, e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ droebiTi sagangebo

sasamarTloebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb da SeimuSava saTanado pro-

eqtic. sabWom, aseve, uari Tqva, rogorc goris mazris erobis,

ise saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi monawileo-

baze. politikuri partiebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT,

sabWos prezidiumma daadgina moewvia e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sa-

xalxo sabWo, 1919 wlis 1 maisidan 1 ivnisamde, sayovelTao,

pirdapiri, Tanabari da faruli kenWisyris safuZvelze, ro-

melsac unda ganexila `oseTis gansakuTrebul administra-

ciul olqad gamoyofa da misi marTva-gamgeobis SemuSave-

ba~ [10, 38]. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ IV erovnulma sabWom, poli-

tikur partiaTa monawileobiT, SeimuSava avtonomiuri `sam-

xreT oseTis~ konstituciis proeqti, romelic, 1919 wlis 16

ivniss, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZne-

beli krebis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelo-

bis komisias warudgina. dokuments ewodeboda `samxreT ose-

Tis~ kantonis konstituciis proeqti~ da Sedgeboda 5 Tavi-

sa da 47 muxlisagan. proeqtis Tanaxmad, `samxreT oseTis~

kantoni saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtono-

miur nawilad cxaddeboda. kantons ekrZaleboda saxelSek-

rulebo urTierTobaSi Sesuliyo ucxo saxelmwifoebTan.

kantons eniWeboda Tavisi teritoriis farglebSi tyeebis, sa-

Zovrebis, wiaRiseulisa da sxva bunebrivi simdidreebis eq-

sploataciis gansakuTrebuli ufleba [11, 99]. sagadasaxado

sistemis mxriv, kantoni uTanabrdeboda saqarTvelos demok-

ratiuli respublikis sxva TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs da maT

msgavsad unda esargebla saxelmwifos finansuri mxardaWe-

riT. konstituciis proeqtis Tanaxmad, kantonis yvela moqa-

laqes samxedro valdebuleba unda moexada kantonis terito-

riaze. proeqtSi saubari iyo aseve, kantonis xelisuflebisa

da mmarTvelobis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis

(saxalxo sabWo, saxalxo komisariatebi, komunebi) Seqmnis wes-

ze, kantonis moqalaqeTa uflebebze da a. S. konstituciis

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proeqti gansazRvravda, agreTve, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

organizacias kantonSi, maTi iurisdiqciis farglebs, Seexe-

boda sakanonmdeblo iniciativisa da referendumis sakiTxebs

[10, 51-52]. 1919 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis adgilobrivi mmarTvelo-

bisa da TviTmmarTvelobis komisiam, aRniSnuli proeqti gada-

ugzavna damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio komisias, rome-

lic im periodSi, swored, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxov-

reb erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis sa-

kiTxs ganixilavda. komisiam proeqtis naklovan mxareebze im-

sjela. kerZod, ar moiwona sakiTxebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,

rom e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ kantonis centrad proeqti Tvlida

cxinvals, aseve kantonis mier tyeebiT sargeblobis gansakuT-

rebul uflebebze, kantonis moqalaqeTa mier samxedro bega-

ris moxdaze da a. S. damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio ko-

misiam Tavis erT-erT wevrs daavala presaSi saTanado argu-

mentebiT dasabuTebuli informacia gamoeqveynebina. mar-

Tlac, gazeT `erToba~-Si gamoqveynda statia, sadac ewera:

`samxreT oseTma~ warmoadgina iseTi proeqti, romelic Sors

cildeba erovnuli teritoriuli avtonomiis farglebs da

awesebs saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilze calke saxelmwi-

fos, saqarTvelos respublikasTan odnav, ufro sityvierad

dakavSirebuls, romlis pirvel muxlSic sityva — `avtonomiu-

ri~ gaugebrobiTaa Cawerili ... oseTis erovnuli sabWos mier

warmodgenili proeqti gulisxmobs daarsebas `samxreT ose-

Tis~ calke saxelmwifosi, romelic saqarTvelos respubli-

kasTan cxovrebis ramodenime dargSi iqneba sustad dakavSire-

buli~ [12].

saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos mTavroba

erovnuli umciresobebis sakiTxis gadawyvetas saqarTvelos

erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT axorcielebda. aR-

niSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa sakonstitucio

komisiis maSindeli Tavmjdomaris pavle sayvareliZis azri.

sakonstitucio komisiis erT-erT sxdomaze man ganacxada:

`...dRes Cveni movaleoba aris SevqmnaT mTliani, mtkice erov-

nuli organizmi da avicdinoT is mizezebi, romlis gamo sus-

tdeba da irRveva igi. amitom Cven unda ganvacxadoT: sxva ers

Cven aq veRar SevqmniT, saxelmwifoSi axal saxelmwifos veRar

davaarsebT, Cven ver davuSvebT verc kuriebs, verc avtonomi-

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as da sazogadod sajaro uflebrivi xasiaTis organizacias...

Cven viRebT saqarTvelos da vambobT, rom igi erovnuli sa-

xelmwifoa, 95% da ufro metic aq qarTvelobaa. amitom Cven

vdgevarT erovnuli saxelmwifos niadagze da misi interese-

bis TvalsazrisiT vsinjavT erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxs...

Cven yvelafers davuSvebT, magram ver SevqmniT sajaro-uf-

lebriv organizaciebs~ [10, 55]. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakonstitu-

cio komisiaSi osebis proeqtis garda wardgenili iyo agreT-

ve, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva erovnul umci-

resobaTa (rusebis, somxebis, musulmanebis, berZnebis, ebrae-

lebis, germanelebis da sxvaTa) proeqtebi. yvela proeqti iT-

valiswinebda kulturul, anu eqsteritoriul avtonomias,

mxolod osebis proeqti Seicavda erovnul-teritoriuli

avtonomiis moTxovnas. 1920 wlis 17 marts, saqarTvelos de-

mokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitu-

cio komisiam moismina TviT erovnul umciresobaTa warmomad-

genlebis azri aRniSnul proeqtebTan dakavSirebiT. maT So-

ris mosmenil iqna e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos de-

legaciis azric, romelTac sakonstitucio komisias ganucxa-

des, rom maTi proeqti Seexeboda goris, duSeTis, raWisa da

Sorapnis mazrebSi mcxovreb osebs da TviTonve aRiares, rom

proeqts hqonda naklovanebebi da saWiroebda ramdenadme Sec-

vla-Sesworebas.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli

krebis sakonstitucio komisiam savsebiT samarTlianad uaryo

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos mier warmodgenili

`samxreT oseTis~ kantonis konstituciis proeqti~, radgan

igi savsebiT ukanonod moiTxovda avtonomiur warmonaqmns

ara marto Sida qarTlis, aramed saqarTvelos sxva miwa-wyal-

zec (duSeTi, raWa, Sorapani). osTa delegaciis ukanono moT-

xovnebiT aRSfoTebuli akaki Cxenkeli aRniSnavda: `umcireso-

baTa warmomadgenlebis moxsenebebma Cemze cudi STabeWdile-

ba moaxdina. me davinaxe maTi sruli undobloba Cvendami. es

metad damafiqrebeli da saSiSi garemoebaa~ 10, 57]. sakonsti-

tucio komisiis morig sxdomaze pavle sayvareliZem ganacxa-

da: `dRes gansaxilvelad gvaqvs proeqtebi erovnul umcire-

sobaTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad warmodgenili proeq-

tebisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq bevri ram iTqva, me mainc ar

Semicvlia Cemi azri: dResac darwmunebuli var da gadaWriT

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vambob, rom sajaro uflebebs Cven veravis ver mivcemT. ar Se-

miZlia davuSva is azri, rom Cven axali saxelmwifoebi Sev-

qmnaT saxelmwifoSi. Cven vwerT konstitucias unitaruli sa-

xelmwifosaTvis. osebs ki, magaliTad, surT dagviweron kon-

federaciuli an federaciuli saxelmwifosaTvis. CemTvis es

sruliad miuRebeli garemoebaa~ [10, 57].

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mi-

er oseTSi agraruli sakiTxis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri aleqsandre asaTiani

werda: `cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT, liaxvis saTaveebSi mdebare

mTian adgilas 130-mde patar-patara osuri soflebia, mcxov-

reblebis ricxvi daaxloebiT 1500 komlamde iqneba. yvelaze

didi da mniSvnelovani sofeli aris java, sadac imyofeba rai-

onis komisaris kancelaria. mTel am ubans eZaxian samTo ose-

Tis ubans. yvela aq mcxovrebi osni glexebi arian. am alagas

erTad erTi Tavadebi maCablebi arian, romelTa sakuTrebas

Seadgenda mTeli es alagi, daaxloebiT 70 000 desetina. Zve-

lad maCablebi Ciodnen, rom viTom osebi maTi ymebi yofiliy-

vnen, magram osebi magarni gamodgnen TavianTi uflebebis dac-

vaSi. amoirCies kacebi, romlebic dauRalavad da medgrad

hkrefdnen sabuTebs da yvela dawesebulebaSi amtkicebdnen

Tavis uflebebs. TviT peterburgis senatic ki ar darCaT maT

mouvleli. amasTan erTad mTavrobam kargad icoda, rom im mi-

uval adgilebSi, sadac es osebi cxovrobdnen, Znelia carieli

ZaliT amisTana kerpi xalxis damorCileba da amitom daadgina:

osebi cnobil iyvnen Tavisufal glexebad, maCablebs mieces

saSviliSvilod pensia 5 000 maneTi weliwadSi. im pirobiT, rom

maT mospon yovelive Tavisi saCivrebi osebis ymebad cnobis

Sesaxeb. maCablebs ara aqvT ufleba ahyaron osebi am adgile-

bidan, osebi ki valdebulni arian gadauxadon maCablebs yo-

velwliurad meaTedi yoveli mosavlisa. es meaTedi maT unda

Caabaron adgilobriv da ar arian valdebulni miutanon Tavad

maCablebs maT saxlSi. am ukanasknel muxls hqonda Zalian di-

di mniSvneloba. im mTiani adgilebidan Tavadebs ar SeeZloT,

ugzoobis gamo, CamoetanaT Rala sofel TamaraSenSi, sadac

TviTon maCablebi cxovrobdnen. amitom umetes SemTxvevaSi

urigdebodnen osebs fuliT, isic Zalian patara fasebSi. ase

magaliTad, sofeli javisTavi ixdida 97 maneTs weliwadSi.

bevrjer sruliad verafer Ralas ver iRebdnen Tavadebi... da

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ai exla swored es (samaCablos —l.s.) miwebi ianvris 24-s (1919

w) kanoniT gamocxadebulia maTze mosaxle osebis srul sa-

kuTrebad da sruliad usasyidlod. es miwebi CamorTmeulia

Tavad maCablebisagan demianovis, Jirnovis da sxva memamule-

Tagan, romelnic ukve meaTeds ki ara, erT groSsac ki ver mos-

Txoven mSromel osebs maTi naSromidan. am miwebidan erTi

mtkaveli miwac ar etovebaT am memamuleebs, glex osebs ki mie-

cemaT am miwebze aqtebi, rogorc maT sakuTar miwebze. mere vin

Seadgina es kanoni? —social-demokratma ministrma xomerikma;

vin daamtkica?-saqarTvelos parlamentma, sadac umravleso-

ba social-demokratebi arian. es kargad unda daixsomon sama-

Cablos osebma... ~ [13, 3]. qvemoT davinaxavT, rogor `daafases~

osebma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

es loialuri politika, romelTac manamde peterburgeli bo-

bolebis-demianovis da Jirnovis (maT maCablebisagan Seisyi-

des qarTuli mamulebi-l.s.) mier daqiravebuli mouravebi-

pavlovski da svetnakovi, aseve pristavi areneci, maTraxebiT,

saqonlis warTmeviT da sikvdilis SiSiT aiZulebdnen osebs

gadasaxadebis gadaxdas [13, 4].

miuxedavad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobis mxridan aseTi daTmobisa, osebi kidev ufro mets

moiTxovdnen da kvlav agrZelebdnen brZolas. osebis mier sa-

qarTvelos kuTvnil miwa-wyalze avtonomiuri erTeulis

moTxovna SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis fonze mimdinareobda. cxin-

valisa da javis raionebSi mcxovrebi osebi iaraRiT xelSi ga-

movidnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. ajanyeba

daiwyo 1918 wlis 14 marts sofel eredvSi [14, 109]. 18 marts

ajanyebulebma daba cxinvali aiRes da iq sabWoTa xelisufle-

ba gamoacxades. maTs mizans Seadgenda sabWoTa xelisufle-

bis damyareba, ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ gamoyofa sa-

qarTvelodan da sabWoTa ruseTTan SeerTeba. osTa 1918

wlis martis ajanyeba qarTulma saxalxo gvardiam Caaqro.

mdgomareoba metad daZabuli iyo. 1918 wlis 30 ivliss, javaSi

osi bolSevikebis pirveli organizaciuli kreba gaimarTa l.

sanakoevis TavmjdomareobiT. krebam airCia rkp(b) `samxreT

oseTis~ organizaciuli biuro l. sanakoevis (Tavmjdomare), s.

gagloevis (mdivani) da a. plievis SemadgenlobiT. 1919 wlis 18

ivniss, javaSi Seikriba e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiuli orga-

nizaciebis pirveli aralegaluri konferencia, romelmac

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airCia saolqo komiteti vl. sanakoevis (Tavmjdomare), s. gag-

loevis (moadgile), a. jatievis (mdivani), p. plievis da al. aba-

evis SemadgenlobiT. saolqo komitetma rkp(b) samxareo komi-

tetis direqtivis safuZvelze miiRo gadawyvetileba `sam-

xreT oseTis~ SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. ajan-

yeba daiwyo 1919 wlis 23 oqtombers, rokis raionSi da male

gavrcelda atenis, mejvrisxevis, oqonisa da sxva raionebze.

osebi iaraRiT xelSi gamovidnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis winaaRmdeg. ajanyebulebi gaTavisuflebul sof-

lebSi acxadebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas da qmnidnen glexTa

deputatebis sabWoebs. 1919 wlis ajanyeba CaxSobili iqna. 1920

wlis gazafxulze kvlav ifeTqa osebis ajanyebam, romelic

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis

brZolis moTxovniT daiwyo. ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda

rkp(b) kavkasiis samxareo komiteti, Seiqmna e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revoluciuri komiteti (revkomi) s. gagloevis, a. jatie-

visa da l. sanakoevis SemadgenlobiT. 1920 wlis 6 maiss sofel

rokSi gaimarTa samxedro-revoluciuri sabWosa da adgilob-

riv pasuxismgebel muSakTa sxdoma, romelmac miiRo gadawyve-

tileba daemyarebina sabWoTa xelisufleba, SeerTebodnen

sabWoTa ruseTs da ecnobebinaT es, rogorc moskovisaTvis,

aseve saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisaT-

vis. sxdomas eswrebodnen: n. gadievi, a. jatievi, gaioz devda-

riani, gramiton mowoneliZe, cicka abaevi, vasCe jatievi, ima-

il gabaraevi, Tebrol sarbievi da sxvebi. 1920 wlis 8 maiss,

sofel rokSi osebma sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades,

xolo sabWoTa oseTi rsfsr Semadgenel nawilad aRiares.

ajanyebulTa dasaxmareblad CrdiloeT oseTidan dasaxmareb-

lad gadmovidnen is razmebi, romlebic iq Sida qarTlSi, ose-

bis 1919 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg gadavidnen. saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma,

romlis saTaveSi valiko juReli iyo aRkveTa osebis gamos-

vlebi. os ajanyebulebTan pirveli Setakeba moxda 1920 wlis

15 maiss sofel koSkTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, e. w. `samxreT

oseTis~ revkom-is wevri a. jatievi Tavissave uwyebas acnobeb-

da: `sofel koSkis maxloblad menSevikebis sami razmi daesxa

Cvens saguSago posts... saqarTvelos mTavroba amiT xelyofs

ruseTis nawils. gTxovT, acnoboT es ambavi xelisuflebas,

rom dReidan Cven saomar mdgomareobaSi varT~ [10, 69]. ruse-

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Tis uxeSi Careva saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi TvalnaTliv

gamoikveTa 1920 wlis 17 maisis notiT, romelic rsfsr sagareo

saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma CiCerinma gamougzavna saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas. notis Sinaarsi aseTi

iyo: `...Cven SeSfoTebiT gavigeT, rom `samxreT oseTSi~, sadac

gamocxadebulia sabWoTa respublika, aseTi xelisuflebis

mospobisaTvis gagzavnilia qveiTi jarebi. Tu es sworia, Cven

mtkiced moviTxovT gaiwvioT Tqveni jarebi oseTidan, vinaidan

migvaCnia, rom oseTs iseTi xelisufleba unda hyavdes, rogo-

ric surs. saqarTvelos Careva oseTis saqmeebSi iqneboda sru-

liad gaumarTlebeli Careva ucxo saqmeebSi~ [10, 69].

maSin rodesac saqarTvelos kanonier mTavrobas, imje-

rad pirveli demokratiuli respublikis xelmZRvanelobas,

gareSe, mesame Zalad wodebuli rsfsr-s mTavroba ase uyeneb-

da sakiTxs, vfiqrobT komentari zedmetia. moviyvanT mxolod,

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1920 wlis 20 maisis sapasuxo notas.

misi Sinaarsi aseTia: `saqarTvelos mTavroba uaRresad Secbu-

nebulia Tqveni notis im nawiliT, romelSic laparakia saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobis ganzraxvaze iaraRis ZaliT CaaxSos `sam-

xreT oseTis~ sabWoTa respublika. Cems movaleobad mimaCnia

mivaqcio Tqveni yuradReba im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelos

farglebSi `samxreT oseTi~ ar arsebobs, aramed saqarTvelos

farglebSi arseboben osuri soflebi, romlebic mdebareoben

Tbilisis guberniis goris mazraSi, es soflebi Seadgenen sa-

qarTvelos udavo teritorias... es teritoria xelSekrule-

biT Sedis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi da iq sxva xelisufleba,

garda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufle-

bisa dauSvebelia~ [10, 70]. ruseTis xelisuflebis notiT waqe-

zebulma osebma 1920 wlis 7 ivniss cxinvali aiRes. meore dRes

xalxmraval mitingze wakiTxul iqna `samxreT oseTis~ revko-

mis Semdegi Sinaarsis brZaneba: `ajanyebulma glexebma `sam-

xreT oseTidan~ gandevnes saqarTvelos menSevikuri jarebi

da gamoacxades sabWoTa xelisufleba, teritoriaze onidan

duSeTamde~ [10, 70]. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavroba yovelTvis axerxebda osi separatistebis damorCi-

lebas, rac SemdgomSi, maTi kritikis sagani gaxda.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, sabWoTa ruseTis wiTelma armiam

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ZaliT daipyro, ris

gamoc saqarTvelom saxelmwifoebrioba dakarga. imave 25 Te-

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bervals, q. vladikavkazSi, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saol-

qo komitetma ganixila osebis TviTgamorkvevisa da iq xeli-

suflebis organizaciis sakiTxebi. saolqo komitetma maSin mi-

zanSewonilad miiCnia e. w. `samxreT oseTi~ gamoyofiliyo gan-

sakuTrebul administraciul erTeulad, avtonomiur olqad,

centriT q. cxinvalSi.

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, saqarTvelo damoukidebel

sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamocxadda, formalu-

rad qarTuli mTavrobiT saTaveSi. sabWoTa saqarTvelo, ro-

gorc iuridiuli statusis mqone qveyana, saerTaSoriso aspa-

rezze ruseTis centraluri komitetis kontrolis meSveobiT

gadioda. 1921 wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri

komitetis gankargulebiT gamoica dekreti #36, romlis Za-

liT, gauqmebulad gamocxadda saqarTvelos pirveli demok-

ratiuli respublikis samferovani erovnuli droSa da mis

nacvlad komunisturi wiTeli droSa SemoiRes [15, 1].

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da Zal-

datanebiT gasabWoebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos teritoriaze sa-

mi avtonomiuri erTeuli Camoyalibda: afxazeTis ssr, aWaris

assr da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi.

sabWoTa saokupacio reJimis pirvel wels saqarTveloSi

xelisuflebis umaRles organos revoluciuri komiteti

(revkomi) warmoadgenda, romelic jer kidev 1921 wlis 16 Te-

bervals Seiqmna da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli [16]. igi kavkasiis biuros mier iyo

Seqmnili da ara qarTveli xalxis mier arCeuli. 1921 wlis 8

marts saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis re-

voluciuri komitetis mier gamoica brZaneba #9, saxalxo ko-

misarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, romelsac

xels awerdnen saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetis

Tavmjdomare filipe maxaraZe da revoluciuri komitetis

mdivani S. gabriCiZe. masSi naTqvami iyo: `saqarTvelos socia-

listuri sabWoTa respublikis revoluciuri komitetis 1921

wlis 6 martis dadgenilebiT, damtkicebulia saqarTvelos

respublikis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgen-

loba: 1) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare da miwaTmoq-

medebis saxalxo komisari-filipe maxaraZe (igi saqarTveloSi

1921 wlis 6 marts dabrunda, manamade saqarTvelos revkomis

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Tavmjdomaris movaleobas mamia oraxelaSvili asrulebda —

l.s.) 2) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile da

sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari mamia oraxelaSvili (igi

Tavdapirvelad aseve ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatsac xel-

mZRvanelobda- l. s.) 3) samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa da sagareo

vaWrobis (droebiTi) saxalxo komisari—Salva eliava. 4) Sina-

gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari—besarion kvirkvelia. 5) Sromis

da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisari-lado dum-

baZe. 6) muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis (saxelmwifo kontrolis)

saxalxo komisari- giorgi elisabedaSvili. 7) iusticiis da

finansTa saxalxo komisari-amaiak nazaretiani. 8) janmrTelo-

bis saxalxo komisari— kuCaiZe (mis moadgiled eqimi kikaleiS-

vili) 9) ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari-al. svaniZe (misi aq ar-

yofnis gamo, movaleobis aRsruleba evaleba amxanag oraxe-

laSvils). 10) saxalxo meurneobis sabWos Tavmjdomaris mova-

leobis droebiTi aRmsrulebeli-ad. duntau~ [17, 2].

saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis da sabWoTa xelisufle-

bis damyarebis pirvel dReebSi sabWoTa mTavroba saerTod ar

iyenebda termins- `samxreT oseTi~, rasac adasturebs 1921

wlis 9 agvistos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis dadge-

nileba, sadac naxsenebia, mxolod goris mazris cxinvalis

raioni. dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `ocdaxuTi soflis rev-

komis warmomadgenelTa yrilobis Suamdgomlobis Tanaxmad,

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi

sabWoTa xelisuflebis marTva-gamgeobis da adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobis interesebi, daadgina: goris mazris cxinvalis ra-

ionSi dawesdes xuTi saTemo revkomi Semdeg qvemoT dasaxele-

bul soflebSi: a) qvemo aCabeTSi, b) zemo aCabeTSi, g) dicSi, d)

ZarwemSi, e) vanaTSi. qvemo aCabeTis Tems Seadgens soflebi:

dgvrisi, TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi, kverneTi da

monasteri. zemo niqozis Tems: qvemo niqozi, zemo xviTi, dva-

ni, avnevi da nuli. dicis Tems Seadgens soflebi: kodi, arbo,

eredvi, bJoleTi, tirZnisi, meRvrekisi da ergneTi. Zarwemis

Tems-soflebi: qemerti, xeiTi, sveri. vanaTis Tems-soflebi:

sacxeneTi, beloTi da awris xevi. am dadgenilebis asli gaeg-

zavnos goris mazris revkoms da agreTve, respublikis mTavar

miliciis sammarTvelos saTanado gankargulebis mosaxdenad~

[18, 14]. dadgenilebas xels awerdnen Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

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komisari besarion kvirkvelia da administraciul erTeulTa

ganyofilebis gamge gr. gvelesiani.

Tavis mxriv, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomma saqarTve-

los centraluri partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis winaSe, sa-

kuTari iniciativiT, oficialurad daayena sakiTxi e. w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtem-

bers, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revoluciuri komitetisa da par-

tiuli komitetis gaerTianebuli sxdoma gaimarTa, romelmac

`samxreT oseTis~ TviTgamorkvevisa da politikuri mowyobis

sakiTxi ganixila. sxdomam daadgina saqarTvelos teritoria-

ze e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respubli-

ka Seqmniliyo, romlis centri cxinvali iqneboda. e. w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respublika nebayoflo-

biT federaciul kavSirSi unda Sesuliyo saqarTvelos sabWo-

Ta socialistur respublikasTan. aRniSnuli moTxovna arare-

aluri iyo, radgan aseTi respublika maSin Crdilo kavkasiaSi

mdebare Crdilo oseTSic ar Seqmnila, sadac imJamad arc cal-

ke avtonomiuri respublika da arc calke olqi ar arsebobda.

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da partkomis gadawyvetile-

biT, 6-8 seqtembris dadgenilebas Tan daurTes `mokle ganmar-

tebiTi baraTi~, romliTac cdilobdnen daesabuTebinaT e. w.

`samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis

aucilebloba. sxdomam daamtkica, agreTve, `samxreT oseTis~

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis konstituciis proeqti~

da `samxreT oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis saz-

Rvrebis proeqti~, romelSic saTiTaod iyo CamoTvlili is

soflebi, romlebic osebis azriT, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ res-

publikaSi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. maT Soris iyo bevri qar-

Tuli sofeli goris, duSeTis, raWis da Sorapnis mazrebidan.

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis

konstituciis proeqti~ sul 15 muxlisagan Sedgeboda, sadac

CamoTvlili iyo saxalxo komisariatebi, romlebic respubli-

kaSi unda Seqmniliyo, aseve gansazRvruli iyo maTi kompeten-

ciis sferoebi; zogi maTgani saqarTvelos ssr saTanado sa-

xalxo komisariatebs eqvemdebareboda, zogic damoukidebeli

rCeboda. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publikis Seqmnis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita saqarTvelos kom-

partiis centralur komitets, saqarTvelos ssr revoluci-

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ur komitetsa da rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros,

romlis sityva gadamwyveti iyo.

1921 wlis seqtemberSi, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-

atis mier, Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac cxinvalis

regionSi adgilze unda Seeswavla viTareba, Tu ramdenad Se-

saZlebeli iyo avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna aRniSnul terito-

riaze. komisias uSualod saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-

xo komisari besarion melqisedekis Ze kvirkvelia (1885-1937

ww.) xelmZRvanelobda. mas umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda miRebu-

li peterburgis universitetSi da profesiiT iuristi iyo.

moxsenebiTi baraTi daiwera im periodSi, rodesac e. w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomi da partkomi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sab-

WoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxs ayenebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom besarion kvirkveliam, Tavis moxsenebiT ba-

raTSi, uaryofiTi pozicia daikava e. w. `samxreT oseTis~, ro-

gorc calke avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxSi. saqar-

Tvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma, sakiTxis siRrmise-

uli Seswavlis Semdeg, SeuZleblad miiCnia araTu e. w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ ss respublikis, an avtonomiuri respublikis,

aramed avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnac ki.

1921 wlis 27 seqtembers, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariatma, besarion kvirkvelias davalebiT, mox-

senebiTi baraTi- e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ calke administraci-

ul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb, gansaxilvelad saqarTve-

los sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis revoluciuri komi-

tetis saqmeTa mmarTvels gaugzavna, TxovniT, raTa igi revko-

mis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gaetanaT, sadac besarion kvir-

kvelias daskvna uaryofili iqna, piradad is CamoaqveiTes sam-

xedro-sazRvao komisris Tanamdebobaze, raTa Camoecilebi-

naT am procesebisagan. erT-erTi saarqivo dokumentis Tanax-

mad, igi 1922 wels saqarTvelodanac gaasaxles [19, 305], xolo

mogvianebiT 1937 wlis represiebis dros b. kvirkvelia dax-

vrites. saqme imaSi iyo, rom man waradgina savsebiT obieqturi

daskvna, rac bunebrivia, xels ar aZlevda maSindel xelisuf-

lebas. moxsenebaSi, romelSic detalurad aris aRwerili sa-

qarTveloSi osebis gansaxlebis areali, Tavidanve garkvevi-

Taa xazgasmuli: `samxreT oseTis~ calke administraciul er-

Teulad gamoyofa samazro erTeulis uflebebiT geografiu-

li da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT, sakiTxis detalurad Ses-

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wavlis Semdeg, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats SeuZleb-

lad miaCnia. `samxreT oseTi~, rogorc mTliani geografiuli

erTeuli ar arsebobs. aris mxolod osebiT dasaxlebuli

calke raionebi, romelTac urTierTSoris araviTari damoki-

debuleba ara aqvT- arc geografiulad da arc ekonomikurad.

TiToeuli am raionTagani warmoadgens ganuyofel organul

nawils sxva da sxva geografiul da sameurneo provinciebisa.

es raionebi erTi meorisagan daSorebulni arian gadauvali

xeobiT da amasTanave TiToeul maTgans aqvs sruliad Tavisu-

fali gamosavali mxolod barSi. igini erTi meores mowyve-

tilni arian wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime TviT da TviToeuli

maTgani ekonomikurad damokidebulia im velTan, romelTanac

dakavSirebulia geografiulad. saqarTveloSi osebi mosax-

leoben Semdeg raionebSi: 1) goris mazraSi-didi liaxvis xeo-

baSi sofel kexvamdis, xolo am soflidan dawyebuli samxre-

TiT marto qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebia, sadac ose-

bis ricxvi mcxovrebTa 15%-s ar aRemateba. 2) patara liaxvis

xeobaSi, sofel vanaTamdis, vanaTs zeviTac CrdiloeTiT mde-

bareobs ramdenime qarTuli sofeli: beloTi, ori xowura,

sacxene, awrisxevi da sxva. 3) mdinare frones saTaveze yorni-

sis da wunaris raionebSi, sadac osTa mosaxleoba mcxovrebTa

88%-s ar aRemateba. 4) duSeTis mazraSi- mdinare aragvis da

qsnis saTaveze. 5) raWis mazraSi mdinare jejoris saTaveze.

TiToeul am raions erTimeorisagan hyofs gardauvali mTebi

da maTi dakavSireba geografiul-topografiuli mizezebiT

SeuZlebelia: 1) daviwyoT raWis mazridan. am mazraSi osebi mo-

saxleoben Casavlis raionebSi, romelic Tavisi aRmosavleTis

sazRvriT ekvris goris mazras. am adgilSi, goris mazra raWis

mazridan gayofilia gardauvali mTebiT, romelTa simaRle

aRwevs 9000 futamde (1 futi udris 30,48 santimetrs- l.s.),

yvelaze dabali maTgan am adgilSi simaRliT 6440 futia. maSa-

sadame, misi dakavSireba geografiulad goris mazris osobas-

Tan SeuZlebelia, radgan erTimeores mTeli zamTris ganmav-

lobaSi sruliad mowyvetilni arian da kavSiri maT Soris Se-

uZlebelia. ekonomikurad Casavlis raions saerTo araferi

aqvs goris mazris osobasTan erTis mxriv, imave geografiuli

pirobebis gamo da meores mxriv, ekonomikuri da administra-

ciuli centri mTeli raWis mazrisa oni, imdenad axloa maTgan

(sul 10-7 versia), rom sxva centrTan ekonomikuri kavSiris

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daWera am raionis mcxovrebTaTvis sasurvelic ar iqneba. am-

gvarad, Casavlis raionis miwebeba goris mazris osobasTan iq-

neba sruliad xelovnuri, bunebis da ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bis sawinaaRmdego kavSiri. 2) amave mosazrebiT SeuZlebelia

davukavSiroT goris mazris oseTs duSeTis mazrisa. am raions

yofs Tovliani mTebi, romelTa simaRle 11 333 futamde adis

da arsad 7 5000 futze dabla ar aris da es mTebi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi 7-8 Tve sruliad gadauvalia. amave bunebriv-geogra-

fiuli mizezebis gamo, araviTari sameurneo kavSiri am or rai-

ons Soris ar arsebobs. kobis raioni, e. i. duSeTis mazris ze-

moTaRniSnuli Crdilo-dasavleTis seqtori, sadac osebis mo-

saxleoba 60%-s ar aRemateba, dakavSirebulia ekonomikurad

duSeTTan samxedro gziT, romelic 30-40 versiT daSorebu-

lia am raions. goris mazris osobasTan kavSirisaTvis kobis

raionis osoba iZulebuli iqneba iaros weliwadSi rva Tve ma-

inc duSeTze-mcxeTaze-gorze-cxinvalze da Semdeg oseTSi,

risTvisac daaxloebiT 150 versis gavla dasWirdebaT. am rai-

onis erTad erTi gamosavali mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi aris

mxolod samxedro gza, romelic mas, rogorc geografiulad,

ise ekonomikurad akavSirebs mxolod duSeTTan. maSasadame, am

raionis miwebebac goris mazrasTan bunebis da ekonomikis sa-

winaaRmdego iqneba. 3) darCa goris mazris is nawilebi, sadac

osebi mosaxleoben, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT am mazraSi osebi

mosaxleoben didi da patara liaxvis da frones saTavis xeoba-

Si. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom am samTave raionSi

mcxovrebTa ricxvi imdenad mcirea (sul 32.000 suli), rom ma-

Ti calke mazraT gamoyofa SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi es sa-

mi raioni ekonomikurad da topografiulad dakavSirebulic

rom iyvnen, mainc calke samazro aparatis Seqmnas samazro mas-

StabiT sameurneo muSaobis warmoebas ver SesZleben; magram

garda amisa, am sami raionis dakavSireba adgilobrivi pirobe-

bis gamo SeuZlebelia. yornis-wunaris raioni, e. i. fronis sa-

Tave, am mdinaris xeobiT dakavSirebulia qarTlis velTan da

didi liaxvis xeobisagan yofs rusTav-zarikojaxis qedi, rom-

lis simaRle 6 230—5 684 futze dabla ar aris da warmoadgens

bunebriv sazRvars mTasa da vels Soris. gzebis sruli uqon-

lobis da bunebrivi sazRvris ararsebobis gamo, rusTav-zari-

kojaxis qedi meurneobis mxriv, yornis-wunaris raions akavSi-

rebs qarTlis velTan-tirifonasTan da saerTo mas araferi

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aqvs liaxvis xeobis osobasTan. am raionis erT-erTi gamosava-

li aris, mxolod TiRva-oqona-fca-gomi da araviTar SemTxve-

vaSi liaxvis xeobis osobasTan mas kavSiri ara aqvs. amis gamo,

yornis-wunaris raionis dakavSireba didi liaxvis seqtorTan

SeuZlebelia da ewinaaRmdegeba mis bunebriv-ekonomiur denas

velisaken, romelTanac is dakavSirebulia kargi gzebiT da

romlis ganuyrel nawils Seadgens orTografiulad da hid-

rografiulad. rac Seexeba didi da patara liaxvis xeobebs,

aqac igive geografiuli pirobebi SeuZlebels xdis am ori ra-

ionis dakavSirebas. aqac mTeli xeobis sigrZeze gadaWimulia

mTebis grexili, romelTa simaRle 11000-6000 futze dabla ar

aris da zamTris TveebSi gadauvali simaRleebi arian. amasTa-

nave TviToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari gamosavali velisaken

da ekonomikurad dakavSirebulni arian im velTan, romliske-

nac geografiulad gasavali aqvT da romlis ekonomikurad ga-

nuyrel nawilebs warmoadgenen TiToeuli am xeobaTagani. ase-

Tia adgilobrivi topografiuli da sameurneo pirobebi, ro-

melnic SeuZleblad xdian qarTlis da raWis osuri mosaxleo-

bidan erTi mazris gamokveTas, radgan osebis mier dasaxlebu-

li raionebi moklebulni arian geografiul mTlianobas da

Seadgenen geografiulad da ekonomikurad sruliad sxvadas-

xva provinciebis nawilebs. aseTi CamonaWrebidan xelovnurad

Semdgari administraciuli erTeulis Seqmna ganuxorcieleb-

lad unda CaiTvalos topografiuli pirobebis gamo da sru-

liad ewinaaRmdegeba am raionebis sameurneo mdgomareobas. am

pirobebis gamo, Cven vfiqrobT, rom qarTlis da raWis osuri

mosaxleobis administraciuli marTva-gamgeoba unda moewyos

ise, rogorc es Seefereba TviT oseTis adgilobriv pirobebs.

zemoT naTqvamidan cxadia, rom xelovnuri gamokveTa samazro

erTeulis oseTisaTvis goris, duSeTis da raWis mazrebidan

SeuZlebelia; maSasadame, osebis mosaxleoba TviToeuli am

mazrisa unda darCes im mazraSi, romelSic aqamde iyo. amasTa-

nave, TiToeul am raionSi garda wvrili administraciuli er-

Teulisa—Temisa, unda Seiqmnas saraiono erTeuli. aseTebi iq-

mneba Casavlis-raWis mazraSi, kobisa-duSeTis mazraSi, yor-

nis-wunarisa, didi liaxvis xeobisa da patara liaxvis xeobisa-

goris mazraSi. amave dros, TviToeuli am mazris revkomSi

osur mosaxleobas eyoleba warmomadgeneli, romelic dai-

cavs osTa interesebs mTeli mazris masStabSi. am ukanasknels,

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e. i. osuri mosaxleobis warmomadgenels samazro revkomSi

ufleba unda mieces revkomis dadgenileba, Tu igi ewinaaR-

mdegeba osuri mosaxleobis interesebs, gaasaCivros saqar-

Tvelos revkomSi, romelic sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoitans

saboloo gadawyvetilebas. amgvarad, sakiTxis gadawyvetas

gvikarnaxebs osuri mosaxleobis geografiuli pirobebi da

maTi ekonomikuri interesebi~ [20, 121]. moxsenebiT baraTs

xels aweren Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari besarion kvir-

kvelia da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa mmar-

Tveli v. xaxanaSvili. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, werili dawu-

nebuli iqna saqarTvelos revkomis mier, radgan moxsenebiT

baraTSi sakiTxis detaluri analizis safuZvelze aRniSnu-

lia, rom osebis raodenoba qarTul soflebSi imdenad mcire

iyo, maTi calke mazrad gamoyofac ki SeuZlebeli xdeboda. mi-

uxedavad uaryofisa, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisris daskvnam, mainc erTgvari gavlena moaxdina rkp (b)

centraluri komitetis kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtombris ga-

dawyvetilebaze. kavbiurom garkveulwilad kompromisuli

dadgenileba miiRo, roca e. w. `samxreT oseTs~, revoluciuri

komitetis mier moTxovnili sabWoTa socialisturi respub-

likis nacvlad, avtonomiuri olqis statusi mianiWa.

qarTvel da os mosaxleobas Soris urTierToba dRiTid-

Re iZabeboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, jer kidev, sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis winaSe osi

mosaxleoba politikuri avtonimiis sakiTxs ayenebda, ris ga-

moc maSin saTanado rezoluciebi gamohqondaT javaSi da

cxinvalSi gamarTul osTa yrilobebze. im periodSi maT mier

Sedgenili proeqtis mixedviT, avtonomiis farglebSi unda Se-

suliyo: raWis mazris—Casavlis sazogadoeba, Sorapnis mazris

Cixis sazogadoebis 3 sofeli: TedeleTi, julabeTi da xaxeTi,

goris mazris: rokis, yemuleTis, javis, orTevis, yornisis, wu-

naris, andoreTis, beloTis da vanaTis sazogadoebebi da du-

SeTis mazris: rexulis, zemoxevis da monastris sazogadoebe-

bi. garda amisa, e. w. avtonomiis teritoriaze unda Sesuliyo,

agreTve, mTeli rigi Sereul sazogadoebaTa nawilebi, ker-

Zod, goris mazraSi-oqonis, mereTis, xelTubnis da qvemo Wa-

lis sazogadoebaTa nawilebi da duSeTis mazraSi myofi gudis

xeoba mTiuleTis sazogadoebaSi da axalgoris sazogadoebis

nawili. aRniSnuli proeqtiT, romelsac osTa delegaciebi aq-

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tiurad icavdnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobis winaSe, teritoriul-avtonomiur erTeulSi Sedi-

oda 13 soflis sazogadoeba, 3 sofeli da mTeli rigi Sereuli

(qarTul-osuri) sazogadoebis nawilebi. maT mier maSin moT-

xovnili saqarTvelos teritoria moicavda 3000 kv. verss, xo-

lo iq mcxovrebTa ricxvi 70 000-ss udrida. proeqtis Semdge-

neli osi separatistebis mixedviT, mTel saqarTveloSi osi

mosaxleobis ricxvi, daaxloebiT, 100 000 suls udrida. maT

mxedvelobaSi hyavdaT is osebic, romlebic borjomis raion-

Si, siRnaRis, Telavis, TianeTis mazrebSi da Tbilisis mazris

manglisis raionebSi cxovrobdnen. saqarTveloSi im dros ar-

sebuli samazro erTeulebis Sedarebisas, mTeli es terito-

ria Tavisi sivrciT TiTqmis mTeli duSeTis odena mazras

(3411,84 kv. versi) udrida, xolo raWis (2476,58) da Sorapnis

mazraze (2619,35) bevrad meti iyo. avtonomiuri olqis admi-

nistraciul centrad, osuri proeqti cxinvals acxadebda. sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam jer kidev

1919 wlis ivlisSi daayena sakiTxi osebisaTvis farTo saero-

bo TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis Sesaxeb, calke administra-

ciuli erTeulis-axali mazris dawesebiT. osebis kulturuli

ganviTarebisaTvis da adgilze maTi cxovrebis mowesrigebi-

saTvis farTo TviTmmarTvelobis miniWeba arasodes iwvevda

eWvs, maT Soris arc saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

periodSi, Tumca osebi yovelTvis mets moiTxovdnen. Tavda-

pirvelad verc sabWoTa saqarTvelos pirobebSi gadawyda ose-

bis moTxovnis dakmayofileba avtonomiuri olqis sakiTxze,

radgan qarTul miwa-wyalze avtonomiis xelovnurad Sekowi-

weba qarTvelebis did guliswyromas gamoiwvevda, es kargad

icodnen komunistebma da amitom dasawyisSi amaze bevrs fiq-

robdnen. sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komi-

sariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebis proeq-

tiT, osebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze sxvadasxva mazris so-

flis sazogadoebebis da soflebis SeerTebis safuZvelze un-

da daarsebuliyo sruliad axali, e. w. javis mazra, samazro

administraciuli dawesebulebiT, romlis SemadgenlobaSi

unda Sesuliyo: 1. raWis mazridan Casavlis soflis sazogado-

eba, 2. Sorapnis mazridan Cixis sazogadoebis soflebi: Tede-

leTi, julabeTi da xaxeTi. 3. goris mazridan samTo oseTis

raionis-rokis, yemuleTis da javis sazogadoebani da cxinva-

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lis raionis-orTevis, yornisis da wunaris soflis sazogado-

ebebi [21, 15-16]. aRniSnul sazogadoebebs an calke soflebs,

axali mazridan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, Suamdgomlobis aRZvris

ufleba unda miscemodaT, xolo mosazRvre soflebis sazoga-

doebebs axal mazraSi Caricxvis ufleba. es Caricxva da gamo-

yofa unda momxdariyo erTi pirobis dacviT. kerZod, Suam-

dgomlobaTa dakmayofilebiT teritoriis mTlianoba ar unda

yofiliyo darRveuli. mazraSi Sesvla-gamosvlis ufleba wi-

naswar iyo gansazRvruli proeqtis avtorebis mier, radgan

qarTvelTa da osTa Soris mravali sadavo punqti arsebobda,

romlis gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli iyo, Tu romelime dain-

teresebuli mxare, romelime kuTxis mosaxleoba momavalSi ar

moisurvebda ama Tu im administraciul erTeulSi darCenas.

1921 wlis maisSi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revoluciuri komi-

tetis (arsebobda avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnamde -l.s) wevrebma

moxsenebiTi baraTi gaugzavnes saqarTvelos kompartiis cen-

tralur komitets da revoluciur komitets, romelSic gada-

Warbebulad iyo Sefasebuli 1920 wels saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis xelmZRvanelTa mier osebis ajanyebis Cax-

Sobis faqti. masSi naTqvami iyo: `1920 wlis zafxulSi, menSeviki

damqaSebisagan ukidures uimedobamde miyvanili `samxreT ose-

Tis~ mTieli mosaxleobis uRaribesma nawilma revoluciuri

ajanyebis droSa aRmarTa. misi lozungebi iyo `gaumarjos sab-

WoTa xelisuflebas saqarTveloSi, Zirs burJuaziul-menSevi-

kuri tirania~, magram mTieli Raribebis gabeduli revoluciu-

ri gamosvla damarcxebul iqna ufro organizebuli, teqnikis

ukanaskneli sityviT, iaraRiT aRWurvili, didgvarovan-vaWar-

Ta mravalricxovani bandisagan. rigiT mexuTe ajanyeba warmo-

udgeneli sisastikiT iqna CaxSobili. ajanyebul raionSi cec-

xliTa da maxviliT mosuli mSromelTa klasobrivi mteri, asa-

kisa da sqesis ganurCevlad, anadgurebda adgilobriv mosaxle-

obas. rva sasoflo sazogadoebisagan Semdgari, 40 aTasi suli

mcxovrebiT (daaxloebiT 4 000 komli), uRaribesi mSromeli mo-

saxleobis Tavdauzogavi SromiT naloliavebi, ayvavebuli qve-

yana nangrevebad gadaiqca. jer kidev ucnobia Jordaniasa da mi-

si kompaniis dampyrobeli damqaSebis mier gancdili danakarge-

bisa da zaralis raodenoba. moyvanili ricxvebi miaxloebiTia.

cecxlisagan sruliad ganadgurda 2500-mde sacxovrebeli sax-

li da sameurneo nageboba. gamarjvebulebis mier gatacebul

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iqna asi aTasobiT rqosani da wvrilfexa Sinauri saqoneli. na-

Tesi puri nawilobriv gaTibuli da nawilobriv ganadgurebul

iqna. cecxlisagan gadarCenili nagebobebisagan mxolod kedle-

bi iyo darCenili. Tumca revolucioneri ltolvilebis tanjva

amiT ar damTavrebula. teris olqSi ukan daxeuli ltolvile-

bi (25 000-dan 30 000-mde suli), anarqiisa da kazakebis sxvadas-

xva saxis kontrrevoluciuri gamosvlebis dros, kvlav mZime

pirobebSi Cavardnen da sruliad daucvelebi, abragebis mxri-

dan Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcvis msxverplad gadaiqcnen. sxvadas-

xva saxis Seviwrovebis gamo, ltolvilebi, dakarges ra sulis

Zliereba, sabolood Cavardnen sasowarkveTilebaSi. SimSilis,

autaneli antisanitariuli pirobebisa da damTrgunveli fsi-

qologiuri mdgomareobis Sedegad, isini saSineli epidemiis

msxverplni gaxdnen. erTi kviris manZilze (agvistos Sua ric-

xvebSi) qolerisagan 1500-ze meti ltolvili daiRupa. Znelia

imis dadgena Tu ramdeni daiRupa mTeli wlis manZilze, magram

aSkaraa, rom daixoca ara erTi aTasobiT adamiani... saqarTve-

los gasabWoebis Semdeg, roca misi mSromelebi ganTavisuf-

ldnen menSevikebis brWyalebisagan, ltolvilebi stiqiurad

daubrundnen TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebs. `samxreT oseTi-

sa~ da saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetebis winaSe dadga

zogierTi sakiTxi, romlebic gadaudebel gadaWras moiTxov-

dnen, kerZod, ar daeSvaT oseTisa da mimdebare raionebis mSro-

melebis Setakeba. amisi saSiSroeba eWvs ar iwvevda, nawilobriv

imis gamo, rom TavdasxmebSi monawileobas Rebulobda bneli da

gauTviTcnobierebeli elementebi qarTveli glexebisa... mSie-

ri ltolvilebi, gaWirvebis gamo, dadiodnen soflebSi, iTxov-

dnen purs da im saqonlisa da inventaris dabrunebas, romleb-

sac isini qarTul soflebSi poulobdnen. mdgomareoba imiTac

mZimdeboda, rom fizikurad da sulierad gamofitul ltolvi-

lebs Tan mohqondaT tifi da Savi Wiri. revkomi yoveldRiurad

ivseboda sasowarkveTilebamde misuli, mSieri da CamoZonZili

usaxlkaroebisagan. Tu saqarTvelos revkomi da kompartiis ck

ar miiRebda saswrafo zomebs, maSin ueWvelad daiwyeboda far-

To masStabiani banditizmi. oseTis revkomis mier SemoTavaze-

buli zomebi Semdegia: 1. dauyovnebliv iqnas miwodebuli cxin-

valisaTvis sasursaTo produqtebi im xarjTaRricxvis Sesaba-

misad, romelic `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier miwodebul iq-

na saqarTvelos vaWrobis saxalxo komisariatisaTvis; 2. mosax-

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leobas mieces rogorc cocxali saqoneli, aseve inventari; 3.

miRebul iqnas saswrafo zomebi epidemiebTan sabrZolvelad; 4.

gamoices Sesabamisi brZanebuleba datacebuli qonebis, gansa-

kuTrebiT pirutyvis, dasabruneblad, risTvisac Seiqmnas sru-

luflebiani komisia, romlis gankargulebaSic gaicema fuladi

saxsrebi dajildovebis da, zog SemTxvevaSi, qonebis dabrune-

bis sanacvlod; 5. aqtiuri kontrrevolucionerebis winaaR-

mdeg, romlebic danaSaulebriv agitacias awarmoeben, gamoyene-

bul iqnas represiuli zomebi; 6. gaigzavnos specialuri parti-

uli kadri oseTTan mimdebare saqarTvelos raionebSi samuSa-

od, samuSaos warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis, amuSavdes sabeWdi

Carxi rusuli, qarTuli da osuri SriftebiT; 7. cxinvalSi

dadges rusuli kavaleriis erTi eskadra; 8. gaices gankargu-

leba, raTa moxdes brZolisaTvis uvargisi cxenebis gayvana, sa-

ZovrebiT mdidar oseTSi, saZovrebze gamosakvebad im mizniT,

rom 6 Tvis Semdeg, isini kvlav samuSaod vargisni gaxdnen; 9.

garkveuli droiT mobilizaciisagan gaTavisufldes gaZarcvu-

li raionebis gasawvevi asakis mozardebi; 10. aRdgenil iqnas yo-

fili `samxreT oseTis~ brigada... Seqmnili mdgomareobis gan-

xilvisas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, imisaTvis, rom ar Cavardes

calkeuli dawesebulebebisa da Cinovnikebis boroti sabotaJis

mkvdar yulfSi, `samxreT oseTis~ aRdgenis mizniT, saWirod

Tvlis zogierTi praqtikuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. revko-

mis azriT, aseTi RonisZiebebs warmoadgens: 1. gaZarcvuli `sam-

xreT oseTis~ aRsadgenad saWiro yvela saSualeba mTlianad ga-

daces revkoms an maT mierve Seqmnil specialur organos; 2. yve-

la aRdgeniTi samuSao warmoebuli iqnas damkvreluri wesiT; 3.

yvela sauwyebo dawesebulebas mieces brZaneba, raTa maT biu-

rokratiuli gziTa da aSkara sabotaJiT, xeli ar SeuSalon aR-

dgenis saqmes; 4. saswrafod gayvanil iqnas zogierTi saurme

gza, rogorebicaa: a) cxinvali-roki, b) cxinvali-kudaro, g)

cxinvali-beloTi, d) cxinvali-yornisi. `samxreT oseTis~ rev-

komi sruliad darwmunebulia, rom saqarTvelos revkomi da sa-

qarTvelos kompartiis ck yovelmxriv daexmarebian zemoTaR-

niSnuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad, bolos da bolos isini Se-

moqmedebiTi arsebobis realur niadagze dadgebian~ [22, 12-13].

dokumentidan naTlad Cans Tu rogor izrdeba osebis

moTxovnebi ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos demok-

ratiuli respublikis dapyrobis da ZaliT gasabWoebis Sem-

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deg. isini aSkara kontrSetevaze gadadian. osebis revoluciu-

ri komitetis moxsenebiT baraTSi, bunebrivia gadaWarbebu-

lad aris Sefasebuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebi osebis ajanyebis Caqro-

bis Sesaxeb. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom saqarTvelos mTavro-

bam radikalur zomebs mxolod mas Semdeg mimarTa, roca oseb-

ma savsebiT ukanonod moiTxoves saqarTvelos teritoriaze

calke respublikis Seqmna da iaraRiT xelSi gamovidnen qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, rasac nebismieri qveynis mTav-

roba win aRudgeboda. gazviadebulia, aseve saqarTvelos Seia-

raRebuli Zalebis ise warmoCena, TiTqos qarTuli armia kbi-

lebamde iyo SeiaraRebuli, sinamdvileSi es, rom ase yofili-

yo wiTeli armia, 1921 wels, ZaliT ver daamxobda saqarTve-

los damoukidebel respublikas. saqarTvelos yovelTvis

Seswevda Zala sakuTari ZalebiT gamklaveboda yovelgvar

aseT separatistul gamosvlebs, Tu iq mesame Zala ar Caereo-

da. ase moxda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dro-

sac, sanam ruseTi saqarTvelos ZaliT daipyrobda. saqarTve-

los xangrZlivma istoriam ar icis arc erTi SemTxveva ara

mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtisa, aramed raime eTnikuri dapi-

rispirebisa. saqarTveloSi eTnosTa Soris dapirispireba,

mxolod, ruseTis imperiis mizanmimarTuli politikis Sede-

gad gaCnda da man Tavi mxolod XX saukuneSi iCina [23, 100].

osebisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxi imdenad poli-

tizebuli gaxda, rom sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciurma

komitetma, kontrrevoluciasTan, SpionaJTan, spekulacias-

Tan, msaxur pirTa borot moqmedebasTan da banditizmTan sab-

rZolvelad sagangebo komisiac ki Seqmna. 1921 wlis 6 oqtom-

briT daTariRebul erT-erT dokumentSi sabWoTa saqarTve-

los sagangebo komitetis Tavmjdomare centralur komitets

ugzavnis Semdegi Sinaarsis werils: `Cems mier mopovebuli mo-

nacemebis mixedviT, cxinvalis raionSi urTierTdamokidebu-

leba osur da qarTul soflebs Soris jer kidev ar aris dare-

gulirebuli. adgili aqvs nebismier provokacias. orive mxare

daZabul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. gansakuTrebiT gaurkveve-

lia urTierTobebi qalaqis mazrasa da cxinvalis revkomebs

Soris, Sesabamisi raionebi ar aris gamijnuli. xSirad xdeba

gaurkvevlobebi imis safuZvelze, Tu vin unda marTos esa Tu

is raioni, nebismieri moqalaqis yoveli dapatimreba am ori xe-

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lisuflebis ganxeTqilebis vaSli xdeba. igive xdeba saqarTve-

los samxedro gzaze, kobis raionSi. Setakebebis safuZveli

xSirad aris is, rom Tavdasxmebis dros, osi menSevikebi arTme-

ven qarTvelebs TiTqosda moparul Sinaur pirutyvs. am sakiT-

xSi tyuis rogorc erTi, ise meore mxare. saWiroa miRebul iq-

nas raime zomebi aseTi mdgomareobis likvidaciisaTvis. me Se-

mogTavazebdiT Seqmniliyo Sereuli komisia, Tundac ori kar-

dinaluri sakiTxis dasaregulireblad: 1) xelisuflebis gav-

lenis sferoebis gamijnva da 2) Sinauri pirutyvis warTmevas-

Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad, Tu ck isur-

vebs gavakeTeb ufro dawvrilebiT moxsenebas~. werils xels

awers saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare [24, 123].

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis momen-

tisaTvis ori administraciuli erTeuli Temi da mazra arse-

bobda. Tavdapirvelad, garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis miz-

niT, es administraciuli dayofa ZalaSi rCeboda, mxolod zo-

gierT mazrebSi damatebiT daarsda raionuli erTeulebi sa-

raiono revkomebiT, romlis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda

Tvalyuris devneba im saTemo revkomebisaTvis, romlebic

uSualod maT farglebSi Sediodnen. imis gamo, rom zogierTi

Temi metad daSorebuli iyo samazro centrs, isini dauqvemde-

bares saraiono revkomebs, raTa ar yofiliyo moklebuli er-

Tgvar kontrolsa da xelmZRvanelobas. revkomebis adgili

momavalSi sabWoebma daikava, Tavisi aRmasrulebeli organoe-

biT. saraiono erTeulebi, SemdegSi gauqmebuli iqna Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisris dekretiT. saqarTveloSi komunis-

turi xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave, goris mazris far-

glebSi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organos dawesebiT, faq-

tiurad ukanonod daarsda calke administraciuli erTeuli,

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ olqis saxiT. saqarTvelos revkomma am

organos Tavisi dadgenilebis safuZvelze mazris revkomis

uflebebi mianiWa da amasTanave saTanado movaleobebic daa-

kisra. vinaidan am ukanono erTeulis sazRvrebi ar iyo garkve-

uli, saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenilebiT sakiTxis garkveva

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats kerZod, mis administra-

ciul ganyofilebas daevala. sirTules qmnida ori garemoeba:

1) sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiro winaswari argumentebis

uqonloba, 2) e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedeba, ro-

melmac goris mazris farglebSi wminda administraciuli ga-

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mijvnis sakiTxi gadaaqcia osTa erovnul-teritoriul prob-

lemad. revkomma sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe osi

mosaxleobisaTvis politikuri avtonomiis miniWebis Suam-

dgomloba aRZra, riTac, sruliad ukanonod, faqtiurad av-

tonomiuri oseTis Seqmnis sakiTxi daayena. amrigad, kvlav sim-

wvaviT wamoiWra is problema, romlis Sesaxeb ara erTxel ga-

moitana dadgenilebani javasa da cxinvalSi gamarTulma osTa

erovnulma yrilobebma. raki sakiTxis sirTulis gamo, mosa-

lodneli iyo, rom misi ase Tu ise gadaWra sakmaod daigvianeb-

da, saWiro gaxda komisariats saxelmZRvanelod raime droebi-

Ti savaldebulo dadgenileba mieRo, raTa am gziT mainc moes-

po is konfliqtebi, romelsac e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomeb-

sa da sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebs Soris, saz-

Rvrebis gaurkvevlobis gamo, mudmivi xasiaTi hqonda. e.w. `sam-

xreT oseTis~ revkomis daarsebis dRidan, mraval gaugebro-

bas da arasasurvel eqscesebs hqonda adgili. komisariati

xSirad Rebulobda saCivrebs, sadac Canda e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revkomis mxridan Zalauflebis aSkara gadameteba. ker-

Zod, 1) oqonisa da mejvrisxevis raionSi gaCnda ori parale-

lurad moqmedi milicia-goris mazrisa da e. w. `samxreT ose-

Tis~ revkomis miliciis saxiT, 2) e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkom-

ma daiqvemdebara iseTi raionebi, romlebic an sul ar Sedioda

goris mazris farglebSi (magaliTad, zemo xevis, monastris,

rexulis sazogadoebebi duSeTis mazraSi da Casavlis sasof-

lo sazogadoeba raWaSi), anda maT mier ZaliT dakavebul raio-

nebSi osi erovnebis mosaxleoba, saerTod ar cxovrobda (ro-

goricaa soflebi: satixari, Warebi, anekvi da xelCua), 3) daba

cxinvalis, qarTuli qalaqis, romelic, aseve, qarTuli sof-

lebiT iyo garSemortymuli, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ rezidenci-

ad gamocxadeba, 4) e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis calmxrivi

gankargulebis safuZvelze, zogierT adgilSi qarTuli rev-

komebis gauqmeba, maT nacvlad ki osuri revkomebis daweseba

(magaliTad sofel nulSi, avnevSi, dvanSi da sxva), 5) oseTis

revkomis mier sakuTari xelisuflebis TviTneburad gavrce-

leba mTels cxinvalis regionze, maT Soris cxra iseT sofel-

ze, romlebic Tavisi eTnografiuli SemadgenlobiT wminda

qarTuli soflebi iyvnen. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo `moam-

be~, 1922 wlis TebervalSi werda: `yvela am ukanono moqmedeba-

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Ta dasabami da mizani erTia — teritorialuri gafarToveba

osTa mudmivi binadrobisa. am tendenciam osebSi kai xania Tavi

iCina da nametur 1905 wlidan, rodesac maT Soris erovnuli

moZraoba gaCnda, romelic dasawyisSi sastikad gansazRvrul

saxes moklebuli iyo, xolo 1917 wlidan ukve sakmaod garkve-

ul formebSi Camoyalibda. javis da cxinvalis erovnuli yri-

lobebi am moZraobis erTi TvalsaCino asaxvaa. cda osuri an-

banis, literaturis Seqmnisa da bolos erovnuli teritoriis

mopovebisa, Tundac sxvis xarjze—es daisaxa miznad osTa in-

teligenciam da ramdenimeT kidec miaRwia am mizans. gaiCines

anbani, romelsac safuZvlad daedo rusuli an ufro swori iq-

neba vTqvaT, originaluri, Taviseburi-osuri TiTqmis arafe-

ri acxia-metad uxeSad gadmoRebuli variantia rusuli anba-

nis... rac Seexeba teritorias, osTa moZraoba am sferoSi me-

tad TvalsaCinoa. am moZraobis gacxovelebas, garda erovnu-

li motivebisa, xels uwyobda maTi metad Seviwrovebuli eko-

nomikuri mdgomareoba. Caketili mTebSi, viwrobSi, osoba kai

xania ganicdis ukidures miwis SimSils da amitomac igi eZebda

yovel marjve dros Tavis adgilebidan daZruliyo, mTebidan

barSi Camosuliyo. Cven vfiqrobT, rom osTa ajanyebebi 1919

da 1920 wlebis ufro ekonomikurs, vidre erovnuls niadagzea

aRmocenebuli. lozungi erovnulad ganwyobil osuri inte-

ligenciisa erTis mxriT, `goramdi~, meores mxriT, `mcxeTam-

di~-osTa masebisaTvis, romelnic mwir, mTian adgilebSia moq-

ceuli da maSasadame, saxnav-saTes adgilebs moklebulia, me-

tad momxiblavi iyo, rom isini amoZravebuliyvnen da aki am

moZraobam miwa-wylis gafarTovebis niadagze stiqiuri xasia-

Ti miiRo menSevikebis reJimis dros. moZraoba am mimarTule-

biT dRemde grZeldeba. konfliqtebic mravalia osTa cxovre-

bis xelmZRvanel xelisuflebasa da sxva adgilobriv xelisu-

falTa Soris~ [25, 22-24]. TiTqos es striqonebi axlaxans dai-

wera, imdenad exmianeba osebis dRevandel moqmedebas. dRes

isini kidev ufro Sors wavidnen, imave mesame Zalis-ruseTis

daxmarebiT, maT ukanonod aqvT dapyrobili ZirZveli qarTu-

li miwebi da gakvirvebuli kiTxuloben: `rogor Cven stumrebi

varT am miwaze?~, albaT saWiroa maT xSirad SevaxsenoT, rom

Tavdapirvelad isini namdvilad stumrebi iyvnen qarTul mi-

wa-wyalze, Tumca, istoriuli WeSmaritebis gayalbebiT, ukve

maspinZlebadac gvevlinebian.

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1922 wlis 2 martis konstitucia iyo pirveli sakanon-

mdeblo aqti, romliTac oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli da

dadasturebuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publikis SemadgenlobaSi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri

erTeulis Seqmna. amasTanave, saWiro gaxda iseTi sakanonmdeb-

lo aqtis miReba, romelic ufro vrclad gansazRvravda e. w.

`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis samarTlebriv mdgoma-

reobas saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi da deta-

lurad daamtkicebda am axali erTeulis teritoriul saz-

Rvrebs. 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekretiT #2, e.w. `samxreT ose-

Ti~ gamocxadebuli iqna saqarTvelos ssr Semadgenel nawilad

centriT q. cxinvalSi. dekretis meore muxliT, ganisazRvra

sruliad xelovnuri avtonomiuri erTeulis teritoriuli

sazRvrebi, romlis mmarTvelobis organoebad aRiarebuli iq-

na e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komite-

ti da adgilobrivi sabWoebi.

Aamrigad, osebis separatistuli gamosvlebi saTaves

iRebs, jer kidev, 1905 wlidan, rodesac osurma inteligenciam

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis winaSe, osuri sajariso SenaerTebis

formirebis sakiTxi, oficialurad daayena. separatistulma

moZraobam mkveTrad gamoxatuli xasiaTi 1917 wlidan miiRo

da 1922 wlis 20 aprils e. w. `samxreT-oseTis~ avtonomiuri

olqis SeqmniT dagvirgvinda. Oosebis pretenziebi qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos mimarT, samwuxarod, dResac grZeldeba. saintere-

soa ra moxdeboda britaneTSi, birmingemSi mcxovreb indusebs,

romlebic raodenobrivad gacilebiT metni arian birmingemSi,

vidre samaCabloSi eTnikuri osebi, damoukidebloba rom mo-

eTxovaT da eTnikur umciresobaSi myof indielebs inglise-

lebi gamoeyaraT sakuTari miwa-wylidan. saWiroa saerTaSori-

so sazogadoebis meti Zalisxmeva, raTa ar moxdes ukanonobis

dakanoneba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. gelaSvili gia, haqsthauzenis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb, kre-

bulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (5), gamomc.,

`universali~, Tbilisi, 2009.

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164

2. gamyreliZe baxva, osTa migraciuli da eTnoistoriuli

procesebi kavkasiaSi, krebulSi: saqarTvelo evropa-ame-

rika, II, gamocemloba `irmisa~, Tbilisi, 1997.

3. Всеподданеиший рапорт ген.-л. Кнорринга от 26 марта 1802 г., Акты

Кавказской археографической комиссии, Т. I, Тифлис, 1866, lomi-

naZe r. vin da rodis daarqva Sida qarTlis mTianeTs `sam-

xreT oseTi~, gaz., `ganaTleba~, 1991, X.

4. Всеподданнейшее донесение ген.-лейт. Кнорринга, 1802, 15 февр., П. Г. Бутков, Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, сь 1722 по

1803 год, часть третья, хронологический и альфавитный указатели

составленные Л. Броссе, Санктпетербург, 1869. 5. iToniSvili vaxtang, qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa isto-

riidan, gamomc., `legia~, Tbilisi, 1995.

6. Док. №209, 1830 г. мая 24- Предписание командующего отдельным

Кавказским корпусом генерал-фельдмаршала Паскевича тифлисско-му военному губернатору генерал-адъютанту Стрекалову о назначе-нии военной экспедиции в Юго-Осетию для подавления восстания крестьян, История Юго-Осетии в документах и материалах (1800-1864 гг.), Составитель И. Н. Цховребов, Том II, Госиздат Юго-Осетии, Сталинир-1960.

7. saraliZe lela, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-

1921 ww) da oseTis sakiTxi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi, II, gamomc., `universali~, Tbilisi, 2007.

8. ToiZe levan, rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqi, gamomc., `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1991.

9. a. farnievi, osebi saqarTveloSi (SesaZlebelia Tu ara

osebis damoukidebloba saqarTveloSi da vin moiTxovs

mas?), gaz., `erToba~, #119, 11 ivnisi, 1918.

10. baxtaZe uSangi, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna

da misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, gamomc.: `sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1968.

11. sonRulaSvili avTandil, samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi?!,

gamomc., `universali~, Tbilisi, 2009.

12. gazeTi erToba, #4, 1920.

13. asaTiani al., agraruli reforma oseTSi, gaz., erToba,

#32, 9 Tebervali, 1919.

14. vadaWkoria SoTa, osebis 1918 wlis ajanyebebis Tavisebu-

rebebi da osi separatistebis ganiaraRebis mcdelobis

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asaxva qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi, krebulSi: axali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2 (6), 2009.

15. dekreti #36 saq. ssr revoluciuri komitetisa, Jurnali

moambe, (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvire-

uli organo), #7, 28 maisi, 1921.

16. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi (suicsa), fondi 284 (saqarTvelos mSromelTa depu-

tatebis sabWoebis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komite-

ti), aRw. 1, t. I.

17. brZaneba #9 saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa revo-

luciuri komitetisa saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi

Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, Jurnali moambe (Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #2, 27 apri-

li, 1921.

18. dadgenileba #30, Jurnali moambe (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #15, 10 seqtemberi,

1921.

19. ToiZe levan, saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (1921-1923

wlebi), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

1999.

20. kvirkvelia besarion (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari), v.

xaxanaSvili (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa

mmarTveli), moxsenebiTi baraTi samxreT oseTis calke ad-

ministraciul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb (1921 w), Sina-

gan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), f. 14,

aRw., 1, saq., 10, furc 121.

21. administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, Jurnali mo-

ambe, #20, 19 noemberi, 1921.

22. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), f. 14

aRw., 1, saq., 48 furc., 12-13.

23. TofCiSvili roland, osTa saqarTveloSi gansaxlebisa da

qarTul-osuri urTierTobebis problemebi, kr., kavkasiis

eTnologiuri krebuli, XI, gamomc., `universali~, Tb.,

2009.

24. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), f. 14

aRw., 1, saq., 10 furc., 123.

25. administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, Jurnali mo-

ambe, #27, 4 Tebervali, 1922.

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26. Султан Хамчиев, Осетинская Аннексия на Кавказе и Закавказье

(Аннексия осетинами грузинских, кабардинских, казачьих, ингушс-ких, чеченских земель), г. Назрань, 2006.

LLela Saralidze

Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute

of History and Ethnology, Senior researcher

scientist of the Department of Modern and

Contemporary History

From the History of So Called `South Osetia~ Autonomous Oblast For-mation in 1917 – 1922

Summary

On the basis of the scientific analysis of the archive materials the his-

tory of so called `South Osetia~ formation on the ancient territory of Georgia

is shown in the work. On the basis of the historical documents it is also shown

that the separative movement of Osetians in Georgia started already in 1905

and became active in 1917. The demands of Osetians that were gradually ris-ing and their pretensions on different stages are also shown in the work.

It is underscored that the term `South Osetia~ is completely artificial from the historical viewpoint and thus unacceptable, because the term means

that the historical Georgian territory - `Shida Kartli~ (inner Kartli) is popu-lated with Osetians. On the basis of the public commissariat conclusion of the

Soviet Georgia Ministry of Internal Affairs, that was kept in strict secret by

those days Communist regime, the groundlessness of so called `South Osetia~

formation is shown as well. After thorough investigation the lawyer, public

commissioner of those days internal affairs, Besarion Kvirkvelia in conclu-sion says that it is impossible to give Osetians rite to have not only autonomy, but even the administrative unit of okrug. In September 27, 1921 the public

commissariat of the Soviet Georgia Ministry of Internal Affairs after Besarion

Kvirkvelia’s instruction sent a memorandum report about separation of so

called `South Osetia~ as independent administrative unit to the business man-ager of the Revolutionary Committee of the Soviet Georgia. Besarion Kvirk-velia was asking him to put the memorandum report forward for discussion at the meeting of the Revolutionary Committee. The report was rejected and

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Besarion Kvirkvelia was demoted. He was appointed as the military marine

commissioner to deliver him from mentioned processes. According to one

archive document he even was deported from Georgia in 1922 and lately, in

1937, in the period of repressions, was shot. The fact that according to the

decree № 2 of the Soviet Georgia Central Executive Committee and Public

Commissars Committee signed by Filipe Makharadze and Sergo Kavtaradze

dated to April 20, 1922 the formation of so called `South Osetia~ oblast within the boarders of the Soviet Georgia was illegal. This was an illegal de-cision which was totally dining the interests of the native inhabitants-Georgian population.

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SoTa vadaWkoria

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-

is institutis axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-

TanamSromeli

Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo

politika da qarTuli politikuri azri (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis mier sabWoTa ruseTis

xelisufalTa dakveTis — qarTuli saxelmwifos damxobis miz-

niT, qveynis saomar mdgomareobaSi Segnebulad Cayenebam, qar-

Tuli politikuri speqtris winaSe saxelmwifoebrivi damou-

kideblobisa da qarTveli eris fizikurad gadarCenis sakiTxi

principulad daayena. miTumetes, im etapze saqarTveloSi sa-

moqalaqo omis gaCaRebisa da misTvis permanentuli msvlelo-

bis micemis realuri saSiSroeba arsebobda. osebis mxridan

qveynisTvis Tavsmoxveul aRniSnul safrTxes Tu ramdenad

aRiqvamda maSindeli qarTuli politikuri speqtri, es kargad

Cans im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publika-

ciebidan. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas g. gollendis

fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli statia `agraruli anarqia~ iq-

cevs. `yoveli qarTveli — vkiTxulobT werilSi — unda cdi-

lobdes saqarTvelos fizikurad dacvas. Tu samoqalaqo omSi

erTmaneTis xocva daviwyeT, maSin raRad gvinda an erovnuli

Tavisufleba, an romelime socialuri idealis ganxorciele-

ba. erTi- meoris Sinagan brZolaSi gaJletil ers, arc pirveli

esaWiroeba da arc meore... eri romlis bedi `bewvze hkidia,~

jer Tavi unda daimkvidros da ganimtkicos, xolo amis Semdeg

eqneba SemoqmedebiTi Senebis SesaZlebloba... Tu eri socia-

lur winaaRmdegobaTa gaRrmavebas gahyva, misi daRupva gar-

duvali iqneba, igi am gaRrmavebis process Tan gadahyveba.~ aR-

niSnuli amonaweris mixedviT, qarTveli eris im etapze gadar-

Cenis erT- erT ZiriTad saSualebad, qveynis SigniT arsebuli

Sidadapirispirebis aRmofxvraa miCneuli. am Tvalsazriss, ma-

Sindeli qarTuli politikuri speqtris umravlesoba izia-

rebda. amitom, gakvirvebas ar unda iwvevdes, roca damoukide-

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beli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam separatizmisa da samoqala-

qo omis gamCaRebelTa winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZola rom

daiwyo. am fonze qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa winaSe pir-

vel rigSi osebisdmi damokidebulebis gadaxedvis sakiTxi

principulad dasva. qveyanaSi Seqmnili urTulesi politiku-

ri situaciidan gamomdinare, isini dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen

im TvalsazrisiT, rom im etapze jer kidev garkveuli ar qon-

daT Tu ra saSualebebiT SeiZleboda osuri wylulisgan sa-

qarTvelos sxeulis gankurneba. es urTulesi sakiTxi qarTu-

li politikuri speqtris msjelobis erT-erT ZiriTad sagans

warmoadgenda. am mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

imanac ganapiroba, rom osebi antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmiano-

bas isev agrZelebdnen da kritikul momentSi qarTvel ers

zurgSi galesil maxvils scemdnen. am realobidan gamomdina-

re, iseTi gonivruli gadawyvetileba unda mieRoT, romelic

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SidausafrTxoebis garantias Seuq-

mnida. am TvalsazrisiT Tuki mivudgebiT sakiTxs, nebismieri

politikuri moRvawe problemis gadawyvetisas udidesi sir-

Tulis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi Sida

qarTlSi soliviT SemoWrili osebis dasaxlebebis ganlageba.

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, erovnul-demok-

ratebis erT-erTi lideris S. qarumiZis mier erovnuli sab-

Wos 1918 wlis agvistos sxdomaze gakeTebulma gancxadebam —

`osebi sabediswero muwukia Cvens tanze da igi rogorc aseTi

aucileblad unda moviSoroT,~ socialist-revolucioneris

m.faCuaSvilis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. misi mtkicebiT, S.qaru-

miZis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebis ganxorcieleba, qar-

Tvelebsa da osebs Soris SuRlis gaRrmavebis safuZveli gax-

deboda. xolo i.farnievis mtkicebiT, erovnul-demokratebs

osebisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobis SeZuleba surda [1]. am

SemTxvevaSi m. faCuaSvili da i. farnievi aSkarad tyuodnen,

radgan osebma TavianTi praqtikuli saqmianobiTa da oficia-

luri gancxadebebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da qarTveli

erisadmi siZulvili praqtikulad daadastures. arsebuli vi-

Tareba problemisadmi obieqtur midgomas da Seqmnili sinam-

dvilis aRiarebas moiTxovda. sakiTxisadmi pragmatuli mid-

gomis TvalsazrisiT, erovnul— demokratebis mxridan osuri

mosaxleobis ganTesvis sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba savse-

biT kanonzomierad moCans. i. farnievis gaRizianeba proble-

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mis gadasawyvetad radikaluri formis gamoyenebis moTxovnam

ganapiroba. `Tqven — ambobda i.farnievi — marTlac gindaT wa-

vides osis eri sadRac, magram wasvla SeuZlia mas, vinc guSin

an dRes movida da ara im xalxs, romelsac qarTvelebTan er-

Tad saukuneebiT ucxovria~ [1].

rogorc vxedavT, i.farnievma zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis

dasma mtkivneulad aRiqva, magram pasuxgaucemeli datova Sem-

degi kiTxvebi: 1)saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umcireso-

bebis fonze, saqarTvelos osebi ganicdidnen Tu ara erovnu-

li niSniT devnas an raime saxiT Seviwroebas; 2)TavianTi moqme-

debidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi iZleod-

nen Tu ara qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis SesaZleblobas. ose-

bis damcvelTa mxridan nebsiT Tu uneblied aRniSnuli kiT-

xvebis ignorireba xdeboda. arada, masze sajarod pasuxis ga-

cema srulad warmoaCenda im ganuzomel umadurobasa da daum-

saxurebel RvarZls, rasac saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi

qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi avlendnen. es realobas warmoad-

genda da igi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebis mxridan

SeumCneveli ar darCenila. vinc safuZvlianad gaecnoba im pe-

riodis saparlamento sxdomebis stenografiul angariSebsa

da presis furclebze gamoqveynebul publikaciebs, darwmun-

deba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi myofi yvela po-

litikuri partiis lideri — (garda bolSevikebisa) osebTan

mimarTebaSi erT Tvalsazrisze idga. osebis yovel namoqme-

dars erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare afa-

sebdnen da xelisuflebis mxridan Sesatyvisi pragmatuli xa-

siaTis gadawyvetilebis miRebas moiTxovdnen. osebis umadu-

robisa da am sinamdvilisadmi qarTuli politikuri partie-

bis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis warmoCenis mizniT, im perio-

dis presis furclebze dabeWdili statiebidan ramdenime amo-

narids SevTavazeb mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, sadac osebis `naR-

vawis~ obieqturi Sefasebaa mocemuli. am mxriv gansakuTre-

bul interess gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mowinave statia

`osebis gamosvlebi~ iqcevs. saqarTveloSi `mcxovrebma osebma

— vkiTxulobT werilSi — yovelive miiRes revoluciidan, ris

miRebac SeiZleboda; miwa- wyali, tye- saZovari da Tavisufle-

ba. es udidesi ganZi— romelic mogvca revoluciam. magram

mTis xalxs (osebs S.v.) ar SeuZlia mixvdes am wyalobas, rome-

lic mianiWa ganaxlebulma cxovrebam~ [2]. am fonze Tuki ganvi-

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xilavT saqarTvelos osebis mier qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi

gaweul `damsaxurebas~ davrwmundebiT, rom isini saqarTve-

losaTvis danamat parazitebad iynen qceulni. Cveni es gancxa-

deba miutevebel braldebad rom ar CagveTvalos, amis dama-

dastureblad gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ axalgorelis fsevdo-

nimiT dabeWdili statiidan `osuri safrTxe~ Sesabamis amona-

wers movitanT da Tavad mkiTxvelma gansajos Tu ra rols as-

rulebda osebi im periodis saqarTvelos politikur cxovre-

baSi. `swored maSin — vkiTxulobT werilSi — roca gareSe saf-

rTxe aRimarTeboda, aseT kritikul momentSi Cven ar gvax-

sovs, rom saqarTvelos qveSevrdom osobas raime monawileoba

mieRos samSoblos (saqarTvelos S. v.) dacvis saqmeSi, Tund

sityvieri TanagrZnoba gamoecxadebinos qarTveli xalxisaT-

vis, raime nivTieri msxverpli gaeRos im miwawylis dasacavad,

romelzedac isini cxovroben da cxovroben gacilebiT ukeT

vinem qarTveli glexoba~ [3]. analogiuri Tvalsazrisia ga-

moTqmuli gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil mowinave werilSi `isev

osebze.~ `gvegona, rom osebi TavianT movaleobas Seignebdnen

respublikis winaSe. am ori wlis ganmavlobaSi maT erTi jaris-

kaci ar miuciaT saxelmwifosaTvis. erTi Sauri ar SeutaniaT

respublikis xazinaSi da rogorc parazitebi, cxovroben da-

narCeni moqalaqeebis xarjze~ [4]. qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi

osebis umadurobaze werda s.abulaZe Jurnal `mxedarSi~ da-

beWdil statiaSi `osebis amoZravebaze.~ `didi siyvaruli ga-

moiCina osebisadmi saqarTvelos mSromelma xalxma, zomaze

metic, qarTvel memamuleTagan CamorTmeuli miwebi os gle-

xebs misces, im os glexebs, romelTac mcire gamonaklisis gar-

da saqarTvelos dasacavad TiTic ki ar gaunZreviaT. maTve mi-

iRes yvela is sikeTe, romelic demokratiulma wyobilebam sa-

qarTvelos xalxs mouvlina. magram osebi mainc ukmayofiloni

darCnen. ver moigo saqarTvelom maTi guli!~[5, 7].

Cvens mier zemoT motanil masalebs Tuki obieqturad ga-

avanalizebT davrwmundebiT: 1)masSi sruladaa warmoCenili

osebTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa

negatiuri damokidebuleba; 2)dasabuTebulia, rom qarTvel

politikosTa gansakuTrebuli gaRizianeba osebis mxolod pa-

razitobam ki ar ganapiroba, aramed igi osebis oTxgzis Rala-

tis faqtze iyo dafuZnebuli. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ra

donis boroteba unda Caedina osebs, rom ucxo tomis warmo-

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madgenlebisadmi `sibriyvemde misuli tolerantobiT~ gan-

Tqmuli, sakuTari saxlkaris garkveuli nawilis daTmobamde

wamsvleli qarTveli eri, wonasworobidan gamosuliyo da

warsulSi osebisadmi gakeTebuli sikeTis Secdomad aRiare-

bamde misuliyo.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi

osebis mxridan gamorCeuli `niWiereba,~ Znelbedobis Jams

myofi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mowyobili `Sida jvarosnuli~

omiT warmoCnda. am qmedebaSi saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eri-

sadmi gansakuTrebuli siZulvili iyo Cadebuli. amas maSinde-

li qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi SesaniSnavad xe-

davdnen da gakvirvebasac ver malavdnen. amis erT-erT dadas-

turebas gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ g. lasxiSvilis mier gamoq-

veynebuli statia `bolo unda moeRos~ warmoadgens. `netavi

macodina — kiTxulobda g. lasxiSvili — ratom sZulT osebs

saqarTvelos respublika? xarjebs isini ar ixdian, saldaTad

ar midian, respublikas arafriT exmarebian da yovlisfers ki

sargebloben. auarebeli xarjebi midis maTze da gana imitom,

rom mtrulad iyvnen yovelTvis?~[6].

imave problematikas Seexo gazeT `kldeSi~ gamoqveynebu-

li i.didiZis statia `osebis gadasaxlebisaTvis.~ `saqarTve-

los siZulviliT anTebuli osi xalxi— wers avtori, — qarTu-

li haeriT sunTqavs da Cvens purs sWams. magram... saqarTvelos

yovelwliurad zurgSi maxvils scems da brZolis vels umar-

Tavs~ [7]. aqedan gamomdinare, i.didiZe saqarTvelos xelisuf-

lebas sayvedurobda, rom man `Wkua- gonebis gareSe mdgom uvi-

curad sikvdilTan moTamaSe~ osebs Sesaferisi pasuxi ver gas-

ca da osuri safrTxisagan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samuda-

mod dazRveva ver SeZlo. aq erTi metad mniSvnelovani niuan-

sia gasaTvaliswinebeli; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qarTvel mefeTa

da TavadaznaurTa mxridan wina saukuneebSi CrdiloeTidan

osebis `mopatiJebiT,~ da Sida qarTlis mTian zolSi maTi da-

saxlebiT daSvebuli udidesi Secdoma. im periodis qarTuli

politikuri azris mesveurni aRniSnulis gamosworebas, damo-

ukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebisgan erTi xelisdak-

vriT moiTxovdnen. magram, imave xelisuflebas dasabuTebuli

formiT ver sTavazobdnen im alternatul gzas, romlis meS-

veobiTac am problemis mogvareba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. mi-

uxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos mTavrobas yovel nabijze Seaxse-

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nebdnen Sida qarTlis mTian 22 osur sofelSi mcxovrebi `ve-

luri mecxvare osebisgan~ mosalodnel garduval safrTxes.

saqarTvelos `saxelmwifoebrivma sxeulma — werda i. didiZe —

ver moiSora osuri muwuki!... am muwukidan dausrulebliv

sdis iara da alpobs qarTlis guls... osebi mudmivi safrTxea

saqarTvelosaTvis. osebi yoveli mzis Casvlisas ocneboben

saqarTvelos waxdenas~ [7].

am amonaweridan, saqarTvelos mTiani zolis osebisadmi

saocari siZulvili moCans. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan 1918-

1920 wlebSi mowyobilma osurma ajanyebebma, ekonomikuri da

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, axladSeqmnili qarTvelTa damo-

ukidebeli saxelmwifo `sikvdilis piramde~ miiyvana. Tuki

osur sakiTxs am WrilSi ganvixilavT, maSin i.didiZis zemoaR-

niSnuli Sefaseba saRad moazrovne WeSmariti qarTvelisaTvis

misaRebi aRmoCndeba. rac Seexeba osuri wylulis moSuSebis

SesaZleblobas, igive i. didiZe saqarTvelos xelisuflebas

Semdegi saxis `samkurnalo recepts~ sTavazobda: `sanam roks

da mamisons osebi floben, sanam isini Cven sazRvarTa bWeebze

mosaxleoben, manamdis respublika Tavs ver daizRvevs osuri

yovelwliuri gastrolebisagan. osebs verasodes ver mov-

TxovT saqarTvelos mimarT ara Tu erTgulebas, aramed loia-

lobasac ki... osi yovelTvis gagvyidis, osi yvela gareSe

mters udidesi sixaruliT gauRebs kars. aucilebelia saz-

Rvrebze mTavrobis gankargulebiT sruliad ayril iqnan ose-

bi da maT adgilas dasaxldes samSoblos erTguli qarTuli

elementi~ [7]. aq garkveviTaa naTqvami, CrdiloeTis mTiani

sazRvris zolidan osebis asaxlebisa da mis nacvlad samSob-

los erTguli qarTvelebis Casaxlebis Sesaxeb. amis gatarebis

aucileblobas im periodis qarTuli politikuri azris mesve-

urebi nomer pirvel amocanad miiCnevdnen. am SemTxvevaSi, isi-

ni yovelive saxis kompromiss gamoricxavdnen, radgan warsu-

lis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, osebTan mimarTebaSi Tavs

motyuebulad Tvlidnen. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT statiaSi

`osebis amoZravebaze~ s. abulaZe garkveviT werda: `Cven gvin-

doda osebi TviTon mosuliyvnen gons, moenaniebinaT danaSau-

li. vfiqrobdiT, bneli xalxia da provokatorebma aiyolies.

amitom iyo, rom osebs advilad Cauara im samtro gamosvlebma,

romelic saqarTvelos daRupvis mizniT maT ramdenjerme mo-

axdines... isini kvlav darCnen saqarTvelos iseTive sruluf-

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lebiani moqalaqeebi, rogoradac gvinda iTvlebodes Cveni

respublikis yoveli mcxovrebi. magram... Cven mwared movtyuv-

diT~ [8, 8]. erovnuli saxelmwifos mosalodneli safrTxis

qveS dayeneba, qarTvel politikosebs Tavis meored motyue-

bis uflebas ar aZlevda. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxi maT wina-

Se principulad iyo dasmuli — xalxisTvis simarTle eTqvaT

da erTxel da samudamod sajarod gamoeaSkaravebinaT Tu vin,

vin iyo.

osuri safrTxis saaSkaraoze gamotanas da TviT osTa Si-

nagani bunebis srulad warmoCenas isaxavda miznad, saqarTve-

los erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 23 ivlisis sxdomaze gr.veSa-

pelis mier cnobili publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis ia

ekalaZis publikaciis garkveuli monakveTis wakiTxvis faqti.

`rodesac saqarTvelos miwawyalze, qarTveli xalxis winaaR-

mdeg amxedrebs CvenSi samadlod Semosaxlebul osebs maTi in-

teligenciis erTi nawili, es aramc Tu umadurobaa, aramed di-

di usamarTlobac, romelic daiwyo oci— ocdaaTi wlis winaT.

iniciatorebad Seiqmnen jer rusis moxeleebi, cnobili vos-

torgovis meTaurobiT da mere osis naswavli axalgazrdoba,

romelic gamoizarda rusis skolebSi, rogorc ruseTis sti-

pendiantebi. vostorgovma da am axalgazrdebma mowamles sa-

qarTvelos osebis masa da es Sxami ar gadaerecxebaT gulidan

iqamde, vidre Tavisufali saqarTvelo ar alagmavs xalxis

mtrebs da ar daanaxvebs saqarTvelos osebs maT Secdomebs.

jer sad iyo revolucia, rodesac saqarTvelos osebis inte-

ligenciam mTeli gegma Seadgina ruseTis politikiTa da asi

wlis monobiT dabeCavebuli qarTveli xalxis daCagvra- dap-

yrobisa. liaxvis xeobaSi mibrZandiT, Tundac cxinvalSi, Tva-

li SeavleT im rkals, romelic Seiqmna osi mosaxleobiT, da-

ukvirdiT marto cxinvalsa da dgvrisSi axlad, Cvens dros Ca-

mosaxlebul os vaWarTa moxeleoba- moqmedebas. am xeobidan

gamosul am vaWar `burJuebis~ Svilebs, mozard Taobas, stu-

dent moswavleTa wreebs, maT kavSirebs, ganzraxvebs da Tqven

dameTanxmebiT, arc es vaJbatonebi daixeven ukan, Tuki cota

rames mainc Camoglejen yvelasagan gabriyvebul saqarTve-

los, Tu ki SeZleba miecema xeli moiTbon saqarTvelos ube-

durebaze~ [9].

rogorc vxedavT, osebis sandoobis eWvqveS dayenebis,

qarTvelebisadmi siZulvilisa da mtruli damokidebulebis,

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qarTuli miwebis mitacebis, qarTvelTa gaubedurebisa da Ca-

wixvlis xarjze osebis miznebisa da amocanebis Sefasebis sa-

kiTxSi, qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azri identuri

iyo. isini erTxmad aRiarebdnen, rom saqarTvelos — Sida qar-

Tlis `sakinZeCamoglejil ubeSi~ Sxamiani gveli iyo dabude-

buli da es `CrdiloeTis qvewarmavali~ qarTuli saxelmwifos

yovelwliurad dagesvlis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifos waqcevas da misi teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevas

cdilobda. aseT fonze, bunebrivia qarTuli politikuri az-

ris mesveurTa winaSe mTeli principulobiT dadga sakiTxi:

1)rogor moqceodnen Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb osebs; 2)ra meqa-

nizmiT moexdinaT axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los dasangrevad amoqmedebuli ucxo saxelmwifosgan marTva-

di osuri separatizmis SeCereba; 3) osuri baciliT daavadmyo-

febuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sxeulis samudamod gan-

sakurneblad da mis gadasarCenad, qveynis xelisuflebas ro-

gori saxis `samkurnalo malamo~ unda gamoeyenebina. aRniSnu-

li sakiTxebi im periodis qarTuli politikuri azris mesve-

urTa farTo msjelobis sagans warmoadgenda. presis fur-

clebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis avtorebi TavianT mo-

sazrebebs yovelgvari dafarvis gareSe ambobdnen. imavdrou-

lad Seqmnili urTulesi situaciidan gamosavali gzebisa da

saSualebebis Ziebas cdilobdnen. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul in-

teress gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ axalgorelis fsevdonimiT ga-

moqveynebuli werili `osuri safrTxe~ iqcevs. `ra vuyoT im

xalxs — kiTxulobs avtori, — romelic sargeblobs Cvens res-

publikaSi yovelgvari priveligiebiT, ar ixdis saxelmwifo

gadasaxads, ar icavs Cvens teritorias, Cvens respublikas da

romelic mudam mzad aris garedan momdgar... mters Seuer-

Tdes, Rvaros qarTveli jariskacis... sisxli, agviwiokos sof-

lebi da qalaqebi, miitacos Cveni moqalaqis sarCo-sabadebe-

li? es kiTxva Cvens winaSe pirvelad ar ismis, magram samwuxa-

rod, dRemdis ver mogvixerxebia misi jerovnad gadaWra, ro-

gorc amas Cveni xalxis sasicocxlo interesebi, respublikis

keTildReoba da misi uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa gvikarna-

xebs.~ qveynis winaSe mdgomi am urTulesi problemis gadauW-

relobis erT— erT ZiriTad mizezs werilis avtori damnaSave

osebis sanimuSod dausjelobaSi xedavda. aqedan gamomdinare,

igi xelisuflebis winaSe savsebiT logikurad svamda ritori-

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kul SekiTxvas: `rodemdis unda gagrZeldes aseTi mdgomareo-

ba. damokles maxviliviT rodemdis unda gvekidos osoba? ro-

demdis unda daiRvaros qarTveli xalxis SvilTa sisxli?

mzadyofnaSi rodemdis unda viyolioT SeiaraRebuli Zalebi

gaTavxedebuli osi brboebis mosagerieblad?... erTxel da sa-

mudamod... unda SevignoT, rom mters mtrulad moveqceT.

osebs unda vagrZnobinoT, rom Tu Cvens miwa— wyalze cxovre-

ba surT, movaleobac unda ikisron samSoblos winaSe, rom Cven

maTTvis mudam Ralatis patieba ar SegviZlia.~

SekiTxvis formiT gamoTqmuli es aRSfoTeba savsebiT

kanonzomieri iyo, radgan 1918-1920 wlebis CaTvliT, saqar-

Tvelos osebis `namoRvawari,~ sabWoTa ruseTis agenturisa da

mis mier SekveTili antiqarTuli davalebebis aRsrulebisaT-

vis brZolis CarCoSi Tavsdeboda. bunebrivia, es faqtori qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garantiis Sesaqmnelad sa-

Tanado meqanizmis gamoZebnis aucileblobas moiTxovda. aseT

saSualebad, imave statiis avtors osuri sakiTxis dauyovneb-

livi gadawyveta miaCnda. `Cven erTxel da samudamod unda mo-

viSoroT osuri safrTxe, — werda igi — Tu mSvidobiani cxov-

reba gvinda.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qarTuli politikuri azris

mesveurebi qveynis SigniT mSvidobiani cxovrebis Seqmnasa da

stabilurobas, osuri safrTxis mocilebas ukavSirebdnen. ra-

dikalizmiT Sezavebuli aseTi Tvalsazrisi wiTel zolad gas-

devda osebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi XX saukunis 20-iani wle-

bis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis umete-

sobas. misi avtorebi erTxel kidev xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis, saqarTvelosaTvis rogorc

zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gazeT `sa-

xalxo saqmeSi~ dabeWdili mowinave werili `kmara!~ gamoirCe-

va. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSi osebis mier qveyni-

sa da qarTveli eris sawinaaRmdegod gaweul saqmianobis ana-

lizis safuZvelze zemoaRniSnuli statiis avtori mkiTxvel

sazogadoebas erTxel kidev Seaxsenebda, rom osebis mxridan

saqarTvelo zaralis mets arafers iRebda, rom maTdami samsa-

xuri qveynis xazinas udidesi Tanxa ujdeboda. `araviTari

sargebloba maTgan da auarebeli xarjebi... maswavleblebis

jamagirs — vkiTxulobT werilSi — iReben saqarTvelos xazi-

nidan; eqimebis, ferSlebis, samkurnalo punqtebis xarji... go-

ris samazro erobas awveba kiserze. vin mosTvlis, osebis moT-

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xovnilebaTa dakmayofileba raoden fulad ujdeba saqarTve-

los. miaqcieT yuradReba imasac, rom revoluciis yoveli Se-

naZeni farTod gamoiyenes Tavis sasargeblod saqarTvelos

wyalobiT. maTSi farTod ganxorcielda kulturuli avtono-

mia isev da isev saqarTvelos xarjiT~ [10].

aRniSnul amonawerSi motanili faqtebi imis damadastu-

rebelia, rom saqarTveloSi Semoxiznuli ucxo tomis warmo-

madgenlebi qarTvelma erma, misi istoriis umZimes periodSi-

ac ar daiviwya, SesaZleblobis farglebSi qveynis mwiri xazi-

nidan osebis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miz-

niT uwyvet dafinansebas axorcielebda. amis dadasturebas

sruliad saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa II yrilobis (1921 wlis 9

ianvari) stenografiuli angariSi warmoadgens. am dokumenti-

dan irkveva, rom im etapze, saqarTveloSi 48 osuri skola ar-

sebobda. maSin rodesac Crdilo oseTSi am mimarTulebiT sab-

WoTa ruseTs nabijic ar hqonda gadadgmuli. miuxedavad ami-

sa, qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi osebma umadurobis saocari ma-

galiTi gamoavlines. amasTan dakavSirebiT, angariSgasawevi

mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli Jurnal `mxedarSi~ dabeWdil publi-

kaciaSi `umadurni.~ misi avtori saTanado faqtebze dayrdno-

biT da qarTvelTa stumarTmoyvareobis fonze ganixilavs `sa-

qarTvelos kalTas~ TavSefarebuli osebis umadurobas. am

fonze, Tavis Sexedulebas Semdegi formiT gadmoscems: `ro-

gorc kerZo ojaxs, ise sazogadoebas da saxelmwifosac hyavs

amagis daunaxveli umaduri wevrebi. aseT xalxs fiandazadac

rom daefinoT, mTeli sacxovrebeli rom zed gadaagoT, mala-

mod rom waecxoT, ukanaskneli puris lukmac rom SesTavazoT,

maT garecxil guls ver moigebT, maTi gamgelebuli mada ganu-

zomelia... utifrobamde misulma osebma kadnierebaSi orives

(somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs S.v.) gadaaWarbes. osebi Cvens

samSoblos Tavis kalTaze hyavs gazrdili. ucxo qveynidan ta-

barukad gadmosuli osoba Cvens qveyanas Tavis gulSi dausax-

lebia, Semouxiznavs, patronoba da mzrunveloba ar mouklia,

qarTlis saukeTeso adgil-mamuli dauTmia, magram maT gaqsu-

ebul guls dRemde umadurobis meti araferi gamouCenia. sa-

qarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam osebs sakuTrebad

qarTlis saukeTeso adgilebi gadasca, sruluflebian moqa-

laqeebad gaxada, gaadamianebis gzaze daayena, kulturuli

winsvlisaTvis gza gauxsna, magram mgeli mainc tyisken iyure-

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ba da moxerxebul dros SeurCevs xolme, rom qurdulad, ava-

zakurad daeces mSvidobian mcxovrebT, daawiokos da daarbi-

os igi~ [8, 2] .

vinc demokratiuli saqarTvelos arsebobis wlebSi

osebis mier qarTul saxelmwifosTan da mis mosaxleobasTan

mimarTebaSi Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebebs safuZvlianad

icnobs dameTanxmeba, rom osebis rogorc umaduri, sikeTis

verdamnaxveli, mtacebeli da sxvis gasaubedureblad mudam-

Jams iaraRSemarTuli eTnikuri warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb ze-

moT motanili daxasiaTeba, TiTqmis srulyofil saxes ata-

rebs. roca saxelmwifos sasazRvro zolSi da mis `gulSi~ kom-

paqturad dasaxlebuli aseTi eTnikuri umciresobebi arse-

bobs, qveynis xelisuflebas maTdami damokidebulebis sakiT-

xSi Sesatyvisi politikuri kursi unda qondes SemuSavebuli.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri saxelmwifo mudamJams sao-

mar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. swored es garemoeba qonda

mxedvelobaSi aRniSnuli statiis avtors, roca osebis misa-

marTiT werda: `qarTvelebis mxridan Sewyaleba usazRvroa,

magram dee igrZnon garewrebma, rom qarTul demokratias saT-

noeba-siyvarulisa da mzrunvelobis garda SeuZlian mrisxa-

neba da SurisZiebac. Tuki umadurni droulad gons ar mov-

len, vidre isini ar gaxdebian Rirsi demokratiuli respubli-

kis mzrunvelobisa da Sewyalebisa~ [8, 2] .

es imas niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi anarqiis Semqmneli da mo-

Zalade osebisadmi raime saxiT mzrunvelobaze, an mis Sewya-

lebaze xelisuflebas uari unda eTqva. erovnuli saxelmwi-

fos interesebidan gamomdinare, civilizebuli qveynebisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli kanonmdeblobiT emoqmeda da osebis na-

moqmedarisaTvis Sesatyvisi saxeli daerqmia. am pozicias

icavda gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mowinave statiac

`isev osebze.~ `im adamianebs, romelTac am ori wlis ganmavlo-

baSi— vkiTxulobT werilSi — araviTari vali ar mouxdiaT

respublikis winaSe, Cveni mSvidobiani damokidebulebis bo-

rotad gamoyeneba surT. dRes respublikam unda sTqvas —`kma-

ra!~— da mTeli Tavisi siZlieriT Seagnebinos TavaSvebul

brboebs Tu ras niSnavs respublikaSi wesrigis dacva da moqa-

laqis elementaruli movaleobis asrulebis saWiroeba. res-

publikis mTavroba valdebulia erTxel da samudamod alag-

mos qveynis moRalateebi, bolo mouRos am vandeas. is mkacri

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zomebi, romelsac Cveni respublika iZulebuli xdeba mesamed

mimarTos ajanyebuli osebis asalagmavad, iqneba wminda Tav-

dacviTi aqti CrdiloeTidan SemoWrili mtris winaarmdeg. es

iqneba moZaladeebTan da mtarvalebTan brZola adgilobriv

mcxovrebTa dasacavad, respublikis da demokratiis gadasar-

Cenad~ [4] .

am vrceli amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, saqar-

Tvelos xelisuflebis mxridan osebTan mimarTebaSi gatare-

buli nebismieri sadamsjelo RonisZieba gamarTlebuli iyo

Tundac im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom igi CrdiloeTi-

dan SemoWrili mtrisadmi Rirseulad daxvedras, misi mxar-

damWeri osuri mosaxleobis alagmvas da qveynis usafrTxoe-

bis garantiis Seqmnas emsaxureboda. saqarTvelos garSemo,

gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTidan (azerbaijanidan) da Crdilo-

eTidan im etapze Seqmnili realuri safrTxe, qveynis xeli-

suflebis winaSe principuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis auci-

leblobis sakiTxs ayenebda. am SemTxvevaSi ormagi standartis

kursis gatareba dauSvebeli iyo, radgan aseT politikur

kurss, qveyana savalalo mdgomareobamde SeiZleba mieyvana. es

safrTxe, maSindeli qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebs

SesaniSnavad hqondaT gacnobierebuli.

Tu ramdenad rTul da mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda am

TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo, amis sailustraciod saqarTve-

los social- demokratiuli muSaTa partiis meore yrilobaze

(1920 wlis 13-19 ivnisi) n.Jordanias mier gakeTebuli moxsene-

ba gamodgeba. mmarTveli politikuri partiisa da sakanon-

mdeblo organos pirveli rigis amocanad, n.Jordania qveynis

damoukideblobisaTvis saZirkvelis gamagrebas da Sinauri

mtrebis dauyovnebliv daTrgunvas miiCnevda. am fonze, damo-

ukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinaur mtrebSi igi bolSevikebs, rus

social-demokratebs, rus eserebs, rus socialist-revolu-

cionerebs, daSnakcuTiunis partias da osebs asaxelebda. mi-

sive TqmiT, saqarTvelos SigniT osebi ajanyebebsa da arev-da-

revas im mizniT awyobdnen, rom saqarTvelo damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo ar yofiliyo da ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi darCe-

niliyo. `gvipirebdnen gadagdebas im aboboqrebul okeaneSi —

ambobda n.Jordania, — romelsac ruseTi winad warmoadgenda

da axlac warmoadgens. amaTTan brZola... dResac ar aris dam-

Tavrebuli. isini Tumc arian damarcxebulni... magram ar yrian

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farxmals da brZolas ganagrZoben. miuxedavad amisa, isini

dRes ise saSiSni aRar arian, rogoric iyvnen winad, roca Cvens

damoukideblobas Ziri momagrebuli ar hqonda~ [11, 28] .

qveynis pirveli piris mier gakeTebuli aseTi saxis gan-

cxadeba, xelisuflebis mxridan osebTan mimarTebaSi loia-

luri kursis radikalizmiT Secvlis garduvalobaze mianiS-

nebda. qveynisaTvis mosalodneli qaosis im etapze acileba,

politikuri situaciis Sesatyvisi pragmatuli nabijis gadad-

gmaze iyo damokidebuli. am TvalsazrisiT Tuki ganvixilavT

im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebul publikaciebs,

yuradRebis centrSi gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mowinave

werili `kmara!~ moeqceva. `kmara! saqarTvelos aRar SeuZlia

zurgs ukan gamudmebiT iyolios SeiaraRebuli moRalate. ke-

Tili sityva— vkiTxulobT werilSi — uqmi yofila maTTvis,

lmobiereba da kacTmoyvareoba aTavxedebs maT da Cveni sisus-

tis niSnaT miaCniaT. saukunod unda davukargoT Ralatis yo-

veli xalisi. amas moiTxovs marto Cveni Sinauri myudroeba ki

ara, gareSe safrTxis Tavidan acilebac rokis uReltexilis

mxridan. Cven davumtkiceT osebsac da mTel qveyanasac Cveni

lmobiereba, kacTmoyvareoba, Sebralebis da Sewyalebis una-

ri. Cveni morigi valia davumtkicoT yvelas, rom revoluciisa

da respublikis dacvis saqmeSi saWiro simtkicis gamoCenis

unarica gvaqvs~ [12] . yoveli wlis zafxulobiT rokis xeobi-

dan Camosuli SeiaraRebuli osebis cxinvalze Tavdasxma da

mSvidobiani mosaxleobis Zarcva rom aRekveTaT, qarTulma

politikurma elitam sauReltexilo xeobebSi arsebuli osu-

ri soflis mosaxleobis ayra da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi

Casaxleba erTad— erT gamosaval saSualebad miiCnia. rac See-

xeba osebis namosaxlars, qarTuli politikuri azris mesveu-

rebi am adgilebSi mTis qarTuli mosaxleobis Casaxlebis mi-

zanSewonilobas dasabuTebuli formiT ayenebdnen. es sakiTxi

mTeli principulobiT osi social-demokratebis Tbilisis

1920 wlis 21 seqtembris TaTbirze al.lomTaTiZis mier iqna

dasmuli. misi mtkicebiT, saqarTvelios respublikis usaf-

rTxoebis mizniT, aucileblobas CrdiloeTis sazRvrebis ga-

magreba warmoadgenda. igi os social-demokratebs pirdapir

afrTxilebda: `Tqven unda SeurigdeT im faqts, rom dReidan

rokis yeli unda Cabardes saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

ideiis matarebel xalxs. ramdenadac am sakiTxs pirvelxaris-

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xovani mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos respublikis dacvaSi, am

respublikis dacvas gvavalebs Cveni dRevandeli saerTaSori-

so mdgomareoba~ [13]. es imas niSnavda, rom Sida qarTlis mTia-

ni zolidan (ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvris zona) osebi unda

aesaxlebinaT da saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi daesaxlebinaT,

xolo gamoTavisuflebul adgilebze qarTuli mosaxleoba

damkvidrebuliyo.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis mier damoukidebeli sa-

qarTvelos winaarmdeg mowyobilma mudmivma ajanyebebma, mSvi-

dobiani mosaxleobis Zarcvam da qveynis momavali bedis kiT-

xviTi niSnis qveS dayenebam, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxva

alternativa ar dautova. aRniSnuli sakiTxi am kuTxiT unda

iqnas ganxiluli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki demokratiuli saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebas arahumanuri pozicii-

dan miudgebian, aseTma `Semfaseblebma~ pasuxi unda gascen

kiTxvas; 1918- 1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos osebis mier Cadenili

danaSaulis msgavs qmedebas rogor Sexvdeboda dasavleT ev-

ropis civilizebuli qveynebis da Tu gnebavT igive sabWoTa

ruseTis xelisufleba. problemis ganxilva da misi Sefaseba

im periodis saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da qarTveli eris

erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda

moxdes da ara sabWouri, an separatistuli zedapiruli ideo-

logiis mxardamWerTa mixedviT.

warsulis mZime gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-

los xelisufleba im etapze ramdenadac sxva gamosavals ver

xedavda, CrdiloeTis sazRvrispira zolidan mTis osebis mo-

cileba da saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi gadasaxleba— qveynis-

Tvis usafrTxoebis Seqmnis erTad- erT saSualebad miiCnia.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi im etapze imdenad mwvaved idga, rom igi

qveynis Tavdacvis sabWos sagangebo msjelobis sagani gaxda.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samxedro saministros generalur StabSi

gamarTuli respublikis Tavdacvis sabWos 1920 wlis 18 ivni-

sis sxdoma, romelmac Sida qarTlis mTis osur mosaxleobas-

Tan mimarTebaSi Sesabamisi dadgenileba miiRo. es dokumenti,

19 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadaegzavna. `saidumlod.

friad saswrafod. samxrdro saministros generaluri Stabis

ufrosi 1920 w. 19 ivnisi. mTavrobis saqmeTa sammarTvelos. ga-

axlebT saTanado gankargulebisaTvis respublikis Tavdacvis

sabWos ama wlis 18 ivnisis dadgenilebas.

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moismines: saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis Tavmjdoma-

ris v. jurelis moxseneba oseTSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb.

daadgines: 2. a) sofeli roki sruliad moispos garda sa-

napiro jarebis binebisa; b) oseTidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi (dva-

leTSi) gadasasvleli yvela gzebi garda mamisonisa afeTqebiT

iqnas sabolood gafuWebuli; g) ayril da Crdilo kavkasiaSi

wasul osebs ar mieces ukan dabrunebis neba. im osebs, romleb-

mac Cvendami loialoba gamoiCines, TavianT soflebSi darCe-

nis neba mieces. xolo saeWvo pirebs, mTavrobis gankargule-

biT respublikis sxva raionebSi gadasaxlebis saSualeba mie-

ces; d) srulebiT gadasaxlebuli iqnas javis midamoebis osebi

(liaxvisa da facis xeobebi) da maT magier es adgilebi miwaT-

moqmedebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebios gankargule-

biT dasaxlebuli iqnes qarTvelebiT; e) ar daubrundes osebs

CamorTmeuli pirutyvi; v) yovelgvari zarali, romelic mi-

adga samxedro moqmedebebiT Cvens momxre osebs, anazRaurdes

respublikis xazinidan; z) ltolvil osebs, romlebic Cvens

teritoriaze amJamad imyofeba, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

gankargulebiT daxmareba mieces da erobaTa kavSiris gankar-

gulebiT isini Casaxlebuli iqnan respublikis sxva terito-

riaze. generali g.zaqariaZe.~

am dokumentis mkacri tonis miuxedavad, masSi kargad

Cans, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba ebrZoda ara saerTod

osebs, aramed mxolod im osebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos winaaRmdeg mowyobili oTxgzis ajanyebiT, Sida

qarTlis qarTvelTa genocidisa da eTnowmendis mcdelobi-

dan gamomdinare, qveynis winaSe Ralatis tolfasi danaSauli

qonda Cadenili. am SemTxvevaSi, respublikis Tavdacvis sabWo-

sa da qarTuli politikuri speqtris (sakanonmdeblo organo-

sa da qveynis mTavrobis) pozicia identuri iyo. problemisad-

mi aRniSnuli formiT midgomis amosaval safuZvels— saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis

SenarCunebis, Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis usafrTxo-

ebisa da misi Rirsebis dacvis garantiis Seqmna warmoadgenda.

rac Seexeba osTa namosaxlarze qarTvelTa Casaxlebas,

am process miwaTmoqmedebis saministros agrarul ganyofi-

lebasTan Seqmnili gadasaxlebis qveganyofileba xelmZRvane-

lobda. mosaxleobis Sesabamis adgilebze Casaxlebis proce-

sis zedamxedvelobas, damfuZnebeli krebis wevris l. JRentis

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TavmjdomareobiT Seqmnili adgilobrivi komisia axorcie-

lebda. miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan arsebuli gadasaxle-

bis ganyofilebis mier, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi gag-

zavnili 1920 wlis 24 ivlisiT daTariRebuli dokumentiT ir-

kveva, rom javis raionSi axladCasaxlebuli qarTvelebi, ose-

bisagan Tavdausxmelobis garantiiT ar iyvnen dazRveulni, mi-

Tumetes, wunarisa da yornisis TemebSi osi SeiaraRebuli ya-

CaRebi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen. `amnair pirobebSi — vkiTxu-

lobT dokumentSi — ara Tu gadasaxlebulebi, adgilobrivi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebic SiSoben darCenas da Tu administra-

ciis gaZlierebas ar mieqca seriozuli yuradReba, erT mSve-

nier dRes gadasaxlebulebica da adgilobrivi mkvidri qar-

Tveli mcxovreblebic daiZvrebian iqedan.~ mosalodneli sir-

Tuleebis acilebis mizniT, miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan

arsebuli sagadasaxlebo ganyofileba, Sinagan saqmeTa sami-

nistros winaSe principulad ayenebda sakiTxs: a)zemoaRniS-

nul soflebSi momxdariyo administraciisa da miliciis Za-

lebis dauyovneblivi gaZliereba; b)Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-

tros eSuamdgomla samxedro saministrosTan, raTa arsebuli

sajariso SenaerTebi damatebiTi kontigentiT gaezarda da

javis xeobaSi qarTvelTa Casaxlebis damTavrebamde hyoloda

[14, 277; 327].

es faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom im etapze osuri saf-

rTxe jer kidev arsebobda da misi SeCereba mxolod Zalismie-

ri meTodis demonstrirebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba

osebis sagadasaxlebo politikas, am sakiTxis dasmis inicia-

torad saqarTvelos xelisufleba namdvilad ar CaiTvleba.

igi TviT osebidan momdinareobs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1919

wlis 20 seqtembers sof. javaSi gamarTuli osebis VIII yrilo-

bis mier miRebuli dadgenileba. am dokumentis mixedviT, yri-

lobam osebis erovnul sabWos daavala, eSuamdgomla saqar-

Tvelos xelisuflebis winaSe, raTa mciredi mamulebis mqone

mTis osebi qveynis im adgilebSi gadaesaxlebinaT, sadac isini

SedarebiT ufro met miwas miiRebdnen.[15] aRniSnuli dadgeni-

leba, romelic osebis gadasaxlebas exeba, bolSevikebis mxri-

dan yuradRebis miRma Segnebulad iqna datovebuli. magram,

roca igive sakiTxi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam qveynis usaf-

rTxoebidan gamomdinare winaplanze wamoswia, qarTvelma

bolSevikebma f.maxaraZis meTaurobiT aJiotaJi atexa da da-

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moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba `kacTmoZule~ politi-

kuri kursis gamtareblad gamoacxada.[16, 125] rogorc yovel-

Tvis, am SemTxvevaSiac qarTveli bolSevikebi saqarTveloSi

mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis obieqtur

analizs Segnebulad gaurbodnen, TavianT Sexedulebebsa da

daskvnebs sabWouri ideologiisaTvis misaReb formebSi sTa-

vazobdnen mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. gverds uvlidnen im faqts,

rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis agraruli reformis proeq-

ti, mciremiwiani glexebis sxva adgilebSi— Tavisufal miwebze

Casaxlebas iTvaliswinebda. am reformas, ekonomikurTan er-

Tad, politikuri mxarec gaaCnda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs res-

publikis sazRvrispira auTvisebel miwebze qarTveli glexe-

bis Casaxlebisa da qarTuli soflebis Seqmnis idea. exeboda

ra aRniSnul sakiTxs, miwaTmoqmedebis ministri n.xomeriki

xazgasmiT werda: `ganapira adgilebi yvela TiTqmis uklebliv

dasaxlebulia araqarTuli elementebiT, romelnic... xSirad

mtrul ganwyobilebas iCenen respublikisadmi, dawyebuli me-

xadiridan, respublika rkaliviT garsSemortymulia an ucxo

tomis xalxiT, an kidev iseTebiT, romelnic SegnebiT qar-

Tvelni ar arian da arc mainca da mainc siyvaruls iCenen Cveni

kulturisa da saxelmwifosadmi. amitom, saqarTvelos karebi

Tu gnebavT mudam Riaa momxdurTaTvis.~ amis realur dadas-

turebas 1918-1920 wlebis mimdinare movlenebi warmoadgenda.

aseT pirobebSi myofi qveynis mdgomareobis nawilobrivi ga-

mosworebis SesaZleblobas, n.xomerikis azriT sagadasaxlebo

politikis gatareba Seqmnida. `gadasaxlebis politika — am-

bobda igi — saSualebas mogvcems es mdgomareoba cotaTi ma-

inc gamovasworoT da saxelmwifos sazRvarze daraji davaye-

noT... saWiroa mxolod iq ucxo tomelTa dena Sewydes da maT

magier qarTvel umiwawylo glexs mieces mamuli Tavis qveyana-

Si~ [17, 357].

am metad mniSvnelovani reformis pirvel safexurs— ra-

Wis, duSeTisa da ozurgeTis mazrebidan gadmosaxlebuli qar-

Tvelebis javis xeobaSi Casaxlebis procesis dawyeba warmoad-

genda. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi `saqarTve-

lo~ statiaSi — `javis xeoba,~ gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

mTis macxovrebel gudamayar-moxeveebis 80 ojaxis am xeobaSi

Casaxlebis faqtze amaxvilebda. imavdroulad, mkiTxvel sa-

zogadoebas maTis mxridan tradiciulad maRali meomruli

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suliskveTebis faqtebs Seaxsenebda da dasZenda: gudamayar-

moxeveebs `gmiruli warsuli aqvs, CrdiloeTidan Semosuli

mtris damarcxebaSi da ukuqcevaSi awmyoSiac isaxeles Tavi...

warsul saukuneebSi mTis xalxi rusebs ebrZoda da maTi saqar-

Tvelodan garekva surda... axlandel droSi mTiel-moxeveebis

gadmosaxlebas javis xeobaSi msgavsi istoriuli mizani aqvs.

es mTis arwivni ampartavanni da avgulni gadmoasaxla Cvenma

mTavrobam im mizniT, rom daicvan CrdiloeTis mtris Semose-

visagan osebisgan dacarielebuli javis xeoba.~ aRniSnuli

amonaweri imis damadasturebelia, rom javis xeobaSi saqar-

Tvelos xelisufleba ZiriTadad mxolod im qarTvelobas asa-

xlebda, romlebSiac soflis meurneobis gaZRolisa da meom-

ris suliskveTeba erTmaneTTan iyo Sexamebuli. am gegmis gan-

xorcielebaSi xedavda CrdiloeTis sasazRvro zolis gamag-

rebis SesaZleblobas. meore mxriv, igi imazedac miuTiTebs,

rom maSindeli qarTuli politikuri azri, saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebis am politikuri kursis mxardamWeris rolSi gamo-

dioda.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis usafrTxoebis Seqmnis

mizniT, erovnuli ideiiT datvirTuli zemoaRniSnuli re-

formis —sagadasaxlebo politikis erT-erT Stos, osebis saz-

Rvrispira zolidan asaxleba da qveynis sxva regionSi Casax-

leba warmoadgenda. am proceduris praqtikulad ganxorcie-

lebis pirvelsave etapze, qarTvelma bolSevikebma erTi aur-

zauri atexes— saqarTvelos xelisuflebas osebis borCalosa

da yaraiazSi Casaxleba aqvs gadawyvetilio. saxelmwifos es

politikuri kursi, maTi mxridan damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los mTavrobis ara marto dausabuTebeli kritikis, aramed

ganqiqebis sagani gaxda. XX saukunis 20- iani wlebis qarTveli

bolSevikebis Tvalsazriss sabWouri istoriografiac icav-

da. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas a.surgulaZis mosaz-

reba iqcevs. `menSevikebma — wers igi — ...miznad daisaxes ose-

Tidan mkvidri macxovreblebis savsebiT ayra da yaraiazis

velze gadasaxleba. es iyo saSineli gegma, romelic oseTis mo-

saxleobas ganadgurebas uqadda~ [18, 23- 24]. am striqonebis av-

tori istoriis totalur gayalbebas axdens; a)rogorc aRniS-

nuli gvqonda, saqarTvelos xelisufleba, ajanyebaSi monawi-

le Sida qarTlis mTiani osuri soflebis macxovrebelTa ga-

dasaxlebis sakiTxs ayenebda dRis wesrigSi da ara oseTis, ro-

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melic ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyo da romelze-

dac saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda; b)saqarTve-

los sazRvrispira zolSi mcxoverbi osebis yaraiazis velze

Casaxleba, oseTis mosaxleobas veranair safrTxes ver Seuq-

mnida. es yalbi Sexeduleba, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTa-

vrobis maqsimalur diskreditaciaze iyo gaTvlili. winaaR-

mdeg SemTxvevaSi a. surgulaZesa da sxvebs, ramdenime sityviT

mainc unda eTqvaT, rom imave yaraiazSi 1920 wels Casaxlebuli

qarTvelebisgan sami axali qarTuli sofeli — `Zmoba,~ `erTo-

ba,~ da `Tavisufleba~ Seiqmna, romlebsac 3368 desetina miwis

farTobi eWira [19, 315]. agraruli reformis am kursTan mimar-

TebaSi n.xomeriki ambobda: `dasaxleba im adgilebSi sadac Ta-

visufali miwebia, saSualebas miscems saxelmwifos ufro mi-

zanSewonilad gamoiyenos mravali aTasi adamianis Sroma da

qveynis bunebrivi simdidre. ekonomiurad es respublikas Zli-

er gaamagrebs~[18, 23]. osebis sagadasaxlebo politikas, swo-

red am principiT ganixilavda gazeTi `klde~ 1920 wels gamoq-

veynebul statiaSi — `osebis ajanyebis gakveTili.~ aRniSnul

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Tavis pozicias igi Semdegnairad aya-

libebda: `zurgidan osebs SeuZliaT muSaoba da maTi ekonomi-

uri unari gamosayenebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, magram politi-

kuri upiratesobani Cvens xalxzed rac eZleodaT rusebisa da

Cveni mTavrobisagan — yovlad dauSvebelia.~

erovnul-demokratebis mxridan saqarTvelos xelisuf-

lebisadmi gamoTqmul am sayvedurSi simarTlis marcvali iyo

Cadebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: 1) osebis kulturuli da eko-

nomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, qveynis saxel-

mwifo xazinidan gaRebuli didZali dafinanseba; 2) 1918— 1919

wlebis osebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi permanentuli ajanyebe-

bis Sedegad, damnaSave osi mosaxleobis sanimuSod dausjelo-

ba da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos erTguli moqalaqeebisadmi

uflebrivad maTi gaTanabreba. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier

osebTan mimarTebaSi daSvebuli es `Secdoma,~ imave qarTuli

politikuri azris warmomadgenelTa mixedviT, qveynis agra-

rul proeqtSi Cadebuli osebis sagadasaxlebo politikuri

kursis praqtikulad dawyebiT iqna gamosworebuli.

amrigad, 1) saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier osebTan

mimarTebaSi gatarebuli sasikeTo RonisZiebebis (miwis, tyis,

saZovrebis gadacema, osuri skolebis Seqmna) sapasuxod, ose-

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bis mxridan 1918-1920 wlebSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma `Sidajvarosnulma

laSqrobebma,~ qarTuli politikuri azris liderTa Soris

osebi qveynis danamat parazitebad warmoaCina. osebis namoqme-

daris safuZvlianma analizmma, qarTuli politikuri speq-

tris winaSe kanonzomierad dasva sakiTxi — riT iyo ganpirobe-

buli osebis mxridan qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli siZulvili,

imsaxurebdnen Tu ara osebi qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis uf-

lebas. qarTvelTa Znelbedobis Jams, osebis oTxgzis ajanye-

bam da qarTuli saxelmwifos dauZlurebis mcdelobam, qar-

Tuli politikuri speqtri osebisadmi gaweuli sikeTis Sec-

domad aRiarebamde miiyvana. am fonze, savsebiT logikuri iyo

erovnul-demokratebis mier gakeTebuli radikaluri gancxa-

deba — `osebi sabediswero muwukia saqarTvelos sxeulze da

igi aucileblad unda moviSoroT;~ 2) rokisa da mamisonis sau-

Reltexilo xeobis osuri mosaxleobisagan gawmenda da sanac-

vlod qarTvelebis Casaxlebis sakiTxis dayeneba, osebisadmi,

rogorc arasaimedo eTnosisadmi undoblobiT iyo ganpirobe-

buli. am SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa ruseTis agenturis mier qarTu-

li saxelmwifos dasangrevad 1918-1920 wlebSi osebisadmi Sek-

veTili da dafinansebuli ajanyebebis faqtebia gasaTvaliswi-

nebeli. osuri safrTxis neitralizebisa da saqarTveloSi

mSvidobiani cxovrebis elementaruli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad,

qarTuli politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi erTaderT ga-

mosavals osebis sanimuSod dasjaSi da qarTuli saxelmwifos

samsaxurSi CayenebaSi xedavda; 3) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

mTavrobis mier osebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli sagadasax-

lebo politika, sabWoTa ruseTidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmi-

sadmi Rirseul daxvedras, misi mxardamWeri osuri mosaxleo-

bis sasazRvro zolidan mocilebas da qveynis usafrTxoebis

garantiis Seqmnas emsaxureboda. osebis mier saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos damoukideblobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebam,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxva alternativa ar dautova.

mis mier gatarebuli radikaluri RonisZiebebi, osuri mosax-

leobis im nawils Seexo, romlebmac qveynis winaSe Ralatis

tolfasi qmedeba Caidina. meore mxriv, sagadasaxlebo poli-

tika, qveynis agraruli reformis erT-erT nawils warmoad-

genda da qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad, osebis Sromis mizan-

mimarTulad gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda.

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. gaz. `erToba~, 1918, 8 agvisto, #166.

2. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 11 ivnisi, #129.

3. gaz. `saxalxo saqme,~ 1920, 11 ivnisi, #847.

4. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, ivnisi, #130.

5. Jurn. `mxedari~, 1920, #27.

6. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 23 maisi, #832.

7. gaz. `klde~, 1920, 14 ivnisi, #26.

8. Jurn. `mxedari~, 1920, #5.

9. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, mariamobiTvis 14, #160.

10. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 13 ivnisi, #849.

11. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio ar qivi,

fondi 1825, aRw. 1, saq. #159.

12. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 13 ivnisi, #849.

13. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 3 oqtomberi, #224.

14. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 1863, aRw. 1, saq. #320. d. WumburiZe, qarTveli xal-

xis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola XX s-is dasaw-

yisSi 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2003.

15. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 25 oqtomberi, #243.

16. g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba

1801-1921 ww. Tb., 1969.

17. a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi revoluciuri moZraobis isto-

riidan saqarTveloSi (1917-1921 ww.), Tb., 1954.

18. n. xomeriki, agraruli reforma da Cveni sasoflo meurne-

oba, Tb., 1920.

19. S. vadaWkoria. qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921

wlebSi, Tb., 2001.

Shota Vadachkoria Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Exile Policy of the Shida Kartli Osetians Living in the Mountains and

Georgian Political Thinking (The 20es of the 20th century)

Summary

On the basis of the documental material it is stated that: 1) The Geor-gian government carried on several positive activities towards the Osetians.

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The government gave the Osetians: lands, wood, pastures, founded Osetian schools. In 1918 – 1920 the Osetians in their turn replied to these positive steps of the government with “inland crusade campaigns” towards the inde-pendent republic. The leaders of the Georgian political thinking saw that the Osetians became the adjunct spongers of the country. After the sound analy-ses of the Osetians’ deeds the political spectrum of Georgia put forward legal questions: Why the Osetians hated Georgians so much? Did the Osetians deserve to live together with Georgians? When Georgians were undergoing the difficulties four rebellions of the Osetians and the attempt of weakening the Georgian state drove the Georgian political elite to acknowledge that their positive step was a mistake. The radical declaration of the National – Democ-ratic Party on this background was completely logical. They declared: “The Osetians are fatal pimple on the body of Georgia and we by all means must get rid of it”. 2) The decision to free gorges of the Roki and Mamisoni passes from the Osetian population and resettle there Georgian population and put this issue forward was determined by untrustworthiness of the Osetians. In this case we must take into consideration the facts of four rebellions ordered and donated in 1918 - 1920 by Soviet intelligent service for destroying the Georgian government. For neutralization of the Osetian threat and for the elementary conditions of living peacefully the representatives of the Georgian political thinking believed the one of the ways out of this difficult situation was to make an example of punishing the Osetians and put them in the ser-vice of the Georgian state. 3) The exile policy of the Osetians carried on by the government of the independent Georgia served to oppose with dignity the expecting attack from the Soviet Russia, to move its adherent Osetian popula-tion living at the border line from this region and thus have the guarantees. After throwing doubts on the independence of the Georgian state, there was not another alternative left for the government of Georgia. Radical activities carried on by the government influenced those part of the Osetian population, who committed actions equal to betrayal. On the second hand, the exile pol-icy was one of the parts of the country’s agrarian reform which aimed to use together with Georgians the labor of the Osetians in purpose.

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nugzar zosiZe

istoriis doqtori, baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-

tis asocirebuli profesori

baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwi-

fod gamocxadda; saqarTvelos samuslimano nawili osmalTa

xelSi iyo 1918 wlis aprilidan. osmaleTisaTvis baTumis olqi

ar warmoadgenda, mxolod, saomar viTarebaSi dakavebul sao-

kupacio zonas, osmaleTis sulTanma mehmed VI, 1918 wlis 15

seqtembers, igi osmaleTis Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada [1,

166]. pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis damarcxebam, regionSi

movlenaTa sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. ami-

tomac saqarTvelosTan misi kvlav dabruneba gaxda erovnul-

saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis amocana da am mimarTulebiT

mniSvnelovani nabijebic gadaidga.

osmaluri okupaciisagan gansxvavebiT, ingliselebis

dros baTumSi politikuri saqmianobisaTvis gacilebiT meti

Tavisufleba igrZnoboda. aman erovnul Zalebs misca SesaZ-

lebloba sacxovreblad aq dabrunebuliyvnen da saqarTvelos-

Tan regionis gaerTianebisaTvis muSaoba uSualod adgilze wa-

remarTaT. samwuxarod, ingliselebma aqcenti Zveli ruseTis

aRdgenisaTvis mebrZol denikinze aiRes da baTumis olqSi aspa-

rezi rusul Sovinistur Zalebs dauTmes. baTumSi denikinelTa

poziciebi imdenad ganmtkicda, rom mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda

arcTu usafuZvlo xmebi moxaliseTa armiaSi olqis srulasako-

van mamakacTa mobilizaciis Sesaxeb. `am xmebis gamo bevr baTu-

mels surs miiRos saqarTvelos qveSevrdomoba@ da amiT daix-

snas Tavi mosalodneli mobilizaciisagano~ — werda polkovni-

ki gedevaniSvili 1919 wlis 7 Tebervals [5, 187].

erTian qarTul cnobierebas amRvrevdnen aq SemorCenili

osmalo agentebic. q. baTumis qarTvelTa erovnuli sabWo,

ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti da samuslimano saqarTvelos

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba warmoadgendnen swored im orga-

nizaciebs, romlebmac didi roli Seasrules samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur da politikur

cxovrebaSi. es patriotuli organizaciebi saqarTvelos

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mTavrobis erovnuli politikis aqtiuri gamtareblebi iyvnen.

Tavis mxriv, mTavroba am organizaciebs finansuradac exmare-

boda, ramac 1918 wlis 25 oqtombridan 1919 wlis 28 agvistom-

de Seadgina 1 milion 975 aTasi maneTi [6, 439].

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mowinaaRmdege-

ebs Soris seriozul Zalas warmoadgenda osmaluri orienta-

ciis `sedai mileTis~ dajgufeba. misi mcdelobiT, pirvelad,

yarsSi gamocxadda samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis islamuri res-

publika, magram am ukanasknelis dacemis Semdeg sedai mileT-

lebis samoqmedo asparezad baTumi iqca.

aWaraSi moqmedi sedai mileTis organizacia Tavisi Semad-

genlobiT gansxvavdeboda yarsis dajgufebisagan. gazeT `sa-

muslimano saqarTvelos~ ganmartebiT aWaris sedai mileTel-

Ta razms umTavresad Seadgendnen osmalo oficrebi, deniki-

nelebi, azerbaijanis da somxeTis agentebi, romelTac mxars

ubamdnen adgilobrivi fanatikosebi da saeWvo warsulis pi-

rebi, agreTve, yaCaRuri bandebi vinme baikoz-oRlis meTauro-

biT [9]. am Zalas garkveuli gavlena hqonda mahmadiani morwmu-

neebis mniSvnelovan nawilze.

sedai mileTis warmateba mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba er-

Tmorwmune osmaleTis farglebSi samuslimano saqarTvelos

avtonomiurad gaerTianebis propagandam, miTumetes, rom es

sakiTxi osmaleTis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis zeda eSelo-

nebSic gaJRerda. 1920 wlis dasawyisSi am qveynis sagareo saq-

meTa uwyebam daadgina, rom baTumis, artaanis da yarsis olqe-

bis mier avtonomiis mopoveba osmaleTis politikuri gavle-

nis farglebSi, Seesabameboda saxelmwifo interesebs da es sa-

kiTxi imsaxurebda Rrma, farTo da yovelmxriv ganxilvas.

amasTan, trapizonis vilaieTis xelmZRvanelobas daevala ba-

Tumel sedaimileTelTa finansuri uzrunvelyofa da imis

garkvevac, ramdenad momzadebuli iyo es sakiTxi, Semdgomi

msjelobisaTvis [4, 34, 56]. avtonomiis droSiT gamovidnen, ag-

reTve, rusi velikoderJavnikebi, azerbaijaneli musavatebi

da somexi daSnakebic. amdenad, avtonomiis ideam garkveulad

moikida fexi samuslimano saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSic.1 sa-

1 saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi baTumis olqis gadmosvlis Semdeg dam-

fuZnebeli krebis prezidiumis mier aq movlinebuli p. geleiSvili

Tavis angariSSi aRniSnavda: pirveli^ rasac aq gaigonebT — aris avto-

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muslimano saqarTvelos momavali politikuri mowyobis sa-

kiTxebi, jer kidev, 1918 wlis dekembris damlevs Camoayaliba

noe Jordaniam Tavis mimarTvaSi mosaxleobisadmi. masSi vkiT-

xulobT: `TviT musulmani qarTvelebis warmomadgenelni ga-

moscemen kanonebs, romliTac isini samuslimano saqarTvelo-

Si Tavis gemoze da Tavisi sindisisamebr moawyoben cxovrebas.

mtkice kanonebiT uzrunvelyofen TavianT sarwmunoebriv uf-

lebebs, moawesrigeben adgilobriv saqmeebs da amiT daamyare-

ben TavianT mSobliur mxareSi bednierebas [11]. Seqmnil viTa-

rebaSi baTumis olqis dedasamSoblosTan umtkivneulod

kvlav dabrunebis procesSi erT-erT realur gzad, rogorc

Cans esec Canda, da qarTul politikaSi administraciuli mow-

yobis am formats mieca upiratesoba.

samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitets

da piradad memed abaSiZes sxva arCevani ar hqondaT, maT unda

daecvaT qarTuli avtonomiis idea da, amgvarad, dapirispire-

bodnen aWaraSi osmalur avtonomias, agreTve, sxva destruq-

ciuli da antiqarTuli Zalebis msgavs dapirebebs. cxadia, es

nabiji idgmeboda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad avtonomiis sakiTxze

samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis

wevrebs Soris ar iyo erTiani azri. magaliTad, haidar da zia

abaSiZeebi saqarTvelos SigniT qarTvelTa avtonomias zedme-

tad Tvlidnen. meore, ufro mravalricxovan nawils ki piri-

qiT miaCnda. amasve iziarebda saqarTvelos respublikis mTar-

vobac. haidar abaSiZis sityviT demokratiuli mTavrobis yve-

laze ufro pasuxismgebeli wevrebi gvarwmunebdnen, rom av-

tonomiur niadagze Cvens muSaobas metis nayofis motana SeuZ-

lia da am gziT ufro advilad movimxrobT samuslimano saqar-

Tvelos umravlesobas saqarTvelosTan SemosaerTeblad. ami-

tom Cven kategoriulad gvirCevdnen ganmaTavisuflebel ko-

mitets mieRo avtonomia da am gziT dagvewyo muSaoba [10].

nomia. didi Tu patara, swavluli Tu uswavleli amiT iwyebs da amTav-

rebs laparaks… Tumca bevrma maTganma arc ki icis ra aris es. ,,poli-

tikuri situacia aWaraSi’’, 1920 w. p. geleiSvilis 1920 w. 8 oqtombris

moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares ~teqsti

gamosces a. silagaZem da v. gurulma, Tb., 1998, gv. 22.

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agreTve, samuslimano saqarTvelosTvis avtonomiis ide-

iT apelirebas garkveulwilad ganapirobebda antantis saxel-

mwifoTa politikac, romelTa winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi da

urTierTdapirispireba xSir SemTxvevaSi am regionSi iCenda

Tavs. amitom̂ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi baTumis olqis av-

tonomiurad gaerTianebis sakiTxis win wamoweva metnaklebad

aneitralebda amave statusiT, an kidev, Tundac sxva formiT

am regionis xelSi Cagdebis mosurne ucxo Zalebis mcdelo-

bebs. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi baTumis olqis avtonomiu-

rad gaerTianebis propagandam mniSvnelovnad Seasusta mowi-

naaRmdege banaki. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia qobuleTis mcxovreb-

Ta pozicia 1920 wlis 9 martis mitingze. misma monawileebma

dainaxes sedai mileTis uperspeqtivoba da zurgi Seaqcies mas.

kidev meti, aqtiur sedaimileTelTa nawili ganudga am dajgu-

febas da miemxro qarTul orientacias.1 Tumca sedai mileTis

sruli neitralizeba ar moxerxda. misi erTi nawili am kuTxis

saqarTvelosTan dabrunebamde — ganagrZobda proTurqul

saqmianobas, rac gamovlinda 1920 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi qarTuli

jaris sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebSi Wvanasa da ColoqTan.

1920 wlis ivlisSi baTumis olqSi qarTuli jarebis Se-

moyvanis Semdeg 1920 wlis 9 agvistos gaimarTa baTumis saqa-

laqo sabWos sxdoma, romelsac qalaqis mouravi gizo anjafa-

riZe uZRveboda. aRniSnul sxdomaze kamaTis sagani gaxda ba-

Tumis olqisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxi. nawili amis

momxre iyo, meoreni ki Tvlidnen, rom amaze saubari jer naad-

revi iyo da am sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta damfuZnebeli

krebis prerogativas warmoadgenda.

SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom rogorc adgilze, aseve, cen-

trSic xSir SemTxvevaSi bundovani warmodgena hqondaT ara

mxolod am kuTxis marTvis avtonomiur formasTan mimarTe-

biT arsebul sakiTxebSi, aramed regionis administraciul

mowyobasTan dakavSirebiTac. Cven ki imas davamatebdiT, rom

1 qobuleTis mitingze sedaimileTlebma ivaldebules, rom 20 dRis

ganmavlobaSi Caatarebdnen axal arCevnebs, denikinelTa rigebidan

gamoiyvandnen yvela qarTvels, ar daemorCilebodnen iq moqmed Te-

Trgvardielebs, agreTve, Sewyvetdnen TanamSromlobas azerbaija-

nis, osmaleTis, somxeTis, bolSevikebis agentebTan, mouspobdnen maT

moqmedebis yovelgvar asparezs da ar aRiarebdnen arc erTi saxel-

mwifo proteqtorats.

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kuTxis administraciuli mowyobis avtonomiuri forma ar

warmoadgenda raRac idealur variants. samwuxarod saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis imJamindeli yofa, didi

amierkavkasiuli politikis CaxlarTulobebi da antantis ga-

marjvebul saxelmwifoTa umwifari xedva amierkavkasiis

axalgazrda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa momavalisadmi, gar-

kveulwilad baTumis olqis qveynis erTian sivrceSi kuTvnili

adgilis kanonzomierad dakavebisasac iCenda Tavs. cxadia,

ZirZvel qarTul miwaze, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba eT-

nikur qarTvelebs warmoadgenda, avtonomiis forma da Sinaar-

si erTmaneTs scildeboda da xelovnurobis maRali xarisxic

saxeze iyo. Uufro marTebuli iqneba es mdgomareoba Sevada-

roT neli moqmedebis naRms, romelic sabednierod arasdros

ar afeTqebula.1

deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebisaTvis brZola regionSi

mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda 1920 wlis adre gazafxulze. es ga-

moiwvia saerTaSoriso arenaze baTumis sakiTxis axalma eska-

laciam. kerZod, Tebervlis dasawyisSi britaneTis sardloba

baTumidan jarebis evakuacias ise Seudga, rom arc ki gamouc-

xadebia Tu vis gadaecemoda qalaqi da olqi. amitom am adgi-

lebSi daiwyo TavSeukavebeli agitacia, erTi mxriv, bolSevi-

kebis, meore mxriv, osmaleTis agentebisa [12]. maT ematebodnen

denikinelebi da sxva. isini cdilobdnen esargeblaT gaurkve-

velobiT da dauflebodnen regions. am mizniT, baTumSi Tavs

uyridnen samxedro Zalas da iaraRs. eweodnen aqtiur propa-

gandas mosaxleobis mimxrobis mizniT. gazeTis cnobiT, pro-

vokatorebi gamalebiT darbian soflidan sofelSi da axal-

gazrdebis sias adgenen. zogs `CauSobas hpirdebian, zogs Jan-

darmobas da zogs vin icis ras. vinc ar Caewereba maT siaSi,

1 aWaris avtonomiis istoriis srulfasovani kvleva ar warmoadgens

Cvens amocanas. Tumca imis Tqma ki saWirod migvaCnia, rom am sakiTxiT

dainteresebul mklevarTa erTi nawili cdilobs baTumis olqis sa-

qarTvelos farglebSi administraciuli mowyobis sakiTxi (avtono-

mia) am kuTxis imJamindel calkeul politikur moRvaweTa, an kidev

maT TanamoazreTa piradi ideebisa da miznebis realizaciis mcdelo-

biT axsnan. Aam SemTxvevaSi, xSirad upirobod aseTad moiazreba samus-

limano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare

memed abaSiZe. aseTi xedva, am uaRresad rTuli sakiTxis gaazrebaSi

arafris momcemi, zerele da subieqturia.

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sxvadasxva sasjeliT emuqrebian. amis gamo xalxi metad aRel-

vebulia~@[15].

marTalia, 20 Tebervals inglisis mTavrobam daadgina ba-

Tumidan jarebis evakuaciis SeCereba, magram amas viTarebis

Secvla aRar SeeZlo. olqi anarqiam da qaosma moicva. aq dato-

vebuli ori inglisuri batalioni ki srulad qalaqsac ver

akontrolebda. saqarTvelos ruspublikis mTavrobamac, ga-

iTvaliswina ra Tavisi istoriuli teritoriebis dakargvis

realuri saSiSroeba, ubrZana SeiaraRebul Zalebs baTumis

olqis sazRvrebSi Sesvla.

am pirobebSi gamoqveynda antantis umaRlesi sabWos 24

Tebervlis gadawyvetileba erTa ligis mandatiT baTumis da-

moukidebeli qalaq-saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. es qarTvel-

ma xalxma Seafasa saqarTvelosgan baTumis Zalismierad mow-

yvetis cdad, ramac mZlavri saprotesto moZraobis azvirTeba

gamoiwvia [9].

protestis niSnad, baTumSi Seikriba muSaTa da moqalaqe-

Ta mravalricxovani mitingi, romlis rezoluciaSi naTqvamia:

`qalaq baTomisagan karikaturuli saxelmwifos Seqmna moaswa-

vebs saqarTvelos demokratiis interesebis fexqveS gaTelvas

da respublikis ekonomikur-politikuri ganviTarebisaTvis

karebis daxSobas. mitingi kategoriulad moiTxovs damfuZne-

beli krebisagan da mTavrobisagan gabedul nabijebs baTomisa

da olqis SemosaerTeblad, xolo didi saxelmwifoebisagan sa-

qarTvelos interesebis swrafad dakmayofilebas~ [9].

antantis umaRlesi sabWos zemoaRniSnuli gadawyveti-

lebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen, agreTve, baTumis qarTvelTa

erovnuli sabWos Tav-re gr. eliava da saqarTvelos social-

demokratiuli partiis baTumis komitetis Tavmjdomare a. wu-

laZe [13].

saprotesto mitingebi Catarda qalaqebSi — TelavSi,

siRnaRSi, gurjaanSi, TianeTSi, duSeTSi, axalqalaqSi, axal-

cixeSi, lanCxuTSi, xonSi, foTSi, abaSaSi, axalsenakSi, vanSi,

soxumSi, agreTve, dabebsa da soflebSic [7, 21-38]. maTi dadge-

nilebebi da rezoluciebi gadaegzavna saqarTvelos mTavro-

bas da mokavSire saxelmwifoebis misiebs TbilisSi.

yvelaze xalxmravali saprotesto gamosvla iyo 1920

wlis 19 marts TbilisSi [14]. masSi monawileobdnen universi-

tetis studentebi, mowafeebi, muSa-mosamsaxureebi, agreTve,

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saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mazrebidan specialurad Camosuli

warmomadgenlebi. manifestantebs mihqondaT erovnuli dro-

Sebi da plakatebi qarTul, inglisur, frangul da rusul

enebze, warwerebiT — `baTumi saqarTvelos karia evropisa-

ken!~@ `baTumi saqarTvelos unda daubrundes!@~ `baTumi—saqar-

Tveloa!~@ `saqarTvelo da aWara ganuyofelia!~ da a.S. vnebaTa-

Relva gadaedo damfuZnebel krebasac, sadac imave 19 marts

ganixiles baTumis problema. moxseneba gaakeTa damfuZnebeli

krebis sagareo saqmeTa komisiis Tavmjdomarem svimon mdivan-

ma. manve ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos jarma ukve daikava ol-

qis nawili, magram saWiroa TviT baTumSi Sesvla [8, 49-54]. igive

moiTxoves sxva deputatebmac. krebam antantis da neitralu-

ri saxelmwifoebis parlamentebs gaugzavna saprotesto mi-

marTvebi.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis az-

riT, baTumis olqi da qalaqi baTumi upirobod unda dabrune-

boda qveyanas. dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli baTumis sazRvao por-

tis, rogorc samxedro bazisa da saqvanaxSire sadguris in-

gliselTa mflobelobaSi datoveba [3, 63].

1920 wlis Teberval-martis dReebSi baTumSi gaaqtiur-

dnen bolSevikebic. denikinelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, maTken

gadaixara baTumis rusuli mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawi-

li. gazeT `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ SefasebiTac leninel-

komunistebs da denikinelebs saerTo mizani amoZravebdaT —

erTiani ruseTis aRdgena, radgan TeTrgvardiulma moZraobam

am amocanas Tavi ver gaarTva, es Zalebi komunistebis banakSi

gadavidneno [17].

bolSevikebi cdilobdnen miemxroT ararusebic, risTvi-

sac iyenebdnen baTumis profkavSirebs. 1920 wlis 29 marts

TviTmmarTvelobis SenobaSi gaimarTa profesiul kavSirTa

warmomadgenlebis konferencia. qveynis interesebs icavdnen

mejlisi da samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli

komiteti. cxare kamaTi gaimarTa konferenciis rezoluciis

garSemo, romelSic dasmuli iyo sabWoTa ruseTTan baTumis

olqis SeerTebis sakiTxi [2, 114].

mosaxleobis saxeliT sityviT gamosulma jemal qiqavam

aRniSna— aWaris mSromelTa masebi Tqven, batono bolSevikebo,

ar gamogyvebaT; me vamtkiceb, rom Tqven Soris ar aris arc er-

Ti qarTveli muslimani da Tu aris vinme muslimani, is aris os-

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maleTidan gamoqceuli avantiuristi, Turqi—panislamisti,

romlebTanac Tqven bloki gaqvT Sekruli da erTad lamobT

Cveni qveynis daRupvas [16].

TvalsaCinod warmoCnda bolSevikebisTvis saimedo da-

sayrdenad miCneuli baTumis profkavSirebis maTi xelidan ga-

moclis aucilebloba. SevniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos mmar-

Tvelma social—demokratiulma partiam sakmaod gvian Seafa-

sa profkavSirebis, rogorc muSaTa gamaerTianebeli organi-

zaciis roli ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi. amis mizezi, ro-

gorc Cans, isic iyo, rom Tavdapirvelad baTumis olqis dab-

runebas varaudobdnen politikuri meTodebiT, magram Semdeg

igi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis problemad gadaiqca. bolSe-

vikebmac isargebles seriozuli konkurentebis aryoliT da

memarcxene eserebTan erTad daepatronen baTumis profkavSi-

rebs, rac naTlad aCvena 1919 wlis pirvelmaisobam, agreTve,

agvistoSi Catarebulma profkavSirebis arCevnebma.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mxolod amis Semdeg gadai-

tana aqcenti dargobriv profkavSirebSi muSaobaze. baTumis

qarTvelTa erovnuli sabWos Sekrebaze mowveulebs daevalaT,

rom profkavSirebSi aerCiaT saTanado gamocdilebis sando

pirebi [5, 231].

gatarebulma RonisZiebebma sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo

1920 wlis 20 ivniss, profkavSirebis baTumis sabWos arCevneb-

Si qarTvelebma damajereblad gaimarjves.

baTumis olqis dabrunebisaTvis brZola ukompromisod

mimdinareobda, saqarTvelo unda gamTlianebuliyo, mTeli

mecadineoba erisa da berisa upirvelesad am mizans unda mom-

saxureboda.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. S. murusiZe, baTumis olqis sakiTxi saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis sagareo politikaSi (1918-1920 ww.),

krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, # 2,

2007.

2. n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 ww., baTumi, 1995.

3. v. nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis

gamo, Tbilisi, 1989.

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198

4. Arsiv basbEakanlik Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, BEO 346469.

5. Борьба за победу Советской власти в Аджарии, Батуми, 1961. 6. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

harvardis mikrofirebis fondi, s. 439.

7. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, ^

fondi #1833,̂ aRw. 1,̂ saq. #852.

8. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, ^

fondi #1883,̂ aRw. 1,̂ saq. #772.

9. Ggaz. saqarTvelos respublika,@^ 1920, #375̂.

10. Ggaz. sabWoTa aWara,@^ 1990, #142̂.

11. Ggaz. saxalxo saqme,̂ 1919, #430̂.

12. Ggaz. erToba,^ 1920, #42̂.

13. Ggaz. erToba,@^ 1920, #66̂.

14. Ggaz. erToba,^ 1920, #65.

15. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^ 1920, #296̂.

16. gaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^ 1920, #328̂.

17. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^ 1920, #31̂.

18. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^ 1920, #341̂.

Nugzar Zosidze Doctor of History, Associate Professor of the

Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Department of History, Archeology and Eth-nology

Batumi District in the first part of year 1920

Summary

In the beginning of 1920, one of the actual subjects of Batumi district

political life was working on it’s administrative suitment. Remarkable is, that from the start there was no common opinion among local national forces, for example Haidar and Zia abashidze were thinking that inside Georgia, Georgian Autonomy was not necessary, but the more numereous part was

thinking otherwise. The appealing of idea of Georgia’s regions autonomy was conditioned

by Antanta countries’ Caucasian politics, which very often came to

contradiction in this Region. We may also say, that as locally, so in the central

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government, they had blur impression of governing form of autonomy as in

Region’s administrative suitment. We would also add, that region’s

administrative suitment’s autonomous form was not an ideal version. Comeback to the motherland in the region became significantly active

in 1920 year’s early spring. This was challanged by escalation of Batumi subject on international arena.

In the conclusion we may say, that the fight for bringing Batumi district back was uncompormising, that was bringing nationally and teritorially

divided Georgia back together.

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nino RambaSiZe,

istoriisA doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis saqarTvelos eTnologiis gan-

yofilebis ufrosi mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli

vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba

vuZRvni yvela im qarTvelis xsovnas, vinc sam-

SobloSi dabrunebis imediT gavida ama soflidan.

`saukunis meoTxedi swavlas movundi da momzadebas sam-

kurnalo da sazogado muSaobisaTvis. meore meoTxedi saukune

movandome samSobloSi muSaobas sneulTa da dasustebulTa

sikvdilis brWyalebidan gamosaglejad. mesame meoTxedi sau-

kunisa, mxolod erTi wlis gamoklebiT JamTa siavem, bunebis

sasjelad marguna ltolvilobaSi es uzenaesi sasjeli — Zvir-

fasi samSoblos moSorebisa...exla, rodesac unda gadavdo am

Cemi didi xnis ganzraxuli muSaobis Sesruleba, saukunis me-

oTxe meoTxedis Sesrulebamde xom ara?! amis ufleba ara maqvs

da arc SemiZlia viqonio...

didi madloba unda Sevswiro uzenaess Zalas, romelmac

amdeni xnis gamZleoba momaniWa.

am dRiuris weras mavalebs Cemi xangrZlivi arseboba am

qveynad da Tanac is garemoeba, rom Cven yvelani Svilni varT

patara da Zvirfasi saqarTvelosi, sadac piradad me ganvle

Segnebuli arsebobis naxevari saukune, sadac yoveldRe Cabmu-

li viyavi mis xilvaSi, grZnobaSi da sazogado cxovrebis ma-

jiscemis Tvalyuris gdebaSi, sadac saerTo mwuxarebas vizia-

rebdi samSoblos tanjvisas yvela Segnebul qarTvelTan er-

Tad da sadac agreTve vmxiarulebdi saerTo misi samxiarulo

wuTebis gancdis dros..~ — werda vaxtang RambaSiZe 1949w. Sot-

landiaSi [3].

1951w. agvistoSi vaxtang RambaSiZe Tavis erT-erT qaliS-

vils, JorJetas kvlav stumrobda kinloxSi, SotlandiaSi. 10

ricxvSi igi gardaicvala. vaxtangi JorJetasa da misi meuRlis

nil stuartis mamulSi dakrZales [2, 1]. ATavidan ki yvelaferi

ase iwyeboda:

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vaxtang RambaSiZe 1872 w. 15/28 aprils zestafonSi, cno-

bili sasuliero pirisa da sazogado moRvawis, dekanoz daviT

(darispan) RambaSiZis ojaxSi daibada*. `did dekanozs~, ro-

gorc mas Tanamedroveebi eZaxdnen, seminariis dasrulebis

Semdeg, didi survili hqonda swavla ucxoeTSi gaegrZelebia

da eqimi gamxdariyo. magram, gabriel episkoposis didi Txov-

nis Semdeg, sasuliero piri gaxda. me ganaTlebuli sasuliero

pirebi mWirdebao — uTqvams gabriel episkoposs. is iseTi pi-

rovnebaa, rom mas uari ver vuTxario-Tavis mxriv uTqvams

ojaxSi daviTs. `sarwmunoebrivi gatacebiT da zneobrivi uze-

naesobiT gamsWvaluli misi arseba momajadoebel gavlenas ax-

denda yvelaze, visac — ki masTan axlo yofna uxdeboda~ — igo-

nebs vaxtangi. mRvdlad kurTxevamde daviT RambaSiZe Tbilis-

Si Cavida da colad aleqsandre yazbegis axlo naTesavi, olRaA

(guranduxt) yazbegi SeirTo. daaxloebiT 1867 w. maT TbilisSi

jvari daiweres da damkvidrdnen zestafonSi, sadac im drois-

Tvis maT garda am dabaSi maWavarianebis ori — sami ojaxi Tu

cxovrobda. rkinigzis gayvanis Semdeg, zestafonSi sicoc-

xles gafurCqvna dauwyia. vaxtangi ojaxSi meore vaJi iyo. igi

wiTel paraskevs dabadebula, rodesac kvercxebs Rebavdnen

Turme. misi pirveli maswavlebeli mama iyo. igi Svils jer qar-

Tulad aswavlida anbans, saRrmTo rjuls da angariSs, Semdeg

ki igives rusulad. vinaidan im dros qarTvelTa garusebis

mizniT mefis ruseTis mTavroba rusulad iTxovda swavlebas,

ymawvili gimnaziaSi garkveuli codniT unda Sesuliyo. wina-

aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, misTvis ganaTlebis kari samudamod dake-

tili iyo.

1880 w. vaxtang RambaSiZe quTaisis progimnaziaSi Sevida.

marTalia progimnaziis yvela klasSi qarTuli, rogorc saga-

ni, kargad iswavleboda, magram moswavleebs Sesvenebaze sas-

tikad ekrZalebodaT erTmaneTSi qarTulad saubari. is, vinc

qarTulad dailaparakebda, mas zedamxedveli ajarimebda da

sajarimo baraTs gadascemda. dajarimebuls unda moexerxebi-

na misi sxvisTvis gadacema. mas, visac dRis bolos sajarimo ba-

raTi aRmoaCndeboda, usadilod tovebdnen. 8 wlis iyo vaxtan-

gi, rodesac am garemoSi aRmoCnda [3]. `gvyavda adamiani, rome-

* gansakuTrebul madlobas movaxsenebT rezo nikolaZesa da nana Ram-

baSiZes mowodebuli masalebisaTvis.

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lsac hqonda gaqaneba Rirsi Cvenis drois udidesi patrioti-

sa...~ [1, 109] `misi patriotuli moRvaweobis Sinaarsi qarTvel

xalxSi saarakod vrceldeboda~ [2, 1] — ase daweren vaxtangze

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. Tavdadebamde misuli erovnuli

gancdebi TiTqosda genetikurad iyo masSi.

8 wlis vaxtangi progimnaziaSi dadgenil wess ar daemor-

Cila. Sesvenebebze qarTulad laparakobda da, miuxedavad imi-

sa rom usadilod rCeboda, arc sxvas gadascemda baraTs. piri-

qiT, mowafeebs amxnevebda ilaparakeT qarTulad, nurafris

SegeSindebaTo. rodesac SimSili gausaZlisi gaxda, igi gimna-

ziasTan axlos, erTi berZenisagan xaWapurs yidulobda. rode-

sac vaxtangis dasjis am meTodma ar gaWra, maSin pedagogi mas

leqsebs da prozaul nawyvetebs azepirebinebda, Tan ori saa-

Tis nacvlad oTx saaTs tovebda mSiers. vaxtangma xerxs mi-

marTAa — Sesvenebebze momavali dRis gakveTilebs amzadebda.

amgvarad, mas laparaki aRar uwevda da Sesabamisad aRarc ja-

rimdeboda. `gakveTilebis gaTavebis Semdeg, nasadilevs aua-

rebeli dro mrCeboda saTamaSod, savarjiSod, saWidaod da

yovelgvar gasarTobisaTvis~. maT Soris musikisaTvis. misi am-

xanagi vano faliaSvili (zaqarias Zma) pianinoze ukravda da am-

xanagebs arTobda.

quTaisis progimnaziis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg,

vaxtang RambaSiZe quTaisis gimnaziaSi Sevida. gimnaziaSi swav-

lis garda, Jurnal `mwyemsis~ daarsebidanve mamas sagamomcem-

lo saqmeSi exmareboda. icoda asoebis awyoba, beWdva da awyo-

bisas gaparuli Secdomebis Sesworeba. iyo imdroindeli sa-

qarTvelos mniSvnelovani kulturuli da politikuri mov-

lenebis saqmis kursSi. misi TqmiT, 13 wlis iyo*, rodesac Tbi-

lisSi dimitri yifiani dakrZales. igi mamis, dekanoz daviTis

monaTxrobs ixsenebs dimitri yifianis dakrZalvis Sesaxeb,

romelic misi didi megobari yofila: `policielebi gadagve-

Robnen~ — uambobda dekanozi meuRles — `da ar gviSvebdnen sa-

saxlisaken kubo wagvesvenebia da iseTi wuTi dadga yvelani ai-

lesnen, damswreTa ukmayofilebas sazRvari ar honda da mec

damaviwyda Cemi xarisxic da anaforac da iseT gunebaze davde-

* Tavis mogonebebSi igi wers, rom dimitri yifianis dakrZalvisas 13

wlis iyo. savaraudod igi 15 wlis unda yofiliyo, vinidan daibada

1872 w., xolo dimitri yifiani 1887w. gardaicvala.

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qi, rom mzad viyavi xelCarTul brZolaSi CavrTuliyavi da

sxvisi iaraRic mexmara... bolos aleqsandre episkoposi miawva

policielebisagan gakrul kedels da jvriT gaapo maTi urCi

winaaRmdegoba~ [3]∗. am epizodSi ori udidesi qarTveli mwer-

lisa da sazoagdo moRvawis sulieri moZRvrebis pirovnuli

Tvisebebi da suliskveTeba Cans. episkoposi aleqsandre (oq-

ropiriZe) saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefed wodebuli wminda

ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis) sulieri moZRvari iyo, xolo `didi

dekanozi~, daviT RambaSiZe, saqarTvelos bulbulad wodebu-

li akaki wereTlis.

davubrundeT quTaisis gimnazias. am gimnaziis direqto-

ri yvela Rones xmarobda, rom qarTveli mowafeebisaTvis xe-

li SeeSala, raTa maT swavlis gagrZeleba veRar moexerxebi-

naT. warCinebuli swavlis miuxedavad, direqtorma mainc moa-

xerxa, rom vaxtangs quTaisis gimnazia ar daemTavrebina. amis

mizezi misi erovnul, saymawvilo gazeT `ganTiadis~ gamocema-

Si monawilwoba gaxda. `didma dekanozma~ Svili TbilisSi waiy-

vana. vaxtang RambaSiZem gimnazia TbilisSi daamTavra, xolo

1896 w. Semodgomaze moskovis universitetis samedicino fa-

kulteti. mamis rCevbiT igi jer saqarTveloSi Camovida, Sem-

deg ki ori wliT (1896-1898) safrangeTSi gaemgzavra codnis

gasaRrmaveblad.

moskovSi swavlis dros igi e. w. internacionaluri wris

wevri iyo. am wreSi gawevrianebis ufleba mxolod: ukraine-

lebs, polonelebs, balkanelebs, serbebs, bulgarelebs da

qarTvelebs hqondaT. es jgufi miznad isaxavda erTmaneTis-

Tvis ATavianTi qveynis istoria da literatura `politikur

viTarebasTan SefardebiT~ gaecnoT.

jer kidev quTaisis gimnaziaSi yofnisas vaxtangma qar-

Tul samecniero terminologiaze da mis damkvidrebaze daiw-

yo muSaoba da zrunva. 1890 w. Jurnal `mwyemsis~ daxmarebiT

man sazogadoebas mimarTaA TxovniT daxmareboda qarTuli sa-

∗ dimitri yifianis dakrZalvis Sesaxeb grigol lorTqifaniZe gan-

sxvavebul informacias iZleva. igi wers, rom rusi policielebis wre

qarTvelebma `SiSveli xmliT xelSi~ valerian gunias meTaurobiT

gaarRvies (g. lorTqifaniZe, `fiqrebi saqarTveloze~, Tbilisis uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1995, gv. 56. masalis mowodebisaTvis

madlobas vuxdiT irine arabiZes).

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mecniero terminologiis SeqmnaSi, rac sabolood qarTuli

enis mcodneTaA TandaswrebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. qarTul

samecniero terminologiaze muSaoba man ruseTSi swavlisas

gaagrZela. 1892 w. zamTris ardadegebze peterburgSi specia-

lurad Cavida, raTa am mizniT xelnawerTa wignTsacavSi qar-

Tul xelnawerebze emuSava. saamisod mas sWirdeboda Suam-

dgomloba, romelic daviT RambaSiZis `kargma nacnobma~ aleq-

sandre cagarelma misca. wignTsacavSi, vaxtangisve TqmiT, na-

yofierad umuSavia da bevri sagulisxmo masalac Seugrovebia

[3]. Tu ra bedi ewia SemdgomSi am masalas da Seqmna Tu ara man

leqsikoni CvenTvis ucnobia. erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

1895 w. `mwyemsSi~ daibeWda misi werili mowerili mamisadmi. am

werilidan vigebT, rom mas wignTsacavSi meore welsac umuSa-

via. am muSaobis dros nanax xelnawerTa Soris erT — erTis:

`ganmzadebisaTvis soflisa da SeqmnisaTvis meoreTa naTel-

Ta~ teqsts agzavnis dasabeWdaT. `darwmunebuli var, rom is,

visac Zveli mwerlobis ena esmis, siamovnebiT waikiTxavs, xo-

lo visac ar esmis kargad qarTuli ena, is Seiswavlis mas amis-

Tana nawerebis kiTxviT~ [4, 7].

1898 w. `iveriaSi~ Cndeba statia, sadac avtori zemo ime-

reTis ugzoobas uCivis, rac bevri `advilad mosarCeni~ avad-

myofis daRupvas uwyobs xelso. Tumca statiis avtori iqve

aRmatebulad aRniSnavs: `magram RmerTma Sexeda ra Cvens aseT

gaWirvebuls mdgomareobas, Segvibrala da zecis mananasaviT

mogvivlina axalgazrda eqimi b-ni vaxtang RambaSiZe. b-ni Ram-

baSiZe bevrs sxva eqims ar hgavs; igi dauzarelia da muyaiTi;

ver SeaSinebs verc cudi dari da verc soflis uxeiro gza;

amasTanave igi Sedis sawylis xalxis mdgomareobaSi da xel-

mokle avadmyofs srulad aras axdevinebs, ise muqTad swam-

lobs xolme. amboben rom b-ni RambaSiZe SemdegisaTvis zesta-

fonSi, Tavis sakuTar saxlebSi, saavadmyofos gamarTvas api-

rebso. es xom saSviliSvilo saqme iqneba CvenTvis da vin das-

Tvlis, ramdens sikeTes moutans igi axlo — maxlo soflebs~

[5, 3]. parizidan axladCamosuli vaxtangi imTaviTve Caeflo

profesiul saqmianobaSi. parizSi yofnisas man SeirTo warmo-

SobiT amerikeli qalbatoni, vanda hope, romelic safrangeT-

Si 19 wlis asakSi Cavida. safrangeTSi igi franguli enis pro-

fesori gaxda. vanda meuRles saqarTveloSi gamohyva da `ise

SeiTvisa da Seiyvara saqarTvelo, qarTveloba da qarTuli

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ena, rom bevri qarTveli qalisTvisac samagaliTo iyo igi am

mxriT... ar yofila qarTuli saqme romelSic mxurvale monawi-

leoba ar mieRoT vaxtangs da mis meuRles, da am maT Rvawls

siyvaruliT da madlobiT aRunazRaurebda maT erovnuli saq-

mis msaxuri qarTveloba~ [1, 80-81]. misi es Tvisebebi saqarTve-

loSi darCenil RambaSiZeebis ojaxSic icodnen da es codna

Taobebs gadaecema. vandas da vaxtangs sami qaliSvili: medea,

sunana, JorJeta da erTi vaJi, givi hyavdaT.

1898 w. safrangeTidan Camosuli vaxtang RambaSiZe rom

imTaviTve Caeba samedicino saqmianobaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT,

kargad Cans imdroindeli qarTuli presis furclebidan. igi

zestafonsa da mTel Sorapnis mazraSi eqimad muSaobda. `ive-

riis~ erT-erT nomerSi, pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebulia misi

gancxadeba pacientebis miRebis Sesaxeb. `eqimi v. RambaSiZe

iRebs Sinagan da sabavSvo avadmyofebs dilis 10-11 saaTamde

da saRamos 6-7 saaTamde. bina: baronis quCa # 22, didi vanqis

quCis kuTxesTan. telefoni 642~ [6, 1]. rogorc Cans 1903 wels

igi TbilisSi, dRevandel furcelaZis quCaze* cxovrobda.

amave gazeTidan irkveva, rom msaxiobi lado (vladimer) aleqsi

— mesxiSvili avad gamxdara da qarTul dramatul sazogadoe-

bas Tbilisidan quTaisSi vaxtang RambaSiZe gaugzavnia. Sem-

dgom l. aleqsi — mesxiSvili samkurnalod ucxoeTSi unda ga-

egzavnaT [6, 1-2]. rogorc Cans, vaxtangi am saqmeSi monawileob-

da.

vaxtang RambaSiZes rkinigzis erTi muSisTvis uwamlia da

mourCenia kidec. am muSas misi uwyebis eqimi, dimitri nazaro-

vi gulgrilad moqcevia, ris gamoc vaxtang RambaSiZisTvis mi-

umarTavs, visganac Svebac da kurnebac miuRia. Tumca, xsene-

bul muSas samuSaos gacdena arasapatiod CauTvales da samsa-

xuridanac gaanTavisufles. muSas Tavis mxriv nazarovisTvis

uCivlia. amas nazarovis vaxtangisadmi dapirispireba da Seu-

racmyofeli publikaciebi mohyva [7, 5-7; 8, 850-851; 9, 3; 10, 3-4;

11, 82; 12, 9-13; 13, 14-19]. am davas, rogorc Cans, `kvalSi~ gamoq-

veynebulma saredaqcio statiam daudo bolo.

ukve 1898 wlidan 26 wlis axalgazrda vaxtangi Tavisi mo-

mavali sanatoriumisTvis adgilis Zebnas iwyebs. rogorc mog-

* madlobas vuxdiT nato cincabaZes yofili baronis quCis adgilmde-

bareobis dadgenaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

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vianebiT dawers, mas am saqmeSi gverdiT mama — dekanoz daviT

RambaSiZe edga. am saqmeSi mas mxars agreTve uWerdnen: akaki we-

reTeli, dekanozis uaxloesi megobari, sulieri Svili∗ [14,

384; 15, 62] da vaxtangis ufrosi qaliSvilis, medeas naTlia [3],

`eqimi samson Tofuria, gigo da aleqsandre diasamiZeebi, eqimi

grigol eliava da kondrat mxeiZe baTumSi da kidev ramodeni-

me piri. danarCenT yvelas ocnebad miaCndaT aseTi ganzraxva

da yovelTvis umatebdnen: eg saqme aq verasodes ver ixarebso~

[3].

sanatoriumis daarsebisTvis praqtikul samuSaoebs (Se-

saferisi adgilis Zebna) Teoriuli samuSaoc axlda Tan. amis

Sesaxebac imdroindeli perioduli presis furclebidan vi-

gebT. 1901 wlisTvis vaxtang RambaSiZes gamocemuli hqonia

wigni: `sanatoriumis daarsebis gegma~. `iveriis~ erT-erTi

publikaciis avtori, e. vaSakiZe vaxtangs Canafiqrs uwonebs da

mkiTxvels mouwodebs mas am saqmeSi mxarSi amoudges. bevrs ga-

jansaRebisTvis wamali ar Wirdebao — dasZens avtori [16, 2-3].

sanatoriumis daarsebis wina mosamzadebel samuSaoebze

saubrisas specialuri da jerovani aRniSvnis Rirsad migvaC-

nia vaxtang RambaSiZis mier imdroindeli presis furclebze

warmarTuli saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba, romelic miznad

isaxavda mosaxleobisaTvis elementaruli samedicino codnis

miwodebas, raTa maT SeZlebodaT garkveuli saxis daavadebebi

Tavidan aecilebinaT; uxsnida raoden sasikeToa higienisa da

profilaqtikuri zomebis dacva; cdilobda popularuli eniT

gaenaTlebina, daezRvia avadmyofobis garduvalobisagan da

amiT nugeSi, imedi mieca politikur da ekonomikur gansac-

delSi myofi xalxisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki soflad mcxovre-

bi, ubralo mosaxleobisaTvis. misi statiebi Jurnal `mwyem-

sSi~ sami wlis (1900-1903) ganmavlobaSi ibeWdeboda. ∗∗

vaxtang RambaSiZe janmrTelobas bunebis ganZs uwodebda

[17, 5] da cdilobda am ganZis dacvaSi daxmareboda misi usay-

∗ dekanoz daviT RambaSiZe akakis sulieri mama da moZRvari iyo. cno-

bisa da Sesabamisi literaturis mowodebisTvis madlobas movaxse-

nebT bibi kinwuraSvils. ∗∗

mocemul sakiTxze im publikaciebze dayrdnobiT visaubrebT, rom-

lis mopovebac SevZeliT. zemoT aRniSnuli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

gamocemul zogierT sagazeTo statias ver mivakvlieT.

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varlesi qveynis Svilebs, risTvisac ZalRones ar iSurebda.

igi gazeTis mkiTxvelebs, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, visac Svilebi

hyavdaT,ATvdapirvelad Wleqze anu tuberkuliozze esaubre-

ba; daavadebaze romelic, misi TqmiT, ufro metad sasuliero

saswavleblebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. igi aqve amSvidebs mSob-

lebs da ganumartavs, rom Wleqi arc ise saSiSia, rogorc sa-

zogadoebaSi hgoniaT. statiis avtori ramdenime SekiTxvas

svams: ra uwyobs xels Wleqis gavrcelebas? ra saxis zomebi

unda SemoviRoT mis winaaRmdeg da rogor unda gavxadoT es

zomebi savaldebulo? pirveli, rac misi azriT unda gakeTdes

aris is, rom eqimma saswavleblebSi mowafeebis filtvebi we-

liwadSi 3-4 jer mainc unda moisminos avadmyofis `winaswari

gafrTxilebis~ mizniT. igi asaxelebs Wleqis gamomwvev im mi-

zezebs, romlebic medicinisTvis im dros iyo cnobili. esenia:

genetikurad susti filtvebi, gaciveba-filtvebis anTeba,

Wleqis bacilebian sadgomSi (binaSi) yofna, SexuTul haerSi

cxovreba, rigiani sazrdos uqonloba da sxva. pirveli mize-

zis garda, yvela danarCens vaxtang RambaSiZeA Tavidan advi-

lad asaSoreblad miiCnevs. Tvlis rom avadmyofobis profi-

laktikis saqmeSi mSoblebs bevri sasikeTo saqmis gakeTeba Se-

uZliaT [18, 1-3].

momdevno werilSi avtori ufro dawvrilebiT saubrobs

zemoT CamoTvlil Wleqis gamomwvev mizezebze; Tu ra da ro-

gori saxisaa memkvidreobiT gadacemuli daavadeba; saubrobs

Wleqis axlad aRmoCenil gadamdeb bacilaze. janmrTelobis-

Tvis mavne pirobebSi is CamoTvlis da asaxelebs: 1) antisani-

tarias, binis siviwroves, SexuTul haers, sibneles da nests. 2)

saWmel-sasmelis uvargisobas da ar qonas. aseve tansacmlis

uvargisobas. 3) gadaWarbebul da organizmisTvis Seusabamo

samuSaos. gonebriv gadaRlilobas, dards, siRaribes. 4) avad-

myofobebi, romlebic asusteben adamians, gansakuTebiT mis

sasunTq gzebs: xSiri surdo, bronxiti, plevriti da sxva. 5)

gadaWarbebuli Rvinis sma da sxva. avtori aqve ganumartavs

mkiTxvels Tu rogor SeiZleba naxvelis meSveobiT meore ada-

mianze gadavides Wleqis bacila. am sakiTxTTan dakavSirebiT

Tnamedrove medicinis miRwevebsac iSveliebs. Zalze sainte-

resod gveCveneba is rCevebi, romlebic sakvebs exeba. eqimi

mkiTxvels urCevs xarisa da Zroxis xorci, gansakuTrebiT Sig-

neuli, kargad moxarSos an Sewvas, Zroxis rZe kargad aduRos,

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raTa bacilebi ar gadavides masze. Tvlis, rom mkurnalobis

saqmeSi sxva qveynebis gamocdilebac unda dainergos CvenSi.

avtori specialurad mimarTavs samRvdeloebas da saWi-

ro wesebis dacvas sTxovs, zogierTis `sakuTari dadgenile-

biT~, zogisac ki mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT. esenia:

1. `saswavleblis eqimma yovel 3 TveSi gulmodgined ga-

sinjos mowafeebi. Tu mowafes raime niSnebi SeeniSneba, dau-

yovneblad mieces yvelaferSi gansxvaveba: Sroma, sazrdo, bi-

na. es yvelaferi sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli unda mieces~ [17, 3].

2. moswavleTa binebis daTvalierebis dros yuradReba

mieqces mis mdebareobas, sinaTles, haeris moZraobas, aris Tu

ara sivrce sakmarisi, mobinadreTa raodenobas, ezos sanita-

rul mdgomareobas da sxva. binas weliwadSi orjer komisia un-

da aTvalierebdes, romlis SemadgelobaSi eqimi aucileblad

unda iyos, raTa pansionebSi oTaxebi swored, zemoTqmulis

gaTvaliswinebiT, unda moewyos. siTbos SesanarCuneblad SeSa

ar unda iyos dazogli, vinaidan SeSis dazogvis magivrad ada-

miani unda davzogoTo.

3. sust da riskis jgufSi myof mowafeebs SeRavaTebi un-

da mieceT. `maTTvis marxva nu iqneba aucilebeli. mas, sanam

wamloba esaWiroeba, marxvaSi marto samarxvo saWmlis Wama nu

moeTxoveba~ [17, 4]. riskis jgufSi myofi mowafeebi unda gan-

Tavisufldnen momqancavi samuSaosagan. isini pansionSi yof-

nis SemTxvevaSi unda gadaiyvanon kerZo binaze, xolo Tu ker-

Zo binaSi arian, maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebi unda eTanxmebo-

des zemoT CamoTvlil normebs. Tu saswavlebeli amas ver

axerxebs, Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb auwyon moswavlis

mSoblebs. dauZlurebuli moswavle jobs saswavlebelma ar

miiRos. `SeiZleba mSobels erCios didxans uyuros uswavlel

Svils, vidre naswavli naadrevad damarxos~.

4. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi Tavadaa daavadebuli, man

aucileblad unda iqonios `jibis safurTxi~ sadizinfeqcio

saSualebiT da yovelTvis masSi agrovebdes naxvels.

5. saswavlebels da oTaxebs weliwadSi oTxjer gaukeT-

des dizinfeqcia im teqnikuri saSualebebiT, romlebic im

droisaTvis saukeTesod iTvleboda. `winaswar naxmar Ronis-

ZiebebiT, rogorc Wleqis SemTxvevaSi, aseve sxvadasxva daava-

debebis dros, bevrs igebs adamiani. amitom saswavleblis eqimi

mudam sadarajoze unda iyos mozardis janmrTelobis~ [17, 5].

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avtori gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom im droisaTvis `ime-

reTis samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelTa krebaze es sakiTxi

rom daisvas da sadac jer ars gaigzavnos Suamdgomloba raime

zomebis SemosaRebad, kargi iqneba. marTalia aseTi ram pirve-

lad moxdeba, magram viRacam xom unda daiwyos. daJinebaa saWi-

ro, rom uzrunvelobis sasTumalze myofi Cveni adamiani saer-

To saqmis gasakeTeblad wamoiweodes~ [17, 5].

amave statiaSi vaxtang RambaSiZe gamoTqvams imeds, rom

tuberkuliozis prevenciasa da higienaze SesaZloa gamosces

wigni. CvenTvis Zneli sTqmelia ra bedi ewia mis Canafiqrs.

Semdeg werilSi vaxtang RambaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom xalxi

CvenSi ucodinrobis gamo udierad eqceva sakuTar janmrTe-

lobas, rasac ganaTlebiT unda SevebrZoloTo. vinaidan, sam-

wuxarod Cveni saswavleblebi am mxriv araviTar codnas ar iZ-

levian, rac ucxourSi ukve danergilia, xalxSi samedicino ga-

naTleba beWdurma sityvam, mRvdlebma da maswavleblebma un-

da gaavrcelono [19, 6]. yvelgan, Segnebul qveynebSi, Tavisi

Tavis movla rom SeZlon, momaval Taobas codnas aZleven. am-

denad, codna sayovelTao xdeba. `Cveni moswavle cxra mTas

iqiT momxdar ambavs ATamamaT mogiyvebaT da Tavis cxvirs ro-

gor unda mouaros gacivebis dros-imas ki veras getyviT~- da-

nanebiT werda vaxtang RambaSiZe da mkiTxvels ganumartavda,

rom sakvebs, sasmels da sxvas SerCeva da zomierad sWirdeba

moxmareba. `kuWi xalTa ar aris da yvelafers ver miiRebs~ [20,

12-13]. swored samedicino ganaTlebis xalxSi ukeT gasavrce-

leblad aurCevia mas Jurnali `mwyemsi~, vinaidan es ukanaskne-

li ZiriTadad soflis mosaxleobisa da soflis sasuliero

pirebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. vaxtang RambaSiZis mocemuli

statiidan irkveva, rom 1867 wlamde sasuliero seminariaSi

`saeqimo mecnierebis~ swavleba yofila SemoRebuli. mas 2

wlis ganmavlobaSi aswavlidnen. amgvar gadawyvetilebas me-

tad praqtikuli da humanuri safuZveli edo. medicinaSi gaT-

viTcnobierebul mRvdels ueqimobis pirobebSi mrevlis dax-

mareba unda SeZleboda. mogvianebiT sagani gauuqmebiaT, vinai-

dan CauTvliaT, rom TiTqos zogierT sabunebismetyvelo sa-

gans SeiZleba cudi zneobrivi zegavlena hqonoda maTze. mog-

vianebiT gairkva, rom im sasuliero pirebs, visac samedicino

ganaTleba hqondaTA seminariaSi miRebuli, didi sargebeli

mohqondaT AmrevlisaTvis. amis gamo, zogierT seminariaSi

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kvlav ganaxlebula sagnis swavleba. amave mizniT xsenebul sa-

gans pedagogiur saswavleblebSic aswavlidnen, Tumca versad

sakmaod da rigianad [21, 13-14].

vaxtang RambaSiZe or sagazeTo publikacias orsulobisa

da Cvilis movlis sakiTxebs uTmobs. gulistkiviliT aRniS-

navs, rom 13 wlis mozardi gogonas gaTxoveba dauSvebelia da

misi janmrTelobisTvis saziano. am asakSi gaTxovil mozards

14 wlisas ukve bavSvi uCndeba. jer kidev Camoyalibebis pro-

cesSi myofi organizmi did jafas ganicdis. pirvel bavSvs

momdevno mSobiarobebi mosdevs da organizmic naadrevad zi-

andeba [22, 13-14].

vinaidan vaxtangi Tvlida, rom CvenSi im dros orsulobi-

sa da bavSvis movlis Sesaxeb ucodinaroba iyo, man erTi sta-

tia bavSvTa kvebas dauTmo. ZuZuTi kvebis wesebze da sargeb-

lianobaze saubris garda, igi xelovnur kvebasac Seexo. av-

torma mkiTxvels safrangeTSi eqim diufuris mier bavSvTAa

usafrTxo, higienuri, xelovnuri kvebis Sesaxeb danergili we-

si gaacno. diufuris saxlebs, romlebic ZuZuTa bavSvebisTvis

rZes amzadebdnen, `rZis wveTi~ erqva. statiis avtori qarTul

sazogadoebasac mouwodebda amgvari saxlebis gaxsnisaken [23,

3-6].

xalxSi samedicino ganaTlebis gavrcelebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT gamoqveynebuli bolo statiebi vaxtang RambaSiZem

avadmyofobis, janmrTelobis raobisa da nairgvarobis gan-

martebas dauTmo. igi mkiTxvels uxsnida, rom arsebobs adgi-

lobrivi avadmyofobebi, romlis gaCenas geografiuli mdeba-

reoba, niadagi, hava... uwyobs xels. arseboben drois cvlile-

bebiT (sicxe, sicive, nesti anu klimati) gamowveuli daavade-

bebi, gaufrTxileblobis seni (daudevrobiT da gaufrTxi-

leblobiT gamowveuli) `uilajobis, siRaribis seni~, `siWar-

bis, siuxvis seni~. Tu siRaribis seni ufro Sesawynarebelia, am

ukanasknelis ar aris, vinaidan igi `sixarbiTa da simsunagi-

Taa~ gamowveulio [24, 14-15]. igi aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis cudi

pirobebiT yvelaze metad bavSvebi ziandebian. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom TiTqos saswavleblebSi fizikuri varjiSi da mogzau-

robaa SemoRebuli, magram `usufTao haerze varjiSoba-moZra-

oba da aTasSi erTxel mogzaurobas, an ki ra sargebloba moh-

yveba?! amas mxolod maSin eqneboda mniSvneloba, rom igi Se-

fardebuli iyos TviToeuli sxeulis mdgomareobasTan. anu

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vis ra sWirdeba janmrTelobidan gamomdinare. ucxoeTSi sxva-

dasxva saSualebaa danergili axalgazrdebis janmrTelobis

gasaumjobeseblad. maT Soris movixseniebT erTs, romelsac

didixania didi kargi Sedegi mohyva. es aris sazafxulo axal-

Senebis sazafxulo samyofebis gamarTva mozard qal-vaJTaT-

vis. momaval nomerSi gavacnobT mkiTxvels ras warmoadgens es

saSualeba, ra aris misi umTavresi mizani da daniSnuleba, ra

Sedegi mohyva am saqmes ucxoeTSi da rogor sasurvel saSua-

lebadaa igi dasaxuli dRes mecnierebisagan~ [25, 20-22]. samwu-

xarod `mwyemsis~ Semdegi nomeri dazianebulia da xsenebuli

statia veRar vipoveT.

amgvarad, vaxtang RambaSiZe sazogadoebis gajansaRebi-

saTvis dauRalavi zrunvis saqmeSi miadga im moments, rodesac

misi ocneba unda asrulebuliyo. rodesac sazogadoebis ga-

jansaRebaze zrunva axal, ufro maRal safexurzeA unda asu-

liyo. rodesac Rrma, Tnamedrove evropul gamocdilebaze

dafuZnebuli kvlevebi praqtikaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo.

1904w. vaxtangma mamis daxmarebiT `patara cemSi~ borjo-

mis xeobaSi pirveli qarTuli sanatoriumi aaSena. sanatoriu-

mis gaxsna da kurTxeva amave wlis 15 ivnisisTvis iyo gadawyve-

tili. saerTo zeimSi monawileobis misaRebad akakisac elode-

bodnen, magram moulodnelad misi eqimi, samson Tofuria gar-

daicvala. `ase uceb umTavresi ATnamgrZnobi gamogvecala am

axali wamowyebis, ramac Zalian daaziana Cveni axali saqme~ —

werda vaxtangi. samson Tofuria pirveli iyo, visac mTel qu-

Taisis guberniaSi samkurnalo saxli hqonda gaxsnili. samson

Tofuriam am saxliT yvelas daumtkica, rom samkurnaloSi da-

wola aramc Tu saSiSi, aramed sasargebloao — werda vaxtangi.

Turme akaki wereTeli didad ar swyalobda eqimebs, magram mi-

si piradi eqimisadmi pativiscema da ndoba didi hqonda. am sam-

kurnalo saxlSi erTi oTaxi akakisTvis iyo gamoyofili. iqve,

am oTaxSi gitarac yofila. Turme, iq yofnis dros akakisTan

yoveldRe varenka wereTeli (barbare maWavariani-wereTlisa)

dadioda da poetis leqsze daweril sakuTar simReras, `suli-

kos~, umReroda. Turme, swored samson Tofurias samkurnalo

saxlidan gavrcelebula es popularuli simRera. samson To-

furia Tvlida, rom akakis gulis avadmyofobisaTvis simRera

wamali iyo [3].

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marTalia patara cemis sanatoriumi im drois qarTuli

sazogadoebis sayvareli adgili iyo da yvelas, visTvisac iq

yofna sasargeblo iyo, guli miuwevda, magram es dasasvenebe-

li saxli 8-16 wlis ymawvilebisTvis aSenda. sanatoriumi da iq

mkurnaloba mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da gaangariSebuli

iyo; eyrdnoboda im drois Tanamedrove kurortologiis miR-

wevebs. mozardebis mkurnalobasTan erTad yovel wels 150

mozardze dakvirveba da miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT

kvleviTi samuSaoc warmoebda. 1904 wels, sanatoriumis daar-

sebamde, momavali kurortis modeli vaxtang RambaSiZem `lei-

sonSi, Sveicariul sanatoriumTaA axleburi modelis mixedviT

Seadgina~. amisTvis mas leisonSi mTeli weli umuSavia [26, 32].

dakvirvebebs da kvlevebs vaxtang RambaSiZe or frang mecni-

erTan ATnamSromlobiT awarmoebda. sorbonis profesor al-

fred binesTan da eqim alfons laveranTan. es ukanaskneli Wa-

obis ciebis gamomwvev mizezebs ikvlevda da tropikuli daava-

debis saukeTeso mcodne da msoflioSi ganTqmuli eqimi iyo.

alfred bines surda gaerkvia Tu ra cvlilebebs iwvevs sis-

xlSi mTis hava. ra gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens mTis mze

sunTqvasa da filtvebSi mimdinare procesebze. bine labora-

toriis pirobebSi cdilobda ewarmoebina cdebi, magram es ra

Tqma unda mas ver daakmayofilebda. bine vaxtangs eubneboda,

rom amgvari dakvirveba maRalmTian raionSi aravis uwarmoebia

da Tu Tqven amas gamoikvlevT, did saqmes gaakeTebTo. man vax-

tangs masalis erTad damuSaveba da kvlevis Sedegebis saku-

Tar krebulSi dabeWdva aRuTqva.

laverans ainteresebda Waobis ciebiT daavadebulebze,

maT sisxlze, rogor moqmedebda maRalmTiani hava da vaxtang

RambaSiZes urCevda, rac SeiZleba maRal simaRleze aeSenebia

sanatoriumi, vinaidan saqarTveloSi Waobis cieba Zlier aris

gavrcelebulio. rodesac vaxtangs misTvis uTqvams, rom mas

sanatoriumis aSeneba 1400m-ze* hqonda navaraudevi, laverans

misi gadawyvetileba gauziarebia da mouwonebia [3].

1905 w. vaxtang RambaSiZe periodul presaSi aqveynebs

gancxadebas sanatoriumis pirobebis Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, es

publikacia scildeba gancxadebis farglebs. masSi mokled,

magram TvalnaTliv da aSkaradaa gadmocemuli Tu rogori sa-

* patara cemi 1370m-zea zRvis donidan[32. 107].

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medicino safuZvlebi edo sanatoriumis gaxsnas, ramdenad

Rrmad efuZneboda misi Semqmneli imdroindeli kurortolo-

giis miRwevebs. amis gamo xsenebuli gancxadeba srulad gvinda

movitanoT Cvens statiaSi.

`sanatoriumi da sazafxulo samyofi eqimis vaxtang d.

RambaSiZisa mozard qal-vaJTaTvis 8-16 wlamde `patara-cemSi~

bakurianis rkinis gzazed sazafxulo mTis sadguri 4400 fu-

tis simaRleze (gancxadeba).

`patara-cemi~ mdebareobs borjomis xeobaSi TrialeTis

qedis erT-erT kalTaze, bakurianis rkinis gzazed, sadgur ni-

kolaevisa da sakoWavs Soris, maRlob vakezed, 4400 futis, anu

1340 metris simaRlezed (230 futiT maRalia abasTumanze).

am adgilis mdebareoba, rogorc mTeli xeobisa, metad

moxdenilia da lamazi. `patara-cemi~ warmoadgens mTebiT Se-

mozRudul gaSlil vakes, fiWvnariT Ada naZvnariT garSemor-

tymuli, mTel dRes mziT ganaTebulia da civi qarisaganac da-

faruli, niadagi mSrali da notierebas moklebuli aqvs, hava

mudam grilia da siTbo-sicivec metad zomieri; haeri sufTa,

mCate da saamo, adgili myudro da yovel xmaurobas moklebu-

li. Suaze miudis bakurianis rkinis gza.

aq aris aSenebuli sanatoriumisaTvis didi Senoba, sava-

Jo da saqalebo ganyofilebiT, samxreTisaken miqceuli, mTel

dRes mziT ganaTebuli, romelSiac dRe da Rame haeri moZra-

obs da icvleba. sanatoriums aqvs sakuTari samecniero labo-

ratoria da meteorologiuri sadguri.

sanatoriums da sazafxulo sadgoms miznad aqvs gauad-

vilos mozardis agebulebas dasveneba da janmrTelobis mo-

poveba, rom bunebrivis saSualebiT da higienur pirobebSi

cxovrebiT gamoswordes is nakli, rac sxeulSi an avadmyofo-

biT aris gamowveuli, an cxovrebis Seuferebel pirobebiT; da

amnairad xeli Seuwyos sxeulis ganaxlebasa da wesier muSao-

bas, fizikur keTildReobis misaRwevad.

miiRebian: vinc aris naavadmyofari, sxva da sxva sneule-

bisagan daRlili-dasustebuli, metadre visac gamovlili

aqvs ganmeorebiTi: influenca, bronxiti, filtvis sxva da sxva

avadmyofoba; vinc mada-dakargulia, sisxl-naklulebi, nerveb

aSlili, Waobis ciebiT anu tyirpis gadidebiT dasustebuli;

visac sxeuli dasZabunebia haeris, sinaTlis da sazrdos nak-

lebulobiT an cxovrebis Seuferebel pirobebiT; stomaqisa

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da nawlavebis AaSlilobiT dasneulebuli, gonebiT moqanculi

da saerTod yvelani, visac-ki samkurnalo mecnierebis rCeviT

esaWiroeba haeris gamocvla, dasveneba, sxeulis gamagreba da

qalaqis morideba cxel zafxulis TveebSi.

ar miiRebian: mwoliare avadmyofni, romelime gadamdeb

seniT Sepyrobilni, filtvis siWleqiT daavadmyofebulni,

suliT avadmyofni da arc isini, visac romelime mizezis gamo

maRal mTa-adgils yofna sargeblobas ver moutans.

samkurnalo saSualebaT aris dasaxuli Semdegi:

1) mTis wminda haeri, mCate, grili, fiWvis suniT Sezave-

buli da yovelgvar usufTaobas moSorebuli; dRe sul gared

yofna, Rame ki Ria fanjarebian saxlSi wola.

2) gonebisa da sxeulis dasveneba, sruli myudroeba,

Suagul tyeSi yofna, usiamovno xmaurobis moSorebiT.

3) gadaWarbebuli sazrdooba dReSi eqvsjer: sauzme

dilis 7.s., meore 10s., sadili 1s., samxari 4s., vaxSami 7s., da me-

eqvse ijarac 9 saaTzed.

4) wyliT eqimoba: tanis dazela, duSi da abano, haeris

abano (Luft-bad, Bain d'air). 5) sxva da sxva gvari Seqceva —A TamaSoba evropidan gamo-

werili moZravi saTamaSoebis saSualebiT, ucxoeTis savarji-

So sazogadoebaTaA gegmis mixedviT.

6) samkurnalo varjiSoba stokholmis savarjiSo mTa-

var institutSi langis mier SemoRebul gegmisamebr.

7) saxaliso da gasarTobi samuSao da sxva da sxva xel-

saqme, saadvilo da sxeulisaTvis margebeli, TviTeulis age-

bulebasTan SerCeuli. msurvelTaTvis fotografiuli oTaxi.

8) jgufebad seirnoba da mogzauroba yovel or-sam

dRes axlo midamoebSi.

9) yovel dRes axlad motanili madneuli wylebi: bor-

jomis mJave da waRveris rkinis wyali, eqimis daniSnulebisa-

mebr.

10) sxva wamlebiT eqimoba mxolod aucilebel saWiroe-

bis dros.

yovelive zemoxsenebuli saSualeba SemoRebulia mecnie-

rebisagan damtkicebul wesisamebr, swarmoebs eqimis mudmiv

xelmZRvanelobiT da kerZod TviTeulis agebulebasTan Se-

fardebiT.

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kviraSi erTxel TviTeuli sanatoriumSi myofi dawvri-

lebiT isinjeba eqimisagan, Tnac samecniero iaraRebiT aRiniS-

neba is TandaTani cvlileba, rac daetyoba, Rones, mkerdis

sisrules, sulisTqmas, gulisa da majis cemas da sxva.

yovelive zemoxsenebuli, rogorc xangrZlivma gamocdi-

lebam daamtkica ucxoeTis yvela kuTxeebSi da mecnierebamac

gamoarkvia, sxvagvar wamlobazed ufro warmatebiT hkurnavs

zemod aRniSnul sneulebaT ase rom, exla yvelsagan sasargeb-

lod aris dasaxuli sanatoriumebis bunebrivi mkurnaloba,

rasac Semdeg mohyveba xolme Semdegi cvlilebebi: yovel mo-

zards emateba wona, Zala da Rone, uganivrdeba mkerdi, umag-

rdeba kunTebi, sxeulis sazrdooba umjobesdeba. modunebul

agebulebas simarjve emateba da gonebas sifxizle, xasiaTi

mSviddeba da swordeba, tol-amxanagebSi yofniT erToba da

zneobrivad iwvrTneba, da rasakvirvelia yovelives es didaT

xels uwyobs da awinaurebs sxeuliTac, gonebiTac da zneobri-

vadac mozardis agebulebas.

wasvlisas TviTeuls Sesaferisi darigeba eZleva, ro-

gorc unda mouaros Tavis Tavs momavalSi.

yvelani iyofebian jgufebad Ronis, sqesisa da wlovano-

bis mixedviT. TviTeul jgufs hyavs sakuTari Tvalyuris

mgdebeli da yvelas ki saerTod — mudmivi xelmZRvaneli-eqimi.

sanatoriumSi da sazafxulo samyofSi dadgenili wes-ri-

gi yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa. vinc ar daeTanxmeba mas, unda

miatovos es dawesebuleba erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi.

es wes-rigi, roemlsac miznad aqvvs sxeulis keTildReo-

ba, advili SesaTvisebelia da momavlisaTvisac sasargeblo:

sxeuli pataraobiTve eCveva sicivis atanas, rigianad sma-Wa-

mas, sasargeblo moZraobas, wesier moZraobas, wesier muSaobas

da saerTod higienur cxovrebas.

samkurnalod daniSnulia zafxulis Tveebi: 15 ivlisid-

gan 31 mariamobisTvemde. miiRebian msurvelni ori TviTA da

naxevriT da ori TviTac.

misaReb pirTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia.

fasi pataraTaTvis Tviurad xuTi Tumania, xolo moz-

rdilTaTvis eqvsi Tumani, amaSia nagulisxmevi: sadgomi, lo-

gini, sazrdo, ganaTeba, wyliT eqimoba, sarecxis darecxa,

wylebi, wamlebi da saerTod yovel-mxrivi movla da eqimoba.

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visac hsurs samkurnalod mosvla, windawinve unda ga-

mogzavnos avadmyofis sruli aRweriloba da adgilobrivi

eqimis werlic. sabolood gardawyveta miRebis Sesaxeb mxo-

lod avadmyofis piradad naxvis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli.

TviTeuls unda mohyves Tan: orgvari tanisamosi: sazaf-

xulo da erTi Tbili, TeTreuli 4-6-mde, oroli fexsacmeli,

maTSi erTi uquslo, Wilis qudi mzeSi saxmarad da, Tu SesaZ-

loa magari tilos zevidgan Casacmeli tanisamosi saTamaSod.

yovel kviras mSoblebs gaegzavnebaT werili sanatoriu-

mis eqimisagan da euwyebaT maTi Svilis mdgomareobis ambavi.

dawvrilebiTi cnobebis SesatyobaT msurvelT unda mi-

marTon eqims vaxtang daviTis Ze RambaSiZes maisis 31-de qalaq

Tbiliss, Semdeg — ki borjomiT patara cemis sanatoriumSi.

misavali gza: borjomidan ori saaTis savalze, bakuria-

nis rkinis gziT, me-25 versze sadgur nikolaevis Semdeg saku-

Tari baqania patara-cemSi, sadac yoveli saxalxo matarebeli

Cerdeba sakuTrad sanatoriumisaTvis.

matareblis mimosvla: borjomidgan gadis 9s. 7w. `pata-

ra — cemis~ sanatoriumSi midis 1s. 13w., patara-cemiTgan gamo-

dis naSuadRevis 1s. 19w. da borjoms midis 3s. 29w. saWiroebis

dagvarad dadis meore matarebeli: borjomidgan gadis naSu-

adRevis 5s. 28w. `patara-cemis~ sanatoriumSi modis saRamos

7s. 32; patara cemidgan gamodis saRamos 9s. 45w. borjoms mo-

dis Ramis 11s. 33w.

adresi: fostiT: borjomiT — `patara-cems~ eqims v. Ram-

baSiZes. telegrafiT: borjomi RambaSiZes~ [27, 395-398; 427-

430].*

aRwers ra v. veliaminoviCi borjomis xeobis sakurorto

ATvisebebs, aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom 1901 wlisTvis

saqarTveloSi jer erTi balneologiuri sadguria (borjomi,

samefo ojaxis mamuli), ar gava aTi weli, rom aq aRmocendeba

sxva kurortebic, kerZod cemSi, cagerSi, bakurianSi, cixis-

jvarSi [28, 6-7].

xsenebuli wignis gamosvlidan erTi wlis Semdeg mTavro-

bas gadauwyvetia cemSi rkinigzis muSebisaTvis tuberkulio-

zis samkurnalod sanatoriumis daarseba. 1903 w. aq da bakuri-

* gancxadeba or nomerSia (#14 da #15) gamoqveynebuli. orive statia

identuria. gancxadebis stili daculia.

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anSi barakebSi da karvebSi, TiTqmis savele pirobebSi, moaTav-

ses avadmyofebi da daarsda sanitaruli sadguri. e. fedorovi

aRniSnavs, rom 1904 w. eqimma RambaSiZem `patara cemSi~ gaxsna

kerZo sanatoriumi, `sazafxulo bavSvTa koloniiT~ da saku-

Tari plaTformiT, romlis saxeli Sors gascda kavkasiis far-

glebs. cemis gaSlil platoze sofelia. mas gars tyis masivebi

ertya. am tyeSi uxvad iyo: fiWvi, naZvi, soWi. aseve wifela, mu-

xa, rcxila, panta da maJalo [29. 53]. e. fedorovis TqmiT, rTu-

li iyo tyis masivis gamoyeneba sanatoriumis mSeneblobisa da

cemidan bakurianamde gzis gasayvanad, Tumca, im droisaTvis,

aRniSnavs igi xazgasmiT, vaxtang RambaSiZem samkurnalo sax-

lis tyeSi ganTavseba moaxerxao [29, 3-4, 13].

cemis plato CrdiloeTis mxridan gaSlilia, samxreTiT

maRldeba. horizonti Zlier gaSlilia. plato adriani dili-

dan gvian saRamomde mzis sxivebis zemoqmedebis qveSaa. hori-

zontis gaxsnilobis gamo, Tavisuflad niavdeba kurortis

mTeli teritoria. `cemis nayofier samkurnalo pirobebs di-

dixania miaqcies yuradReba da jer kidev 1904 w. cemSi gaixsna

rkinigzis sanatoriumi, romelic dRemde funqcionirebs~ —

wers m. nodia [31, 58-59] da arafers ambobs patara cemis sana-

toriumsa da mis damfuZnebelze.

wignis avtorebi `gamoCenili qarTveli kurortologe-

bi~ qveynisTvis WeSmaritad Rvawlmosil da pativcemul pi-

rovnebebze saubroben, romelTa Rvawli dafasebisa da aRniS-

vnis Rirsia. Tumca arc am wignSi, romelic 1981 welsaa dawe-

rili, rodesac politikuri devna aRar iyo mwvave da bevri ra-

mis Tqma da dawera SeiZleboda, vaxtang RambaSiZe naxsenebic

ki araa. arc borjomis xeobaSi pirveli sanatoriumi. ufro me-

tic, am wignSi vkiTxulobT: `mxolod XIX saukuneSi aSenda

Cvens miwa-wyalze TiTo-orola sasaxle mefis dinastiisa da

mdidari vaWrebis sakeTildReod...

kurortebis namdvili, gegmazomieri ganviTareba daiwyo

mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, mas Semdeg,

rac 1919 w. martis dekretiT samkurnalod gamosadegi wylebi,

mdinareebi, tyeebi, mTebi da sxva bunebrivi simdidreebi sa-

xelmwifoebriv sakuTrebad gamocxadda da mSromeli xalxis

janmrTelobis samsaxurSi Cadga. amrigad kurortologia, ro-

gorc mecniereba, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirmSoa.

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saqarTveloSi bunebrivi samkurnalo saSualebebis mec-

nieruli Seswavla, kurortebis dagegmareba da mSenebloba

mxolod 1921 w. damdegs daiwyo. dRes, rodesac arc Tu ise So-

reuli warsulis aRdgenas vcdilobT, vxedavT, rom masala Za-

lian cota mogvepoveba...~ [32, 3]. Tumca, fedorovis wigni da

qarTuli perioduli presa, sadac naTladaa aRniSnuli vax-

tang RambaSiZesa da mis sanatoriumze, romlis Sesaxebac kav-

kasiis farglebs gareTac icodnen, arsebobda da xelmisaw-

vdomic iyo. 1919 w. xsenebuli dekretis gamocxadebis wina

wels is, rac patara cemis sanatoriumSi moxda, erTgvar `mo-

samzadebel samuSaod~ gvesaxeba. vaxtang RambaSiZis mogonebe-

bidan vigebT, rom 1918 w. gabolSevikebulma jariskacebma,

mTeli soflis monawileobiT, mTlianad gaZarcves sanatori-

umi [3].

`oqtombris did socialistur revoluciamde es (igu-

lisxmeba borjomi da misi xeoba-n.R.) iyo sayvareli kuTxe

zafxulobiT drois satareblad titulosani muqTaxorebi-

saTvis. ramdenime mdidari vila mkveTrad gamoirCeoda ku-

rortis danarCeni nawilisagan, romlis keTilmowyobaze ara-

vin fiqrobda.

sabWoTa xelisuflebam yvela piroba Seqmna kurortis

ganviTarebisa da keTilmowyobisaTvis, aago sanatoriumebi da

dasasvenebeli saxlebi, gadaaqcia borjomi Cveni qveynis jan-

mrTelobis erT-erT saukeTeso kerad~-werda n. yifSiZe [33, 6].

aratitulosani `muqTaxorebidan~ patara cemSi isveneb-

dnen: akai wereTeli, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, mixeil wereTe-

li, giorgi nikolaZe, pavle ingoroyva, ekaterine gabaSvili,

Salva RambaSiZe, marijani...

akaki wereTelma mozrdili leqsi, saxelad `patara cemi~,

miuZRvna sanatoriums. erTxel, rodesac igi mcire xniT iyo

cemSi (didi survilis miuxedavad, mas guli awuxebda da aq

didxans ver rCeboda) erT-erTi skamis zurgze fanqriT aseTi

strofebi dauweria:

`kargi sanatoria es patara cemia,

dasustebulisaTvis janRonis mimcemia~.

akaki

vaxtangs am strofebisTvis ATavisi mxridan miuweria:

`xolo damwyebisaTvis didi WirTa mCenia~.

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Semdeg skamis es zurgis ficari mouxsnia da Seuanxavs.

1918 wlis darbevisas sxva yvelaferTan erTad es ficaric wa-

uRiaT. 1909 w. 18 ivliss vaxtangis megobars, cnobil mecniers

da sazogado moRvawes, mixeil wereTels misTvis es strofebi

uZRvnia:

`brZana vaxtangman mkurnalman

da aRmocenda sanatoria

patara cemis saxeliT

TviT samoTxisa sworia~.

vaxtangi igonebs, rom mixeil wereTeli mxurvaled mona-

wileobda sanatoriumSi gamarTul varjiSobaSi, seirnobaSi,

adgilobrivi saxumaro matianes Sedgenasa da gamocemaSi [3].

saerTod sulisaTvis da sxeulisaTvis sasargeblo mravali

samxiarulo TavSesaqcevi imarTeboda vaxtangis patara cemSi.

wyalze xidebis gadeba, seirnoba, varjiSi, warmodgenebis ga-

marTva. `maTTan erTad maTi sayvareli eqimi vaxtangic ganuy-

relaT muSaobda, xelmZRvanelobda da axalisebda varjiSoba-

Si~ bavSvebs Tu mozrdilebs[34, 498]. gava dro da mixeil were-

Teli zemoTqmul sakuTar striqonebs miumatebs:

`Cvidmeti weli gavida...

sadRaa sanatoria...

davkargeT Cveni qveyana,

marTlac samoTxis sworia...

es aris wuTi-sofeli,

JamTa ukuRma triali:

cemis niavis magivrad

avtomobilTaA xriali...~

Tan Tavisive Targmanic miuweria da lursmuli warwerac

gaukeTebia: `maRalTa RmerTTa akurTxon megobari Cemi `vax-

tang~ da saxli misi. 14. II. 1926. parizi [3].

sanam saSineli da tragikuli movlenebi datrialdeboda,

vaxtang RambaSiZe samSobloSi ori didi sazogado movlenis mo-

nawile da TviTmxilveli kidev gamxdara. pirveli iyo 1917 w. 1

(14) oqtombers, rodesac kirion II kaTolikosis rangSi pirve-

lad aRavlenda avtokefaliaaRdgenil saqarTvelos eklesia-

Si kvarTobis liturgias sveticxovelSi. sxva mogonebebisagan

gansxvavebiT vaxtangi aRelevbuli, emociebiT savse, mxatvru-

lad gadmogvcems am movlenas.

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meore iyo 1918 w. 26 ianvari (8 Tebervali), rodesac pir-

veli qarTuli universiteti gaixsna. am zeims Tavis mogone-

bebSi igi saaRdgomo litaniobas adarebs. Turme vaxtangs 1916

wlis Semodgomaze petre meliqiSvilis sapativcemulod ga-

marTul vaxSamze sadRegrZeloSi misTvis pirveli qarTuli

universitetis pirveli reqtoroba uwinaswarmetyvelebia.

universitetSi leqciebis wasakiTxad vaxtangic da misi

meuRle, vandac miuwveviaT. vaxtangi higienas aswavlida, vanda

ki inglisur enas [3]. moxda ise, rom studentis #1 bileTi maT

ufros qaliSvils, medeas ergo wilad [35, 15].

1921w. Tebervlis ARames vaxtangs samxedro uwyebidan me-

gobarma daureka da uTxra, rom dilis 6sT-ze bolSevikebi uk-

ve TbilisSi iqnebodnen. es iyo Ramis 3 saaTi. vaxtangma qaliS-

vilebi Tbilisidan gaamgzavra. gzaSi isini bedad dedas Sex-

vdnen, romelic maSin wiTel jvarSi muSaobda. maTi 18 wlis Zma

givi moxalised wavida omSi. daxevis dros aRmoCnda zestafon-

Si da yvela erTad wavida baTumSi. maT, mravali gasaWiris ga-

datanis fasad, qveyana datoves. vaxtang RambaSiZes, mravali

qarTvelis msgavsad, imedi hqonda rom saqarTvelo bolSevi-

kebisagan male ganTavisufldeboda da samSoblodan maTi gaq-

ceva Tavis droebiTi gadarCena iyo. vaxtangi im xanad kavkasia-

Si yvela sakurorto zonas ganagebda. misTvis nebarTva miuci-

aT britaneTsa da safrangeTSi samedicino aRWurviloba See-

Zina.

vaxtangs imedi hqonda, rom SeZlebda axal mTavrobasTan

ATnamSromlobas, raTa misTvis ganusazRvrelad sayvarel sam-

SobloSi eRvawa. magram es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. wvalebiT,

didi codniTa da siyvaruliT aSenebuli sanatoriumi Camoar-

Tves. misTvis usayvarlesi adamianebi ucxoeTSi iyvnen. 1921 w.

10 noembers man samudamod datova samSoblo. ori weli, 1924

wlamde, igi TurqeTSi iyo da stambolSi rCeboda. 1924 w. mTe-

li ojaxi safrangeTSi gaemgzavra. safrangeTSi zogierTi ax-

loblis finansuri daxmarebiT klinika gaxsna, magram valebis

gamo, iZulebuli iyo daexura. amis miuxedavad, igi usasyid-

lod sakuTar binaSi mraval midadar Tu xelmokle qarTvels

mkurnalobda. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vaxtangs samSobloSi

dabrunebis imedi hqonda. 20-30iani wlebis mijnaze Turme pa-

rizSi ramdenime sabWoTa Cinovniki Casula, romlebic mas sam-

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SobloSi Casvlas sTxovdnen, raTa kavkasiis kurortebisTvis

exelmZRvanela. Tumca usafrTxoebas ver pirdebodnen. saqar-

TveloSi darCenili megobrebic uTvlidnen, rom misTvis dab-

runeba usafrTxo ar iqneboda.

vaxtangis vaJma, romelic erTxel ukve ijda sabWoTa ci-

xeSi, ver gauZlo usamSoblobas da 1922 w. dabrunda saqarTve-

loSi. isev daapatimres da sabednierod gamouSves. rodesac

safrangeTSi brundeboda, Turqi mesazRvreebi, TurqeT-sab-

WoTa kavSiris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas ukan TbilisSi ab-

runebdnen. maSin givim mamas sTxova daxmareba. vaxtangma Svili

TurqeTis premierministris, enver faSas daxmarebiT gamoix-

sna, romelsac piradad icnobda. givi safrangeTSi Secvlili

da daTrgunuli dabrunebula. sul male man TviTmkvlelobiT

daasrula sicocxle[26, 32-33, 34].

marTalia vaxtang RambaSiZes male mouwia parizSi gaxsni-

li klinikis daxurva, magram Tavis profesiul saqmianobas,

masze fiqrs mainc ar wyvetda. misi mogonebebidan vigebT, rom

jer kidev 1918 w. Zvlis tuberkulioziT daavadebulTaTvis

gemze moZravi sanatoriumis Seqmna surda. mas undoda zRvis

hava da mzis sxivebi erTdroulad gamoeyenebina samkurnalod.

saamisod avadmyofebis gemze moTavsebas apirebda. okeaneSi

gems garkveuli marSrutiT unda emoZrava. am ideis ganxorci-

elebaze igi safrangeTSic ganagrZobda fiqrs, magram mas es

Canafiqri ganuxorcielebeli darCa [3]. vaxtang ARambaSiZe pro-

fesiul saqwmianobas emigraciaSic rom agrZelebda, `bedi qar-

TlisaSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiidanac Cans. statia samecnie-

ro-popularuli da saganmanaTleblo xasiaTisaa da geronto-

logiis sakiTxebs exeba. igi mkiTxvels urCevs sakuTar jan-

mrTelobas meti yuradReba dauTmos, raTa dRegrZeli iyos.

CvenSi manqanaze metad zrunavs adamiani, vidre sakuTar jan-

mrTelobazeo. igi kacobriobis mier gaaxalgazrdavebis wam-

lis Seqmnis istoriaze mokled uambobs mkiTxvels. mas es sta-

tia mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebis mizniT winamdebare Jur-

nalis mesveurTa TxovniT dauweria. statiidan vigebT, rom

amave wlis ivnisSi gamarTula gerontologTaA pirveli kon-

gresi, romelzec daswrebis survili ganucxadebia vaxtangs.

mocemul statiaSi vaxtang RambaSiZe Tavis yuradRebas amaxvi-

lebs adamianis organizmSi arsebuli jirkvlebis mniSvnelo-

baze, maTi funqciis Sesustebis Sedegad gamowveul zianze da

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Tanamedrove medicinis miRwevebze amgvari dazianebebis mkur-

nalobis saqmeSi [36, 25-28].

vaxtang RambaSiZe emigraciis periodSi aqtiurad iyo sa-

zogado moRvaweobiT dakavebuli. igi safrangeTSi qarTvelTa

koloniis prezidentad samjer iyo arCeuli [26, 34; 2, 1]. qar-

Tveli tyveebisa da emigraciis dasacavad safrangeTis okupa-

ciis periodSi misi iniciativiT sakonspiracio jgufi, xuTeu-

li daarsda. siZneleebis miuxedavad, liberaciis pirvel peri-

odSi, safrangeTis mTavrobis nebarTviT, am xuTeulma daaar-

sa `qarTli erovnuli komiteti safrangeTSi~. vaxtangi am ko-

mitets sikvdilamde xelmZRvanelobda. amave dros, misi uSua-

lo monawileobiT gamosula krebuli `merani~. upartio vax-

tang RamaSiZe sxvadasxva partiis wevr qarTvel emigrantebs

aerTianebda, Tavs uyrida sakuTar binaSi, sadac qarTuli li-

teraturis, istoriis, Teatris Sesaxeb imarTeboda saubari,

ikiTxeboda moxsenebebi da mogonebebi. 1950 w. 19 noembers igi

`qarTuli erovnuli politikuri centris sapatio wevrad

airCies~ [2,1]. vaxtangi safrangeTSi arsebul `qarTvelTa plu-

ralistur asociacias~ xelmZRvanelobda. misi iniciativiT

yoveli wlis 26 maiss qarTvelebi `mopovebuli da dakarguli

damoukideblobis aRsaniSnavad ikribebodnen~ [37, 20].

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, dRes am mravalmxrivi,

qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli pediatr-kuriortologis Rvawli

da saqmianoba ar aris aRniSnuli qarTveli kurortologebis

mier. arc codna unda arsebobdes misi pirovnebisa da saqmia-

nobis Sesaxeb. CvenSi guram SaraZisa da avTandil sonRulaSvi-

lis garda aravis dauweria mis Sesaxeb. erTi mxriv, sabWoTA kav-

Siris arsebobis pirvel naxevarSi misi saxelis da Rvawlis

gaqrobis survili politikuri Sexedulebebisa da ideologi-

is sxvaobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. imiT, rom miuxedavad mraval-

gzis Txovnisa, man uari ganacxada sabWoTa reJimTan eTanam-

Sromla. vfiqrobT, rodesac sabWoTa mTavrobam dapirebebiT

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semotyueba da Semdeg misi fizikurad ganad-

gureba ver SeZlo, igi, ase vTqvaT, virtualurad gaanadgura.

misi pirovneba da saqmeebi daaviwya sazogadoebas.

istoriuli samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom yovelives Ta-

visi saxeli daerqvas. istoriis amoglejil furclebs qveyni-

sa da sazogadoebisTvis ar SeuZlia sikeTis motana. vfiqrobT,

vaxtang RambaSiZe, romelmac samecniero kvlevasa da msoflio

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kurortologiis imdroindel miRwevebze dafuZnebuli yo-

velmxriv gamarTuli, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cnobili

sanatoriumi daarsa, erT-erT pirvel qarTvel kurortolo-

gad unda iyos aRiarebuli. im qarTvel eqimad da sazogado

moRvawed, romelic XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze sazogadoebis

samedicino ganaTlebisTvis moRvaweobda, raTa qveyanas jan-

mrTeli axalgazrda Taoba hyoloda. igi sasuliero da saero

saswavleblebSi samedicino ganaTlebis danergvis da skoleb-

Si moswavleTa higienaSi gaTviTcnobierebis momxred gamodi-

oda. dRes, rodesac `jansaRi skolis~ programaze amdeni sau-

baria, amis miuxedavad, jer-jerobiT igi ver xorcieldeba. am

sakiTxebs, mis praqtikulad ganxorcielebas, TiTqmis erT sa-

ukuneze meti xnis win emsaxureboda vaxtang RambaSiZe. vfiq-

robT, misi moRvaweobis aRiareba, samarTlianobis, qarTuli

kurortologiis istoriis xandazmulobis aRdgenis, misi, ro-

gorc mecnierebis imTaviTve saerTaSoriso asparezze CarTu-

lobis aRiarebis garda, vaxtang RambaSiZis samSobloSi dab-

runebis tolfasic iqneba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. g. SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS, wigni 3, gamomcemloba `mera-

ni~, Tb., 1993.

2. ini-gani, vaxtang RarmbaSiZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba~, qarTuli erovnuli politikuri centris orga-

no ucxoeTSi, redaqtori r. gabaSvili, 1951, #2.

3. vaxtang RambaSiZe, Cemi Tav-gadasavali, 1946 w. 17 ianvari,

safrangeTi, xelnaweri, daculia ojaxSi.

4. vaxtang RambaSiZe, werili redaqciisadmi, `mwyemsi~, 1895,

#1.

5. s. jinWvelaSvili, werili zemo imereTidan, `iveria~,1898,

#244.

6. v. R-s gancxadeba, `iveria~, 1903, #21.

7. v. RambaSiZe, Ria werili b-n doqtor nazarovs, `mwyemsi~,

1899, #22.

8. g-o, kviridan kviramde, `kvali~, 1899, #50.

9. nazarovi dimitri, b-n eqim v. R. pasuxad, `iveria~, 1900,

#19.

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10. nazarovi dimitri, b-n eqim v. R. pasuxad, `iveria~, 1900,

#20.

11. eqimTaA dava, `kvali~, 1900, #5.

12. nazarovi dimitri, pasuxi eqim vaxtang RambaSiZes, `mwyem-

si~, 1900, #1-2.

13. v. R., pasuxis pasuxi b-ns medicinis doqtors nazarovs,

`mwyemsi~, 1900, #1-2.

14. akaki, TxuTmettomeuli, t. V, poemebi, gamomcemloba `sab-

WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1956.

15. Cveni axali mwerloba or wignad, Sedgenili s. r. gorgaZis

mier, meore wigni, quTaisi, 1919.

16. e. vaSakiZe, feletoni. Cveni janmrTeloba, `iveria~, 1901,

#145.

17. vaxtang RambaSiZe, zogierTi saWiro gafrTxileba moswav-

leTA mSoblebisaTvis, `mwyemsi~, 1900, #23-24.

18. vaxtang ARambaSiZe, zogierTi saWiro gafrTxileba moswav-

leTA mSobelTaTvis, `mwyemsi~, 1900, #13-14.

19. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvel-

Tan, `mwyemsi~, 1901, #1-2.

20. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvel-

Tan, `mwyemsi~, 1902, #18.

21. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1902, #20.

22. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1902, #19.

23. vaxtang ARambaSiZe, rZis wveTi (kacT-moyvaruli da mecnie-

ruli daxmareba ZuZu-mwovarTa sakeTildReod SemoRebu-

li), `mwyemsi~, 1901, #23-24.

24. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1903, #3.

25. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan

mozardi Taobis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb, `mwyemsi~, 1903,

#9-10.

26. JorJeta RambaSiZe, mcire monaTxrobi Cems cxovrebaze,

Jur. `Cveni mwerloba~, red. rostom CxeiZe, 2009, #3(81).

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27. vaxtang RambaSiZe, sanatoriumi da sazafxulo samyofi

eqimis vaxtang d. RambaSiZisa (gancxadeba), `nakaduli mci-

rewlovanTaTvis~, 1905, #14, #15.

28. В. Ф. Велямович, Горно-климатические и балнеологические станции в Боржом, Цагери, Цеми, Бакуриани и Цихисджвари, Тифлис, 1901.

29. Е. Г. Федоров, Горная климатическая станция Цеми, издание Комиссии Императорского Кавказского Медиц. Общества, Тифлис, 1908.

30. a. lazaridi — ciciSvili, borjomi, saq. ssr samedicino ga-

momcemloba, Tb., 1955.

31. М. Ю. Нодия, Боржомская группа курортов и лечебных местностей, изд. «Грузмедгиз», Тб., 1956.

32. v. wiTlanaZe, n. cxomeliZe, m. juReli, r. Cxetia, gamoCeni-

li qarTveli kurortologebi, gam. `sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo~, Tb., 1981.

33. n. yifSiZe, borjomi da misi xeoba, gamomcemloba `saqmed-

gami~, Tb., 1954.

34. vinme qali, eqimi vaxtang RambaSiZis sanatoriumi, saymawvi-

lo naxatebiani Jurnali `jejili~, seqtemberi, 1911.

35. medea ARambaSiZe, mogonebebi, `kavkasioni~, parizi, XIII, 1968.

36. vaxtang RambaSiZe, adamianis janmrTelobis sakiTxi, `bedi

qarTlisa~, 1948, ivlisi,@1.

37. fransuaz da revaz nikolaZeebi, qarTvelebi safrangeTi-

saTvis brZolebSi, 1939-1945 wlebi, gamomcemloba `inte-

leqti~, Tb., 2009.

Nino Ghambashidze Doctor of History, the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute Of History and Ethnology, Senior

research scientist of the Department of Ethnology of Georgia

Vakhtang Ghambashidze – The Life and Activity

Summary

Vakhtang Ghambashidze (1872 - 1951) was born in Zestaphoni in the

family of prominent church and public figure archpriest Davit Ghambashidze.

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People called him `the great archpriest~. He was the editor of the famous reli-gious magazine `The Shepherd~ publishing not only about the problems of the Church of Georgia but about the burning issues of the secular life of the

country as well. Vakhtang Ghambashidze studied at a preliminary school in Kutaisi and

finished a grammar school of Tbilisi. After graduating the medical faculty of the Moscow University he continued his qualification in France. In 1898, after retuning back to Georgia, from the very beginning was involved in

medical practice as a village doctor. Those days Georgian press was writing

about his sensitiveness, devotion in helping poor village people whom he was

often treated free of charge. As soon as he arrived in Georgia he started to fulfill his desire of

establishing sanatorium mostly for children with lung and breathing system

difficulties. Before establishing the sanatorium he had written several publications for medical education of the population. In his publications he

was explaining the readers how to prevent tuberculoses, what it means, how

should seminaries and schools with the help of prophylactics avoid illness; how and what to eat, how to feed a baby.

Before establishing his sanatorium he was on business tour in Leysin, in Switzerland where he studied the experience of current achievements of curortology and based on these achievements in 1904 he founded the

sanatorium for children in Patara Tsemi. The sanatorium was famous and

beloved place for rest and recover all over Georgia. It also was known beyond

the boarders of the Caucasus. Vakhtang Ghambashidze was carrying on the

studies and experiments in his, for those days modern sanatorium. In his

scientific work he was co-laborating with the well known French physicians: Alphonse Laveran and Alfred Binet who paid a great attention to his work.

In 1921 when Bolsheviks’ occupied Georgia he with his family had to

leave the mother land hoping that one day he would return back. He with his

family settled in France where he was continuing activity as a physician and

the head of the Georgian emigration; actively participated in French

Resistance movement. In 1951 he died in Scotland when he was visiting his daughter.

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Tamar TamaraSvili

Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo universitetis huma-

nitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis

doqtoranti

ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi

(Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi)

XX s-is 20-iani wlebi uamravi sirTuliT xasiaTdeba sa-

qarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi. I—ma msoflio omma,

misma momdevno politikurma movlenebma, bolos ki damouki-

debeli saqarTvelos aneqsiam sabWoTa ruseTis mier — zegav-

lena moaxdina sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mimarTule-

baze, maT Soris ganaTlebis sferoze. damoukideblobis dros

dawyebuli ganaTlebis reforma am sistemaSi seriozul cvli-

lebebs iTvaliswinebda, es iyo pedagogiuri kadrebis momza-

debis sakiTxis gadaWrac, am mizniT daarsda kidec pedagogiu-

ri saswavleblebi, maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis kursebi, mag-

ram reforma bolomde ver iqna miyvanili saqarTvelos aneqsi-

is gamo. sabWouri reJimi TiTqos axlidan iwyebda yovelives,

akritikebda damoukidebeli qveynis xelisuflebis refor-

mebs, miiCnevda, rom es reformebi iyo `burJuaziuli~ da ara

demokratiuli, ubralo xalxis interesebi ar iyo Zveli re-

formiT gaTvaliswinebuli, amitom, am xelisuflebis azriT,

saWiro iyo axali reforma ganaTlebis sferoSi. ra Tqma unda,

es mosazreba ar iyo marTali. damoukideblobis dros gatare-

bulma reformam udavod Secvala ganaTlebis sistema, Seiqmna

qarTuli dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerebi,

daiwera qarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, saswavlo sagnebs Soris

prioritetuli gaxda qarTuli ena da literatura, saqarTve-

los istoria da geografia. paralelurad, gaZlierebulad

xdeboda ucxouri enebis Seswavla. iyo wera-kiTxvis Semswav-

leli wreebi, magram, drois simciris gamo,ganaTlebis srul-

yofili reformirebis problema ver gadaiWra [1,16].

wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba da mciremcodneoba XX s-is 20-

iani wlebisaTvis kvlav saWirboroto sakiTxs warmoadgenda.

`MmSromeli da Raribi~ xalxis interesebisTvis mebrZolma sab-

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WoTa xelisuflebam mTeli kampania gaaCaRa problemis mosag-

vareblad, gaixsna wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobisa da mcired-

mcodneobis salikvidacio, mozrdilTa, dawyebiTi, rvawliani

da saSualo skolebi, aRniSnuli tipis skolebi arsebobda

asakgadacilebuli adamianebisTvisac. zogadi ganaTlebis mi-

cemis mizniT, ,,swavleba mimdinareobda saRamos saaTebSi, wre-

ebi ZiriTadad ixsneboda qalaqebsa da dabebSi, romelSic Cab-

muli iyvnen warmoeba-dawesebulebebis muSakebi.

wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidaciisaTvis arsdeboda

specialuri punqtebi, sadac mimdinareobda swavleba rogorc

jgufurad, ise individualurad” [2, 100-120].

1921 wlis 4 ivliss saqarTvelos revoluciurma komi-

tetma gamoaqveyna dekreti ,,wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis lik-

vidaciis Sesaxeb mosaxleobaSi”. dekretiT wera-kiTxvis uco-

dinrobis likvidacia 14-50 wlis asakis mosaxleobaSi unda

damTavrebuliyo umokles vadaSi. im mizniT, rom warmoebaSi

momuSave wera-kiTxvis ucodinrebsa da mciredmcodneebs

swavlis saSualeba hqonodaT, samuSao dRe maTTvis 2 saaTiT

iyo Semcirebuli, xelfass ki srulad iRebdnen. 1921-1930

wlebSi, maSindeli xelisuflebis monacemebiT, wera-kiTxva Se-

iswavla naxevarma milionma adamianma [2, 66].

xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli saganmanaTleblo Ro-

nisZiebebi emsaxureboda rigiT, ubralo mosaxleobaSi ele-

mentaruli ganaTlebis Setanas, umecrebis aRmofxvras, uam-

rav adamians wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba eZleoda.

wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis salikvidaciod saqarTve-

los respublikaSi Seiqmna skolebis erTiani qseli. Tu 1920

wels saqarTveloSi 1293 qarTuli, 88 somxuri, 30 Turquli, 48

rusuli da a.S. skola iyo, 1925 wels maTi raodenoba sagrZnob-

lad gaizarda: sul iyo 1428, maTgan 120 somxuri, 79 ki sxvadas-

xva erovnebaTa nacionaluri skola [3, 151].

warmodgenili statistikuri monacemebi saSualebas

gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom, 1920-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, qve-

yanaSi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba skolaTa ricxvi, romelic Ta-

vis mxriv moiTxovda mravalricxovani pedagogiuri kadrebis

arsebobas, maT momzadebas da aRzrdas.

XX s-is 20-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaT-

lebis sistemaSi Camoyalibda swavlebis Semdegi safexurebri-

vi sistema: 1) sabavSvo baRebi anu skolamdeli aRzrdis dawe-

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sebulebebi; 2) sxvadasxva tipis safexuris zogadi ganaTlebis

skolebi; 3) bavSvTa Soris skolisgareSe muSaobis dawesebu-

lebebi; 4) profesiuli ganaTlebisa da 5) mozrdilTa ganaT-

lebis dawesebulebebi[1. 13].

saxalxo meurneobis TiTqmis yvela dargi ganicdida spe-

cialistebis deficits. kvalificiuri muSaxelis, saerTod,

kadrebis nakleboba mkveTrad igrZnoboda sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. am rTuli problemis mosagvareb-

lad saqarTveloSi farTod gaiSala profesiuli teqnikume-

bis qseli, ase rom, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri viTareba dRis

wesrigSi ayenebda profesiuli Tu teqnikuri ganaTlebis mo-

wesrigebas. Camoyalibda erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebu-

li mimarTulebebis saswavleblebi: 1) industriul-teqniku-

ri; 2) sasoflo-sameurneo; 3) samrewvelo ekonomikuri; 4) same-

dicino; 5) samxatvro; 6) pedagogiuri.

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis daarseba am progra-

mis farglebSi ganxorcielda.

maswavlebelTa kadrebis mosamzadeblad 1921-22 saswav-

lo wlidan saqarTveloSi daarsda 9 pedagogiuri teqnikumi,

amaTgan 1 TbilisSi, xolo 8 sxvadasxva qalaqSi da raionSi:

kerZod gorSi, xonSi, bodbeSi, cxinvalSi, axalcixeSi, zesta-

fonSi, ozurgeTsa da did jixaiSSi [4. 44]. 1930-31 wlisaTvis

maTi ricxvi 40-mde aRwevs.

1924 wlidan pedagogiur saswavleblebis ricxvs miemata

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi.

imisaTvis, rom teqnikumebSi saTanadod warmarTuliyo

muSaoba, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatTan Se-

iqmna profesiuli ganaTlebis mTavari sammarTvelo. am uwye-

bas evaleboda zedamxedveloba, xelmZRvaneloba da profesi-

uli teqnikumebis mTeli saqmianobis warmarTva.

skolebis qselis gafarToveba moiTxovda pedagogebis

masobriv momzadebas, am mizniT xdeboda pedagogiuri teqni-

kumebis raodenobis gazrdac.

saqrTveloSi arsebuli pedagogiuri teqnikumebis peda-

gogTa da moswavleTa raodenoba 1925-1926 wlebisaTvis ase ga-

moiyureboda [2, 379]:

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maT Soris #

teqnikumis dasa-

xeleba

daar-

sebis

weli

sul

moswav-

leebi vaJi qali

maswav-

leblebi

1

miasnikovis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis

somxuri

1924 43 21 22 14

2

narimanovis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis

azerbaijanuli

1925 36 25 11 9

3 quTaisis 1924 123 63 60 22

4 xonis 1918 53 17 36 10

5 axalsenakis 1924 101 66 35 9

6 ozurgeTis 1925 66 31 35 8

7 onis 1925 32 13 19 5

8 goris 1918 86 37 49 9

9 Telavis 1924 73 35 28 12

10 siRnaRis 1918 28 11 17 6

sul 10

641 319 322 104

CvenTvis saintereso Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis

Sesaxeb saerTod arcTu mdidari masala gvxvdeba. gamonakli-

sia 2009wels gamocemuli e. mamukelaSvilis monografiuli

gamokvleva— ,,codnis kera— 70”. naSromSi gaanalizebulia Te-

lavis saxelmwifo universitetis samocdaaTwliani Semoqme-

debiTi, samecniero-pedagogiuri saqmianobis daZabuli da na-

yofieri wlebi. gamokvlevaSi garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobi-

li Telavis pedagogiur teqnikumsac. naSromis gacnobam dag-

varwmuna, rom uaRresad mniSvnelovani da saWiroa XX sauku-

nis 30-iani wlebis saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi Seqmni-

li viTarebisa da axlad daarsebuli pedagogiuri teqnikume-

bis moRvaweobis calke, srulyofili Seswavla.

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi daarsda 1924 wels. misi

gaxsna ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom maswavlebelTa raodeno-

ba Zalzed mcire iyo, moTxovna ki dRiTidRe izrdeboda. ami-

tom, raionis aRmaskomis ganaTlebis ganyofilebam aRZra Su-

amdgomloba ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis winaSe pedago-

giuri teqnikumis gaxsnis Sesaxeb, rac daakmayofila ganaTle-

bis saxalxo komisariatma. pirvelad teqnikumi gaixsna saSua-

lo skolaze damatebuli orwliani kursiT. momdevno wlidan

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ki, pedagogiuri teqnikumi oTxwlianad gadakeTda. teqnikumi

iRebda SvidklasdamTavrebulT. pirvel direqtorad dainiSna

k. gegeliZe. pedagogiur teqnikums Tavisi funqcionirebisaT-

vis aucileblad sWirdeboda materialur-teqnikuri baza, ka-

binet-laboratoriebi, xelsawyoebi. pedagogiuri teqnikumis

yofili direqtori g. meliTauri Tavis mogonebebSi aRniSnavs,

rom kabinet-laboratoriebis da xelsawyoebis nawili gadmo-

ugzavniaT Tbilisis yofili lisievianis gimnaziidan, nawili

ki,—qimiuri kabinetisaTvis saWiro aparatura da reaqtivebis

WurWleuli, Tavad SeuZeniaT.

g. meliTauri iyo Telavis inteligenciis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli da 20-30-iani wlebis Telavis ga-

naTlebis sistemaSi moRvawe gamoCenili pedagogi. is xan-

grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda mozardi Taobis

aRzrdis rTul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmes, sxvadasxva dros

muSaobda Telavis qalTa I saSualo skolaSi maswavleblad,

samazro saskolo instruqtorad, Telavis samazro aRmaskom-

Si aRmaskomis ganyofilebis gamged, Telavis pedagogiuri sas-

wavleblis direqtorad, rusuli saSualo skolis direqto-

rad, is dajildovebuli iyo saqarTvelos ssr skolis damsa-

xurebuli maswavleblis wodebiT[6, :2-7]. 1927 wels ganaTle-

bis saxalxo komisariatma, moskovSi, iqauri teqnikumebis mu-

Saobis gasacnobad, quTaisisa da ozurgeTis teqnikumebis di-

reqtorebTan — masabliSvilsa da kvantresTan erTad, miavli-

na Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis direqtori — k. gegeliZe.

am mivlinebis Semdeg dadga sakiTxi, yvela sagnis mixedviT da-

arsebuliyo kabinet-laboratoriebi, e.i. ramdeni discipli-

nac iyo, imdeni kabineti unda yofiliyo. radgan amisTvis meti

farTobi iyo saWiro, dRis wesrigSi dadga saswavleblis ad-

gilsamyofelis Secvla. 1927 wels teqnikumi gadavida yofili

sasuliero saswavleblis SenobaSi, romelic arcTu saxarbie-

lo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, TviT pedpersonals mouxda

misi mowesrigeba—mowyoba.

pedagogiuri teqnikumis kursdamTavrebuls unda mieRo

rogorc saSualo, ise specialuri ganaTleba.

1927 wlidan Telavis pedagogiur teqnikumTan daarsda

meTodbiuro, masSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen pedagogebi Tela-

vis mazris skolebidan. muSaoba mimdinareobda seqciebis mi-

xedviT. TiToeul seqcias evaleboda: sanimuSo gakveTilebis

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organizacia da meToduri xasiaTis Temebze moxsenebebis Ca-

tareba. muSaobda sagnobrivi seqciebi, Semdegi pedagogebis

xelmZRvanelobiT:

1) qarTuli enis da literaturis — s. bregaZe, l. ZeZami-

Ze, g. korsaveli;

2) fizika-maTematikis — g. meliTauri;

3) bunebismetyvelebis — s. amirxanaSvili;

4) rusuli da ucxo enebis — z. mkevliSvili;

5) istoria-geografiis — e. CiCua, d. mataraZe;

6) saxviTi xelovnebis - n. vinokurovi.

meToduri gaerTianeba arsebobda 1934 wlamde. meTodbi-

urom gamosca Jurnali ,,sabWoTa maswavlebeli”, romelmac

erTi weli iarseba, sul 9 nomeri gamovida. Jurnalis mizani

iyo kaxeTis soflis skolebisTvis meToduri daxmarebis gawe-

va.

pedagogiur teqnikums hqonda e.w. sabunebismetyvelo

moZravi kabineti, romelic momsaxurebas uwevda yvarlis da

Telavis raionis skolebs.

pedagogiuri teqnikumis saarqivo masalebis gacnobisas

gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom iq mimdinareobda metad saintere-

so da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. arsebobda erTi me-

Todbiuro Tavisi seqciebiT, tardeboda saraiono konferen-

ciebi, ganixileboda sanimuSo gakveTilebi, gamodioda meTo-

duri saxelmZRvanelo-Jurnali, arsebobda moZravi sabune-

bismetyvelo kabineti, mimdinareobda pedagogiuri praqtikis

gaziareba axalbeda pedagogebisaTvis.

teqnikums hqonda sul 15 gamoSveba, zogi orwliani, zogi

oTxwliani, zogi samwliani, sul pedagogiuri teqnikumi daam-

Tavra 786-ma msmenelma.

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis direqtorebad da

saswavlo nawilis ufrosebad sxva da sxva dros muSaobdnen :

1. kote giorgis Ze gegeliZe — 1924-1928 ww.

2. giorgi onisimes Ze meliTauri — 1928-1933 ww.

3. dimitri mataraZe — 1933-1939 ww.

4. dimitri Sarmanis Ze SafaqiZe — 1939-1941 ww.

5. vasil giorgis Ze frangiSvili— 1927-1929 ww. — saswav-

lo nawilis gamge.

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi xSirad ukavSirdeboda

msgavsi tipis sxva dawesebulebaTa warmomadgenlebs: ozurge-

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Tis, siRnaRis, gurjaanis teqnikumebs, xdeboda gamocdilebe-

bis gaziareba, erToblivi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo Ro-

nisZiebebis mowyoba. pedagogiuri teqnikumebis muSaobas mTav-

robac axlisebda, xSiri iyo warmatebulTa dajildoveba, ma-

galiTad, Telavis pedagogiur teqnikums miRebuli hqonda

rogorc saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis komisariatis, ase-

ve sakavSiro jildoebic [7, 4-17].

sakmaod vrcelia im soflebis nusxa, romelTac emsaxu-

reboda zemoaRniSnuli saswavlo dawesebuleba. maTi ricxvi

50-mdea. arqivSi daculi pasportidan vgebulobT teqnikumis

pedagogiur Semadgenlobas 1938-43 wlebSi, agreTve moswavle-

Ta raodenobas klasebis mixedviT, inventars, kabinet labora-

toriebSi arsebul materialur bazas, anu teqnikumis muSaobi-

sa da aRWurvilobis srul suraTs. 1938 wlisTvis teqnikumSi

swavla mimdinareobda erT cvlaSi, muSaobda 8 klasi, swav-

lobda 303 moswavle. saswavleblis pedagogTa Semadgenloba

aseTi iyo: zina ivanes asuli mkevliSvili, mariam TuSiSvili,

nino arCilis asuli maWavriani, andro giorgis Ze bibiluri,

levan ivanes Ze ZeZamiZe, daviT raJdenis Ze kirvaliZe, noe da-

viTis Ze gurgeniZe, aleqsandre erastis Ze gvencaZe, aleqsan-

dre prokofis Ze milorava, nikolozi albertiSvili, valeri-

an melaZe, stepanovi, vano aruTinis Zekuzanovi [8,1-10]. amas-

Tan, Telavis Temis sabWos aRmaskomis masalebSi SemorCenilia

cnobebi maswavlebelTa da teqnikuri muSakTa saxelfaso

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb:

1. meliTauri giorgi — pedteqnikumis gamge — 205-00 man.;

2. amirxanaSvili stefane— maswavlebeli — 109-90 man.;

3. frangiSvili vaso — maswavlebeli — 148-8 man.;

4. bregaZe savle — maswavlebeli — 111-60 man.;

5. vinokurovi aleqsandre — maswavlebeli — 79-05 man.;

6. kiknaZe valerian — saqmeTa mwarmoebeli — 40-00 man.;

7. poRosovi akofi — daraji — 25-00 man.

8. aruTinovi nina — daraji — 25 man. [9, 182].

ase mcirea maSindeli pedagogiuri koleqtivisa da dam-

xmare personalis saxelfaso anazRaureba. Mmaswavleblebi

rTul socialur pirobebSi Sromobdnen, magram aSkarad

gvxvdeba is didi enTuziazmi, rac maT gamorCeviT axasiaTeb-

daT.

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saarqivo fondSi daculia pedagogiuri teqnikumis misa-

Rebi sagamocdo komisiis sxdomis oqmebi, sadac saswavleblis

Sesaxeb mraval saintereso cnobas vxvdebiT[10, 1-3].

ped.saswavleblis muSaobaze SegviZlia vimsjeloT

ped.sabWos oqmebis mixedviT [11, 1-12], romelic ganekuTvneba

1937-1941 wlebs. teqnikumis 1932-33 wlebis muSaobaze, moswav-

leTa akademiur, moswrebaze, warmatebebze SegviZlia vimsje-

loT Cven mier moZiebuli saarqivo dokumentebidan SemorCe-

nili 1934-35 da1935-1936 saswavlo wlebis pedagogiuri praq-

tikis dRiurebidan. arqivSi agreTve daculia atestatebi, sa-

idanac ikveTeba cnobebi teqnikumis saswavlo procesisa da

TviT atestatis mflobelTa Sesaxeb.

masalebs pedagogiuri teqnikumis Sesaxeb vxvdebiT ara-

marto Telavis saraiono arqivSi, aramed Telavis istoriul-

eTnografiuli muzeumis fondebSi. aqve vxvdebiT Telavis pe-

dagogiuri meToduri Jurnalis ,,sabWoTa maswavleblis~ 1934

wlis noembris nomris mimoxilvas saredaqcio kolegiis mier.

Jurnali ibeWdeboda Telavis stambaSi. SemorCenilia suraTe-

bi Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis cxovrebidan [12. 3926].

teqnikumis pedkoleqtivi did yuradRebas aqcevda peda-

gogiur praqtikas, romlis Sesaxebac arsebul meTodur Jur-

nalebSi cota ram Tu moipoveboda. arc gansaxkomidan modio-

da instruqciebi da miTiTebebi. pirvel wlebSi ase mimdinare-

obda pedpraqtika: gakveTilisaTvis emzadeboda praqtikanti,

meTodisti maswavlebeli aZlevda rCeva-darigebebs, damswre

pedagogebi analizs ukeTebdnen mosmenil gakveTilebs, ecno-

bodnen skolis Sidaganawess, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT gegmas,

dasvenebis organizacias, praktikanti maswavleblebTan er-

Tad adgenda gakveTilis konspeqts—,,proeqts”. ase atarebda

sacdel gakveTils, gakveTils eswrebodnen klasis maswavle-

beli, meTodisti da kursis msmenelebi, imave dRes xdeboda

gakveTilis garCeva da Sefasebac iwereboda. praqtikanti ram-

denime sityviT gaacnobda gakveTilis mizans, rogor moaxerxa

miznis miRweva. Semdeg msmenelebi gamoTqvamdnen SeniSvnebs,

sagnis maswavlebeli da sagnis meTodisti dawvrilebiT afa-

sebdnen Catarebul gakveTils. saarqivo dokumentaciaSi

gvaqvs sagnebis CamonaTvali, ra disciplinebi iswavleboda am

saswavlo dawesebulebaSi. magaliTad, 1937 wlisaTvis iswav-

leboda Semdegi sagnebi: qarTuli ena da literatura, rusuli

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ena da literatura, ucxo ena, ariTmetika, algebra, geomet-

ria, trigonometria, bunebismetyveleba, fizika, qimia, isto-

ria, geografia, pedagogika, saskolo higiena, qarTuli enis

swavlebis meTodika, ariTmetikis swavlebis meTodika, bune-

bismetyvelebis meTodika, istoriis meTodika, geografiis me-

Todika, simRera, musikis meTodika, xatvis meTodika, xazvis

meTodika, sufTa wera, fizikuri aRzrda, samxedro saqme, sim-

Rera, musika, pedagogiuri praqtika [13,159].

pedagogiuri teqnikumi daixura 1939 wels TelavSi sa-

maswavleblo saswavleblis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT. salikvi-

dacio klasebi SeierTa samaswavleblo institutma. teqniku-

mis kursdamTavrebulTa bolo gamoSveba moxda 1941Qw .

Aamrigad, Telavis ped. teqnikumis saqmianoba sakmaod sa-

intereso, mravalmxrivi da Sinaarsiani iyo, is srulad pasu-

xobda ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebul imdroindel moTxovnebs,

pirvel rigSi,—samaswavleblo kadrebis aRzrdis saqmes. sas-

wavlebelSi aRizarda araerTi gamoCenili pirovneba. saqar-

Tvelos pedagogTa kadrebis aRzrdaSi man didi roli Seasru-

la. aq aRzrdili axalgazrdoba iwyebda muSaobas skolebSi,

skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebSi, Telavis da kaxeTis

raioni maragdeboda aq aRzrdili pedagogiuri kadrebiT. pe-

dagogiur teqnikumSi euflebodnen saSualo skolisaTvis gan-

kuTvnil sagnebs da damatebiT eZleodaT kvalifikaciis amaR-

lebis saSualeba. aq miRebuli atestatis Semdeg axalgazrdas

saSualeba eZleoda emuSava Sesabamisi specialobiT, an swavla

gaegrZelebina umaRles saswavlebelSi.

Telavis pedagogiurma teqnikumma didi roli Seasrula

maswavlebelTa momzadebis, mozardi Taobis aRzrdisa da ga-

naTlebis saqmeSi. 1939 wlidan mis bazaze Camoyalibda samas-

wavleblo saswavlebeli, Semdeg pedagogiuri instituti, ro-

melic sul ramdenime wlis win gadakeTda saxelmwifo univer-

sitetad da warmatebiT agrZelebs samecniero-aRmzrdelo-

biT moRvaweobas Tanamedrove moTxovnebis safuZvelze.

D

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. d. WumburiZe, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

2. i. Wanturia, saxalxo ganaTleba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi

(1921-1951), Tbilisi, 1956.

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3. u. obolaZe, saxalxo ganaTleba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi,

Tbilisi, 1961.

4. m. naTmelaZe, al. dauSvili, saqarTvelos uaxlesi isto-

ria, Tbilisi, 2005.

5. m. simonia, saSualo pedagogiuri ganaTleba saqarTvelos

ssr respublikaSi 1921-1941 ww., Tbilisi, 1957.

6. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 475, aR-

wera1, saqme #1.

7. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, fondi 475, aRwera1, saqme #8.

8. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,

aRwera 1, saqme #12.

9. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,

aRwera 1, saqme #32.

10. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,

aRwera 1, saqme #3.

11. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,

aRwera 1, saqme #10.

12. g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis Telavis istoriul-eTnografi-

uli muzeumis fondi #3926.

13. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 117, aR-

wera 1, saqme #2.

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Tamar Tamarashvili Doctoral Student of the Telavi Jakob Gogebashvili State University

From the History of Education in Georgia

(Telavi pedagogical technical institut (1924-1939))

Summary

In the article, according the archival primary sources, the most difficult conditions existed in public life of Georgia of 20-30s of XX century are critically taught and analyzed. The special place has been taken to the significance of the results of holding the liquidation inevitable events of literary ignorance and less knowing in the country.

The institutions of literary ignorance liquidation, general education schools of different type, groups of evening and tuition by correspondence of adults’ education, professional technical institutions were established in whole republic. For timely settlement of this national importance problem, the training of the pedagogical specialists was necessary.

Among the pedagogical technical institutions existed in East Georgia, in Kakhety, Telavi pedagogical technical institution (1924-1939) took the greatest part in generations’ education business.

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niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis isto-

riisa da eTnologiis institutis axa-

li da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII saukunis miwurulidan —

XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)

qarTul-baltiur urTierTobebs aT saukuneze meti xnis

istoria gaaCnia. am sakiTxis kvlevas mivuZRveniT xuTi narkve-

vi, romlebSic SeviswavleT qarTveli da baltiispireli xal-

xebis samxedro-politikuri, savaWro-ekonomikuri da samec-

niero-kulturuli urTierTobebis aTaswlovani istoriis am-

saxveli ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi faqti [13-17].

am statiaSi, romelic rva narkvevisagan Sedgeba, Seswav-

lilia qarTvelTa moRvaweoba baltiispireTSi XVII saukunis

miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde.

1. ufliswul aleqsandre arCilis Ze bagration-

imeretinskis mogzauroba liflandiasa da kurlandiaSi

(XVII saukunis miwuruli)

ruseTis mefem (1682 wlidan) da momavalma imperatorma

(1721 wlidan) petre I-ma (1672-1725) saartilerio saqmisa da da

gemTmSeneblobis dasaufleblad 1697-1698 wlebSi evropis

qveynebSi imogzaura. es mogzauroba cnobilia, rogorc `didi

elCoba~. am elCobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi n.

ustrialovis naSromSi `petre didis mefobis istoria~ [30,

563-566] da m. bogoslavskis gamokvlevaSi `petre I: masalebi bi-

ografiisaTvis~ [20, 36-37].

1697 wlis martis dasawyisSi `didi elCoba~ moskovidan

gaemgzavra. aRniSnuli mogzaurobisas petre I-is amala 250

sxvadasxva rangis moxelisagan Sedgeboda. maT Soris iyo 20

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aznauri da 35 volonteri — privilegirebul wodebaTa warmo-

madgeneli (Tavadebi, grafebi), romlebic dayofilni iyvnen

aTeulebad [4, 18].

mefe — `petre mixailovis~ fsevdonimiT mogzaurobda

[22, 41]. mas Tan axldnen Tavisi uaxloesi Tanamoazreni, ro-

melTa Sorisac sapatio adgili ekava qarTvel ufliswuls

aleqsandre arCilis Ze bagration-imeretinskis (1674-1711).

igi iyo qarTuli kulturis moRvawe, mwerali, moskovis qar-

Tuli axalSenis meTauri [8, 99-100]. imavdroulad is iyo vaJi

da memkvidre mefe arCil II-isa (1647-1713), romelic saqarTve-

los calkeul samefoebSi 1661-1696 wlebSi mefobda. kerZod,

arCil II imereTSi mefobda: 1661-1663; 1678-1679; 1690-1691;

1695-1696 wlebSi, xolo kaxeTSi — 1663-1675 wlebSi.

`didi elCobisas~ aleqsandre arCilis Ze bagration-ime-

retinski iricxeboda volonterTa III aTeulSi, xolo petre I —

volonterebis II aTeulSi [9, 202].

juanSer vaTeiSvilis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `2 марта 1687

года из Москвы выехал передовой отряд, а через неделю – основной

состав посольства: более 250 человек, включая свиту и обслугу (врачей, поваров, слуг, шутов). Посольству был придан отряд так называемых

волонтеров в 35 человек, составленный из представителей различных

слоев общества, связанных с придворными кругами. Его возглавлял

командор князь А. М. Черкаский, подчиненными которого считались как сам царь, участвовавший в посольстве инкогнито в качестве одного

из трех «десятников» – волонтеров под именем «бомбардира Петра Михайлова», так и двое из волонтеров, находившихся непосредственно

при монархе. Ими являлись Александр Арчилович Багратиони и Алек-сандр Данилович Меншиков в окружении Петра I, пожалуй, наиболее приближенные к нему люди.

Участие в российском «Великом посольстве» в Западную Европу

Александра Арчиловича Багратиони и сопровождавших его в качестве свитских трех грузин (его слуг, их личности не установлены) являлось событием отнюдь не ординарным, скорее даже беспрецедентным с точки зрения не только истории русско-грузинских отношений, но и

истории Грузии и грузино-западноевропейских связей... Александр Ар-чилович являлся самостоятельным официальным участником российс-кого посольства в Западную Европу, на которого... были возложены

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вполне определенные полномочия и обязанности в качестве высо-копоставленного и деятельного члена этого посольства~ [21, 151-152].

amdenad, rogorc irkveva, ufliswul aleqsandres Tan 3

qarTveli piradi msaxuri axlda.

22 marts `didi elCoba~ fskovSi Cavida. 25 marts elCobis

monawileebma gadalaxes sazRvari, xolo 31 marts rigaSi Ca-

vidnen. mdinare dvinis adidebis gamo, elCoba am qalaqSi erT

kviras Seyovnda.

imxanad, liflandia rigis CaTvliT SvedeTis sakuTrebas

warmoadgenda. rogorc Cans, Svedebi grZnobdnen petre I-is

dainteresebas am strategiulad mniSvnelovani regioniT, ris

gamoc liflandiis general-gubernatorma `didi elCobis~ vi-

ziti rigaSi ar moiwona. yovelive amis gamo, aRniSnul qalaqSi

myof elCobis wevrebs sakmaod Seuferebeli sacxovrebeli ga-

mouyves da ar misces SesaZlebloba, rom daeTvalierebinaT

simagreebi, Tanac isini meTvalyureobis qveS moaqcies. maT qa-

laqSi gadaadgileba SezRuduli hqondaT. rodesac ruseTis

mefem mainc daiqirava navi da erT-erT simagresTan miaxloeba

scada, is iaraRis muqariT aiZules, rom iqaurobas gascloda.

amis Taobaze petre I-ma ganacxada:

— `Svedebi nebas ar maZleven davaTvaliero rigis simag-

reebi, magram Sevecdebi davaTvaliero isini maTi nebarTvis

gareSe~.

8 aprils `didma elCobam~ riga datova. 14 aprils isini

Cavidnen mitavaSi (Tanamedrove elgava), sadac maT kurlandi-

is hercogi fridrix kazimiri SeegebaT. hercogma sapatio

stumrebi Tavis sasaxleSi miipatiJa da didebulad umaspin-

Zla. gzaSi da Semdeg, sxva qalaqebis daTvalierebisas, elCo-

bas didi pativiT — samxedro musikiTa da qvemexebis baTqiT

xvdebodnen. elCobam kurlandiaSi erT kviras dahyo [4, 19].

j. vaTeiSvili mogviTxrobs: `Посещением Риги Петр остался недоволен, ибо встретили его там холодно и недружелюбно. Несколько

сгладил это непрятное впечатление у царя радушный прием, оказанный

ему в Митаве – столице герцогства Курляндского, куда он прибыл 14

апреля. Достигнув морского берега, Петр 2 мая в сопровождении своих

друзей отплывает на «Святом Георгий» в Кёнигсберг и впервые видит Балтиийское море~ [21, 164].

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22 aprils, petre I, volonterebTan da 70 jariskacTan

erTad, libavaSi (liepaia) gaeSura, xolo TanmxlebTa danarCe-

ni nawili man droebiT mitavaSi datova. libavaSi Casuli pet-

re I mcirericxovani amaliT dabinavda savaWro gemze `wm. gi-

orgi~, romliTac kenigsbergisaken gaemarTa. elCobis sxva mo-

nawileni aRniSnuli qalaqisaken xmeleTiT gaeSurnen [4, 19].

Aaleqsandre arCilis Ze bagration-imeretinskim evropis

qveynebSi 1699 wlis miwurulamde dahyo. erovnul tanisamosSi

gamowyobili qarTveli ufliswuli sayovelTao yuradRebis

centrSi imyofeboda [7, 9]. is sxvadasxva dros cxovrobda pru-

siaSi (kenigsbergi), holandiasa (haaga, utrexti, amsterdami)

da did britaneTSi (londoni, deptfordi, vuliCi), sadac sam-

xedro xelovnebaSi codnas imaRlebda. igi saartilerio saq-

mes gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT eufleboda.

1700 wlis 19 maiss aleqsandre bagration-imeretinski da-

iniSna ruseTis artileriis pirvel sardlad — general-fel-

dceixmaisterad [32, 31-48].

imave wlis 19 noembers, narvasTan momxdar brZolaSi,

rusTa jari sastikad damarcxda. meore dRes, ruseTis armiis

sxva generlebTan (i. dolgoruki, a. golovini, i. buturlini, a.

veidi, i. trubeckoi da sxv.) erTad, Svedebma tyved general-

feldceixmaisteric Caigdes.

petre I Seecada, rom Tavisi uaxloesi megobari dauyov-

nebliv gamoexsna tyveobidan. qarTveli ufliswulis ganTavi-

suflebis sanacvlod Svedebma moiTxoves jer 10 kasri oqro,

xolo Semdeg — rusTa tyveobaSi Cavardnili 60 Svedis ganTa-

visufleba [31, 445].

ruseTis mefem sTxova aleqsandre bagrations, rom Svede-

bis winadadebasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi azri gamoeTqva. amis

pasuxad, 1710 wlis 6 seqtembers petre I-isadmi gagzavnil we-

rilSi qarTveli ufliswuli werda: `aramcTu miTqvams, azra-

dac ki ar momsvlia, rom saxelmwifos raime zarali miadges ara-

Tu Cems gamo, aramed imaT gamoc, romlebic Cemze Tundac aTas-

jer ukeTesni arian. Cven valdebulni varT, rom moviTminoT da

sicocxle SevwiroT mefes da saxelmwifos interesebs~ [31, 64].

aTwlianma tyveobam aleqsandre bagration-imeretinskis

janmrTelobas waruSleli daRi daasva. 1711 wlis 3 Teber-

vals, rodesac igi tyveobidan ganTavisuflebuli ruseTSi

brundeboda, gzad piteos naxevarkunZulze gardaicvala. 37

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wlis asakSi man suli dalia qarTveli beris pankratis (eriska-

cobaSi — bagrat soloRaSvili) xelebSi [21, 516-517].

qarTveli ufliswulis neSti moskovSi gadaasvenes da

donis monasterSi dakrZales [4, 37-38].

amrigad, qarTveli mefis arCil II-is vaJi da taxtis mem-

kvidre ufliswuli aleqsandre bagration-imeretinski (1697-

1711) — 1697 wlis 31 martidan — 22 aprilamde imyofeboda lif-

landiisa da kurlandiis teritoriaze. sagulisxmoa, rom is

iyo bagrationTa aTaswlovani samefo dinastiis CvenTvis cno-

bili pirveli warmomadgeneli, romelic baltiispireTs ewvia.

2. ufliswulebis adarnase levanis Ze da giorgi

vaxtangis Ze bagrationebis sabrZolo gza kurlandiaSi

(XVIII saukunis Sua xanebi)

1724 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili urTulesi poli-

tikuri viTarebis gamo, qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI (1675-1737, me-

fobda 1709-1724 wlebSi) Tavisi 1.200-kaciani amaliT ruseTSi

gadaixvewa. amis Semdeg, mefis amalis udidesi nawili ruseTSi

darCa da iq moRvaweobda.

saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa So-

ris iyvnen bagrationTa samefo dinastiis qarTlis Stos war-

momadgenlebi, ufliswulebi aTanase (adarnase) levanis Ze

(1707-1784) da giorgi vaxtangis Ze (1712-1786).

moskovis ober-komendanti, general-poruCiki (1764 wli-

dan) aTanase levanis Ze bagrationi iyo umcrosi Zma mefe vax-

tang VI-isa, xolo general-anSefi giorgi vaxtangis Ze bagra-

tioni — xsenebuli mefis umcrosi vaJi.

XVIII saukunis ociani wlebidan, zemoxsenebuli ufliswu-

lebi, iseve rogorc qarTlis samefo amalis wevrTa mniSvne-

lovani nawili, ruseTis imperiis samxedro kampaniebSi aqtiu-

rad monawileobdnen [25, 15-17].

ufliswuli giorgi monawileobda ruseT-SvedeTis omSi

(1741-1743). am omidan misi dabrunebis Sesaxeb ase iuwyeboda

gazeTi `Санкт-Петербургские ведомости~: `В Санкт-Петербурге, 4

октября, Грузинский царевич Георгий возвратился по счастливом

окончании кампании в Финляндии. Он был на флоте~ [28].

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giorgi vaxtangis Ze bagrationi, romelic imxanad gene-

ral-maiori iyo, xelmZRvanelobda galerebidan gadmomsxdar

grenaderebsa da muSketerebs [33, 203].

ufliswulebi aTanase da giorgi bagrationebi monawile-

obdnen rainis laSqrobaSi (1747-1748 wlebi). giorgis daekisra

organizeba sagalero flotisa, romelsac desanti unda gada-

esxa q. kronStadtidan — q. mitavaSi [22, 86].

amrigad, 1747-1748 wlebSi kurlandiis teritoriaze ibr-

Zodnen ufliswulebi aTanase (adarnase) levanis Ze (1707-1784)

da giorgi vaxtangis Ze (1712-1786) bagrationebi.

3. ufliswul paata vaxtangis Ze bagrationis mogzauroba

baltiispireTSi (1749 w.)

vaxtang VI-is umcrosma vaJma — paatam (1720-1765) ruseTSi

saartilerio da safortifikacio saqme Seiswavla.

mamis gardacvalebis (1737) Semdeg, ufliswuli finansur

gasaWirSi Cavarda.

1745 wlis maisSi paatam ruseTis imperatricas ana ioanes

asuls sTxova, rom Sesaferis samsaxurSi aeyvanaT, anda sa-

qarTveloSi gamgzavrebis nebarTva miecaT. amis paralelu-

rad, man iTxova Tanxa valebis gasastumreblad.

imperiis xelisufalni SiSobdnen, rom saqarTveloSi

dabrunebuli ufliswuli sparseTis samsaxurSi ar Camdgari-

yo da Tavisi samxedro ganaTleba iq ar gamoeyenebina. amis ga-

mo, maT paatas SesTavazes qveiT polkSi Caricxva podpolkov-

nikis wodebiT da fuladi daxmareba, riTac SesaZlebeli iqne-

boda misi valis mxolod mcire nawilis gastumreba.

am SeTavazebiT ukmayofilo ufliswulma gadawyvita,

rom ruseTi saidumlod daetovebina. 1749 wlis 22 ianvars igi

qarTveli aznauris vasil egorovis pasportiT ewvia jer ri-

gas, xolo Semdeg mitavas (elgava), saidanac memelSi Cavida [27,

71-77].

imave wlis 5 maiss ruseTis imperiis senatSi qarTveli

ufliswulis saqme ganixiles. im dRes Sedgenili dokumentis

saxelwodebaa: `Протокол собрания правительствующего Сената об

отказе в отпуске на родину грузинского царевича Пааты, о принятии на

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службу подполковником, а также о тайном отъезде его с подложным па-спортом в Мемель~ [29, 519].

protokolSi naTqvami iyo: `Царевич Паата подлежным пас-портом, под именем грузинского дворянина Егорова, с одним человеком

приехал в Ригу из Петербурга и объявя об себе, отпросился до Митавы, откуда тайно в Мемель приехал~ [29, 519-520].

memelidan kenigsbergSi Casulma paatam prusiis monarqs

fridrix II-s qveSevrdomobaSi miReba da samxedro samsaxurSi

Caricxva sTxova, rasac Sedegi ar mohyva. rogorc Cans, ruse-

Tidan gaqceuli qarTveli ufliswulisaTvis TavSesafaris

micemas prusiis xelisufleba moerida.

amis gamo, ufliswuli paata evropis sxva qveynebisa da

konstantinopolis gavliT, mogvianebiT (1752 w.) saqarTvelo-

Si dabrunda [11, 629].

misi mogzaurobis marSruti aseTi iyo: sankt-peterbur-

gi — riga — mitava — memeli — kenigsbergi — varSava — kamene-

ci — buqaresti — konstantinopoli — erzurumi — Tbilisi [27,

79].

amrigad, 1749 wlis dasawyisSi baltiispireTSi imogzau-

ra ufliswulma paata vaxtangis Ze bagrationma (1720-1765).

4. qarTvel husarTa polkis sabrZolo gza baltiispireTSi

(XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebi)

1729 wlidan ruseTSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda gamoCe-

nili qarTveli poeti, Tavadi daviT giorgis Ze guramiSvili

(1705-1792), romelic daaxloebuli iyo vaxtang VI-sTan da mis

garemocvasTan.

vaxtang VI-is gardacvalebis (1737) Semdeg, saqarTveloSi

dabrunebis imedgadawuruli qarTveli emigrantebi da maT So-

ris daviT guramiSvilic iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom ruseTis

imperiis qveSevrdomoba mieRoT.

1738 wlis 8 ivniss, ruseTis imperiis ministrTa kabinetma

daamtkica senatis mier wardgenili proeqti `qarTuli husar-

Ta aseulis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1741 wlidan aRniSnuli aseuli

gardaiqmna `qarTul husarTa polkad~, romlis Semadgenloba-

Sic 500-mde qarTveli iricxeboda.

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`qarTuli husarTa polki~, romelsac polkovniki (Sem-

dgomSi — general-leitenanti), Tavadi elise (ediSer) paatas

Ze amilaxvari meTaurobda, monawileobda ruseT-prusiis omSi

(1756-1762). imxanad d. guramiSvili podporuCiki iyo.

1757 wlis 18 ivniss `qarTul husarTa polkma~, ruseTis

imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sxva samxedro SenaerTebTan

erTad gadalaxa mdinareebi vili da nemani. isini dabanakdnen

jer qalaq kovnoSi (kaunasi), xolo Semdeg — SadovSi. amis Sem-

deg, maT aiRes: benzagoli, krokena, rudziuna da olita. 25 iv-

niss maT daikaves memeli, xolo momdevno dRes — gumbini. 27

ivniss maT piCkenis tyesTan sZlies prusielebs.

aRniSnul brZolebSi monawileobda d. guramiSvilic [10,

41-89], romelsac mogvianebiT (1760 wlis 1 ivniss) poruCikis

samxedro wodeba mieniWa [26, 144].

amrigad, ruseT-prusiis Svidwlian omSi (1756-1762) ruse-

Tis imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali

`qarTuli husarTa polki~ 1757 wlis ivnisSi baltiispireTis,

kerZod litvis teritoriaze ibrZoda. maT Soris iyo gamoCe-

nili qarTveli poeti, Tavadi daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792).

5. general petre ivanes Ze bagrationis mamuli

baltiispireTSi (XVIII saukunis miwuruli — XIX saukunis

dasawyisi)

ruseTis saimperio armiis erT-erTi yvelaze saxelgan-

Tqmuli mxedarTmTavari, infanteriis generali, mravali sapa-

tio jildos kavaleri petre ivanes Ze bagrationi (1765-1812) —

qarTlis mefe ieses (mefobda 1714-1716 da 1724-1727 wlebSi)

pirdapiri STamomavali iyo [24, 50-52].

italiisa da Sveicariis samxedro eqspediciebSi (1799) ga-

moCenili didi damsaxurebisaTvis, imperatorma pavle I-ma

1800 wlis aprilSi p. bagrations jildod uboZa mdidari so-

feli, romelic litvis guberniaSi mdebareobda [23, 61].

saxelovani sardali — suliTa da xorciT mxedari iyo.

misi moRvaweobis mTavar asparezs — brZolis veli warmoad-

genda. amitomac, mas srulebiT ar izidavda imperatoris mier

jildod naboZebi yma-mamuli, romelTac arc ki moinaxuleb-

da, ise hyidda. mas mdidruli, xelgaSlili cxovreba uyvarda,

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ris gamoc xSirad valebs iRebda da Semdeg mamulebis gayidviT

ixdida [4, 51-57].

1802 wels p. bagrationma litvis mamulidan 6 axalgazrda

yma-glexi amoarCia da Tan waiyvana, xolo TviT sofeli — ru-

seTis saxelmwifo xazinas mihyida.

sagulisxmoa, rom aTi wlis Semdeg, borodinos brZolaSi

(1812 w.) daWrilma da sasikvdilo sarecelze mijaWvulma gene-

ralma Tavis litvel ymebs Tavisufleba mianiWa [23, 72].

amrigad, saxelganTqmul mxedarTmTavars, general pet-

re ivanes Ze bagrations (1765-1812) 1800 wlis aprilSi litvis

guberniaSi jildod uboZes sofeli, saidanac wayvanil eqvs

litvel yma-glexs man gardacvalebis win Tavisufleba uboZa.

6. baltiispireTi ukanaskneli qarTveli mefis

grigol I-is TvaliT (1813 w.)

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan ruseTis imperiam TandaTan da-

ipyro saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare samefo-samTavroe-

bi, xolo bagrationTa samefo dinastiis mravali warmomadge-

neli sankt-peterburgSi gadaasaxla.

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam Tavisuflebis-

moyvare qarTveli eris didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. amas

mohyva saxalxo ajanyebebi kaxeTsa (1802) da mTiuleTSi (1804),

romlebic ruseTis administraciam sisxlSi CaaxSo.

imperatoris mmarTvelobis qveS iZulebiT moqceuli

qarTveli eris jansaR nawils kvlav bagrationebis gamefeba

surda. am gvaris saxiT qarTvelobas erovnuli saxelmwifoeb-

riobis cocxali simbolo eguleboda.

ruseTis saimperio administracia saqarTveloSi ise iq-

ceoda, rogorc dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi. amis gamo,

qarTveli eris ukmayofileba TandaTan matulobda da saxal-

xo ajanyebisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda.

1812 wlis 31 ianvridan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi axalma

saxalxo ajanyebam ifeTqa. masSi dawyebisTanave Caeba qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo saxlis saqarTveloSi SemorCenili erTaderTi

wevri — 23 wlis ufliswuli grigol ioanes Ze bagrationi

(1789-1830). igi iyo SvilTaSvili mefe erekle II-isa (mefobda

1744-1798 wlebSi), SviliSvili mefe giorgi XII-isa (mefobda

1798-1800 wlebSi) da vaJi ufliswul ioanesi (1768-1830).

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erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis asparezze qar-

Tveli ufliswulis gamoCena ajanyebulTaTvis udides stimu-

lad iqca. maT grigoli TavianT winamZRolad miiRes da qarTl-

kaxeTis mefed gamoacxades. igi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mni-

Svnelovan nawilSi 1812 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebidan — mar-

tis dasawyisamde mefobda. eklesiebSi mis, rogorc qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mefis saxelze, wirva-locvas aRavlendnen [12, 23-53].

mefe grigol I-is energiuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT, aja-

nyebulebma mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies. es amboxeba

TandaTan saqarTvelos sazRvrebs scildeboda da saerToka-

vkasiuri ajanyebis xasiaTs iRebda. yovelive aman ruseTis sa-

imperio xelisufleba aiZula, rom gadamWreli zomebisaTvis

miemarTa.

saqarTvelos mTavarsardali, generali filip osipis Ze

pauluCi ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWosa da ministrTa kabinetis

Tavmjdomaris nikoloz rumiancevisadmi (1754-1826) gagzav-

nil saidumlo patakSi SeniSnavda: `Царевич Григорий, сын цареви-ча Иоанна, в Москве пребывающего, провозглашенный кахетинскими

мятежниками царем Грузии и издавший от имени своего возмутитель-ные прокламации, также коего имя в церквах бунтовщиками поминаемо

было как царя Грузии и который, собрав мятежную толпу, дрался про-тив войск В. И. В., но был мною разбит, бежал было в Дагестан, к ан-цухским лезгинам~ [18, 63].

saimperio xelisuflebam veragulad daatyveva grigol

bagrationi da ruseTSi gadaasaxla. igi jer q. oloneckSi

hyavdaT, xolo Semdeg q. petrozavodskSi gadaiyvanes. er-

Twliani patimrobis Semdeg is gaaTavisufles.

1813 wels grigol bagrationi monawileobda ruseTis ar-

miis sazRvargareTul laSqrobaSi, romlis STabeWdilebanic

man gadmosca Tavis samogzauro xasiaTis TxzulebaSi `mogza-

uroba peterburgidan vilnomde~.

mixeil gorgiZis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `Григорий Иоанно-вич после двенадцатимесячного заключения в крепости был помилован. Дальнейшая его жизнь связана со службой в русской армии в Петер-бурге и отчасти в Астрахани. Он принимал участие в известном походе 1813 года. Как и многие из членов грузинского царского дома, выслан-ных в Петербург, он тоже отдавал дань литературной деятельности. Так, им описан поход, в котором он сам участвовал («Путешествие из Пе-

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тербурга в Вильно»). Сохранились в рукописи его стихотворения «Мар-гиналии», а также переводы с русского языка. Умер Г. И. Багратиони в чине подполковника в Петербурге в 1830 году, похоронен в Александро-Невской лавре)~ [22, 107-108].

grigol bagrationis samogzauro TxzulebaSi saintere-

sod aris aRwerili baltiispireTis qalaqebi, mdinareebi da

tbebi.

sagulisxmoa, rom grigoli xSirad qarTul, erovnul ta-

nisamosSi gamowyobili daiareboda. ucxo tanisamosiT mosili

axovani, moxdenili vaJkaci evropis qveynebSi mnaxvelTa did

yuradRebas iqcevda.

g. bagrationis TxzulebaSi asea aRwerili mdinare narva:

`mdinare ese iqnebis ori da mtkvrisodeni... mivediT saidamca

mdinare narva gamodis, romelic ars saSineli tba. sigrZe aqvs

330 da sigane 165 da aris sul tba ese riyiani da gemrieli sas-

meli wyali, romelica ukeTesi gemo wylisa aRar iTqmis... tba-

sa amas hqvian ozira pskova~ [1, 1-2].

grigolma oTxi dRe gaatara vilnoSi (vilniusi), romlis

RirsSesaniSnaobebi, Semogareni, Teatri, mosaxleoba da maTi

zne-Cveulebani man Tavis TxzulebaSi aRwera.

masSi vkiTxulobT: `aris vilnosa qalaqi dablobSi, sam

kuTxidgan aqvs sul gorebi tyiani da erTidgan md. vil-

la...…vilnisa qalaqsa Sina aris xalxi dia mSvenieri, romeli

vsTqva, ukeTesi arsad minaxavs, nametnavad uriaTa qalni... ar-

ian viTarca qarTvelni, moarulni kabiTa, sartyeliTa da Cib-

letebiT, ese igi CaxCurebiT da Coxa-barmniTa moarulni, vi-

Tarca bunebiT qarTvelni~ [1, 5].

g. bagrationis SefasebiT, `vilnosa Sina mcxovrebni uri-

ani arian moarulni kacni maTni cudisa tanisamosiTa da didi-

Ta wveriTa da TmiTa da zevidam acviaT, viTarca somxis ter-

teraTa Savi anaforani da zogTa dakecili mxarzedan uZevsT~.

misive azriT, mamakacebze ukeTesad ecvaT ebrael qalebs,

romlebic gamowyobilni iyvnen `CadriTa da qoSebiT da aqvT

Tavni Sekrulni didisa kopiTa da yelTa zeda aqusT yovelTa

saraRuji margalitisa~ [1, 5].

avtorma yuradReba gaamaxvila vilnos mcxovrebTa wes-

Cveulebebzec. magaliTad, man ase aRwera dakrZalvis iqauri

tradicia: `odes mkudari moukvdebaT, miitaneben mkvdarsa mas

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da Caasveneben zemoxsenebulsa xvrelsa Sina da gaamweseben mi-

wisa da kedlis pirsa da waafareben Cveulebisamebr qvasa.

odes mis gobonasa gverdsa gaivli, vera scnob Tu es goboni

sasaflao ars. ase gegoneba, rom erTi didi sasaxle aris~ [1, 5].

amrigad, ukanasknelma qarTvelma mefem grigol I-ma

(1789-1830), datusaRebisa da ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg,

1813 wels imogzaura baltiispireTSi, xolo samogzauro STa-

beWdilebebi Tavis TxzulebaSi gadmosca.

7. giorgi qsnis erisTavi baltiispireTSi

(XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebi)

gamoCenili qarTveli dramaturgi, poeti da Teatris

moRvawe, Tavadi giorgi daviTis Ze qsnis erisTavi (1813-1864)

erTxans baltiispireTSi moRvaweobda.

1832 wlis dekemberSi gamJRavnebul antiimperiul SeTq-

mulebaSi monawileobisaTvis praporSCik g. erisTavs baltiis-

pireTSi gadasaxleba miusajes.

1834 wlis 9 ianvars igi gagzavnes q. vilnoSi (vilniusi),

sadac fexosanTa III diviziis novo-ingermanlandiis polkSi Ca-

ricxes [19, 413].

g. erisTavi sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda aseve qalaqebSi:

kovnoSi (kaunasi), rigaSi, varSavaSi, volkovskSi, belostoksa

da sxv. [3, 26].

man safuZvlianad Seiswavla polonuri ena, ramac SesaZ-

lebloba misca ziareboda polonur literaturas, xolo adam

mickeviCis `yirimis sonetebi~ da `didi improvizacia~ qarTul

enaze eTargmna.

samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad, g. erisTavi leqci-

ebs ismenda vilnos universitetSi. iq mas Seuyvarda `mSvenieri

litveli qalwuli~, romelsac SemdgomSi, Tavis nawarmoebebSi

xSirad ixseniebda [5, 99].

1838 wels g. erisTavs neba darTes, rom droebiT Camosuli-

yo saqarTveloSi, sadac sabolood 1842 wels dabrunda [2, 192].

amrigad, XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi baltiispireTSi moR-

vaweobda gamoCenili qarTveli dramaturgi, poeti da Teatris

moRvawe, Tavadi giorgi daviTis Ze qsnis erisTavi (1813-1864).

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8. ufliswul Teimuraz giorgis Ze bagrationis

TxzulebaSi aRwerili baltiispireTi (1836 w.)

1836 wlis maisis miwuruls da ivnisis dasawyisSi, baltiis-

pireTSi imogzaura qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is (mefobda

1798-1800 wlebSi) vaJma — Teimuraz bagrationma (1782-1846). is

iyo cnobili mwerali da mecnieri, sankt-peterburgis mecnie-

rebaTa akademiis sapatio wevri da namdvili wevri parizis saa-

zio da kopenhagenis antikvarTa samefo sazogadoebebisa.

xsenebuli wlis 26 maiss, sankt-peterburgSi myofi T. ba-

grationi evropis qveynebis mimarTulebiT mogzaurobas Se-

udga. Tavis TxzulebaSi `mogzauroba Cemi evropiisa sxvaTa da

sxvaTa adgilTa~ igi wers: `ganvleT liflandiis qalaqebi da

soflebi, derptis qalaqi, liflandiis deda Ruberniis qala-

qi; qalaqi riga, romelica Cinebuli qalaqi aris. iqidam kur-

landiis pirveli qalaqi mitava, romelica kurlandiis Ruber-

niis qalaqia, kais alags da kargi quCebi aqvs. aqedam viareT.

ganvleT kurlandiis samzRvarica da SevediT polSis samzRva-

rSia, vilenckis RuberniaSi~ [6, 18-19].

amrigad, ufliswulma Teimuraz giorgis Ze bagrationma

(1782-1846) 1836 wels imogzaura baltiispireTSi, ris Sesaxe-

bac mis TxzulebaSi garkveuli cnobebi gvxvdeba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, xelnaweri H-2178.

2. alania nodar, erisTavi giorgi daviTis Ze, qarTuli sabWoTa

enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.

3. gamezardaSvili daviT, giorgi erisTavi, Tb., 1949.

4. gonikiSvili mixeil, bagrationTa dasaxleba da moRvaweoba

ruseTSi, Tb., 1986.

5. vozniaki andJei, qarTvelebi varSavaSi (XVII-XX saukuneebSi),

krebuli `polonelebis 200 weli kavkasiaSi. qarTul-polonu-

ri urTierTkavSirebi~ Tb., 2004.

6. Teimuraz batoniSvili, mogzauroba Cemi evropiisa sxvaTa da

sxvaTa adgilTa, solomon iordaniSvilis redaqciiT, weri-

liTa da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1944.

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7. megreliZe SamSe, Cveni saxelovani samxedro winaprebi, Tb.,

1979.

8. sixaruliZe fridon, aleqsandre batoniSvili (bagrationi),

enciklopedia `saqarTvelo~, t. I, Tb., 1997.

9. tatiSvili vladimer, qarTvelebi moskovSi, meore Sevsebuli

da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 1959.

10. yubaneiSvili solomon, daviT guramiSvili qarTul husarTa

polkSi, Tb., 1955.

11. xanTaZe SoTa, paata batoniSvili, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklo-

pedia, t. 7, Tb., 1984.

12. javaxiSvili niko, grigol I — ukanaskneli qarTveli mefe, Tb.,

2008.

13. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis istorii-

dan, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institu-

tis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis samecniero

SromaTa krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. I

(V), Tb., 2009.

14. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiispiruli urTierTobis sa-

TaveebTan (X-XI saukuneebi), krebuli `axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis sakiTxebi~, t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.

15. javaxiSvili niko, baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos samxed-

ro-politikuri urTierTobis istoriidan (XV saukunis miwu-

ruli), krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. II

(VI), Tb., 2009.

16. javaxiSvili niko, baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos savaWro-

ekonomikuri urTierTobis istoriidan (XVII saukunis pirve-

li mesamedi), krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,

t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.

17. javaxiSvili niko, baltiispireTis regionebi da qalaqebi —

XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieris TvaliT, krebuli

`axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.

18. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией, Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского (под редакцией А. Бер-же), т. V, Тифлис, 1873.

19. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией, Архив Главного управления наместника Кавказского (под редакцией А. Бер-же), т. VIII, Тифлис, 1881.

20. Богославский М., Петр I: матерялы для биографии, т. II, Москва, 1940.

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252

21. Ватеишвили Д., Грузия и европейские страны, т. II. Побратим Петра

Великого. Жизнь и деятельность Александра Багратиони, Москва, 2003. 22. Горгидзе М., Грузины в Петербурге (страницы летописи культурных

связей), Тб., 1976. 23. Грибанов В., Багратион в Петербурге, Ленинград, 1979. 24. Дворянские роды Российской империи. III, Князья, под редакцией С.

Думина, Москва, 1996. 25. Джавахишвили Н., Грузины под российским флагом (Грузинские

военные и государственные деятели на службе России в 1703-1917 гг.), Тб., 2003.

26. Думин С., Гребельский П., Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. IV, Князья Царства Грузинского, под редакцией С. Думина и

Ю.Чиковани, Москва, 1998. 27. Пирцхалайшвили А., Царевич Паата (сын царя Вахтанга VI-го), В

сборнике: «Вопросы истории Грузии феодальной эпохи», т. II, Тбилиси, 1970.

28. Газ.`Санкт-Петербургские ведомости~, СПб., 1742, № 80.

29. Сенатский архив, т. 7. Протоколы Правительствующего Сената, СПб., 1895.

30. Устрялов Н., История царствования Петра Великого, т. I, СПб., 1851. 31. Устрялов Н., История царствования Петра Великого, т. IV, СПб., 1858. 32. Хмыров М., Главные начальники русской артиллерии. 1-ый генерал-

фельдцейхмейстер царевич Александр Арчилович Имеретинский. «Артиллерийский Журнал», СПб., 1866, № 1.

33. Шпилевский Н., Описание войны между Россией и Швецией в

Финляндии в 1741-1743 гг., СПб., 1859.

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Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor, Chief scientist-researcher of the Modern and Contempo-rary History Department of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Trace of Georgians in the Baltics

(From the end of XVII th – to the first half of XIX th century)

Summary

In the previous research it is studied an activity of Georgians in the

Baltics from the end of XVII th century – to the first half of XIX th century. There are 8 subtitles represented in the research:

1. Travel of the prince Alexander Bagration-Imeretinsky in Liflandia

and Kurlandia (End of the XVII th century); 2. Military way of princes Afanasi (Adarnase) and George Bagrationis

in Kurlandia (Middle of XVIII th century); 3. Travel of the prince Paata Bagrationi in the Baltics (End of the XVII

th century); 4. Military way of Georgian Husar’s regiment in the Baltics (50-ies of

XVIII th century); 5. Estate of general Peter Bagrationi in the Baltics (End of the XVII th

century – Beginning of the XIX th century); 6. The Baltics as seen by the last Georgian king from Bagrationi’s

Royal Dynasty – Gregory I (year 1813); 7. The Duke of Ksani Giorgi Eristavi in the Baltics (Thirties of the

XIXth century); 8. The Baltics descripted in prince Theimuraz Bagration’s work (year

1836).

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giorgi beJitaSvili

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Te-

lavis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-

tetis saqarTvelos istoriis ka-

Tedris doqtoranti

poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis

istoriis zogierTi aspeqti

qarTuli samxedro emigraciis pirveli warmomadgeneli

poloneTSi XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Cans. qarTvelma

emigrantma bogdan gurjickim didi roli Seasrula maSindeli

samyaros poloneTis saxelmwifosa da sparseT-TurqeTis

qveynebs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis mowesrigebis

saqmeSi [8, 185].

istoriuli gamocdileba gvidasturebs, rom poloneTi-

sa da saqarTvelos diplomatiur urTierTobebs udidesi

mniSvneloba hqonda maSindeli osmaleTis didi imperiis wina-

aRmdeg osmaleT-poloneTis qveynebis sabrZolo mzadebaSi.

im drois osmaleTisa da evropuli saxelmwifoebis dip-

lomatiuri urTierTobebis Seswavla SesaZlebels xdis gaviT-

valiswinoT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi viTareba da misi

politikuri SesaZleblobebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

rTuli sakiTxebis diplomatiuri meTodebiT mogvarebaSi. es

sakiTxi Tanabrad sainteresoa poloneli da qarTveli mkvlev-

rebisaTvis.

polonur istoriografiaSi saTanadod aris Seswavlili

b. gurjickis moRvaweoba. poloneli mkvlevarebi stanislav

koSCialikovski, stanislav zalenski, ian kreSinski, bogdan ba-

ranovski, ian suixmani, a. voJniaki da sxva. cdiloben zustad

Seiswavlon, Seafason da gadmogvcen qarTveli diplomatis

bogdan gurjickis saqmianoba, poloneTis saxelmwifo intere-

sebis dacvaSi.

istoriul movlenaTa msvlelobaSi poloneTis bedi sa-

qarTvelosas sakmaod hgavs. adreuli saukuneebidan iwyeba am

qveynebs Soris urTierTTanadgoma, TanagrZnoba. poloneT-sa-

qarTvelos urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava ara

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marto osmaleTis imperias, aramed ruseTis sagareo politi-

kur moqmedebebsac. poloneTis saxelmwifo sakmaod gvian Ca-

moyalibda, xolo saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani saxelmwi-

foebrioba aqvs. erT dros poloneTi iyo evropis uZlieresi

saxelmwifo. aseTive iyo saqarTvelo — kavkasiaSi. SemdegSi

gaZlierebuli ruseTi iwyebs ucxo miwebis, maT Soris polone-

Tisa da saqarTvelos dapyrobas. aseTi istoriuli msgavsebi-

Tac sainteresoa maTi samomavlo urTierTobebis Seswavla,

gaanalizeba, gamocdilebis gaazreba.

poloneli istorikosebi didi interesiT ganixilaven

erT-erTi pirveli gamoCenili qarTveli diplomatis bogdan

gurjickis damsaxurebas poloneTis samefo karis miznebis gan-

xorcielebaSi sparseTTan, osmaleTTan, ruseTTan, saqarTve-

los urTierTobis procesSi. polonur istoriografiaSi bog-

dan gurjicki daxasiaTebulia im drois erT-erT ganaTlebul

pirovnebad. man SesaniSnavad icoda samxedro saqme, iyo samefo

laSqris aseulis meTauri. 1662 wels miiRo rotmistris wode-

ba. samxedro kompaniebisas mas vaJkacoba gamouCenia. am damsa-

xurebisaTvis 1666 wlis zeimze samefo jaris warmomadgenlebi

jildod moiTxovdnen misTvis aznaurobis micemas. 1676 wlis

seimma mas mianiWa aznauris wodeba e.i. SliaxtiCoba. miniWebis-

Tanave miuciaT mamulebi lenCickis raionSi. Tavdapirvelad

igi qarTlis mefis samsaxurSi imyofeboda da SesaniSnavad er-

kveoda samefo karis sagareo politikaSi. bogdan gurjicki XVII

s-is naxevarSi poloneTSi aqtiurad moRvaweobs:

a) stanislav koSnialkovski wers, rom poloneTis mefe

ian kazimeJma 1668 wels Tavisi mefobis bolo wels specialu-

ri misiiT gaagzavna sparseTSi b. gurjicki; xolo ian III — sobi-

eskis mefobis dros poloneTis elCTa Soris sparseTis karze

iyo polkovniki b. gurjicki, romelic asrulebda elCis mova-

leobas kapitan zagorskisTan erTad sparseTSi [1, 166].

b) b. gurjickis saqmianobis Sefasebisas mkvlevari sta-

nislav zalenski gvamcnobs: `mefe ian kazimeJma 1668 wels su-

leiman SahTan elCad gagzavna rostmistri gurjicki da misi

piriT SesTavaza kavSiri TurqTa winaaRmdeg~; vfiqrobT es

iyo qarTveli diplomatis didi Rirsebisa da ndobis gamoxa-

tuleba [1, 167]. s. zalenskis aseT cnobas didi mniSvneloba

aqvs. rogorc Cans b. gurjicki droulad da zustad asruleb-

da Tavis rTul misias qveynebs Soris urTierTobis diploma-

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tiuri xerxebiT mowesrigebaSi, igi ar erideboda Seecvala re-

ligiuri Sexedulebebi saxelmwifoebrivi davalebis Sesru-

lebisaTvis. amis gamo stanislav zalenski samarTlianad wers:

`es elCi iyo cnobili baroni buxtam-begi, romelic iyo polo-

neTis mefis rezidenti ispahanSi [1, 168].

g) poloneli mogzauri da mematiane ian kuSinski ganixi-

lavs 1722 wels sparseTSi avRanelTa SeWras, ramdenjerme ax-

senebs bogdan gurjickis pirovnul Tvisebebs, mis moRvaweo-

bas da wers: `erT-erTi elCi, romelic didxans iyo poloneTis

mefis rezidenti sparseTis Sahis karze, iyo mdidari kaci, sam-

xedro saqmis kargi mcodne da politikur saqmeebSi gamocdi-

li moRvawe~. mas Sah suleimanisgan miRebuli hqonda didi ma-

mulebi Sirvanis provinciaSi, igi gardaicvala moskovSi ro-

gorc kaTolike, iq Sahma suleimanma gagzavna elCad, sadac iyo

kaTolikuri misiebis mgznebare qomagi [1, 169].

d) bogdan baranovski gvauwyebs — XVII saukunis meore na-

xevarSi poloneT-sparseTis urTierTobaSi `yvelaze metad

cnobili diplomati iyo bogdan gurji, warmoSobiT qarTveli,

romelic mravaljer iyo elCad gagzavnili sparseTSi~ [1, 170].

e) ian reixmani gvatyobinebs: b. gurjicki (igive buxtam-

begi, berbi bugdan begi, bogdan sparsi, bogdan gurjie) samefo

jarebis rotmistri, poloneTis samsaxurSi myofi, SemdegSi

cnobili diplomati, warmoSobiT saqarTvelodan iyo [1, 171];

amrigad, xazgasma qarTuli warmoSobis Taobaze mianiSnebs mis

sapatio damokidebulebaze poloneTis sazogadoebaSi.

v) b. gurjickis saqarTvelosTan, mis samefo karTan mud-

mivi urTierToba da kavSiri hqonda. poloneTis elCs spar-

seTSi mogzaurobisas saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan gadasa-

cemi saidumlo mimowera evaleboda da urTierToba hqonda

TviT Sah-navazTan. aseT moments adasturebs ian streisis

cnoba. ian streisi (SemdgomSi cnobili holandieli mogzau-

ri) b. gurjickim gamoixsna monobidan, miuxedavad amisa sakma-

od mkacr daxasiaTebas aZlevs [7, 172].

z) arsebuli istoriuli cnobebis miuxedavad, kvlav sa-

intereso sakvlevad rCeba b. gurjickis qarTuli warmomav-

loba, misi saxelisa da gvaris Zieba. migvaCnia, rom aseTi mcde-

loba aqvs guram zedgeniZes statiaSi — `qarTveli diplomati

bogdan gurjicki~. mainc saWirod vTvliT gavagrZeloT saar-

qivo (ucxouri da qarTuli) masalebis Semdgomi moZieba da

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257

mecnieruli ganzogadeba. cxadia, bogdan gurjickis diploma-

tiuri moRvaweoba poloneTis samefo karze sruliadac ar

aris poloneT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifo urTierToba, magram

es calkeuli saqmianoba, pirovnebis niWiereba da gamocdile-

ba xels uwyobda ori qveynis daaxlovebas. evropuli samyaro-

saken ltolva ucxo ar aris qarTuli sagareo politikuri

kursis warsulisaTvis. poloneTsa da saqarTvelos istoriu-

li urTierToba kidev ufro ganmtkicda mogviano periodSi,

gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis aTian wlebSi. qarTuli samxedro

emigracia poloneTSi saTaves iRebs 1921 wlidan [1, 172].

qarTuli samxedro emigraciis mdidari istoriuli masa-

lis gaanalizebisa da kritikuli Seswavlis aucilebloba gan-

pirobebulia XX saukunis pirveli naxevris movlenebis mniS-

vnelobis gamo da evropaSi mimdinare politikur urTierTo-

baSi qarTveli samxedro emigrantebis monawileobis rolis

SefasebisaTvis.

qarTvel mecnierTa gansakuTrebuli daintereseba po-

loneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis

gaZlierda Tanamedrove pirobebSi. qarTveli istorikosebi: n.

javaxiSvili [7], g. zedgeniZe [1], v. beniZe [3], S. murusiZe [4], c.

CxartiSvili [8], i. cincaZe [6], T. qvelaSvili [5], e. mamukelaS-

vili [2]. vrclad da sarwmuno wyaroebis kritikuli analizis

safuZvelze siRrmiseulad ganixilaven poloneT-saqarTve-

los samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebis ZiriTad sakiT-

xebs.

wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros

sistemaSi muSaobam ganapiroba didi daintereseba qarTuli

samxedro emigraciis istoriis jer kidev ucnobi masalebis

mimarT.

1918 wlis 26 maiss, rodesac Seiqmna saqarTvelos demok-

ratiuli respublika (1918-1921ww.), qveynis xelisuflebaSi

aRmoCnda arcTu Zlieri politikuri nebis adamianTa jgufi.

amasTan, gamoCnda Zlieri rusuli Zala CrdiloeTidan, ramac

ganapiroba pirveli qarTuli demokratiuli respublikis xe-

lisuflebis da misi Tanamdgomi politikuri Tu samxedro Za-

lebis evropaSi emigrireba.

qarTuli emigraciis ori ZiriTadi nawili mieZala evro-

pas: 1) politikuri; 2) samxedro.

samxedro emigracia ZiriTadad poloneTSi Cavida.

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q. gurjaanSi SalikaSvilebis samxedro saxl-muzeumSi

moviZieT saintereso saarqivo dokumentacia qarTuli samxed-

ro warmomadgenlebis raodenobisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb,

rasac gavaanalizebT Cveni Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis procesSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. g. zedgeniZe, qarTveli diplomati bogdan gurjicki,

Jurnali `mnaTobi~, 1965, #12.

2. e. mamukelaSvili, Cvenebi, Tb., 2009.

3. v. beniZe, saqarTvelos social-politikuri mdgomare-

oba da saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola 1920-1925ww., (cvli-

lebebi emigrantuli mTavrobisa da politikosebis brZolis

taqtikaSi), Tb., 1999.

4. S. murusiZe, qarTuli emigraciis erovnuli-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis kvlevis problemebi, krebulSi: `axali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~ II (4), 2008.

5. T. qvelaSvili, poloneTi da saqarTvelo evropis `did

saWadrako dafaze~ (XV s-is II nax), Tb., 2005.

6. i. cincaZe, masalebi poloneTisa da saqarTvelos ur-

TierTobebis istoriisTvis (XV-XVII ss.), Tb., 1965.

7. n. javaxiSvili, qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis

qveS, Tb., 1998.

8. c. CxartiSvili, poloneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis

zogierTi sakiTxi, krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sa-

kiTxebi~, II (4), 2008.

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George Bezhitashvili Doctoral student of Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

The certain aspects of History of the Georgian Military

Immigration in Poland

Summary In the Article, on the basis of rich historical material, activity of first

representatives of the Georgian Military Immigration in the state of Poland is

analyzed. It is shown, that such representative is already seen since the second

half of XVII century in face of Bogdan Gurjietski and his brother Parsadan. The author quite justly considers, that the first Georgian talented

military emigrant played a great role in the matter of settling the diplomatic

relations between the state of Poland and Persian – Turkish countries. The special attention is paid on historical relations of Poland and

Georgia, which was strengthened in further period, especially in the 10 year of XXI century.

The author justly reviews the reasons resulting the Georgian military

immigration began since the 20s of XX century. The political immigration

leaving Georgia was folled by the representation of the Georgian Generals

and Officers. They stayed in Poland by support of Polish Authority.

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avTandil sonRulaSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-

fesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da

eTnologiis institutis axali da uax-

lesi istoriis ganyofilebis gamge

saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT evropasa

da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis

pirvel meoTxedSi

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam da qarTuli sa-

xelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam, Cvens qveyanas gare samyarosTan

urTierTobis SesaZlebloba mouspo. Tumca saimperatoro ka-

ri saqarTvelos geopolitikur mdebareobas angariSs uwevda

da ucxo qveynebTan urTierTobis dros am faqtors saTana-

dod iTvaliswinebda. ukve, 1818 wels TbilisSi arsdeba fran-

guli sakonsulo. 1820 wels aq warmogzavnes konsuli gamba,

romelsac oficialurad evaleboda Tbilisis gadaqceva aR-

mosavleTTan vaWrobis centrad [1, 164].

carizmma ver moaxerxa samxreT kavkasiis politikuri

dapyrobis Semdeg misi sruli ekonomikuri aTviseba. amitom

igi xels uwyobda ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas am teritoria-

ze. es procesi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XIX saukunis 80-iani

wlebidan. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani ad-

gili moipova germanulma kapitalma. man wamyvani poziciebi

daikava mrewvelobis mraval dargSi da maT Soris — samTamad-

no mrewvelobaSi. manganumisa da spilenZis warmoeba — ai is

dargebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT warmatebiT moikides fexi ger-

manelebma. rogorc Cans, am miswrafebas ara marto komerciu-

li mogeba, aramed samxedro-strategiuli mizezebic edo sa-

fuZvlad [2, 46].

germanelebi cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba meti miwis nakve-

Tebi SeeZinaT saqarTveloSi. 1901 wels germanelma karl si-

mensma miiRo baTumidan 57 kilometris manZilze, arTvinis max-

loblad, sofel qvarcxanasTan arsebuli spilenZis mdidari

sabados damuSavebis ufleba. aq male aages Saxtebi da daiwyes

madnis mopoveba. simensebma izrunes, agreTve, axali madniani

miwis nakveTebis SeZenaze.

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1900-1909 wlebSi qvarcxanis axlos, sofel baSaulSi,

karl simensis memkvidreebma, ruseTis qveSevrdomma barone-

sebma maria grevenicma da Sarlota buksgevdenma adgilobrivi

glexebisagan SeiZines miwis nakveTebi da daiwyes madnis mopo-

veba. rogorc wyaroebSia aRniSnuli, simensebi miwas iZendnen

Calis fasad [2, 45].

samxreT kavkasiaSi satelegrafo xazebis mSeneblobas

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda germanuli firmis `simensis da

halskes~ saqmianobaSi kapitalis dagrovebis TvalsazrisiT.

1866 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac mefis mTavrobam aRar gaagrZela

firmasTan kontraqti ruseTSi satelegrafo xazebis gamar-

Tuli muSaobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, peterburgis `simen-

sisa da halskes~ saqmianoba 80-90-ian wlebSi, ZiriTadad, sam-

xreT kavkasiaSi iyo koncentrirebuli. am periodSi firma

kvlav Zlierdeba ruseTSi, umTavresad — eleqtroteqnikis

mrewvelobaSi. swored am dros, 1866-1867 wlebSi TbilisSi da-

saxldnen verner simensis umcrosi Zmebi valteri da oto,

mogvianebiT — karli, TavianTi ojaxebiT da ganizraxes aq

mtkiced damkvidreba. es faqti erTxel kidev adasturebs, Tu

ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen simensebi saqarTveloSi saq-

mianobas [3, 35-36].

XX saukunis damdegidan WiaTuraSi samrewvelo saqmiano-

ba garTulda. qarTveli mrewvelebi didi siZneleebis winaSe

aRmoCndnen. maT an kapitali unda gamoenaxaT, an daetovebinaT

samrewvelo saqmianobis asparezi. saTanado molaparakebis

Semdeg, germanuli firmis `mangansindikatis~ meSveobiT, qar-

Tvel mrewvelTa sazogadoeba awarmoebda marganecis eq-

sports, ijariT iRebda da yidulobda marganecis sabadoebs.

udavoa, `mangansindikats~ imTaviTve ufro didi mizani amoZ-

ravebda, vidre kapitalis procentis miReba da madnis gasaRe-

bis saqmeSi Suamavloba iyo. kerZod, mas surda xelT egdo Wia-

Turis mdidari sabadoebi da TviTve ewarmoebina maTi eqsplo-

atacia.

1902 wels Camoyalibebuli qarTvel mrewvelTa sazoga-

doeba `Savi qva~ TandaTan ebmeboda `mangansindikatis~ mier

dagebul badeSi. male gamomJRavnda, rom sazogadoebas avansi

da krediti araxelsayreli pirobebiT hqonda miRebuli, rac

iwvevda mis daqvemdebarebas germanuli firmisadmi. `mangan-

sindikats~ didxans aRar dauyovnebia gadamwyveti naxtomis

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gakeTeba. 1906 wels TbilisSi molaparakeba gaimarTa `Savi

qvis~ rwmunebul zdanoviCsa da `mangansindikatis~ warmomad-

genel fridrix neimans Soris. germanel kapitalistTa badeSi

gaxlarTuli qarTvel mrewvelTa sazogadoebis rwmunebuli

iZulebuli gaxda araxelsayreli SeTanxmebisaTvis moewera

xeli. mogvianebiT sazogadoebam, didi msxverplis gaRebis fa-

sad, Tavi daaRwia germanul firmaze damokidebulebas, magram

sakuTar fexze mtkiced dadgoma ver SeZlo da male daiwyo

sxva kreditoris Zebna.

WiaTuris samrewvelo raionis ekonomikuri dapyrobis

mizniT, ucxoel kapitalistTa Semoteva gansakuTrebiT gaZ-

lierda 1908 wlidan. konkurenciaSi damarcxebuli qarTvel

mrewvelTa erTi nawili xels iRebs warmoebaze, yidis an ija-

riT scems sabadoebs, ZiriTadad ucxoelebze. didi raodeno-

biT Seisyida marganecis sabadoebi germanulma firmam (gel-

zenkirxenis samTo samrewvelo sazogadoeba), romelmac mar-

to 1910-1911 wlebSi WiaTuraSi erTi milioni maneTi daabanda.

Zalian gaaqtiurdnen sxva ucxouri sazogadoebani da mrewve-

lebi [4, 106,107].

sainteresoa, rom warmoebis mTeli aparati WiaTuraSi

mxolod germanelebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, ris Sesaxebac

mefisnacvali 1916 wels acnobebda ruseTis ministrTa sabWos:

`germanuli firmebis moRvaweobis uaryofiT mxared unda Ca-

iTvalos rusuli teqnikuri Zalebis ignorirebac. maT mTeli

momsaxure personali germaniidan moiyvanes~ [5, 23-24].

XIX saukunis bolos aSS-ma sakonsulo gaxsna baTumSi,

rac ganpirobebuli iyo amerikis kapitalis samxreT kavkasiis

regionSi gamoCeniT. ufro metad ki amerikis miznebiT, uaxlo-

es momavalSi germaniis, safrangeTisa da misi sxva evropeli

metoqeebis SeviwroebiT Rirseuli adgili daekavebina am re-

gionSi.

1914 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave, sakon-

sulom TbilisSi gadmoinacvla [6,12].

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, saqarTvelos

politikurma partiebma pirvel erovnul yrilobazec ki ver

gabedes ara Tu saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovna, ara-

med avtonomiis sakiTxis dayenebac ki. Tumca, Cans arc evropi-

dan igrZnoboda mxardaWera. es faqti kargad gamoCnda saqar-

TveloSi antantis (aSS, inglisis, safrangeTisa da italiis)

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diplomatebis vizitis dros (1917 wlis dekembris pirvel na-

xevarSi). maT pirdapir ganucxades saqarTvelos erovnuli

sabWos mesveurebs, rom isini cnobdnen ganuyofel ruseTs da

ara mis calkeul mxareebs — Tundac saqarTvelos an sxva vin-

mes, visac sakuTari mTavroba ar hyavs. maTve dasZines agreTve,

rom isini cnobdnen ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mier Seq-

mnil amierkavkasiis komisariats. amasTan antantis diploma-

tebma erovnul sabWos arc osmaleTis SesaZlo Setevis wina-

aRmdeg daxmareba da arc iaraRis miwodeba ar aRuTqves, isini

mxolod zogadi rCevis micemiT dakmayofildnen [7, 99-100].

maSin saqarTvelos mesveurebma imedis Tvali germanias

miapyres. germanelTa interesi ki saqarTvelosa da samxreT

kavkasiaSi, marTlac mravalmxrivi iyo. kaizeruli germaniis

erT-erTi burjTagani fon ludendorfi saqarTvelosa da

samxreT kavkasiaSi germanelTa gegmebze sakmao gulaxdilo-

biT miuTiTebs Tavis mogonebebSi. germanias saqarTvelosken

eweoda samxedro, ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi:

samxreT kavkasia strategiuli TvalsazrisiT germanelTa sam-

xedro gegmebSi friad mimzidvelad gamoiyureboda. aqedan

rkinigzebiT SeiZleboda jarebis gadayvana CrdiloeT iranSi

da ingliselTa gandevna iranis placdarmidan. am saqmeSi sa-

qarTvelos jarebis gamoyenebac iyo navaraudevi. saqarTve-

loSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan Segrovdeboda muSaxeli,

romelsac germaniaSi muSaTa armiaSi gasawvevi kontingenti

unda Seecvala.

ekonomikuri interesebi ufro farTo iyo: xangrZliv om-

Si sisxlisgan dawretil germanias samrewvelo nedleuli da

sursaTi aRar gaaCnda. samxreT kavkasia ki, Tavisi wiaRiseuli

simdidreebis siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT did imeds iZle-

oda: aq iyo marganeci, navTi, qvanaxSiri, xe-tye. germanelebs

gansakuTrebiT baqos navTi ainteresebdaT. saqarTveloSi

damkvidreba baqoskenac kafavda gzas. miT umetes, ganjaSi Ca-

moyalibebuli musavaturi mTavroba germanelebs sTxovda

daxmarebas baqos komunis winaaRmdeg [8, 608].

kaizeris germaniis mesveurebi TavianT politikas saqar-

TveloSi arc ki faravdnen. saqarTvelo maT momaval gegmebSi

gamoiyureboda ise, rogorc indoeTi inglisis mfarvelobaSi.

roca berlinSi saqarTvelos delegaciis wevri z. avaliSvili

simonss SeekiTxa, Tu rogor esaxeba mas momavalSi germaniis

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warmomadgenlis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, am ukanasknelma

upasuxa: `formiT es Cveulebrivi diplomatiuri warmomadge-

nelia, arsebiTad igi SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc ingli-

sis rezidenti damoukidebeli indoeTis saxelmwifoSi~. ro-

gori damokidebuleba hqonda indoeTs inglisis proteqtora-

tis dros, es avaliSvilsa da samonss kargad esmodaT [8, 609].

amierkavkasiis seimma brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekru-

leba ar cno, romlis mixedviT osmaleTis xelSi gadadioda ba-

Tumis, yarsisa da ardaganis teritoriebi. amierkavkasiis de-

legaciasTan molaparakebis dros osmaleTis mxare aiZulebda

seimis warmomadgenlebs, rom vidre amierkavkasiis mTavroba

ar ucvnia sxva saxelmwifoebs, amierkavkasia iTvleboda ruse-

Tis federaciis nawilad da maTTvis savaldebulo iyo brest-

litovskis xelSekrulebaTa miReba. amasTanave, osmaleTis

gegmebSi Sedioda, rom samxreT kavkasia Camoecilebina ruse-

TisaTvis da wamoeyenebina misi damoukidebloba [9, 31], raTa

ufro meti teritoria Caegdo xelSi. ase rom, germaniisa da

osmaleTis interesebi samxreT kavkasiSi erTmaneTs emTxveo-

da.

rodesac germania kisrulobda Suamavlis rols saqar-

Tvelosa da osmaleTs Soris da qmnida pirobebs saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebisaTvis, germaniis saxelmwifos

ZiriTadad sakuTari interesebi amoZravebda samxreT kavkasi-

aSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi. es kidev erTxel gamoCnda 1918

wlis 27 aprils osmaleTsa da germanias Soris saidumlo Se-

TanxmebaSi, rac miznad isaxavda gavlenis sferoebad ganawi-

lebas [10, 10].

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamoc-

xadebam da germaniis misiis Semosvlam saqarTveloSi didi SeS-

foTeba gamoiwvia sabWoTa ruseTSi. bolSevikebi, oqtombris

gadatrialebis Semdeg, yofili imperiis mTeli teritoriis

gasabWoebas varaudobdnen da yofil koloniur qveynebs axla

bolSevikebis `sakuTrebad~ acxadebdnen. amasTan dakavSrebiT,

1918 wlis 8 ivliss, stalini swerda kavkasiis saqmeTa sagange-

bo komisars stefane Saumians: `amierkavkasiis sakiTxSi Cveni

zogadi politika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom germanelebi vaiZu-

loT saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis sakiTxebi ofi-

cialurad aRiaron ruseTis Sinaur sakiTxebad, romelTa ga-

dawyvetaSi germanelebi ar unda iRebdnen monawileobas. swo-

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red amitom ar vcnobT Cven saqarTvelos damoukideblobas,

romelic germaniam scno~ [11, 5].

am werilidan naTlad Cnas, ras upirebda momavalSi sab-

WoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos. ukve am droidan mzaddeboda 1921

wlis Tebervlis tragedia.

qarTveli politikosebi kargad iyvnen garkveulni ger-

manelebis namdvil zraxvebSi. zogierTi daTmoba ganpirobe-

buli iyo Tavisuflebis gzaze axlad gamosuli saqarTvelos

siZneleebiT, romelsac garSemo uamravi mteri exvia. osmale-

Tisagan Tavis daRwevas, germaniis Carevis gareSe, saqarTvelo

ver SeZlebda, germanelebma ki, savsebiT bunebrivia, isargeb-

les Cveni qveynis mZime mdgomareobiT da Seecadnen sargebeli

meti enaxaT.

1918 wlis maisis bolos saqarTveloSi Semosuli germane-

lebi aq didxans ar gaCerebulan. 1918 wlis 9 noembers germani-

aSi daiwyo revolucia, romelmac taxtidan Camoagdo vilhelm

II, xolo 11 noembers germaniis warmomadgenlebi iZulebulni

iyvnen kompienis tyeSi xeli moeweraT dazavebaze, romliTac

germania Tavs damarcxebulad cnobda. amis Semdeg germania

iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina samxreT kavkasia da konkretu-

lad saqarTvelo. 1918 wlis 26 dekembers foTidan gavida ger-

maniis jarebis ukanaskneli eSeloni.

miuxedavaT germaniis mxardaWerisa saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobis gamocxadebaSi, respublikis faqtiuri cnobis

Semdeg isini ar Cqarobdnen Cveni qveynis iuridiul aRiarebas.

germaniam saqarTvelo de iured cno mxolod 1920 wlis 24 seq-

tembers. manamde saqarTvelos damoukidebloba iuridiulad

aRiara osmaleTma 1918 wlis 3 ivniss, argentinam 1919 wlis 13

seqtembers da ruseTma 1920 wlis 7 maiss [12, 15].

rogorc Cans yvela Zlier saxelmwifos naklebad adar-

debs patara qveynis bedi da, mxolod, sakuTari teritoriis

gafarToeba-gaZlierebas isaxavs miznad. amaze metyvelebs ze-

moxsenebuli simonsis sityvebi, romelic germaniis garkveuli

politikuri wreebis interesebs gamoxatavda. kerZod, mas mi-

aCnda, rom `saqarTvelos geografiuli siSore rom ara, yvela-

ze marTebuli iqneboda misi Sesvla germaniis federaciaSi (!)~

[13, 105].

cota xanSi germanelebi ingliselebma Secvales. mudro-

sis sazavo xelSekrulebis mixedviT, ingliselebma daikaves

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baTumi da baTumis olqi da daaweses saokupacio reJimi, Seq-

mnes sageneralgubernatoro, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenes ge-

neral maiori kuk-kolisi.

1918 wlis dekembris bolos daiwyo britaneTis jarebis

ganlageba saqarTvelos teritoriaze. baTumis garda maT dai-

kaves mniSvnelvani navsadgurebi: foTi, soxumi, moaxdines saz-

Rvao Zalebis aRwera da kontroli daaweses portebis funqci-

onirebaze. paralelurad britanelebma daikaves baTum-Tbi-

lisis sarkinigzo xazi, ganaxorcieles jaris nawilebis dis-

lokacia mniSvnelovan administraciul-strategiul pun-

qtebSi, ZiriTadad rkinigzis xazis gaswvriv: TbilisSi, quTa-

isSi, samtrediaSi, mcxeTaSi, gorSi da a.S. inglisis samxedro

razmebi idgnen aseve duSeTSi. maT daniSnulebas Seadgenda

jvris uReltexilis Caketva, raTa ar daeSvaT bolSevikebis

gadmosvla saqarTveloSi [14, 21].

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi qarTul politikaSi Semdegma

procesebma ganapirobes: pirvelma msoflio omma sasikvdilo

ganaCeni gamoutana saqarTvelos germanul sagareo-politi-

kur orientacias. qarTulma diplomatiam gezi gamarjvebuli

qveynebisaken aiRo.

evropaSi saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebisaTvis naTe-

li iyo, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda inglis-

Tan diplomatiuri kontaqtebis gafarToebas. am amocanis

warmatebiT gaxorcielebaze mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebu-

li saqarTvelos momavali.

saqarTvelo-somxeTis samxedro konfliqti saqarTvelo-

Si inglisis samxedro Zalebis Semosvlamde ramdenime dRiT

adre daiwyo. es ori movlena saeWvod daemTxva erTmaneTs.

sabWour istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba,

rom saqarTvelo-somxeTis omi ingliselebis mier iyo inspiri-

rebuli. marTalia, somxeTis mier, 1918 wlis 18 oqtombers,

borCalos mazraSi wamowyebuli saomari operaciebi erTgva-

rad proinglisur xasiaTs atarebda da, SeiZleba, inglisis po-

litikis nayofad miviCnioT. araa gamoricxuli, rom im droi-

saTvis somxeTis xelisuflebis moqmedeba inglisis mier iyo

waqezebuli, radganac, ebrZoda ra saqarTvelos, somxeTi faq-

tobrivad am qveyanaSi myof germanelebs upirispirdeboda da

ase, inglisis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. bunebrivia, am momentma

(inglis-somxeTis urTierTobam saqarTvelo-germaniis mi-

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marT) Tavisi daRi daasva 1918 wlis dekembris movlenebs, mag-

ram amjerad somxebis gamosvlas araviTari proinglisuri xa-

siaTi ar hqonda, ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTveloSi

britaneTis miznebis ganxorcielebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTu-

li da kaCaznunis mTavrobis viwro politikuri, nacionaluri

mosazrebiT sazrdoobda [14, 28-29].

inglisis mTavrobis damokidebuleba saqarTvelo-brita-

neTis ekonomikisaTvis, Seqmnili politikuri pirobebis gamo,

`daxurul zonas~ warmoadgenda. londonis ekonomikuri po-

litika saqarTveloSi mTlianad sufTa politikuri miznebis

ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saqar-

Tvelos sasicocxlo ekonomikuri interesebis Selaxvas da mis

srul ignorirebas iwvevda [14, 76].

`saqarTvelos sakiTxSi~ inglisis ormagma standartebma

kulminacias 1920 wlis dekemberSi miaRwies, rodesac london-

Si inglis-ruseTis savaWro xelSekrulebis proeqtis mosamza-

deblad molaparakebani loid jorjis mTavrobasa da krasinis

ekonomikur misias Soris daskvniT fazaSi Sevida. 22 dekembers

SeTanxmebuli proeqtis preambulaSi ruseTis `antiinglisuri

moqmedebis~ akrZalvis zonebis geografiul nomenklaturi-

dan kavkasiis amoReba oficialurad adasturebda saqarTve-

loSi ruseTis interesebis cnobas inglisis mier [15, 186].

cota xniT adre, rogorc inglis-italiis diplomatiuri

urTierTobebis amsaxveli masalebidan irkveva, inglis-ita-

liis 8 aprilis cnobili SeTanxmebis erT-erTi punqti iTva-

liswinebda baTumSic (iseve rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi)

inglisis jarebis italiuri jarebiT Secvlas. es daadastura

j. kerzonmac san-remos konferenciis 18 aprilis sxdomaze ga-

mosvlisas (1920 w.) [16, 92], magram aq yuradRebas iqcevs erTi,

arc Tu ise umniSvnelo niuansi; rogorc Cans, baTumSi ingli-

suri jarebi unda SeecvalaT ara mxolod italiis, aramed sa-

frangeTis batalionebsac, e.i. inglisis warmomadgenelTa

gegmebSi sakuTriv baTumsa da mis olqSi ar unda daeSvaT

`wminda italiuri okupacia~, saqarTvelos sxva regionebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT. am ASemTxvevaSi safrangeTs eniWeboda baTum-

Si italiis gavlenis erTgvari gamaneitraleblis da misi po-

ziciebis SemzRudavi qveynis roli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

miuxedavaT miRweuli SeTanxmebisa, ingliss 1920 wlis ivli-

samde ar ganuxorcielebia baTumis regionis deokupacia. am

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drois manZilze italiis samxedro misia didi yuradRebiT

adevnebda Tvals baTumsa da mis irgvliv mimdinare procesebs

da sakuTari mTavrobis intensiur informirebas eweoda am sa-

kiTxze [15, 95].

sagulisxmoa, rom inglisma orientacia aiRo maincdama-

inc italiaze, romelic ar gamoirCeoda arc politikuri

mdgradobiTa da siZlieriT, arc samxedro-ekonomikuri po-

tencialiT. maSasadame, inglisma erTob susti mokavSire air-

Cia im rwmeniTa da imediT, rom italiis samxedro-politikur

gavlenas saqarTveloze ar eqneboda yovlismomcveli da siR-

rmiseuli xasiaTi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, am gavlenis

blokireba Tu italiis `gandevna~ saqarTvelodan mas ar gau-

Wirdeboda [15, 64-65]. magram inglisis gegmebi mTlad Canafiq-

ris mixedviT ver warimarTa. italia warmoadgenda erTaderT

evropul saxelmwifos, romelmac diplomatiuri urTierTo-

bis damyareba saqarTvelosTan saelCos CamoyalibebiT gamo-

xata. arc ingliss da arc safrangeTs analogiuri nabiji ar

gadaudgamT. maT ar SeucvliaT saqarTveloSi TavianTi warmo-

madgenlobis statusi da kvlavac `umaRlesi komisrebis~ do-

neze datoves da es maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos mTavrobam,

1921 wlis 29 ianvars, evropaSi saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba

regularul diplomatiur warmomadgenlobad gadaakeTa ev-

ropis qveynebSi (Svecia, espaneTi, rumineTi, portugalia,

norvegia, dania, Cexoslovakia, serbia-xorvatia-sloveniis

federacia, belgia, safrangeTi didi britaneTi da italia)

[15, 193].

saerTod, ingliselebze yvelaze cudi STabeWdileba mo-

axdina 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebam sabWoTa ruseTTan.

isini mixvdnen, rom amiT saqarTvelos saqme xelidan iyo wasu-

li. rodesac maT jari gaiyvanes baTumidan generalma kuk-ko-

lisma aafeTqa qalaqis didi zarbaznebi, romlebic baTums

icavda. amiT damTavrda Cveni urTierToba inglisTan [17, 64].

didi mniSvneloba hqonda aSS-is pozicias saqarTvelos-

Tan mimarTebaSi. 1914 wlidan 1919 wlis maisamde, saqarTvelo-

Si amerikis konsuli feliqs uiloubi smiTi iyo [6, 12].

noe Jordaniam, rogorc ki xelisufleba Caibara, mTavro-

bis sasaxlidan Camoaxsnevina erovnuli droSa da revoluciis

wiTeli droSa aafrialebina. es valiko juRelis sagangebo

moTxovna iyo. erTi wlis manZilze, es droSa aRelvebda qar-

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Tvelobas da uaryofiT STabeWdilebas axdenda ucxo qveyne-

bis warmomadgenlebze. bevri amas bolSevikobis niSnad miiCne-

da. magaliTad, TbilisSi myofma amerikelma profesorma, ro-

melsac unda gaerkvia, SeiZleboda Tu ara Cveni aRiareba, ro-

gorc ki wiTeli droSebi dainaxa Sesabamisi SeniSvna gagzavna

amerikaSi [17, 25]. es profesori iyo cnobili mecnieri rosi,

romelic Tavisive surviliT eswreboda 1917 wlis 3 oqtom-

bers qarTuli universitetis sazogadoebis pirvel saerTo

krebas [18, 13].

konsuli smiTi aSS sagareo departamentisagan Tavidanve

moiTxovda, rom amerikas finansuri daxmareba gaewia kavkasiis

xalxebisaTvis. gamudmebiT cdilobda amerikuli firmebis da-

interesebas kavkasiiTa da saqarTveloTi. diplomatiuri ur-

TierTobis dros, zogjer arasasurveli kuriozebic xdeboda.

magaliTad, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrs evgeni ge-

geWkors konsulTan `gaugebroba~ mouxda. gegeWkors `daaviw-

yda~, rom smiTi uzarmazari amerikis warmomadgeneli iyo, xo-

lo TviTon ki — patara saqarTvelosi. is, zogjer, sificxesa

da ampartavnobas iCenda. ministrma mebaJeebs gaaCxrekina ame-

rikis konsulis diplomatiuri Cemodani. es ambavi cecxlis

aliviT moedo saqarTveloSi myof yvela warmomadgenels. ev-

geni gajiutda da, cxra Tve bodiSs ar ixdida. bolos, gegeW-

kori da smiTi italiis warmomadgenelma Cerutim Seariga. sam-

wuxarod, am incidents ori cudi Sedegi mohyva saqarTvelos-

Tvis. kerZod, Cemodnis ambavi konsulma dawvrilebiT amcno

vaSingtons. amerikelebma Cvens mTavrobas fsevdo-mTavroba

uwodes da es gaimeora kidec mokavSireebis uzenaesma sabWom.

meores mxriv, amerikis konsuli amjerad ukve urCevda ameri-

kel mrewvelebs, ar wamoewyoT saqmeebi saqarTveloSi, sanam

mas de iure ar icnobdnen [17, 57].

aSS prezidentma vudro uilsonma SesaniSnavad ganWvrita

is garemoeba, rom italiis jarebis Seyvana inglisuri okupa-

ciisagan gamoTavisuflebul samxreT kavkasiaSi safrTxes uq-

mnida aSS-is strategiul interesebs am regionSi. aSS-is stra-

tegiuli da geopolitikuri interesebis arsi, maTi realiza-

ciisaTvis SemuSavebuli konkretul-taqtikuri meTodebis

sistema, safuZvlianadaa Camoyalibebuli aSS-is saxelmwifo

departamentis sainformacio ganyofilebis specialur doku-

mentSi — `winaswari angariSisa da winadadebebis proeqti, mom-

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zadebuli instruqciaTa Sesabamisad sainformacio ganyofi-

lebis mier, prezidentisa da sruluflebiani warmomadgenle-

bisaTvis~. dokumentis mixedviT, aSS-is kavkasiuri politikis

RerZad miCneulia orientacia somxeTze, romlisTvisac, sxva-

TaSoris, Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis uflebis motivirebiT, nava-

raudevi iyo axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebis gadacema (?).

Tu `italiuri mandati~ saqarTvelos mxolod sagareo-poli-

tikuri prerogativebis nawilobriv Sekvecas uqadda, `ameri-

kuli mandati~, amasTan, teritoriuli ganuyoflobis xelyo-

fis perspeqtivasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli. rogorc vxedavT,

somxeTis xelovnuri `gaZliereba~ da masze sakuTari mandatis

daweseba aSS-is strategiul mizandasaxulobas warmoadgenda.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, mas eniWeboda `droebiTi damouki-

deblobis~ statusi da Semdeg igi unda SeerTeboda somxeTs

(`Zia semi~ am `SeerTebaSi~ ar gamoricxavda federaciul gaer-

Tianebasac). analogiuri `perspeqtiva~ eloda azerbaijansac.

aSS-is kavkasiuri politikis doqtrinul elementebs Seicavda

polkovnik hauzis e.w. `komentarebic~, romlebic am ukanas-

knelma daurTo uilsonis `14 punqts~. `komentarebis~ VI pun-

qtSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom `am sivrcis gareT unda darCes po-

loneTi, litva, latvia, fineTi, ukraina da cimbiri~. rac See-

xeba kavkasias da Sua azias, `komentarebSi~ naTqvamia: `kavkasia

albaT, unda ganxilul iqnas, rogorc TurqeTis imperiis pro-

blemis nawili ... savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom romelime did sa-

xelmwifos (bunebrivia, rom hauzi aSS-s gulisxmobs) gadaeces

mmarTvelobis SezRuduli mandati proteqtoratis safuZ-

velze~.

amdenad, aSS-is samxreT kavkasiuri politikis prizmaSi

saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoe-

bis arseboba arc ki moiazreboda da es `teritoriuli gaerTi-

anebani~ somxuri inkorporaciis obieqtebad miiCneodnen. am

konteqstSi savsebiT bunebrivia uilsonis negatiuri reaqcia

loid jorjsa da orlandos Soris momxdari garigebisadmi

[15, 67-68].

smiTis Semdeg saqarTveloSi konsulad dainiSna Carlz

mozeri, romelic TbilisSi 1920 wlis ianvris pirvel dReebSi

Camovida. 1921 wlis gazafxulze konsuli saqarTvelos mTav-

robasTan erTad gaemgzavra da Tbilisis amerikis saelCom

stambulSi daido bina [6, 13].

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saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi miRebis dros inglisis uaryo-

fiTma poziciam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. kenWisyraSi mo-

nawileobda 24 saxelmwifo. gawevrianebisaTvis saWiro iyo 16

xma. saqarTvelos sasargeblod xma misca aTma qveyanam, oTxma

Tavi Seikava. winaaRmdeg gamovida aTi, maT Soris didi brita-

neTi da misi zegavleniT dominioni qveynebi — kanada, avstra-

lia, zelandia [14, 113].

saqarTvelos miRebis sakiTxi erTa ligis momaval sesiam-

de gadaido, romelic 1921 wlis seqtemberSi Catarda JenevaSi,

magram ukve dagvianebuli iyo...

de iured cnobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, 1921 wlis ianvris

pirvel dReebSi italiuri TbomavliT, `franc ferdinandiT~,

baTumSi Camovida germaniis elCi saqarTveloSi roSeri. mog-

vianebiT igi didi pativiscemiT miiRes TbilisSi. elCs Tan ax-

lda saelCos mrCeveli andersi, romelic adre foTSi asru-

lebda eqs-konsulis movaleobas. garda amisa, germaniis dele-

gaciaSi Sediodnen sakmaod didi ricxvi pirebisa, romelTagan

umetesoba sxva erovnebis pasportiT Camovida. baTumSi myofi

frangi kontradmiralis diumenilis sityviT, eWvs gareSe iyo,

rom misiis aqtivoba antantis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli.

diumenilis moxsenebiTi baraTis mixedviT, romelic saf-

rangeTis xelisuflebas gaegzavna, germaniis delegaciis Ca-

mosvlis Semdeg antifranguli propaganda daiwyo baTumSi. sa-

xeldobr, germanelebi xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom

frangebi adre mxars uWerdnen carizms da axla surdaT Zveli

ruseTis aRdgena mis adrindel sazRvrebSi, rac saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis dakargvas niSnavda.

frangebis azriT, saqarTveloSi germanelebis ekonomiku-

ri gavlena aqamde italiis droSiT iniRbeboda. im momentSi ki

es saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgenda, radgan sufTa germanuli

komerciuli operaciebi ifargleboda saqonlis iseTi saxee-

biT, romlebic markis gaufasurebas Zalian ganicdida. mdgoma-

reoba mTlianad Seicvleboda maSin, rodesac ganaxldeboda

germanuli saqonlis pirdapiri eqsporti. maSin safrangeTisa

da inglisisaTvis konkurencia saxifaTo gaxdeboda, miT ufro,

rom saqarTveloSi bevri iyo germanuli koloniebi maTi moxer-

xebuli da gavleniani warmomadgenlebiT [19, 179].

miuxedavaT mravali xelisSemSleli pirobebisa, saqar-

Tvelos demokratiul respublikas savaWro-ekonomikuri kav-

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SirurTierTobebi hqonda aSS-sTan, inglisTan, italiasTan,

safrangeTTan, germaniasTan, osmaleTTan, sparseTTan, ru-

seTTan, somxeT-azerbaijanTan, poloneTTan, daRestanTan,

belgiasTan, egviptesTan, espaneTTan, rumineTTan, holandias-

Tan, fineTTan, SveciasTan, CineTTan da sxva.

produqciis gatana da Semotana xdeboda Semdegi sabaJo-

ebiT: baTumis, bogdanovkis, gudauTis, voroncovkis, Tbili-

sis, lagodexis, natanebis, onis, oCamCiris, sadaxlos, saloR-

lis, soxumis, foTis, quTaisis da yazbegis [20, 43]. magram sa-

qarTvelos aRar dascalda evropisa Tu sxva kontinentis

qveynebTan urTierToba momavalSi normalurad ganeviTarebi-

na. 1921 wlis Savma Tebervalma kidev erTxel daaCoqa Tavi-

suflebisa da damoukideblobis gzaze mdgari Cveni samSoblo.

sazRvargareTis warmomadgenlobaTa umravlesobam Tbi-

lisSi bolSevikebis Semosvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre dato-

va Cveni dedaqalaqi, xolo italiis elCi, safrangeTis konsu-

li, britaneTis umaRlesi konsulis TanaSemwe saqarTvelos

mTavrobis wevrebTan erTad matarebliT gaemgzavrnen.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, germa-

niaze aRebuli orientaciiT dawyebuli, damTavrebuli 1921

wlis ianvar-Tebervlis omis dros evropasTan kavSiris damya-

rebis, iqidan iaraRisa Tu politikuri mxardaWeris mopovebis

cdiT — bolomde darCa ruseTis dampyrobluri interesebis

moZule da evropuli orientaciis qveyana [21, 125].

mogvianebiT, 1926 wlis martSi gazeT `fineTis social-

demokratSi~ gamoqveynda makdonaldis statia saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom didi britaneTis muSaTa par-

tiam saqarTvelos aRmouCina yovelgvari daxmareba mas Sem-

deg, rac saqarTvelom gamoacxada damoukidebloba. partiam

dagmo moskovis wiTeli armiis SeWra da ruseTis mier saqar-

Tvelos okupacia. ruseTma ZaliT moaxdina saqarTvelos oku-

pacia da SeierTa mxolod imitom, rom iq iyo komunistTa mci-

re jgufi [22, 2].

1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi saWoTa xelisufle-

bis `mosvlis~ Semdeg, ukve 21 aprils Seiqmna saqarTvelos sab-

WoTa socialisturi respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariati, romlis movaleobaSic Sedioda sazRvargareTis

qveynebTan urTierTobis warmoeba da saqarTvelos respubli-

kisa da misi moqalaqeebis interesebis dacva sazRvargareT,

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aseve, piriqiT — ucxoeTis moqalaqeebisa saqarTveloSi. 1922

wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa respublikebis erT saxelmwifoSi —

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi gaerTianebis

da, saerTod, sakavSiro komisariatebis Seqmnis Semdeg, 1924

wels miRebuli sakavSiro konstituciis mixedviT, sagareo

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, faqtobrivad, arseboba Sewyvi-

ta da mxolod 1944 wels iqna aRdgenili [23, 623].

saqarTvelos maSindeli xelisufleba saqarTveloSi

myof ucxoeTis saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebTan da sazogado-

ebriv dawesebulebebTan urTierTobas, mxolod, sagareo saq-

meTa komisariatis meSveobiT awarmoebda. urTierTobis wess

gansazRvravda 1921 wels gamoqveynebuli dekreti # 81 [24, 46].

evropis zogierTi qveynis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlo-

ba, sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze kvlav ganagrZobda muSaobas

saqarTveloSi. 1922 wlis ivnisSi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT

italiis warmomadgenlobisaTvis unda gamoeyoT kojorSi ar-

RuTinskis yofili agaraki, romelic 1921 wels amave warmomad-

genlobis gankargulebaSi iyo da saremonto samuSaoebic Caata-

ra. germaniis warmomadgenlobisTvis ki gaTvaliswinebuli iyo

aseve kojorSi, gurgenovis yofili agaraki [25, 133].

amave periodSi saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda `ameri-

kelTa damxmare komiteti~, romelic Tavis moqmedebas ZiriTa-

daT avrcelebda somxeTsa da azerbaijanze. aparatis Senaxva

ki TiTqmis mTlianad Tbilissa da baTums uxdeboda. ameriku-

li komiteti materialur daxmarebas uwevda kaTolike

mRvdels, romelic xelmZRvanelobda cixisZirSi bavSvTa sko-

las. komitetis saqmianoba ewinaaRmdegeboda xelSekrulebis

pirobebs [26, 301].

saqarTvelos saxkomsabWos dadgenilebiT, Sinsaxkoms

ufleba mieca moexdina ucxo saxelmwifoTa qveSevrdomebis

registracia. aseve, mis kompetenciaSi Sevida `sacxovrebeli

uflebis~ nebarTvis gacema. dawesda sapasporto da saregis-

tracio gadasaxadi saanketo bankisaTvis, romlis Rirebuleba

ganisazRvra: 3 TviT — 50 kap; 6 TviT — 1 man; da 1 wliT — 2 mane-

Ti [27, 74, 76].

1922-1923 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germaneli

erovnebis warmomadgenlebi da ruseTis yofili qveSevrdome-

bi, sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan SeuTanxmeblad gaxdnen germa-

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niis qveSevrdomebi. am faqts mwvave reaqcia mohyva sagareo

saqmeTa komisariatis mxridan. germaniis generalurma kon-

sulma kargad gamoiyena saqarTvelos saxkomsabWos dekretis

VIII muxli da aRniSna, rom `saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes uf-

leba aqvs miiRos ucxoeTis moqalaqeoba, ris Semdeg is avto-

maturad aRar CaiTvleba saqarTvelos moqalaqed. dekreti-

dan gamomdinare aRniSnul proceduras ar Wirdeboda sabWo-

Ta xelisuflebis Tanxmoba~ [26, 410].

20-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi, pirvelyovlisa, qalaqebSi

da saqalaqo dasaxlebebSi mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc

saxlobdnen litveli, Cexi, slovaki, ingliseli, Svedi, itali-

eli, germaneli da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romel-

Tac miRebuli hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba, agreT-

ve ucxoeTis sxvadasxva saxelmwifos moqalaqenic — avstrie-

li, poloneli, frangi, Sveicarieli, amerikeli, norvegieli,

holandieli, rumineli, Cineli da sxva. sul 1926 wels saqar-

TveloSi aRricxuli iyo 2287 ucxoeli, maT Soris TbilisSi —

2589 suli [28, 80].

aq mcxovreb erovnul umciresobas urTierToba hqonda

sazRvargareTTan. urTierTobas ZiriTadad ekonomikuri in-

teresebi gansazRvravda. magaliTad, germanelebis sasoflo-

sameurneo biznesi koncentrirebuli iyo Rvinismwarmoebel-

Ta kavSirSi — `unionSi~. paralelurad kavSiri cdilobda sa-

konservo warmoebis Seqmnas [29, 3]. am mizniT, `unionma~ sakon-

servo warmoebis Sesaswavlad germaniaSi gagzavna emil almen-

dingeri, romelic dabadebuli iyo 1903 wels kolonia luqsem-

burgSi (yofili ekaterinenfeldi). 1922 wels 19 wlis emili

gaemgzavra germaniaSi sakonservo saqmis Sesaswavlad. 1925

wels saqarTveloSi dabrunebis dros, rogorc Cans winaaR-

mdegoba Sexvda, ris gamoc saqmeSi aqtiurad Caebnen misi Zma

oto almendingeri da kavSiri `unioni~ [29, 1, 2].

calkeuli gakotrebuli samrewvelo sawarmoebi uSualo

kontaqtebis damyarebas cdilobdnen gare samyarosTan. maga-

liTad, adelxanovis yofili fabrikis warmomadgenlebi saWi-

ro nedleulis SesaZenad TurqestanSi midiodnen. fabrikis

komerciuli warmomadgeneli — adelxanovi 1925 wels germani-

aSi iyo da iq SeiZina specialuri daniSnulebis manqana-mowyo-

bilobebi. yvelaferi es miuTiTebs, rom 20-iani wlebis Sua xa-

nebSi saqarTvelos rigi samrewvelo sawarmoebi jer kidev

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inarCunebdnen pirdapir ekonomikur kavSirebs sxva respubli-

kebis da evropis sawarmoo koleqtivebTan, rac gegmiuri eko-

nomikis damkvidrebis pirobebSi sruliad Sewyda [30, 80].

bolSevikuri xelisufleba xelovnurad cdilobda See-

ferxebina saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso savaWro kontaqtebi.

magaliTad, 1922 wlis ianvarSi Sveicariis firma `miSel met-

Cikma~ baTumSi Semoitana sxvadasxva saqoneli, maT Soris xe-

lovnuri Sali. kanonis Tanaxmad, baTumis sabaJom Seamowma sa-

qoneli da saWiro gadasaxadis Semdeg, firmas neba misca res-

publikis sazRvrebSi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.

saqonlis didi nawili firmam Camoitana TbilisSi, magram

saqarTvelos `Ceka~-s gankargulebiT TbilisSi Camotanili sa-

qoneli daayadaRes. aq xelmeored iqna Semowmebuli sagangebo

komisiis mier finsaxkomis warmomadgenlebTan erTad. Semow-

mebam daadastura baTumis sabaJos moqmedebis samarTlianoba,

Tumca mepatrones saqonels ar ubrunebdnen. saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebas TxovniT mimarTa Sveicariis konsulma, raTa

problema droulad gadawyvetiliyo. ucxoeli komersantebi

SeSfoTebulni adevnebdnen Tvals movlenebis ganviTarebas,

miTumetes, rom Tavadac analogiur mdgomareobaSi imyofe-

bodnen. amave dros, TbilisSi Tavisuflad iyideboda analo-

giuri Salis saqoneli da SedarebiT maRal fasebSi, vidre Sve-

icariis firmas hqonda gansazRvruli [31, 41].

bolos, 1922 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos saxkomsabWom ga-

dawyvita daebrunebina firmisTvis kuTvnili saqoneli [31, 6].

1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTvelos sakoncesio komisiaSi Se-

vida saberZneTis, safrangeTis, italiis da sxva qveynebis fir-

mebis araerTi winadadeba, magram bolSevikuri xelisufleba

sifrTxiles iCenda koncesiebis gacemisas. amas mowmobs is ga-

remoeba, rom mravalricxovan sakoncesio winadadebaTagan,

mxolod WiaTuris manganumis sabados sakoncesiod gadacemis

winadadeba iqna miRebuli. igi ekuTvnoda ucxoeTis ramdenime

firmas, romelTa Soris konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli gamovi-

da amerikuli savaWro-samrewvelo firma `harimani da kompa-

nia~, romelmac wamoayena sabWoTa mxarisaTvis yvelaze momge-

biani winadadebani. igi daedo safuZvlad amerikel mrewvel-

Tan, bankirTan, Semdgom diplomatsa da politikur moRvawes-

Tan uiliam averel harimanTan dadebul ocwlian sakoncesio

xelSekrulebas. 1925 wlis 12 ivniss gaformebul xelSekrule-

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bas xeli moaweres ssr kavSiris saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi

sabWos Tavmjdomarem f. ZerJinskim da aSS savaWro-samrewve-

lo saxlis viceprezidentma jon spid eliotma. xelSekrule-

biT, romelic Sedgeboda 74 muxlisagan, TandarTuli rukiT,

amerikel koncesioners gadaeca ufleba manganumis da peroq-

sidis mopovebaze, garecxva-gamdidrebasa da eqsportze. amas-

Tan koncesioneri emorCileboda Sromis, socialuri dazRve-

vis, Sromis dacvis sabWour kanonmdeblobebs [28, 34-35].

axali ekonomikuri politikidan (`nepi~) gamomdinare,

bolSevikebis sakoncesio politika kapitalis dabandebas ag-

rarul sferoSic gulisxmobda. magaliTad, 1922 wlis 15 iv-

niss daido xelSekruleba saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis sa-

xalxo komisariatsa da kavkasia-aSS savaWro da samTo-samrew-

velo kompanias Soris. mis mizans Seadgenda sasoflo-sameur-

neo manqana-iaraRebis saqarTveloSi Semotana, samagierod

marganecisa da sxva saqonlis sazRvargareT gatana. amerika-

kavkasiis savaWro da samTo-samrewvelo kompaniam amerikaSi

daiqirava da saqarTveloSi Camoiyvana agronomi jon J. langa-

ni da soflis meurneobis ramdenime specialisti, Camoitana

manqana-iaraRebi da moawyo maTi sawyobi. kompania reklamas

uwevda sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebs da avrcelebda glexo-

baSi, magram kompaniam ar Seasrula yvela piroba — kompaniis

prezidenti ise marTavda mamuls, rogorc sakuTars, aviwro-

ebda adgilobriv glexobas, ramac gaamwvava maT Soris urTi-

erToba. amitomac saqarTvelos maSindelma xelisuflebam

1924 wlis TebervalSi gaauqma koncesia [32, 140].

1926 wlidan moskovma Tavis xelSi aiRo e. w. `mokavSire

respublikebSi~ ucxoeli specialistebis mowvevis monopo-

lia. kerZod, brZanebis im muxlSi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom

`ucxoeli specialistebis samuSaoze daSveba da maTTvis ga-

samrjelos gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac

xelSekruleba damtkicebuli iqneba sakavSiro s. m. u. s. Tav-

mjdomaris an misi moadgilis mier~. e. i. faqtiuri SeTanxmebis

miRwevidan ramodenime Tvis Semdeg. es arsebiTad SeuZlebels

xdida ucxoel specialistTa gamoyenebas. saqarTvelos Tu

amierkavkasiis xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeboda saqme Hhqono-

da meorexarisxovan specialistebTan, romlebic ver axerxeb-

dnen Tavis samSobloSi samsaxuris Sovnas [33, 11].

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saerTod, sazRvargareTis samrewvelo sawarmoebTan da

firmebTan saqarTvelos urTierToba TaviseburebebiT gamo-

irCeoda. sabWoTa kavSirSi sagareo vaWrobis monopoliis ar-

sebobis pirobebSi gamoricxuli iyo uSualo kontaqtebi saz-

RvargareTis samrewvelo organizaciebTan, firmebTan. saxel-

mwifos saSuamavlo organizaciebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen

komerciul urTierTobas sazRvargareTel partniorebTan.

1926 wels `amierkavkasiis sapaio amxanagobam~ jagari gai-

tana ucxoeTSi: Tbilisis jagris fabrikis nawarmi gaiyida

londonis bazarze. 1927 wels goris sakonservo qarxanam sami

vagoni maRalxarisxovani konservi gaagzavna germaniaSi.

ekonomikuri urTierToba sazRvargareTel partnioreb-

Tan, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa saxelmwifos egidiT da kontroliT

xorcieldeboda. zahesis generatorebisaTvis sami turbina

damzadda SveciaSi neimeris qarxanaSi.

1927-1928 wlebSi respublikis minis taris warmoebaSi da-

idga belgiuri firma `ruaronis~ maRalmwarmoebluri boT-

lis damyalibebeli manqanebi.

aris fragmentuli cnobebi, rom saqarTvelos sawarmoeb-

Si muSaobdnen ucxoeli specialistebi. magaliTad, baTumis

aznavTmSenis qarxanaSi ramdenime amerikeli inJineri muSaob-

da [34, 121].

sainteresoa, rom 1929 wels amerikelma moqalaqem os-

gold fildma gadaiRo eTnografiuli xasiaTis filmi `svane-

Ti~, romlis asli datova saqarTveloSi `geografiuli sazo-

gadoebisaTvis~ [35, 18].

sazRvargareT `qarTuli sakiTxis~ gaaqtiureba SesaZle-

beli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac amisaTvis xelsayreli pi-

robebi Seqmna samTavrobo urTierTobebma.

1928 wels daiwyo `axali era~ saqarTvelo-germaniis ur-

TierTobaSi. am wels saqarTvelom moskovidan miiRo cirku-

laruli moweriloba germaniidan `mniSvnelovan pirTa~ Camos-

vlis Sesaxeb. momarTvas xels awerda ssrk centraluri aRmas-

rulebeli komitetis mdivani enuqiZe.

vladikavkazSi germaneli stumrebis Sesaxvedrad gam-

gzavreba daevala Salva nucubiZes, romelic imJamad sazRvar-

gareTis qveynebTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis saqar-

Tvelos filialSi muSaobda. aq igi Sexvda germaniis `ost-ev-

ropis~ sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs: oto Smidts, mis meuR-

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les da mdivans — ionass. Salva nucubiZe stumrebs saqarTve-

loSi megzurad waruZRva. germanelebs ainteresebdaT erov-

nuli respublikebis warmomadgenlebTan uSualo kontaqtebis

damyareba. isini ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom

yvela erovnuli respublikis saxeliT, mxolod erTi — rsfs

respublika gamodioda, riTac igi eRobeboda erovnul res-

publikebTan uSualo kavSirurTierTobis damyarebas. am

mdgomareobis gamosworebas isaxavda miznad yofili vilhel-

mis mTavrobis ministrisa da misi meuRlis `ost-evropiseuli~

misia, romelsac miznad daesaxa uSualod `ganawyenebul~ res-

publikebSi stumroba.

SemuSavebuli da xelmowerili iqna germanelebTan kul-

turuli TanamSromlobis proeqti. igi iTvaliswinebda er-

Tobliv arqeologiur gaTxrebs mcxeTasa da noqalaqevSi,

germaniis mier sakuTari xarjebiT rasobriv daavadebaTa in-

stitutis gaxsnas, wignebis urTierTgacvlasa da gamofenis

mowyobas [36, 69-70].

proeqtis Tanaxmad, 1929 wlis seqtemberSi TbilisSi Ca-

movidnen germaneli profesorebi: zaueri da findeizeni [37,

12]. xolo 1930 wlis noemberSi Camovida arqeologi Sneideri,

romelsac g. CubinaSvilsa da S. nucubiZesTan erTad monawi-

leoba unda mieRo noqalaqevis gaTxrebSi [37, 22]. aRsaniSnavia,

rom 1929 wels germaniaSi gamofenaze gaigzavna saqarTvelos

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis nimuSebi [37, 24]. amave wlis maisis

Sua ricxvebSi moskovSi germaniis saelCos ataSe soflis me-

urneobis sakiTxebSi ityobineboda, rom profesori auxageni

mogzaurobas iwyebda sabWoTa kavSirSi. is unda Camosuliyo

TbilisSi Cveni sawarmoebis dasaTvaliereblad. rogorc saga-

reo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati avrcelebda informacias,

auxageni iTvleboda cnobil mecnierad, romelic swavlobda

e. w. `sabWoTa~ soflis meurneobas. amave dros, is iTvleboda

germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros Cinovnikad. saTanado

uwyebebis cnobiT auxagenma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi

moRvaweobis sfero da uSualo kontaqtebs amyarebda calke-

ul sawarmoebsa da pirovnebebTan [38, 3].

bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1900-1917 wlebSi saqarTve-

los hqonda epizoduri urTierToba gare samyarosTan. saqar-

TveloSi, aseve, arsebobda diplomatiuri azri. Tavisi diplo-

matia gaaCnda qarTul erovnul moZraobas, magram yovelive

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amas adgili hqonda saxelmwifoebrioba — dakarguli eris

cxovrebaSi. qarTuli diplomatiis aRorZinebas eyreba safuZ-

veli 1917 wlis gazafxulidan, anu im periodidan, rodesac

ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg, iwyeba brZola saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.

1917-1918 wlebSi diplomatiur sarbielze moRvawe qar-

Tvel politikosebs — akaki Cxenkels, zurab avaliSvils, niko

nikolaZes, evgeni gegeWkorsa da sxvebs — damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifo diplomatiis warmarTvis araviTari gamocdileba

ar gaaCndaT. pirveli cda, am mxriv, iyo trapizonis sazavo

konferencia (1918 wlis marti). gamocdilebis SeZenis Tval-

sazrisiT, qarTveli diplomatebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ba-

Tumis sazavo konferencia (1918 w. maisi). 1918 wlis 26 maisidan

ki qarTveli diplomatebi pirispir dadgnen im sirTuleebis

winaSe, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis sagareo politikis sworad warmarTvas-

Tan [23, 575].

damoukideblobis 1005-ma dRem qarTul diplomatias

mravalmxrivi gamocdileba SesZina. uSualo kontaqtebi dam-

yarda evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan, magram ruseTis mier

ganwirulma saqarTvelom, okupaciis Semdeg ramdenime weli-

wadSi dakarga gare samyarosTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. g. iobaSvili, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso politikasa da

diplomatiaSi XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis I mesa-

medSi, `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 4, Tb., 1997.

2. g. manjgalaZe, germanuli kapitali amierkavkasiaSi, Tb.,

1991.

3. Н. Л. Наниташвили, Германский капитал в Закавказье. Деятельность фирмы `Сименс и Гальске~, 1860-1917, Тб., 1982.

4. al. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli burJuazia da uc-

xouri kapitali WiaTuris samrewvelo raionSi (1879-1921

ww.), Jurn. `macne, 1962, #2.

5. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,

1974.

6. Jurnali `politika~, 1993, #6.

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7. T. gasviani, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da

afsuaTa agresiuli separatizmis saTaveebi, Tb., 2003.

8. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, Tb., 1972.

9. Д. Енукидзе, Крах империалистической интервенции в Закавказье, Тб., 1954.

10. Г. В. Пипия, Политика Германии в Закавказье в 1918 году, Тб., 1971. 11. Германские оккупанты в Грузии в 1918 году, Тб., 1942. 12. saqarTvelos okupacia da gasabWoeba komunistebis mier,

Tb., 1991.

13. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-21 wle-

bis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, Tb., 1990.

14. r. cuxiSvili, inglis-saqarTvelos urTierToba 1918-1921

ww., Tb., 1995.

15. d. jojua, saqarTvelo-italiis urTierToba 1919-1921

wlebSi, Tb., 1997.

16. i. tabaRua, baTumis sakiTxi san-remos konferenciaze

(1920), istoriis `macne~, 1982, #3.

17. a. ramiSvili, Cveni Secdomebi 1918-1921, Tb., 2000.

18. a. sonRulaSvili, qarTuli kultura da inteligencia

1917-1937, Tb., 2008.

19. dokumenti Targmnes da komentarebi daurTes n. axalaZem

da i. tabaRuam, kr. evropis qveynebis istoriis probleme-

bi, Tb., 1983.

20. d. WumburiZe, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

saxelmwifo ideologia da politika 1918-1921 wlebSi da

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, sadoqtoro disertaciis

avtoreferati, Tb., 2001.

21. d. WumburiZe, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli brZola XX saukunis dasawyisSi 1918-1921 wlebi, Tb.,

2003.

22. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 617, anaw. 2, saq. #377.

23. qarTuli diplomatiis istoria, Tb., 2003.

24. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, f. 14,

anaw. 1, saq. #165a.

25. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 300, anaw. 1, saq. #43.

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26. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #2.

27. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 4, saq. #60.

28. m. naTmelaZe, a. dauSvili, `saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria~

Tb., 2004.

29. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 607, anaw. 2, saq. #3761.

30. a. dauSvili, `saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierToba saqarTve-

loSi 1921-1941 ww.~, Tb., 2000.

31. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 1, saq. #89.

32. k. wenguaSvili, `saqarTvelos 1921-1925 wlebis istoriis

istoriografia~, Tb., 2005.

33. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #65

34. a. dauSvili, `saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierToba saqarTve-

loSi 1921-1985 ww~ (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1999.

35. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 607, anaw. 2, saq. #5204.

36. g. ciciSvili, `Cekisturi braldebebi Salva nucubiZis mi-

marT da maTi dokumentur-analitikuri komentarebi~, Tb.,

1998.

37. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 300, anaw. 3, saq. #35.

38. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #243.

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Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, The Head

of the Department of Modern and Contemporary

History of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History

and Ethnology

Relations of Georgia with the Western Europe and the USA In the first quarter of the XX century

Summary

Acquisition of Georgia by Russia and the abolition of the governmental

structures of Georgia have cut all the ways of relations with other countries

for Georgia. But the imperator has been always taking in mind geopolitical situation of Georgia while communicating with other countries. In 1818, French council has been established in Tbilisi. At the end of the XIX century

United States councils has been opened in Batumi and later in the 1914 it has

been moved to Tbilisi. Felix Volobe Smith was on the position of council of USA in Tbilisi during the 1914-1919.

During the 1918-1921 Georgia had intensified its relations with

Germany, England, France, and Italy and with other countries of Europe. In February-March of 1921 Soviet Russia has occupied Georgia which

ended the phase of relations with western countries. But in the first half of the

1920 initial contacts still has been continuing to be established.

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nodar xorbalaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universi-

tetis doqtoranti, maiori

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis

istoriidan

XVIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi politikuri viTareba Za-

lian damZimda. muslimanuri saxelmwifoebiT garemoculi

qristianuli qveynis arseboba faqtiurad kiTxvis niSnis qveS

dadga. im drois saqarTvelos saxelmwifo moRvaweebs esmo-

daT, rom qristianobis dacva saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCune-

bas udrida. qveynis gadarCenis Sida resursic mcire iyo, rad-

gan qveyana ramdenime samTavrod da samefod iyo dayofili.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis mefem erekle me-

orem da imereTis mefem solomon pirvelma qveynis gadarCenis

gza dainaxes ruseTisaTvis daxmarebis TxovnaSi. aman kidev

ufro gaamZafra osmalTa, yizilbaSTa da lekTa Tavdasxmebi

saqarTveloze.

1768 wels, ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg, ruseTis impe-

rias kavkasiel qristianTa mxardaWera Tavad dasWirda. misi

mizani SavizRvispireTSi osmaleTis Seviwroveba iyo. amitom,

imperatorma ekaterine meorem, imereTis mefis solomon pir-

velis Txovna — ruseTis mxridan daxmarebis Taobaze, daakma-

yofila. kavkasiaSi gamogzavnili jaris sardlad ki generali

totlebeni daniSna. ruseTis mizans warmoadgenda kavkasiaSi

osmaleTis dasusteba meore frontis gaxsniT.

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ruseTma yirimis saxano mii-

erTa da kavkasiis mimarT interesi gaaZliera. kavkasiis dauf-

lebisTvis mebrZol irans da osmaleTs ruseTic daemata.

erekle meorem scada, ruseTis samxreTisken swrafva misTvis

sasargeblod gamoeyenebina da 1782 wlis 21 dekembers, ekate-

rine meores qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba sTxova. 1783 wlis 24

ivliss, cixe-simagre georgievskSi, erekle meoris davalebiT

ioane muxranbatonma, garsevan WavWavaZem da pavle potiomkin-

ma ruseT-saqarTvelos erTobis traqtats xeli moaweres.

georgievskis traqtati qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo politi-

kur qmediTunarianobas da saxelmwifoebriobas ar auqmebda,

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qveyana saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtad rCeboda. 1783

wlis 2 noembers, traqtatis Tanaxmad, ruseTis jaris ori ba-

talioni polkovnik burnaSovis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTve-

loSi Semovida, Tumca ruseTis mTavrobam jari male ukan ga-

iwvia da qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II mtris winaSe martod-

marto datova. saqarTvelos mtrebma — sparseTma, osmaleTma

da lekebma ruseTis mTavrobis Ralati kargad gamoiyenes da

saqarTvelo araerTxel daarbies [4, 9].

daarRvia ra ruseTma traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli pi-

robebi, 1801 wlis 18 dekembers, imperatorma pavle pirvelma

xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi impe-

riuli zraxvebis gamyarebas didwilad Seuwyes xeli garuse-

bulma qarTvelebma.

mfarvelobis sanacvlod ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos

okupacia da aneqsia. mefobis gauqmebam, xalxisTvis miuRebeli

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli biurokratiuli sistemis

Seqmnam, mosaxleobis umowyalo Cagvram, aseve, bavSvebisa da

qalebis mZevlad ayvanisa da dasjis gaxSirebulma faqtebma

qarTvel xalxSi saprotesto muxti gaaCina.

1801 wlidan moyolebuli, ruseTis imperiis dampyrob-

luri politikis winaaRmdeg mTiuleTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi,

xevsureTSi, imereTSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, guriaSi ajan-

yebebi daiwyo. ajanyebebis mizans warmoadgenda rusebis gan-

devna saqarTvelodan da damoukideblobis aRdgena. iranmac

da osmaleTmac gaacnobieres, rom ruseTis damkvidreba sa-

qarTveloSi maTTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgenda da Tana-

ugrZnobdnen am ajanyebebs. ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTve-

loSi safrTxe rom ar Seqmnoda, rusebi mimarTavdnen usasti-

kes zomebs — xalxis CamoxrCobas, daxvretas, wamebas, gadasax-

lebas, agreTve mosyidvasa da SantaJs [1, 2-3, 5-6].

1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi monarqia daemxo. revo-

lucia da sabWoTa xelisufleba, amierkavkasiis adgilobrivma

politikurma Zalebma ar scnes.

1918 wels, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis dros, saqarTvelo

amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Se-

vida, romelic saqarTvelos, somxeTs da azerbaijans warmo-

adgenda da romelsac amierkavkasiis komisariati marTavda.

1918 wlis 26 maiss, amierkavkasiis federaciam, arseboba Sew-

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yvita, saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada.A am dros sa-

qarTvelos farTobi iyo 107 600 kv.km, mosaxleoba Seadgenda

2,5 milions, saxelmwifo religia iyo marTlmadidebloba, sa-

xelmwifo ena — qarTuli.

damoukideblobis xanmokle periodSi — 1918-1921 wlebSi

saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda,

dadginda saxelmwifos sazRvrebi, ganxorcilda sasamarTlo

reforma, Camoyalibda erovnuli gvardia da regularuli ar-

mia, Seiqmna adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi, miiRes konsti-

tucia.

1919 wlis 13 seqtembers, argentinam saqarTvelos damou-

kidebloba aRiara, xolo 1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseTma saqarve-

los damoukidebloba de iured scno.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba,

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier Cveni qveynis okupaciamde aseTi

TanmimdevrobiT gagrZelda: 1920 weli — germania, 1921 weli —

belgia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia, iaponia, polo-

neTi, avstria, rumineTi, luqsemburgi, meqsika [12, 13].

bolSevikurma ruseTma axalgazrda damoukidebeli sa-

qarTvelos mimarT Tavidanve mtruli politika airCia. 1918

wlis mais-ivlisSi saqarTvelos bolSevikuri ruseTis jareb-

ma CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Seuties. Semoseva ori mxridan dai-

gegma — kavkasiis mTebidan, darialis xeobis gavliT Tbilisis

mimarTulebiT da Savi zRvis sanapirodan soxumis mimarTule-

biT. darialTan qarTulma jarma mteri ukuagdo. Tumca mter-

ma soxumTan mcire warmatebas miaRwia, magram qarTuli jaris

mier ganxorcielebulma kontrSetevam rusebi ramodenime Se-

takebaSi daamarcxa da ukuqceul mters saqarTvelos saz-

Rvrebs gareT — tuafsemde misdia. 1918 wlis 26 ivliss saqar-

Tvelos jari tuafseSi Sevida.

1918 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos samxreT raionebSi

ruseTis bolSevikuri mTavrobisagan waqezebuli somxeTis

jarebi SemoiWrnen. brZolaSi qarTulma armiam general mazni-

aSvilis meTaurobiT isini daamarcxa, gandevna saqarTvelos

sazRvrebs gareT, qarTuli jari TiTqmis erevnamde mivida,

Tumca inglisis sardlobis CareviT qarTulma armiam saomari

moqmedebebi Sewyvita [12, 13].

1920 wlis maisSi, ruseTis armiis saqarTveloSi SemoiW-

ris uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals, sab-

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WoTa ruseTis me-3, me-9, me-11 da me-13 armiebi, budionis da

Jlobis kavaleriebi, qveynis teritoriaze ramdenime mxridan

SemoiWrnen. mokavSireebis gareSe darCenilma saqarTvelom Se-

motevas ver gauZlo. ruseTis jarma Tbilisi daikava da sabWo-

Ta xelisufleba daamyara. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xeli-

sufleba jer baTumSi gadavida, Semdeg ki qveyana datova da

emigraciaSi wavida.

saqarTveloSi ruseTis armiis sabrZolo moqmedebebi

martis meore naxevramde gagrZelda [12, 13].

1921 wels, saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa socialisturi res-

publika gamocxadda. qveyana damoukideblobas mxolod for-

malurad (1921 wlis 21 maisis axali xelSekrulebis da 1922

wlis konstituciis sauZvelze) inarCunebda.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave, saqarTveloSi

erovnuli moZraoba daiwyo da qveynis sxvadsxva regionebSi

partizanuli razmebi Camoyalibda. partizanebs kaxeTSi qaqu-

ca ColoyaSvili xelmZRvanelobda, qarTlSi — mixeil laSqa-

raSvili. xevsureTSi, kaxeTSi, svaneTSi da raWSi ajanyebuleb-

ma adgilobrivi revkomebi daamxes, policia ganaiaraRes da

ruseTis jarebis gayvana moiTxoves. 1922 wels, JinvalSi, qaqu-

ca ColoyaSvilis SeficulTa razmma ruseTis erT-erTi razmi

daamarcxa, ris gamoc xelisuflebam aragvis xeobaSi didZal

samxedro Zalasa da SeiaraRebas mouyara Tavi [12, 13].

1922 wlis aprilSi, italiaSi, qalaq genuaSi gamarTul

konferenciaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi warmoqmnili

problemebi unda gadaewyvitaT. konferenciis muSaobaSi ru-

seTic monawileobda. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma am-

brosi xelaiam iq memorandumi gaagzavna da saqarTvelodan

ruseTis jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana moiTxova. dasavleTis

qveynebi, saqarTvelos problemiT maSin ar dainteresdnen [12,

13].

saqarTveloSi mRelvareba izrdeboda, xalxi ajanyebis-

Tvis emzadeboda. SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg masobrivi represie-

bi daiwyo. damsjelma eqspediciebma guria, kaxeTi da svaneTi

aaoxres. adre dapatimrebuli politikuri moRvaweebi daxvri-

tes.

1924 wlis 28 agvistos, WiaTuraSi SeiaraRebuli gamos-

vla dagegmilze erTi dRiT adre araorganizebulad daiwyo

da ajanyebis gegmebi CaiSala. amas saqarTvelos mTel terito-

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riaze sagangebo wesebis SemoReba mohyva. qveyana rusulma te-

rorma moicva. xalxs gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT TbilisSi da

baTumSi uswordebodnen. miuxedavad amisa, ajanyeba moedo —

gurias, samegrelos, imereTs, qarTls da kaxeTs. 1924 wels ga-

mosvlebi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT CaaxSes. 1921 wels daw-

yebul rusul terors erTaderTi mizani hqonda — dapyrobil

saqarTveloSi politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCuneba [12, 13].

30-iani wlebidan, represiebis momdevno talRa gansakuT-

rebuli sisastikiT daiwyo. sabWoTa qveyanas safrTxes kon-

kretuli realoba uqmnida: erovnuli damoukideblobis ideis

arseboba, adamianebSi socialisturi ideologiisadmi gansa-

kuTrebuli imedgacrueba, stalinis kursisadmi skeptikuri

damokidebuleba da rac mTavaria, Zveli inteligenciis arse-

boba, romlebic sabWoTa sistemas arasodes Serigebian. sta-

linis iniciativiT, sabWoTa imperiis gadasarCenad didi rep-

resiebi daiwyo, romelic yvela fenas Seexo, maT Soris bolSe-

vikebis nawilsac.

1937 wlis represiebma da Semdgom, meore msoflio omma

uamravi qarTvelis sicocxle Seiwira.

1951 wels dawyebuli politikuri represiebi im samxed-

ro pirebs Seexo, romlebic meore msoflio omis dros tyveo-

baSi aRmoCndnen. yofil tyveTa didi nawili samSoblos Rala-

tis braldebiT Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. gadasaxlebebi SeexoT

partizanebs, aseve imaT, visi naTesavebic sazRvargareT cxov-

robdnen. represiebi SeexoT e. w `megrelTa saqmis~ monawile-

ebs. Tumca, am saqmis detalebi bolomde cnobili ar aris.

cnobilia is, rom politikur moRvaweTa da inteligenciis

erT jgufs ucxoeTis dazvervasTan kavSiri da saqarTvelo-

dan samegrelos gamoyofis mcdeloba daabrales. meore msof-

lio omis Semdeg, xelovnebis yvela dargSi cenzura gamkac-

rda.

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi krizisi gam-

wvavda. qveynis ekonomika da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgoma-

reoba gauaresda. SeiaraRebaze da samxedro mSeneblobaze ki

uzarmazari Tanxebi ixarjeboda [12].

aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis niSnebi gamoikveTa. misi mizani sabWoTa

kavSiris Semadgenlobidan saqarTvelos gasvla da damouki-

deblobis aRdgena iyo. erovnul moZraobas saTaveSi zviad

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gamsaxurdia da merab kostava Caudgnen. 1956 wels, organiza-

ciis ramdenime wevrTan erTad isini sabWoTa suk-ma daapatim-

ra.

totalitaruli mmarTvelobis periodSic ar Camqrala

qarTvel xalxSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis survili.

amis naTeli gamoxatuleba iyo 1956 wlis 9 marti. rodesac

skkp XX yrilobis daxurul sxdomaze nikita xruSCovma gaakri-

tika ioseb stalini da sruliad qarTveli eri. Seuracxyo-

filma erma mTel saqarTveloSi moawyo gamosvlebi Tavisi

Rirsebis dasacavad, magram Tbilisis quCebSi uamravi adamiani

daxoces [8].

1974 wlidan erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli moZraoba

isev gaaqtiurda da adamianis uflebaTa damcavi pirveli or-

ganizacia — `adamianis uflebaTa sainiciativo jgufi~ Seiqmna.

maT erovnul-politikuri xasiaTis Jurnalebis gamocema da-

iwyes.

aseTive enTuziazmiTa da SemarTebiT daicva saqarTve-

los axalgazrdobam 1978 wlis 14 aprils qveynis da eris Rir-

seba da aiZula sabWoTa xelisufleba, ar daeSvaT konstitu-

ciiT qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusis gauqmeba.

amis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstituciaSi aRdga is muxli, ro-

melic saqarTveloSi qarTuls saxelmwifo enis statuss ani-

Webda.

1988 wels, saqarTveloSi erovnulma moZraobm piks miaR-

wia. cxadi iyo, sabWoTa xelisufleba xalxis survils win ver

daudgeboda, amitom mTavrobam sapasuxod saqarTveloSi sepa-

ratizmiT manipulireba daiwyo. konfliqti sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebasa da erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansa-

kuTrebiT gamwvavda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxov-

niT arasanqcirebuli mitingebis talRa mTel respublikas

moedo.

1989 wlis martSi afxazma separatistebma ruseTis reaq-

ciuli Zalebis waqezebiT egreTwodebuli `lixnis deklara-

ciiT~ afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisTvis calke sabWo-

Ta respublikis statusis miniWeba moiTxoves. zemoxsenebul

deklaracias xeli soxumis universitetis reqtorma moawera.

universitetis qarTvelma studentobam am faqts saprotesto

demonstraciiT upasuxa. saqarTvelos centralurma xeli-

suflebam soxumeli studentebis saprotesto gamosvlebi ak-

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rZala, magram isini akrZalvas ar daemorCilnen da aqcia gag-

rZelda.

1989 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi studentTa saprotesto aq-

cia afxaz separatistTa erTi jgufis mxridan Tavdasxmis obi-

eqti gaxda. Tavdasxmam sazogadoebis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba

gamoiwvia rogorc soxumSi, ise TbilisSi, rac saerTo-saxal-

xo mRelvarebaSi gadaizarda.

1989 wlis 16-17 ivliss soxumSi pirveli SeiaraRebuli

Setakeba moxda qarTuli da afxazuri mosaxleobis erT na-

wils Soris. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, Setakebebis gamomwve-

vi mizezi gaxda soxumis universitetis misaRebi gamocdebisas

momxdari Zaladobis faqtebi. daiRupa 16 da daiWra 140-mde

moqalaqe, ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTveli [10].

1988-1989 wlebidan saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani saprotes-

to aqciebi daiwyo. aTiaTasobiT qarTveli mTavrobis sasax-

lis win Seikriba da rusTavelis gamziri gadaketa. mitings da-

moukideblobis komiteti xelmZRvanelobda — zviad gamsaxur-

dias, merab kostavas, irakli wereTelis, giorgi Wanturiasa

da sxvebis meTaurobiT. mSvidobianma demonstrantebma damou-

kideblobis aRdgenis da separatistebis dasjis moTxovniT

SimSiloba daiwyes. sabWoTa xelisuflebam situaciaze kon-

troli dakarga.

1989 wlis 9 aprils, TbilisSi saprotesti aqcia sisxlia-

ni tragediiT dasrulda. moskovidan, kremlis miTiTebiT, sa-

gangebod gadmogzavnilma sabWoTa armiis sadesanto Senaer-

Tma aqciis monawleebi orlesuli sasangre niCbebiT daCexa,

gamoyenebli iyo momwamlavi gazi da cecxlsasroli iaraRi. 20

adamiani, ZiriTadad qalebi da bavSvebi, daxoces. aqciis aTa-

sobiT monawile daiWra, moiwamla an dasaxiCrda. ukve meramde-

ned, ruseTma Zalis saSualebiT scada qarTveli xalxis daT-

rgunva da daSineba, Tumca maT cxadad dainaxes, rom 9 aprilma

katalizatoris roli iTamaSa da situacia ufro gamwvavda

[10].

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, saqarTveloSi pirveli mraval-

partiuli, demokratiuli da arasabWoTa, uzenaesi sabWos ar-

Cevnebi Catarda, romelSic xmaTa aSkara umravlesobiT saar-

Cevno blokma — `mrgvali magida — Tavisufali saqaTvelo~, ga-

imarjva. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared airCies zviad gamsa-

xurdia.

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1991 wlis 31 marts, sayovelTao saxalxo referendumze

dasmul SekiTxvas: `gsurT Tu ara saqarTvelos respublikis

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdena 1918 wlis 26 mai-

sis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze~, qveynis saarCevno

xmis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis 98%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gas-

ca, maT Soris afxazebma da osebma.

1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTveloSi qveynis saxelmwifoeb-

rivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti miiRes. imave dRes, aSS-s

kongresma, 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi sagangebo rezo-

luciiT legitimurad scno, rac saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis de-faqtod cnobas niSnavda. 1991 wlis 26 maiss saqar-

Tvelom airCia damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli prezi-

denti zviad gamsaxurdia.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken swrafvam, ruseTis xe-

lisufleba gaaRiziana. maTi sapasuxo reaqcia saqarTvelos

teritoriaze separatistuli moZraobis provocireba da Sei-

araRebuli konfliqtebis inspirireba iyo [14].

1991 wlis 1 seqtembers, osurma mxarem `samxreT oseTis~

sabWoTa avtonomiuri olqi `samxreT oseTis~ respublikad ga-

moacxada. mogvianebiT saqarTvelos uzenasma sabWom gaauqma

aRniSnuli dadgenileba da egreTwodebuli `samxreT oseTis~

avtonomiuri olqis, rogorc ukanono warmonaqmnis, statusi.

1991 wlis bolos moxda ruseTis mier inspirirebuli samxed-

ro gadatrialeba. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi mosulma edu-

ard SevardnaZem konfliqtebis daregulirebisaTvis kursi ai-

Ro ruseTTan molaparakebaze. 1992 wlis 24 ivniss boris el-

cinsa da eduard SevardnaZes Soris, problemis daregulire-

bis mizniT, soWis xelSekruleba gaformda. 1992 wlis 14 iv-

liss konfliqtis zonaSi Sereuli komisia Seiqmna. 1995 wlidan

regionSi qarTul-osur-rusuli Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi

da euTos damkvirveblebi Cadgnen [14].

1992 wlis 10 agvistos samxreT kavkasiis rkinigzis dasav-

leT saqarTvelos monakveTze Seqmnili mZime viTarebis gamo,

saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWom rkinigzis

transportze sagangebo wesebi SemoiRo. 1992 wlis 14 agvis-

tos, dilis 7 saaTze saqarTvelos Sinagani jarebis kolonam

zugdidi-galis administraciuli sazRvari gadakveTa. saqar-

Tvelos samTavrobo Zalebis gadaadgilebis mizani iyo dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi mZevlad ayvanili saxelmwifo sabWos wevri

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samoqalaqo pirebis gaTavisufleba da Zarcvis gaxSirebuli

SemTxvevebisagan rkinigzis dacva.

1992 wlis 15 agvistos samTavrobo Zalebma daba ganTiad-

Si gadasxes sazRvao desanti, romelmac daba leseliZe Stur-

miT aiRo. saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze qarTuli droSa

aRimarTa. amave dRes Savnabadas batalionma gagra da daba

kolxida ubrZolvelad daikava, ris Sedegadac gudauTaSi ga-

xiznuli arZinbas gundi, faqtobrivad, blokadaSi moeqca. se-

paratistebis kontrolis qveS, mxolod, biWvinTa-axali aTo-

nis monakveTi darCa. daibloka tyvarCelis raionic.

1992 wlis 18 agvistos uSedego molaparakebebis Semdeg,

qarTulma jarma qalaqSi Sesvla daiwyo. 12:30 saaTze maT afxa-

zeTis uzenaesi sabWos Senoba brZolis gareSe aiRes. afxazuri

droSis nacvlad, Senobis Tavze qarTuli saxelmwifo droSa

afrialda. arZinbam qalaqi datova da gudauTaSi gadabargda.

1992 wlis 21 agvistos kremlis mier marTulma mTiel

xalxTa konfederaciam saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada. agvis-

to-seqtemberSi afxazeTSi Camosvla daiwyes kremlis mier da-

qiravebulma mebrZolebma adiReidan, yabardo-balyareTidan,

CeCneTidan, yaraCaevo-CerqezeTidan, CrdiloeT oseTidan. se-

paratistebs gudauTaSi dislocirebuli ruseTis sazenito

polkidan 1000 avtomati, 600 tyviamfrqvevi, 500 xelyumbara

da uamravi tyviawamali gadaecaT. rusebis wyalobiT, seqtem-

bris bolos separatistTa SeiaraReba qveiTTa sabrZolo man-

qanebiT, t-72 tipis tankebiT, agreTve saartilerio danadga-

rebiTa da naRmmtyorcnebiTac Seivso. iaraRTan erTad inten-

siurad mimdinareobda separatistebis SenaerTTa cocxali Za-

liT momarageba. ruseTis msxvil qalaqebSi daqiravebulTa

mosazidad specialuri punqtebi muSaobdnen [14].

1992 wlis 3 seqtembers konfliqtis daregulirebis miz-

niT, moskovSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTauris eduard Se-

vardnaZis, ruseTis prezidentis boris elcinis da separatis-

tTa lideris vladislav arZinbas sammxrivi Sexvedra gaimar-

Ta. Sexvedraze miRebul iqna rezolucia saqarTvelos teri-

toriuli mTlianobisa da xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. molapara-

kebis Sedegad gadawyda, rom 5 seqtembridan afxazeTSi cec-

xli Sewydeboda.

SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, ar wydeboda separatistuli Za-

lebis Semotevebi da grZeldeboda poziciuri brZolebi.

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1993 wlis 27 ivliss ruseTis SuamavlobiT, konfliqtis

monawile mxareebma soWSi morig SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli.

afxazeTi unda daetovebina yvela daqiravebul mebrZols, ag-

reTve saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli formirebebis umetesobas.

soxumidan unda gaetanaT qarTuli armiis javSanteqnika da

artileria. separatistTa teqnikaze kontroli afxazeTSi

dislocirebul rusul nawilebs daevalaT.

1993 wlis 1 seqtembers soxumidan qarTuli samxedro

teqnika da 23-e brigadis SeiaraReba rusuli samxedro saz-

Rvao SemadgenlobebiT foTSi gadaitanes, Tavad 23-e brigada

ki daSales [14].

rogorc SemdegSi cxadi gaxda, cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesa-

xeb mzakvruli SeTanxmeba separatistebma soxumze Setevis mo-

samzadeblad gamoiyenes. 16 seqtembers maT q. soxums Seuties.

qalaqze farTomasStabiani ieriSi zRvidan, haeridan da xme-

leTis misadgomebidan miitanes. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, qar-

Tul mxares am droisaTvis mZime SeiaraRebis didi nawili kon-

fliqtis zonidan ukve gayvanili hyavda. rusulma mxarem ki

daarRvia (es ukve meramdened saqarTvelos istoriaSi) yvela-

nairi piroba da ganiaraRebuli qarTuli jari da afxazeTis

qarTuli mosaxleoba sruli katastrofis winaSe daayena.

1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumi daeca.

konfliqtis dawyebamde afxazeTis avtonomiur respub-

likaSi cxovrobda 525 000 adamiani. 17,8% — eTnikuri afxaze-

bis, 46% eTnikuri qarTvelebisa da danarCeni sxva eTnikuri

jgufebis SemadgenlobiT. qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen gag-

ris, soxumis, gulrifSis, oCamCiris, galis, kodoris xeobis

dominant mosaxleobas. gaerTianebuli erebis umaRlesi komi-

siis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

sazogadod aRiareben, rom dResdReobiT 242 000 iZulebiT ga-

daadgilebuli piri cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, romelTaganac

100 000 samegrelos raionSi, 90 000 TbilisSi, 30 000 imereTSi

da 10 000 qvemo qarTlis regionSia ganTavsebuli. iZulebiT

gadaadgilebuli pirebi warmoSobiT arian galidan 32%, soxu-

midan 21%, oCamCiredan 15% da gulrifSidan 13% [14].

qarTveli xalxis ltolvas Tavisuflebisaken ruseTis

mTavroba yovelTvis xvdeboda didi agresiiT da provokacie-

biT, yvelanairad cdilobda axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos dakninebas, rogorc ekonomikuri, ise samxedro Tvalsaz-

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risiT, faruli Tu aSkara formebiT, separatistebis waqeze-

biT Tu maTTvis iaraRis gadacemiT, masobrivi informaciebis

saSualebebiT Tu daqiravebuli kriminalebiT... magram aRsa-

niSnavia, rom Ria samxedro operacia 1921 wlis aneqsiis Semdeg

ar ganxorcielebula 2008 wlis 8 agvistomde. operaciis pro-

vocireba gakeTda osi separatistebis xeliT, razec saqarTve-

los mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda pasuxi gaeca, xolo Semdeg

ruseTma wamoiwyo farTomasStabiani samxedro operacia qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.

ruseTis mier moxda saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvne-

lovani nawilis okupacia. ruseTi dResac agrZelebs agresi-

ul politikas saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

samarTliani, mSvidobiani, politikuri brZola saqar-

Tvelos deokupaciisaTvis, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge-

nisa da saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisaTvis grZeldeba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. simon qvariani, qarTveli eris istoria, quTaisi, 1918. 2. aleqsandre froneli, `amboxeba kaxeTisa 1812 welsa~ Tbi-

lisi, 1992. 3. aleqsandre froneli, mTiuleTi 1804 welsa, tfilisi,

1910. 4. sargis kakabaZe, saqarTvelo erekle II-is dros, tfilisi,

1912. 5. al. xaxanaSvili, solomon II, mefe imereTisa, tfilisi, 1910. 6. a. gozaliSvili, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, Tbilisi, 1940. 7. План г. Тифлиса с окрестностью, Тифлис, 1867. 8. SoTa nozaZe, tragikuli 9 marti, Tbilisi, 1990. 9. giorgi paiWaZe, georgievskis traqtati, Tbilisi, 1983. 10. 9 aprili, Seadgina guram gverdwiTelma, Tbilisi, 1990. 11. Tbilisi (quCebi, gamzirebi, moednebi), enciklopedia, Tbi-

lisi, 2008. 12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, Tbilisi, 1970. 13. Сергунов А. А., Военно-географический обзор Грузии, ВКФ, 1921. 14. internetgamocema `vikipedia~, www.wikipedia.org

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Nodar Khorbaladze Doctoral student of the Georgian

Technical University, Major

From Russia's imperial politics in Georgia

Summary

The work covers the aspects of Russian aggressive politics from XVIII century till now; discusses the circumstances of Russia's lack of compliance

with Treaty of Georgievsk terms, includes abolishment of reign and

independence in Georgia, together with its occupation and full annexation. The stages of Georgian nation's fight against this aggression is shown; the

work also covers the issues on restoration of independence by Georgian

people in 1918, development of Georgian democratic State, and its repeated

occupation and annexation by Bolshevik Russia in 1921. The work represents

the character of Georgian national-libratory movement in Soviet period and

declaration of independence by Georgia on Aril 9, 1991. Russian aggressive

politics against independent Georgia, and, aftermath, Russian military

aggression against sovereign State, that took place in August, 2008, is

described.

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malxaz makaraZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-

sitetis doqtoranti, maiori

damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo da ruseTis agresiuli politika

Tanamedrove etapze, zogadad msoflios da kerZod, ev-

ropis usafrTxoebis sakiTxis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflioSi

mimdinare globalur procesebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uka-

via saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. kavkasiis regionSi mimdinare procesebi mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli evropis Tanamegobrobis usafrTxoebasa da

ganviTarebasTan, rac metad mniSvnelovania evropisa da misi

mezobeli regionebis stabilurobisa da mSvidobiani Tanac-

xovrebis, demokratiuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aqedan gamom-

dinare, Tanamedrove etapze metad aqtualuria kavkasiaSi da

kerZod, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis Camo-

yalibebis, qveynis ekonomiuri da politikuri satabilurobi-

sa da mSvidobiani, demokratiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi. Kkavkasiis regionSi stabilurobas, saqarTvelos saxel-

mwfoebriobis ganmtkicebis, mSvidobiani, demokratiuli gan-

viTarebisa da evropul TanamegobrobaSi integraciis proce-

sebs xels uSlis samxedro konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi, rac metad

problematuria, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli saxelmwifos,

aseve evropis regionisa da mTlianad msoflio Tanamegobro-

bis usafrTxoebis, mSvidobiani TanamSromlobisa da demokra-

tiuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi [1; 2]. 1991 wlidan, saqrTvelos mier saxelmwifoebrivi damou-

kideblobis gamocxadebis, msoflios mravali saxelmwifos mi-

er oficialuri cnobisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

kavkasiaSi da kerZod saqarTveloSi warmoiqmna da gaaqtiurda

SeiarRebuli konfliqtebis kerebi (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi —

CeCneTi, saqarTveloSi — afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni), rac

xelovnurad iyo inspirirebuli ruseTis mier. es qveyana uSu-

alod iyo CarTuli saomar moqmedebebSi, awarmoebda ra sam-

xedro operaciebs CeCneTSi da uwevda ra Ria samxedro daxma-

rebas saqarTveloSi arsebul konfliqtur kerebSi mis mier

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marTvad marionetul, separatistul reJimebs, rogorc sam-

xedro ZaliT, aseve sabrZolo teqnikiT [2; 3].

saqarTvlos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdge-

nis Semdgomi periodi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad etapad:

pirveli etapi moicavs periods demokratiuli gziT arCeuli

saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias xeli-

suflebaSi mosvlidan da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-

moukideblobis gamocxadebidan 1991 wlis dekembramde ( kano-

nieri xelisuflebis damxobamde). meore etapi grZeldeba 1992

wels SevardnaZis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 2003 wlis varde-

bis reoluciamde, mesame etapi iwyeba da grZeldeba vardebis

revolucis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi saxemwifoebrivad, prog-

resulad moazrovne politikosTa mosvliT [1]. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis me-

same etapze qveyanaSi iwyeba demokratiuli saxelmwifo insti-

tutebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, Seiqmna wina pirobebi

evroatlantikur samxedro politikur bloksa da evropis Ta-

namegobrobis erTian sivrceSi integraciis procesebis dasaC-

qareblad. am mimarTulebiT gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi,

rac gamoixata demokratiuli institutebis Semdgom ganviTa-

rebaSi, socialuri fonis gaumjobesebaSi, qveynis ekonomikis

stabilizaciaSi, energetikul damoukideblobasa da qarTuli

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizaciasa da ganviTrebaSi. yove-

live aman xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gan-

mtkicebas da qveynis rolis gaaqtiurebas rogorc kavkasiis

regionSi, aseve mTlianad msoflios masStabiT, rasac adastu-

rebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da energetikuli proeqtebis

wamowyeba da ganxorcieleba, buqarestis samitze miRebuli

mxardamWeri gadawyvetileba da amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa

da saqarTvelos Soris gaformebuli ormxrivi TanamSromlo-

bis da urTierTdaxmarebis qartia [1; 4].

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebam, misma

geopolitikurma da geoekonomikurma mdebareobam, saerTaSo-

riso TanamegobrobaSi integraciis procesebis daCqarebam ga-

aqtiura imperiuli ambiciebis matarebeli ruseTis agresiu-

li politika saqarTvelos mimarT [4]. ruseTma miznad daisaxa saqaraTveloze, rogorc saxel-

mwifoze sruli kontrolis damyareba qveynis demokratiuli,

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kanonieri xelisuflebis Canacvlebis gziT marionetuli,

prorusuli xelisuflebiT, rac SemdgomSi gamoiwvevda saqar-

Tvelos politikuri kursis Secvlas ruseTis imperiuli po-

litikis interesebis Sesabamisad.

ruseTis imperiuli miznebis miRwevis mcdelobis kulmi-

nacias warmoadgens 2008 wlis agvistos SearaRebuli agresia

saqarTvelos mimarT, romelic pirdapir iyo orientirebuli

qveynis kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobaze, saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebriobis, ekonomikisa da demokratiuli institute-

bis moSlaze. es saSualebas miscemda ruseTs, saqarTvelo

msoflios winaSe warmoedgina, rogorc destabilizaciis kera

da safrTxis matarebeli qveyana kavkasiis regionSi, rac Tavis

mxriv gamoiwvevda mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso proeqtebis Ca-

vardnas da ruseTis mier evropis energetikuli marTvis sada-

veebis mTlianad xelSi aRebas. Tumca, imperiuli ruseTis am-

gvarma mcdelobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ufro ki piriqiT [2; 4].

ruseTis agresiulma politikam da agvistos movlenebma

msoflios daanaxva misi, rogorc agresorisa da safrTxis ma-

tarebeli qveynis namdvili saxe da zraxvebi. evropam igrZno

realuri safrTxe ruseTisagan. msoflios reaqciam ar daa-

yovna. igi iyo ganviTarebuli movlenebis adekvaturi, rac ga-

moixata evropis saxelmwifoebis, amerikis SeerTebuli State-

bisa da saerTSoriso organizaciebis aqtiuri politiuri

CarTviT saqarTvelos mxardamWer procesebSi. saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobis adekvaturma reaqciam nawilobriv SeaCera

rusuli agresia da saqarTvelo kvlav ganixileba amerikis Se-

erTebuli Statebisa da evropisTvis, rogorc saimedo par-

tniori saxelmwifo kavkasiis regionSi. saerTaSoriso mxarda-

WeriT xorcieldeba agresorze politikuri zewola saqar-

Tvelos teritoriebis deokupaciis moTxovniT, grZeldeba

evropuli da evroatlantikuri integraciis procesi, gaizar-

da interesi saqarTvelos, rogorc politikur da ekonomiur,

maT Soris energetikul sferoSi partniori qveynis mimaraT,

rac gamoixata Tundac `nabuqos~ proeqtis aqtualobiTa da

damtkicebiT [4].

amrigad, miuxedavad imperiuli ruseTis agresiuli po-

litikisa, romelic SemdgomSi gadaizarda SearaRebul agre-

siaSi saqarTvlos winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelo, msoflios Taname-

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gobrobisaTvis kvlav rCeba, rogorc demokratiuli Rirebu-

lebebis matarebeli partniori saxelmwifo kavakasiis region-

Si da dRis wesrigSi kvalav aqtiurad dgas, rogorc misi sru-

li deokupaciis, aseve sruli integraciis sakiTxi msoflios

Tanamegobrobasa da saerTaSoriso demokratiul struqtu-

rebSi.

Ddamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba, saqarTvelo `varde-

bis revoluciis~ Semdeg. bruno kopitersis da robert

legvoldis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 2006.

2. ioseb toroSeliZe, Pputinis sagareo politika, Tbilisi,

2008.

3. malxaz saldaZe, postsabWoTa sazogadoeba da xelisuf-

leba ruseTSi, Tbilisi, 2008.

4. giorgi gvalia, ZalTa wonasworoba da safrTxis wonaswo-

roba, aliansebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi, 2008.

Malkhaz Makaradze Doctoral student of the Georgian

Technical University, Major

Independent Georgia and Russian aggression politics

Summary This work represents modern World and European security subjects;

there is showing generally Caucasus region and Georgian place and role in

carnet world global presses. It’s analyzed Russian’s aggression politics and

world concord to support to Georgia. It’s made property conclusion.

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sofiko davlaSeriZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-

sitetis magistranti

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze

XX s-is 90-iani wlebi aRsavse iyo epoqaluri mniSvnelo-

bis movlenebiT — dasrulda civi omi, komunisturi totali-

tarizmi. socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Sedegad radikalu-

rad Seicvala msoflio politikuri speqtri. daiwyo bipola-

rulidan msoflios policentristul mowyobaze gadasvlis

swrafi, xSir SemTxvevaSi umarTavi procesi[5,106].

XX s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi da-

iwyo erovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi.

Aamitom, sanam uSualod SevexebodeT saqarTvelo — amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis urTierTobas da gavecnobodeT mis po-

litikas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, aucilebelia am urTi-

erTobis sawyisi etapis ganxilva. sainteresoa ra xdeboda am

urTierTobis dawyebamde saqarTvelos istoriul asparezze,

rogor aRadgina man damoukidebloba da ra faqtorebma gana-

piroba amerikis daintereseba saqarTveloTi.

saqarTvelom @gasabWoebis dRidan ( 1921w. ) mZime gza gan-

vlo, sanam isev Tavs daaRwevda ruseTis batonobis uRels.

sabWoTa kavSiri 1980-iani wlebidan ukve nel-nela ngrevas iw-

yebs. sabWoTa imperiisa da socialisturi banakis daSla, sab-

WoTa memkvidreobis ganawileba swrafad ar momxdara. Aam mem-

kvidreobis gavlenis sferoebad gayofa mtkivneulad mimdina-

reobda zesaxelmwifoebis meTaurTa mravalricxovan Sexved-

rebze. Ees procesi dResac ar dasrulebula. Aamisi dasturia

saqarTvelosa da ukrainis magaliTebi, romelTa Crdilo-at-

lantikur aliansSi gawevrianebas ewinaaRmdegeba sabWoTa kav-

Siris samarTalmemkvidre — ruseTis federacia [7, 252].

1980-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara mra-

valpartiul sistemas. marTalia, araformaluri jgufebi da

partiebi oficialurad registrirebulni ar iyvnen, magram

realurad isini arsebobdnen da seriozul zegavlenas axden-

dnen qveynis politikur cxovrebaze.

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ukve am periodisaTvis SeiZleboda dagveyo politikuri

partiebi klasifikaciaTa sam ZiriTad banakad — memarcxene,

centristuli da memarjvene. swored maT Soris dapirispire-

bam gaamwvava SemdgomSi viTareba da qveyana miiyvana samoqala-

qo omamde.

1990wlis 7 maiss Seiqmna politikuri gaerTianeba —

mrgvali magida, Tavisufali saqarTvelo, romelSic kidev 4

politikuri gaerTianeba gawevrianda. maT mizans politikuri

viTarebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-

moukideblobis aRdgenis realisturi koncefciis Seqmna war-

moadgenda.

am droisaTvis kremlis mizani iyo, arCevnebSi gamarjve-

buli da SemdgomSi saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosuli xelisufle-

bisaTvis, daepirispirebina seriozuli opoziciuri Zala da

qveyana samoqalaqo dapirispirebamde mieyvana. Kkremli ki ar

qmnida, romelime sasurvel qveyanaSi politikur speqtrs,

aramed ukve Camoyalibebuli politikuri rukis gamoyenebas

cdilobda.

1990wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebuli saqarTvelos uzena-

esi sabWos mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Sedegad, `mrgvalma ma-

gidam~ 1 248 111 ( 53,99% ) amomrCevlis xma miiRo.

saqarTveloSi xaverdovani revolucia ganxorcielda.

mravalpartiuli uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi gaimarjva

mrgvalma magidam. Kkomunisturi erTpartiuli diqtaturis

epoqa dasrulda da uzenaes sabWoSi umravlesoba erovnulma

Zalebma moipoves, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi maT mos-

vlas niSnavda. Aamavdroulad, qveyanaSi funqcionirebda Seu-

rigebeli radikalebisa da opoziciis TviTgamocxadebuli

warmomadgenlobiTi, makoordinebeli sabWo e.w. erovnuli

kongresi. Ees jer kidev ar niSnavda orxelisuflebianobas,

magram imas mainc niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi ori ZiriTadi kon-

frontaciuli centri Camoyalibda. maTi urTierT mtruli

dapirispireba mraval gauTvaliswinebel saSiSroebas Seicav-

da da qveynis momavals, romelic isedac rTuli gaxldaT, ki-

dev ufro bundovans xdida.

1991wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi, romelsac unda

gadaewyvita sakiTxi, surda Tu ara qveynis mosaxleobas — sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. am kiTxvaze saqarTve-

los mosaxleobis didma umravlesobam dadebiTi pasuxi gasca.

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ris safuZvelzec 9 aprils, ori wlis Semdeg momxdari trage-

diidan, nanatri damoukidebloba gamocxadda.

aseve 1991wlis 26 maiss Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi,

sadac zviad gamsaxurdiam, xmebis didi umravlesobiT gaimar-

jva[4,186].

samwuxarod am faqts mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavdnen, rom-

lebic mudmivad, aqciebis saxiT gamoxatavdnen protests, mag-

ram male maTma protestma seriozuli saxe miiRo da samxedro

formirebaSic ki gadaizarda.

zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis erT-

erT sust mxared opozicia Tvlida mis sagareo politikas.

maT miaCndaT, rom swored am sferoSi daSvebulma seriozulma

Secdomebma miiyvana erovnuli xelisufleba krizisamde, xo-

lo saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso izolaciamde.

pirvelad, aSS-is sagareo uwyeba saqarTveloTi 1991 wlis

31 martis referendumis dros dainteresda seriozulad.

jorj buSma (ufrosma) Cvens qveyanaSi moavlina aSS-is yofili

prezidenti riCard niqsoni. viziti araoficialuri iyo, rac

imas niSnavda rom saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobebis done-

ze igi ar ganixileboda da arc Sesabamisi, raime politikuri

datvirTva an Sedegi ar eqneboda. Mmagram es viziti, amerikis

gazrdil interss mowmobda da SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo, ro-

gorc realuri urTierTobisaTvis garkveuli safuZvlis mom-

zadeba [7, 265].

riCard niqsonma urCia z. gamsaxurdias SeerTeboda axal

samokavSireo xelSekrulebas (anu damoukidebel saxelmwifo-

Ta TanamegobrobaSi Sesvla), razec man uari ganacxada.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebi

obieqturad Sefasda aSS-is senatis sagareo saqmeTa komisiis

wevris, senator helmsis mier. 12 aprils komisiis sxdomaze man

ara marto politikuri Sefaseba misca 9 aprilis vandalur

aqts, aramed moiTxova sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekono-

mikuri izolacia, raTa amiT xeli SeewyoT saqarTvelos erov-

nul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis. miiRes oficialu-

ri rezolucia, igi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti gaxldaT da

mowmobda, rom aSS-is xelisufleba TanagrZnobiT ekideboda sa-

qarTveloSi mimdinare ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas.

meore mxriv, senatis rezolucia diplomatiurad gawo-

nasworebuli oficialuri dokumenti gaxldaT, romelic iT-

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valiswinebda maSindel saerTaSoriso realobas, sabWoTa kav-

Siris arsebobis faqts da gamoTqvamda qarTveli xalxis erov-

nuli uflebebis kanonierebis SezRuduli formiT mxardaWe-

ras [7, 255].

samwuxarod, am da sxva msgavs faqtebs, gamoxmaurebebs da

mxardaWeras mxolod moraluri mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan

ar asaxavda SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur kurss.

aSS-m mogvianebiT pozicia mkveTrad Secvala da saqvey-

nod ganacxada, rom damoukidebel saqarTvelos da mis xeli-

suflebas mxars ar dauWerda, radgan maTTvis miuRebeli iyo

gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis imJamindeli kursi.

aSS cnobda sabWoTa kavSirs da mis respublikebSi ganvi-

Tarebuli movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba moskovis xeli-

suflebis saSinao saqmed miaCnda. 1989-1990 wlebSi dasavle-

Tis arcerTi qveyana da maT Soris verc aSS Riad ver gamoxa-

tavda simpaTias, romelime sabWoTa respublikis separatis-

tuli midrekilebebisadmi.

1991wlis 2 seqtembers, TbilisSi Catarda mitingi, rom-

lisTvisac sainformacio saxis micema surdaT momitingeebs,

ris saSualebac policiam ar misca. Aam faqts, seriozuli Seta-

keba mohyva, rac imiTi damTavrda, rom erT-erTma policielma

gamafrTxilebeli gasrola gaakeTa. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imis-

Tvis, rom Savi piari agorebuliyo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

am dRes saqarTveloSi imyofeboda aSS-is kongresmenTa

jgufi. Mmas Semdeg rac jorj buSma (ufrosma) saqarTvelo im

respublikebs Soris ar moixsenia, romlebsac amerikelebi

mxars uWerdnen, kongresmenTa delegaciis viziti is erTader-

Ti imediRa iyo, romelTanac dakavSirebuli iqneboda saqar-

Tvelos aSS-Tan Semdgomi urTierTobis perspeqtiva. Ddelega-

ciis meTauri gaxldaT kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis

mudmivi sabiujeto komisiis vaWrobis qvekomisiis Tavmjdoma-

re sem gibsoni.

am periodisaTvis zviad gamsaxurdias imiji dasavlur me-

diaSi uaRresad arasaxarbielo iyo, rac rusuli pres-samsa-

xurebis damsaxureba gaxldaT. swored amitom z. gamsaxurdiam

delegatebs sTxova Rrmad gamoerkviaT viTareba qveyanaSi da

zerele informacias ar dayrdnobodnen. 2 seqtembris mitin-

gis damsaxureba iyo is, rom amerikelebma momxdar movlenebSi

pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas daakisres. amerikeli kanon-

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mdeblebi TiTqos uSualod darwmundnen, rom saqarTveloSi

demokratia namdvilad ar Sendeboda da Tavisuflebis sios

nacvlad diqtaturis qari iwyebda amovardnas.

igive informacia da ganwyobileba waiRes amerikel kon-

gresmenTa meore delegaciam. Ees ufro seriozuli delegacia

gaxldaT — kongresis, evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlo-

bis sakiTxTa komisiis wevrebi, misi Tavmjdomaris stiven hoie-

risa da TanaTavmjdomaris denis de konsis meTaurobiT. Mmag-

ram ufro mZime STabeWdileba kongresmenebma saqarTveloSi

datoves. cxadi gaxda, rom saqarTvelo SeerTebuli Statebis-

Tvis da amdenad dasavleTisaTvis, TiTqmis sabolood gairiya,

misi interesebis gareT aRmoCnda. es ukve saerTaSoriso izo-

lacias niSnavda. sabWoTa kavSiris pirispir darCenil saqar-

Tvelos dedamiwis zurgze, erTi potenciuri mokavSiris ime-

dic aRar unda hqonoda.

j. buSma sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobis normalizaciis

sakiTxs prioriteti mianiWa da respublikebTan urTierToba

meore xarisxovan sakiTxad miiCnia. 1991wlis 31 ivliss aSS-isa

da sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentebma xeli moaweres stategiu-

li SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekrulebas. Aam globaluri

mniSvnelonis SeTanxmebis fonze, amerikis administracias

aRar awyobda kremlTan dapirispirebuli saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebis mimarT ramenaeri loialobis gamoxatva, radgan gam-

saxurdias maqsimalisturi xelisufleba uars ambobda xeli

moewera axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebisaTvis. A

amerikis administraciis meTauris Ria kritika, saqar-

Tvelos msoflio politikuri procesebisagan da dasavluri

samyarosagan marginalizaciisaken ubiZgebda. ra Tqma unda

sruliad gasagebia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ganawyeneba

amerikis arasasurveli poziciis gamo, magram patara qveynis

interesi, didi politikuri procesebisadmi angariSis gawevas

moiTxovda [1, 30].

saqarTvelos e.w. saerTaSoriso izolacia ar iyo gamow-

veuli z. gamsaxurdias mcdari politikiT. Ees iyo im droinde-

li saerTaSoriso da geopolitikuri viTarebis kanonzomieri

Sedegi da masze gavlenis moxdena, gamsaxurdias xelisufle-

bas arc brZnuli da arc mcdari politikis warmoebiT ar SeeZ-

lo. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis arc erT wevrs respubli-

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kebis damoukidebloba ar ucvnia manamde, sanam sabWoTa kavSi-

ri ar daiSala.

1991 wlis Semodgomis CaTvliT, arc aSS-s da arc dasav-

leTs ar ucvnia sabWoTa respublikebis damoukidebloba, gar-

da baltiispireTis qveynebisa. danarCeni respublikebis de-

iure cnobis procesi 1991 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo. saqarTve-

los xelisufleba, am gadamwyvet momentSic aSS-is mxardaWe-

ris gareSe aRmoCnda.

erovnulma xelisuflebam Tavidanve saTanadod ver Sea-

fasa opoziciis Zala da potenciali, arc moqmedebis mzardi

perspeqtiva da rac mTavaria arc opoziciis mZlavri mokavSi-

ris mxardaWeris resursi. Aam Seufaseblobam sul ufro saSiSi

xasiaTi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT 1991w. noember-dekembris moCve-

nebiTi stabilizaciis periodSi. rogorc erovnul-ganmanTa-

visuflebeli moZraobis liders da moRvawes, z. gamsaxurdias

SeeZlo sabWoTa imperiasTan ukompromoso brZola gaegrZe-

lebina, Mmagram rogorc saqarTvelos prezidentma, man mZime

Secdoma dauSva, roca kompromisze ar wavida arc centrTan

da arc saerTaSoriso koniunqturasTan, ramac misi xelisuf-

lebis damxobaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSa[2,109].

1991-1992 ww. saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda saxelmwifo

gadatrialebas, SeiaraRebuli amboxebis gziT, romelic ram-

denime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, Riad da daufaravad mimdinareob-

da. Ees ar iyo araviTari saxalxo an demokratiuli revolucia,

radgan ar arsebobda misi masobrivi mxardamWeri mosaxleoba

da ar arsebobda revoluciis ganxorcielebis realuri sa-

fuZveli, gamomwvevi mizezi — diqtatura.

1991-1992 ww. dekember-ianvarSi, saqarTveloSi mimdinare

SeiaraRebuli amboxebis da ruseTis intervenciuli Carevis

Sedegad daemxo erovnuli xelisufleba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. al. dauSvili, m. naTmelaZe, saqarTvelos uaxlesi isto-

ria, Tb., 2004.

2. i. kveselava, saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi, Tb., 2004.

3. i. kveselava, z. gamsaxurdia, disidentobidan prezidento-

bamde, Tb., 2004.

4. m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 2004.

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305

5. S. malaSxia, konfliqtebi da prognozireba, Tb., 2007.

6. a. sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos politikuri portreti,

Tb., 2004.

7. d. SveliZe, politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xe-

lisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.

Sopho Davlasheridze

Magistrant of Georgian Technical University

Restoration of Georgia independence and policy of USA of Soviet Spare

Summary

In the second part of 80 of XX century there started national freedom

movements new stage in Georgia. Exactly at that period the USA became

interested in Georgia. On the base of the 31th of march, 1991 referendum, Georgia declared

independence and as a president Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected. Though

there were persons who were against this fact. The opposition considered the weak side of Zviad Gamsakhurdia's

ruling his foreign policy. They thought that the mistakes made in this spare

provided national government for the crisis, but the government was lead to

the international isolation. It should be noticed, that the USA in the issue

considering to the normalization of relationships with Soviet Union revealed

the priority. And so the relations between republics made the second degree. In the 31th

of July, 1991, the president of USA and the Soviet Union

signed strategic weaponed decrease agreement. On the background of this

global important agreement, the administration of USA did not want to

express some kind of loyalty according to Georgian government, which was

against to the Kremlin. As Gamsakhurdia's maximalistical government refused to sign the new united agreement.

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korneli kakaCia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universiteti, poli-

tikuri mecnierebebis departamentis

asocirebuli profesori

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli

TanamSromlobis qartia: icavs Tu ara is saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas?

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartia

warmoadgens mniSvnelovan dokuments, romlis xelmowera da

sruli amoqmedeba aqtualuria saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis, misi politikuri da ekonomiku-

ri warmatebebis TvalsazrisiT. qartia, romlis xelmoweridan

ukve erTi weli gavida, CarCo dokumentia da warmoadgens sa-

fuZvels saqarTvelo-amerikis momavali TanamSromlobisTvis

sxvadasxva dargSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qartia gaxda baza

sul cota oci ormxrivi dokumentis xelmowerisTvis, ro-

gorc samxedro-ekonomikur, kulturul da sxva sferoebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qartia, sadac garkveuli aqcente-

bi keTdeba saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis gaZlierebaze,

gaformda aSS-is Zvel administraciasTan, is SeTanxmebuli

iyo obamas axal administraciasTanac da Sesabamisad aSS-s axa-

li xelisuflebac mxars uWers saqarTvelosTan TanamSrom-

lobas. Sesabamisad, SesaZlo samxedro da politikuri daxma-

rebis masStabebi ganisazRvreba amerikis axali administraci-

is mier, romelic TviTon gansazRvravs Tu ra Sinaarsi miani-

Wos am dokuments.

qarTul da dasavlur mediaSi, am bolo dros, xSirad ga-

ismis sxvadasxva mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs sa-

qarTvelosaTvis aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli partnioro-

bis qartia da ramdenad aris es dokumenti saqarTvelos usaf-

rTxoebis garanti. amasTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi ZiriTadad gamoikveTa ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego mo-

sazreba.

erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, 2009 wlis 9 ianvars vaSin-

gtonSi SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris xelmowe-

rili qartia warmoadgens unikalur da `istoriul~ doku-

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ments, romelic xazs usvams vaSingtonis erTmniSvnelovan

mxardaWeras saqarTvelosa da misi xelisuflebisadmi. ufro

metic, am mosazrebis momxreebi Tvlian, rom es dokumenti

warmoadgens natoSi saqarTvelos daCqarebuli gawevrianebis

surogatul garantiasac ki mas mere, rac 2008 wlis aprilSi

natos samitze buqarestSi da natos sagareo saqmeTa ministre-

bis dekembris samitze briuselSi, ase sasurveli natos gawev-

rianebis samoqmedo gegma (MAP) qveyanam ver miiRo∗. Tavis sa-

televizio saaxalwlo mimarTvaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobi-

sadmi, prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma, qartias saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi `axali fazis~ dasawyisi da qve-

yanaze ruseTis im orsaukonovani dominirebis dasasruli

uwoda, romelsac saTave 1783 wels daedo, rodesac mefis ru-

seTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris georgievskis traqta-

ti gaformda da saqarTvelom nebayoflobiT aRiara rusuli

proteqtorati [1].

saqarTvelos xelisufleba aseve xazs usvamda imas, rom

es aris pirveli oficialuri ormxrivi SeTanxmeba, romelSic

SeerTebuli Statebi saqarTvelos `strategiul partniors~

uwodebs. swored amitomac, xelisuflebis mtkicebiT, SeuZle-

belia misi mniSvnelovnebis Seufasebloba. sainteresoa, rom

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma analogiur dokuments xeli

10 wlis winaT moawera baltiis qveynebTan, magram misi aqtua-

loba usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT ar aris imdenad didi, vi-

naidan dRevandeli mdgomareobiT samive yofili sabWoTa res-

publika natos wevria da usafrTxoebis araviTar damatebiT

garantias ar saWiroebs.

usafrTxoebis araviTari garantiebi

magram xelmowerili teqstis ufro guldasmiT wakiTxvis

Semdeg ibadeba eWvi, ramdenad sworia am xelSekrulebis in-

terpretacia ise, rogorc amas saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

zogierTi warmomadgeneli gvTavazobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi am

∗ 5 marts natos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg ruseTTan 6 Tvis manZilze SeCere-

buli kontaqtebi srulad aRsdgeba, zogierTma imis niSnad miiCnia,

rom Tbiliss kidev didxans mouwevs lodini mapi-s misaRebad.

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dokumentis Sefaseba, rogorc saqarTvelos upirobo mxarda-

Weris gamoxatuleba da SeerTebuli Statebis mokavSired aRi-

areba, damatebiT Seswavlas moiTxovs da misi amdagvari gageba

albaT Secdoma iqneboda.

pirveli — qartiis teqstis uemocio da yuradRebiT wa-

kiTxvisas ikveTeba mosazreba, rom am mniSvnelovani dokumen-

tis xelmowera ar gulisxmobs, rom saqarTvelos aSS-s saga-

reo urTierTobebSi unikaluri mniSvneloba mieniWa, Tundac

im martivi mizezis gamo, rom teqstis frazeologia zustad

imeorebs ramdenime kviriT adre, 2008 wlis 19 dekembers ukra-

inasa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris dadebuli analogiuri

qartiis frazeologias.

meore — qartia (xelSekrulebisgan gansxvavebiT) arasa-

valdebulo dokumentia da mesame — im pirobebis umetesoba,

romelic marTlac unikaluria aSS-saqarTvelos qartiisTvis

da romelic ar aris moxseniebuli aSS-ukrainis qartiaSi, Sem-

deg garkveul sferoebzea fokusirebuli: mediis Tavisufle-

ba da kanonis uzenaesoba, sakiTxebi, romelTa mimarTebaSic,

arsebuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo Tavis valdebu-

lebebs jerjerobiT bolomde ver asrulebs.

sainteresoa, rom orive qartiis, rogorc ukrainulis,

ise qarTulis preambulis pirveli sami punqti TiTqmis iden-

turia. pirvelSi xazgasmulia — `Cveni, rogorc megobrebisa

da strategiuli partniorebis, urTierTobebis~ da partnio-

robisa da TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis ormxrivi survilis

mniSvnelovneba. meoreSi naTqvamia, rom TanamSromloba efuZ-

neba saerTo faseulobebs da interesebs, romelTa Sorisaa

demokratiisa da ekonomikur TavisuflebaTa ganvrcoba,

usafrTxoebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva da kano-

nis uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba [2].

qarTul qartiaSi, ukrainulisgan gansxvavebiT, am kon-

teqstSi damatebiTaa miTiTebuli, rom aucilebelia adamianis

uflebebis pativiscema. aqvea xazgasmuli iZulebiT gadaadgi-

lebul pirTa ufleba (igulisxmeba agvistos omis dros, aseve

afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan devnili mosaxleoba) daub-

rundnen TavianT saxlebs da `evraziuli energetikuli usaf-

rTxoebis~ mxardaWeris aucilebloba. mesame punqtSi lapara-

kia — `ekonomikis, energetikis, diplomatiis, mecnierebis,

kulturisa da usafrTxoebis sferoebSi~ TanamSromlobis

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ganmtkicebis survilze. ukrainuli qartiis preambula Sei-

cavs kidev or damatebiT punqts, romelSic dadasturebulia

adre dadebuli ori xelSekrulebis pirobebi, maT Soris, uk-

rainis SemoerTeba 1994 wlis birTvuli gauvrceleblobis

xelSekrulebasTan da aSS-ukrainis TanamSromlobis 2008 wlis

31 martis TanamSromlobis prioritetebi [3].

xazgasmuli TanamSromloba

orive qartiis pirveli nawili `partniorobis principeb-

zea~ fokusirebuli. am nawilSi orive dokumenti ZiriTadad

identuria da arsebiT gansxvavebas ar Seicavs. orive dokumen-

tSi saubaria am qveynebis (saqarTvelo, ukraina) teritoriu-

li mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mxardaWeraze. qarTul qar-

tiaSi naTqvamia, rom orive mxare iziarebs rwmenas `demokra-

tiaze, rogorc umTavres bazisze~ da `politikur legitimu-

robaze, rogorc stabilurobis~ safuZvelze. xolo ukrainas-

Tan mimarTebaSi qartia xazs usvams TanamSromlobas `usaf-

rTxoebis, keTildReobisa da Tavisuflebis~ konteqstSi.

orive qartiaSi xazgasmulia usafrTxobisa da Tavdacvis

sferoebSi TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, raTa `efeqturad

gaeces pasuxi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tul safrTxeebs~. aRniSnulia, rom `Zlieri, damoukidebeli

da demokratiuli saqarTvelo/ukraina, Tavdacvis unariani

da sakuTar usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgeblobis mqone~ ara mxo-

lod sakuTari qveynebis mosaxleobis `keTildReobasa da

usafrTxoebaSi gaZlierebaSi Seitans wvlils~, aramed `mTeli

evropis Tavisuflebisa da mSvidobis ganmtkicebaSic~.

qarTuli qartia am TavSi sam damatebiT paragrafs Sei-

cavs, romlebSic xazgasmulia, rom `mzardi demokratiis pi-

robebSi saqarTvelo gzas gauxsnis Tavisi Sromismoyvare mo-

qalaqeebis SemoqmedebiT potencials da regionsa da mis miRma

keTildReobis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs~, xels Seuw-

yobs evro-atlantikur sazogadoebasTan saqarTvelos poli-

tikuri, ekonomikuri, usafrTxoebisa da socialuri kavSire-

bis gaRrmavebas. amave dros, mesame paragrafSi dadebulia pi-

roba, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelo `evropul da trans-at-

lantikur politikur, kulturul, usafrTxoebis, ekonomi-

kur da TavdacviT institutebSi~ integraciisaTvis (igulis-

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xmeba evrokavSiri da nato) `unda Seesabamebodes aucilebel

standartebs~ [3].

ukrainuli da qaruli qartiebis mesame, mTavari nawili,

romelic usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi TanamSrom-

lobas exeba, aseve Zalian msgavsia wina ori nawilisa. orive

SemTxvevaSi, xelmomweri mxareebi evroatlantikur struqtu-

rebSi integracias `prioritetulad asaxeleben~ da `gegmaven

iseTi programebis dawyebas, romlebic saqarTvelo/ukrainis

SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad, usafrTxoebis sferoSi

TanamSromlobas gaaumjobesebs da xels Seuwyobs saqarTve-

lo/ukrainis, rogorc natoSi gawevrianebis kandidatebis, po-

ziciis ganmtkicebas~∗.

orive qartia Seicavs paragrafs, sadac naTqvamia, rom

unda warimarTos muSaoba `saqarTvelo/ukrainisa da natos Se-

saZleblobebis funqciuri Tavsebadobisa da koordinaciis~

gansamtkiceblad, rac gulisxmobs saqarTvelosa da ukrainis

SeiraRebuli Zalebis wvrTnisa da aRWurvis gaumjobesebas,

magram qarTul qartiaSi damatebiTaa naTqvami, rom SeerTebu-

li Statebi mxars uWers saqarTvelos Zalisxmevas `uzrunvel-

yos usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis legitimuri saWiroebebi~. es

ki, rogorc bevri dasavleli analitikosi aRniSnavs imas gu-

lisxmobs, rom vaSingtoni aRar Seurigdeba saqarTvelos Seia-

raRebuli Zalebis araproporciul zrdas da afxazeTsa da

cxinvalis regionze konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenis miz-

niT, axal omSi TavdasxmiTi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas.

gansxvavebuli prioritetebi

Sesabamisi qartiebis mesame nawilSi, romelic savaWro da

energetikul TanamSromlobas eZRvneba, orive qveynisTvis

daTqmuli pirobebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. ukrainis doku-

mentSi arsebobs miniSneba: 2008 wlis maisSi ukrainis miRebaze

msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi da imaze, rom aucilebelia

`erToblivi muSaoba ukrainis gazis tranzitis infrastruq-

turis modernizaciasa da reabilitaciaze~. rac Seexeba sa-

∗ igulisxmeba buqarestis natos samitis mier miRebuli finaluri

dokumenti, romelSic dadasturebulia, rom orive qveyana `gaxdeba

natos wevri~, Tumca TariRi daTqmuli ar yofila.

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qarTvelos, masTan dakavSirebiT qartia vaWrobis liberala-

zaciisTvis aucilebeli zomebis dadgenaze da `Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobebis kvlevaze~ miuTiTebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom vaSingtoni adasturebs, mzaobas daexmaros

saqarTvelos omis Semdgom rekonstruqciaSi da ganaviTaros

azerbaijanuli navTobisa da gazis transportirebis SesaZ-

leblobebi, Seqmnas `axali derefani samxreTiT, romelic da-

exmareba saqarTvelosa da evropas bunebrivi airis resurse-

bis diversificirebaSi~.

qartiis meoTxe nawili `demokratiis ganmtkicebas~ eZ-

Rvneba da aseve gansxvavebul prioritetebs gvTavazobs. ori-

ve dokumentSi xazgasmulia sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideb-

lobis ganmtkicebis da policiis profesionalizmis amaRle-

bis aucilebloba. ukrainul dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom sa-

Wiroa antikorufciul brZolaSi, sazogadoebrivi monito-

ringis rolis intensifikacia da Sida sagamoZiebo erTeuleb-

Si eTikuri standartebis daweseba. saqarTvelos qartiaSi, ki

ukrainuli dokumentisgan gansxvavebiT, xazgasmulia, rom au-

cilebelia Tavisufali mediisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis

mxardaWera, obieqturi informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uz-

runvelyofa (rac ukrainul dokumentSi naxsenebi araa);

politikuri pluralizmis ganmtkiceba da `sajaro poli-

tikis ganviTarebisa da analizis, aseve, kanonSemoqmedebiT

procesSi qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis

intensifikacia, sajaro moxeleTa saqmianobis zedamxedvelo-

ba~. dokumentis finaluri nawili `kulturul urTierTobeb-

sa da adamianur kontaqtebs~ eZRvneba. ukrainuli dokumentis

am nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom vaSingtoni simferopolSi diplo-

matiuri warmomadgenlobis gaxsnis mzaobas gamoxatavs, xolo

dokumentis qarTul versiaSi naTqvamia, rom aucilebelia `sa-

fuZveli Caeyaros afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis (`samxreT

oseTis~) mcxovrebTa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris uwyvet

kontaqtebs~.

sayuradReboa, rom rogorc dasavluri media, ise qar-

Tveli eqspertebis umravlesoba qartiis SezRudulobasa da

garkveul limitebze miuTiTeben da aRniSnaven, rom dokumen-

ti saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, vaSingtons saqar-

Tvelos dacvas ar avalebs. qarTveli analitikosi Tornike Sa-

raSeniZe varaudobs, rom dokumenti, agvistos omis, afxazeTi-

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sa da oseTis dakargvis, natos sagareo saqmeTa samitze dekem-

berSi MAP-is miniWebaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg, upirveles yov-

lisa, saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis fsiqologiur gamxneve-

bas isaxavda miznad [4].

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivnis yo-

filma moadgilem meTiu braizam ki Tavis araerTgzis gancxa-

debaSi aRniSna, rom: `dokumenti ar Seicavs saqarTvelos uSiS-

roebis garantiebs~. Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom (da

amaze dasavleli eqspertebi miuTiTeben) qartiam kidev er-

Txel daadastura saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi aSS-s politi-

kis orive fundamenturi principi — saqarTvelos suverenite-

tisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWera da is, rom Se-

erTebuli Statebi kvlav dainteresebulia samxreT kavkasiis

regioniT iseve, rogorc kaspiis zRvis naxSirwyalbadis saeq-

sporto derefniT.

ruseTis reaqcia qarTul-amerikuli qartiis xelmoweraze

ramdenadac gasakviri ar unda iyos, saqarTvelo-amerikis

strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb qartiis xelmoweras ru-

seTSi metnaklebad civad Sexvdnen da is araviTar reaqcias ar

iwvevs. gansxvavebiT imisgan, rogoric gamoiwvia informaciam

saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis mini-

Webis SesaZleblobam. rogorc moskovSi acxadeben, qartia

mxolod deklaraciaa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali

administracia savaraudod ar wava ruseTTan konfrontacia-

ze saqarTvelos gamo. meore mxriv, dokumenti SeiZleba aRmoC-

ndes saxifaTo moskovisTvis, Tu momavalSi is daiwyebs `gaz-

rdas~ axali da ruseTisTvis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT,

gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelo-amerikis samxedro TanamSrom-

lobis sferoSi. Tumca dRevandeli gadasaxedidan aseTi per-

speqtivebi metad saeWvod Cans. vaSingtoni am etapze koncen-

trirebulia qarTuli armiis eqspediciuri SesaZleblobebis

gaZlierebiT da iseT „cxel` regionebSi gagzavniT, rogori-

caa avRaneTi da erayi.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mTavari intriga da, SeiZleba,

mTavari sakiTxic ruseTisTvis da ara mxolod misTvis, aris

saqarTvelos teritoriaze amerikis samxedro bazebis ganTav-

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sebis SesaZlebloba. bevri qarTveli politikosi da mkvleva-

ri ar gamoricxavs aseT perspeqtivas da miesalmeba kidec mas,

Tumca qartia, rogorc aseTi, msgavs valdebulebebs ar Sei-

cavs, da saerTod es sakiTxi saqarTvelos parlamentis kompe-

tenciaSi Sedis. mniSvnelovania, rom, am sakiTxze zedmetad

mgrZnobiared reagirebs iranis dRevandeli xelisufleba,

romelsac isedac garTulebuli urTierTobebi aqvs vaSin-

gtonTan da ruseTis xelisuflebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos ga-

nixilavs amerikis forpostad kavkasiaSi.

amasTanave, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom 2008 wlis 8

marts aSS-is senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis sxdo-

maze gamosvlisas, jon teftma, aSS-s yofilma elCma saqarTve-

loSi, ganacxada, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ara aqvs ra-

ime gegmebi saqarTveloSi amerikuli bazebis ganlagebis Tao-

baze. Tavis gamosvlaSi man ganacxada rom: `moskovs kvlav mwva-

ve reaqcia aqvs regionSi aSS-is samxedro rolis SesaZlo gaz-

rdis Taobaze. amas adasturebs is zewolac, romelsac ruseTi

saqarTveloze axdens, rodesac avaldebulebs qveyanas CarCo

xelSekrulebaSi Seitanos debuleba ucxouri bazebis saqar-

TveloSi ganlagebis akrZalvis Taobaze, aseve is ukmayofile-

ba, romelsac ruseTi gamoxatavs saqarTveloSi amerikis mier

dafinansebuli `wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programis~ da `stabi-

lurobis SenarCunebis programis~ ganxorcielebasTan dakav-

SirebiT. Cven naTlad avuxseniT ruseTs yvelaze maRal done-

ebze, rom ar vapirebT amerikuli bazebis ganlagebas saqar-

TveloSi~ [5],- aRniSna jon teftma.

daaxloebiT msgavsi Sefaseba misca am faqts saqarTve-

los xelisuflebam. `amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ar sWirdeba

bazebi saqarTveloSi. sakiTxi exeba imas, rom saqarTvelos un-

da SeeZlos Tavad daicvas Tavisi Tavi. Tu ra meTodebiT mox-

deba `es calke saubris Temaa~, — ganacxada saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifo ministrma reintegraciis sakiTxebSi Temur iakobaS-

vilma. sxvaTa Soris, man daumata agreTve, rom `unda vifiq-

roT da gadavwyvitoT, saWiroa Tu ara amisTvis saqarTveloSi

amerikeli samxedroebis yofna~ [6].

qartiis mTavari datvirTva aseve mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

am dokumentze xelmoweriT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma

ruseTs gaugzavna signali, — miuxedavad misi araerTi oficia-

luri gancxadebisa, rom saqarTvelo imyofeba ruseTis fede-

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raciis strategiuli interesebis sferoSi da rom ruseTi ar

dauSvebs Tavisi yofili satelitebis Crdilo-atlantikuri

aliansis orbitaze yofnas. am dokumentiT kidev erTxel da-

fiqsirebulia saqarTvelos da amerikis strategiuli intere-

sebis erToblioba, rac safuZvelSive gamoricxavs ruseTis

erTpirovnul dominirebas kaspiispira regionSi. aseve mniS-

vnelovania, rom es strategiuli partnioroba Tbilissa da

vaSingtons Soris xels Seuwyobs ara mxolod Tavad saqarTve-

los, aramed mTeli samxreT kavkasiis regionis uSiSroebas.

qarTul-amerikuli strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartia

xelmoweridan erTi wlis Semdeg

qartiis xelmoweridan sul ramdenime TveSi 2009 wlis 22

ivniss amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da saqarTvelom er-

Toblivi sabWo daafuZnes, romelic or qveyanas Soris 2009

wlis 9 ianvars xelmowerili strategiuli partniorobis Se-

saxeb qartiaSi mocemuli debulebebis ganxorcielebaze imu-

Savebs. sabWos pirveli Sexvedra vaSingtonSi saqarTvelos sa-

gareo saqmeTa ministris grigol vaSaZis da aSS-is saxelmwifo

mdivnis moadgilis jeims steinbergis TavmjdomareobiT gai-

marTa. Sexvedris Semdeg vaSaZesTan erTad gamarTul erTob-

liv preskonferenciaze steinbergma ganacxada, rom sabWo

aris `Cven or qveyanas Soris xangrZlivi da Rrma megobrobis

axali etapi da es Sexvedrebi xazs usvams im valdebulebas,

romelic Cven gagvaCnia am mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebis — saqar-

TvelosTan Cveni qartiis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT, radganac

Cven vaRrmavebT am strategiul partnorobas da Cven ganvag-

rZobT saqarTvelosTan muSaobas, raTa gavaZlieroT misi de-

mokratia da reformebi~ [7]. Tumca iqve dasZina rom SeerTe-

bul Statebs mtkiced swams, rom saWiroa ruseTTan ukeTesi

urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da TeTri saxli ver xedavs ru-

sul-amerikuli urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaSi regionis ro-

melime qveynis an romelime partnioris usafrTxoebis an ke-

TildReobis Semcirebis safrTxes.

rogorc cnobilia, strategiuli partniorobis qartia

TanamSromlobis oTx sferos moicavs, maT Soris Tavdacva da

usafrTxoeba, vaWroba da ekonomika, demokratia da xalxebs

Soris kontaqtebi da kulturuli gacvla. Sesabamisad Seiqmna

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oTxi samuSao jgufi, romlebic TanamSromlobis am oTx sfe-

roze imuSavebs. pirveli Sexvedrebi xalxebs Soris kontaqte-

bis da kulturuli gacvlis programebis gafarToebis mimar-

TulebiT saqarTvelos da aSS-is xelisuflebis warmomadgen-

lebma 21 ianvars, TbilisSi gamarTul Sexvedraze ganixiles,

rogorc amas or qveyanas Soris xelmowerili qartia iTvalis-

winebs.

Sexvedraze ganixiles ganaTlebis sferoSi gacvliTi

programebis da inglisurenovani treningebis gafarToebis

sakiTxebi, aseve saqarTvelos masStabiT mcxovrebi eTnikuri

umciresobebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli in-

tegraciis xelSewyobis sakiTxebi. am sakiTxebis garda, Sex-

vedris monawileebi aseve Seexnen saqarTvelos strategias se-

paratistul regionebTan mimarTebaSi, romelis erT-erTi mi-

zani administraciuli sazRvrebis orive mxares mcxovreb mo-

saxleobas Soris kavSirebis xelSewyobaa. samuSao jgufis Sex-

vedraze mxareebma aseve ganixiles saqarTvelos axali stra-

tegia separatistul regionebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad, administraciuli sazRvrebis orive mxa-

res mcxovreb mosaxleobas Soris kavSirebis gamyarebis sakiT-

xsac moicavs.

am etapze adrea im konkretul meqanizmze saubari, Tu

rogor moxerxdeba separatistuli regionebis mosaxleobis-

Tvis sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo programebSi monawileobis

SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa. miuxedavad amisa, aSS-s axalma

elCma saqarTveloSi jon basma ganacxada, rom SeerTebuli

Statebi mxars uWers saqarTvelos xelisuflebis axal stra-

tegias, romlis ZiriTadi mizania, saqarTvelos yvela moqala-

qe msoflios nawili gaxdes da maTi xelmisawvdomoba danarCen

msofliosTan mtkiced iyos uzrunvelyofili [8].

strategiuli partniorobis qartiis farglebSi demok-

ratiis sakiTxebze momuSave jgufis SexvedraSi, romelsac

amerikis mxridan aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwe demok-

ratiis, adamianis uflebaTa da Sromis sakiTxebSi maikl poz-

neri xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomad-

genlebTan ganxilul mTavar sakiTxebs Soris iyo mTeli rigi

RonisZiebebi, rac uzrunvelyofs `Tanabar SesaZleblobebs~

yvela partiisTvis momaval adgilobriv arCevnebze. im sfero-

ebs Soris, romelSic, pozneris TqmiT, vaSingtoni saqarTve-

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los mTavrobas `Semdgom winsvlas~ urCevs, aris ~media saSua-

lebebis da mediis mflobelebis diversificireba; samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis CarTvis xelSewyoba da policiis da sxva samar-

Taldamcavi struqturebis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvel-

yofa~ [9].

garkveuli winsvla SeiniSneba Tavdacvis sferoSi Tanam-

Sromlobis mimarTulebiT, Tumca ara iseTi dinamikiT ro-

gorc omis Semdgomi saqarvelos mdgomareoba moiTxovs. aSS

ganagrZobs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis profesiona-

lizmis amaRlebis mxardaWeras da cdilobs daexmaros saqar-

Tvelos ganaxorcielos is aucilebeli reformebi, romlebic

natoSi gawevrianebisTvisaa saWiro. rogorc natos SeiaraRe-

buli Zalebis da evropaSi aSS-is sardlobis (EUCOM) meTaur-

ma, admiralma jeims stavridisma ganacxada, saqarTvelosTvis

mizanSewonilia, rom hyavdes samxedro Zala, romelsac aqvs

Tavdacvis saSualeba da aseve SesaZlebloba monawileoba mii-

Ros koaliciur operaciebSi.

amasTanave saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Txovnaze Tav-

dacviTi SeiaraRebis, kerZod ki tanksawinaaRmdego da haersa-

winaaRmdego sistemebis miwodebis Sesaxeb, romelzec prezi-

denti saakaSvili vice-prezident jo baidenis TbilisSi vizi-

tamde saubrobda, aSS-is Tavdacvis mdivnis moadgilis Tana-

Semwem ruseTis, ukrainisa da evraziis sakiTxebSi selest ua-

landerma, warmomadgenelTa palatis sagareo urTierTobaTa

komitetis evropul sakiTxTa qvekomitetSi gamosvlisas ga-

nacxada, rom saqarTvelo ar aris mzad im tipis SeiaraRebis

SesaZenad, Tumca iqve aRniSna, es ar niSnavs imas, rom samomav-

lod es sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi ar gaCndeba [10].

daskvna

miuxedavad am dokumentTan dakavSirebuli arsebuli

sxvadasxva interpretaciebisa erTi ram faqtia: SeerTebul

Statebs dsT-s sxva qveynebTan aseT dokumentze xeli ar mou-

weria da araa cnobili, rom msgavsi ram vinmesTan dakavSire-

biT ganixilebodes. miuxedavad imisa, rom dokuments arasa-

valdebulo xasiaTi aqvs, is mainc asaxavs erT mniSvnelovan

moments — SeerTebul Statebs surs, rom kievsa da Tbiliss im

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sistemur naklovanebaTa aRmofxvris survili aRuZras, ro-

melTa safuZvelzec natos evropeli wevrebi orive qveyanas

`mapis~ miniWebaze uars eubnebian. magram, amave dros, swored

imitom, rom es dokumentebi SesrulebisTvis arasavaldebu-

loa, qartiebi verc ukrainas da verc saqarTvelos ruseTis

SantaJisa da muqarisagan ver daicavs.

mTlianobaSi unda iTqvas, rom aSS-saqarTvelos strate-

giuli TanamSromlobis dokumenti pasuxobs qveynis strate-

giul interesebs da srul SesabamisobaSia mis sasicocxlo

erovnul interesebTan. am dokumentze xelmoweriT urTier-

Tobebi saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris

gadadis sruliad axal etapze. ori qveynis megobrul urTier-

TobaSi adre arasdros ar yofila naxsenebi termini `strate-

giuli~. Tu istorias gadavxedavT, SeerTebuli StatebisTvis

am termins konkretuli da mniSvnelovani politikuri dat-

virTva aqvs da amitomac iSviaTad iyenebs Tavis sagareo poli-

tikur ritorikaSi. Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, rom strategi-

uli partnioroba ar niSnavs mokavSireobas da am kuTxiT am

dokumentis ganxilva politikuri sibece iqneboda.

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria isic, rom es SeTanxmeba ey-

rdnoba saerTo erovnul konsensuss da mTeli qarTveli xal-

xi am dokuments konsolidirebulad uWers mxars. yvelaze

mniSvnelovani miRwevaa isic, rom opoziciuri partiebis um-

ravlesobam ganacxada, rom isini miesalmebian qartiis xelmo-

weras aSS-sTan, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom ukrainisgan

gansxvavebiT qarTuli sazogadoeba mtkiced uWers mxars qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos Semdgom integracias evroatlantikur

sivrceSi, rac albaT yvelaze didi monapovaria. Tumca qar-

Tul politikur speqtrSi bolo dros mimdinare geopoliti-

kuri ryevebi, sagareo-politikuri veqtoris ruseTis sasar-

geblod gadawonis TvalsazrisiT, uamrav kiTxvas badebs da

garkveuli eWvebis safuZvels iZleva.

miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, am dokumentis xel-

mowera aris saqarTvelos nato-sa da evroatlantikur siv-

rcesTan daaxloebis kuTxiT udavod wingadadgmuli nabiji.

ufro metic, igi SeZleba gaxdes kidec axali, mniSvnelovani

etapi saqarTvelos evroatlantikur sivrceSi integraciis-

ken. Tumca es ar unda gaxdes ararealuri politikuri molo-

dinebis safuZveli, vinaidan es gza rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiT

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aRsavse procesia da saqarTvelos win jer kidev bevri dab-

rkoleba aqvs gadasalaxi. amasTanave, aravis ar unda hqondes

imis iluzia, rom es an raime sxva dokumenti erTjeradad,

swrafad da erTbaSad gadawyvets Cvens problemebs. am doku-

mentis am konteqstSi gaazrebac ki ZirSive mcdaria.

da bolos daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom maSin rodesac

saqarTvelo udidesi sagareo politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe

imyofeba, am dokumentis arseboba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis, misi po-

litikuri da ekonomikuri warmatebebis TvalsazrisiT. gansa-

kuTrebiT am etapze rodesac qveynis teritoriis 20% okupi-

rebulia ucxo, agresiuli Zalis mier da es Zala agrZelebs ag-

resiul qmedebebs saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

rogorc dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cans, mxolod Zlieri

demokratia warmoadgens saqarTvelos ganviTarebis swor

gzas, magram es SeuZlebeli iqneba politikuri stabilurobis

SenarCunebis gareSe. amasTanave saqarTvelos sagareo poli-

tikaSi unda gadaidgas qmediTi nabijebi iseTi mimarTulebe-

biT rogoricaa: meti integracia demokratiul samyarosTan,

samSvidobo misiebis internacionalizacia da saerTaSoriso

institutebis maqsimaluri CarTuloba saqarTvelos suvere-

nitetis pativiscemisa da ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT; Cveni

daaxloeba evropasTan da natosTan; saqarTvelos saerTaSo-

riso diplomatiuri mxardaWeris kidev ufro ganmtkiceba.

rac ufro warmatebuli iqneba saqarTvelos sagareo politi-

ka am mimarTulebiT, miT ufro meti Sansia SevinarCunoT is

demokratiuli monapovrebi, romelic bolo oci wlis ganmav-

lobaSi daagrova saqarTvelom.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. sivil jorjia, saakaSvili miesalma aSS-saqarTvelos strategi-

uli partniorobis qartias, 2009, 9 ianvari.

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=20342&search= 2. informacia saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris strategiuli partni-

orobis qartiis xelmoweris Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos sagareo

saqmeTa saministros presisa da informaciis departamenti,

2009, 9 ianvari. http://www.mfa.gov.ge

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319

3. United States-Ukraine Charter on Strategic Partnership, Embassy of Ukraine in

United States of America, http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/en/publication/con-tent/23512.htm

4. Molly Corso, GEORGIA: WASHINGTON AND TBILISI SIGN STRATEGIC

PACT SURE TO IRK THE KREMLIN, 1 seqtemberi, 2009 http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav010909b.shtml 5. aSS uaryofs gegmebs saqarTveloSi amerikuli bazebis ganlage-

bis Taobaze, sivil jorjia, Tbilisi, 2009, 9 mar.

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=9102

6. gazeTi `24 saaTi~, 2009, 17 ianvari.

7. US department of State. Remarks With Georgian Foreign Minister Grigol Vas-hadze.

http://www.state.gov/s/d/2009/125217.htm 8. sivil jorjia. aSS-saqarTvelos molaparakebebi xalxebs Soris

kontaqtebze. 22 ianvari 2010.

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22259&search=qartia 9. sivil jorjia. amerikul-qarTuli molaparakebebi demokrati-

ul reformebze. 9 noemberi 2009

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22010&search=qartia 10. aSS saqarTvelosTvis iaraRis miwodebas jer ar apirebs. 9 iv-

lisi 2009.

http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=21584&search=baidenis

Kornely Kakachia Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State

University

United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership: Does it protect Georgia’s Sovereignity?

Summary

United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership signed on the

9th of January 2009 in Washington D.C. is an important document, the signa-

ture and complete activation of which is essential for the territorial integrity

and political and economic success of Georgia. Bilateral Charter on Strategic

Partnership aims at increasing cooperation in defense, trade, energy, cultural exchange among peoples and other areas. Georgian President Mikheil Sa-

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akashvili named the Charter as the beginning of the `New Phase~ in the inter-national relations of Georgia and the end of Russia’s two century dominance.

Many consider in Georgia that the Charter is unique and `historic~

document which underlines Washington’s strong support for Georgia and its

government, and can also be considered as the substitute guarantee of Georgia’s hastened membership in NATO. But it is important to notice that the phraseology of the text is identical to that analogical charter between

United States and Ukraine signed little earlier on the 19th of December 2008.

The western media as well as the majority of Georgian experts point to the

certain limitations of the Charter and note that the Charter does not oblige

Washington to defend Georgia militarily in case it is attacked. The Charter was taken more or less unemotionally in Russia. As they

declare in Moscow, the Charter is only a declaration and United States new

administration is less probable to confront Russia because of Georgia. It is

also important to mention that the strategic partnership between Tbilisi and

Washington will benefit not only Georgia but also the security of the whole

South Caucasian Region. The paper deals with the significance of the United

States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership and identifies to what extent it can be considered as the security guarantee for Georgia.

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mzia tyavaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiS-

vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

SotlandielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo

kavkasiaSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)

1802 wels edinburgis protestantuli sazogadoebis di-

reqtoriam ruseTis xelisuflebas imperiis samxreTSi filia-

lis daarsebis nebarTva sTxova. imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma

SotlandielTa Txovna daakmayofila.

amave wels ruseTis adgilobrivma xelisuflebam edin-

burgis misioneruli sazogadoebis wevrebTan: henrix bron-

tonTan da aleqsandr patersonTan erTad abazineli TaTre-

bis garemocvaSi, beSTis mTis siaxloves, axalSenisTvis Sear-

Cia adgili, romelic georgievskidan 36 da konstantinogor-

skidan 6 versiT iyo daSorebuli. cota xnis Semdeg brontons

da patersons SeuerTda TanamemamuleTa ramdenime ojaxi. aq

mcxovrebi, momTabare abazineli TaTrebis nebarTviT, maT ga-

moeyoT sakmarisi raodenobis sakarmidamo nakveTebi, romel-

zedac aaSenes sacxovrebeli saxlebi [5, 930].

SotlandielTa CamosaxlebiT ruseTis xelisufleba

Crdilo kavkasiaSi miwaTmoqmedebis, xelosnobisa da safabriko

mrewvelobis ganviTarebas gegmavda. SotlandielTa mTavari

amocana mezobeli baris da mTis, mahmadiani da warmarTi mosax-

leobis, gaqristianeba iyo. misionerebs erTob keTilSobiluri

miznebi hqondaT. maT surdaT: yabardoelebisa da sxva mTiele-

bisgan eyidaT motacebuli da gasayidad gamoyvanili bavSvebi,

isini qristianulad aRezardad, eswavlebinaT wminda werili da

miecaT cxovrebisTvis sxva aucilebeli codna [3, 911].

Sotlandielebma male yabardoelebisgan gamoisyides 16

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biWi, 7 gogo, 3 qali da 2 kaci. aqedan ramdenime gardaicvala. 6

adamiani isev yabardoelebma moitaces. danarCenebi ki qristi-

anulad monaTles. [3, 911]. 1813 wlisTvis koloniaSi sul 17

adamiani iyo. monaTlulTagan erTi daojaxda da hyavda ori

bavSvi [3, 911].

Sotlandiel misionerebs did daxmarebas uwevda ruse-

Tis xelisufleba. miuxedavad amisa evropuli axalSenis cxov-

reba kavkasiaSi sakmaod daZabulad warimarTa. mahmadian mTi-

elTa nawili mtrulad Sexvda axalmosaxleebis gamoCenas. xSi-

ri iyo Tavdasxmebi, romlis drosac tyved waiyvanes ramdenime

mcxovrebi. itacebdnen saqonelsac.

axalSeni TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda 1804 wels mis Se-

mogarenSi Savi Wiris epidemiis gaCenis Semdeg misi mcxovreb-

lebi iZulebulni gaxdnen mietovebinaT kolonia da konstan-

tinogorskSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen [3, 912]. maT wasvlas mezobe-

li mTielebisgan axalSenis gaZarcva mohyva. mTlianad iqna ga-

nadgurebuli Senobebi da naTesebi.A amave wlis seqtemberSi ko-

lonistebi konstantinogorskidan sacxovreblad georgiev-

skSi gadavidnen [3, 912].

ruseTis xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis

Sedegad centralur kavkasiaSi droebiT mSvidoba Camovarda.

Sotlandielebma gadawyvites axalSeni isev Zvel adgilze

aRedginaT, rac Seasrules kidec. Tumca amis Semdeg yabardo-

elebis mxridan Tavdasxmebi kvlav gagrZelda [3, 912].

ruseTis imperatoris 1806 wlis 25 dekembris brZanebiT

Sotlandiur kolonias mTeli rigi uflebebi da privilegiebi

mieniWa. kerZod ki, kolonistebs hqondaT rwmenisa da wes-Cve-

ulebebis Tavisufleba. misi wevrebi Tavisufldebodnen pira-

di Tu sazogado gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisgan, sarekru-

to Tu saxelmwifo samsaxurisgan. Sotlandielebs SeRavaTebi

hqondaT miwiT sargeblobaSic: kerZod ki, nakveTis miRebidan

30 wlis ganmavlobaSi desetina miwaSi unda gadaexadaT mxo-

lod 15 kapiki; kolonia damoukidebeli iyo saSinao mmarTve-

lobaSic, axalmoSeneebs hyavdaT TavianTi wridan arCeuli

ufrosebi. savaWro, sameurneo Tu sayofacxovrebi davebis

gansaxilvelad hqondaT sakuTari sasamarTlo, romelsac mxo-

lod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis warmoeba ekrZaleboda. ko-

loniis wevrebs hqondaT yvelanairi xelosnobis, mrewvelobi-

sa da vaWrobis ufleba, oRond ar unda Caweriliyvnen cexebsa

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da gildiebSi. ekrZalebodaT TavianT teritoriaze xorblis

aryis gamoxda da gayidva.

misionerebs hqondaT warmarTi da mahmadiani mTielebis

TavianT rwmenaze moqcevis, maTgan tyveebis yidvisa da kolo-

niis wevrad miRebis ufleba. gansazRvruli iyo, rom nayidi

tyveebi mxolod garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi darCebodnen

koloniis Zveli mcxovreblebis daqvemdebarebaSi. Semdeg isi-

ni danarCeni wevrebis Tanasworni xdebodnen da dawesebuli

privilegiebiTa da uflebebiT isargeblebdnen. koloniaSi da-

badebuli yvela bavSvi unda yofiliyo Tavisufali. yvela wev-

ri, iqneboda is nayidi da Semdgom TavisuflebamiRebuli, Tu

sazRvargareTidan mosuli, SotlandielTa sazogadoebaSi mi-

Rebis Semdeg, isargeblebda koloniaSi arsebuli yvela privi-

legiiT. koloniis wevrebs SeeZloT nebismier dros daetove-

bina ruseTis sazRvrebi [5, 930].

amave sigeliT Sotlandielebs memkvidreobiT sakuTre-

baSi gadaecaT xelisuflebisgan gamoyofili Tu kanonierad

mierTebuli yvela miwa [5, 930]. Sotlandielebs gamouyves 7000

desetinaze meti miwa. aqedan kolonistebma sakuTrebaSi mxo-

lod 2500 desetina daitoves.

Tavdapirvelad koloniis mamasaxlisebad arCeul iqnen

misi damaarseblebi: henrix brontoni da aleqsandr paterso-

ni. brontonis gardacvalebis Semdgom axali mamasaxlisis ar-

Cevisas sxvebTan erTad irCevdnen patersonsac. 20 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi igi (daaxloebiT ori wlis garda) yovelTvis iyo

koloniis mTavari mamasaxlisi. [5, 930].

koloniis wevrTa Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da ruseTis xe-

lisuflebisgan miniWebuli privilegiebis Sedegad axalSeni

male keTilmowyobil dasaxlebul punqtad gadaiqca. mis

mcxovreblebs hqondaT kargi saxlebi, movlili yanebi, baR-

bostnebi, TuTis plantaciebi, zvrebi, romlisaTvisac axal-

mosaxleebi evropidan iwerdnen vazis nergebs; aseve, sakuTari

wisqvili da bambis qsovilebis saqsovi fabrika [3, 912]. Ycxov-

rebis saukeTeso pirobebis gamo axalSenis mosaxleoba raode-

nobrivad gamudmebiT izrdeboda samxreT ruseTis teritori-

aze arsebuli sxva evropuli koloniebidan gadmosulTa xar-

jze [1, 315; 7].

1809-1810 wlebSi saratovis germanuli axalSenidan Sot-

landielebTan TviTneburad gadavida ramdenime ojaxi [5, 930].

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isini cdilobdnen gamxdariyvnen koloniis wevrebi. mogviane-

biT maTi nawili, sakuTari surviliT, ministrTa komitetis

1817 wlis 29 seqtembris gadawyvetilebis Semdeg, sacxovreb-

lad gadavida sviatoi krestSi, sadac gamouyves ojaxze 60 de-

setina miwis nakveTi (5, 930]. danarCenebi kvlav Sotlandie-

lebTan darCnen. momdevno wlebSi Sotlandielebs germanel-

Ta koloniidan kvlav miematnen axali wevrebi.

XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi

gaaqtiurdnen mahmadiani sasuliero pirebi. daiwyo Crdilokav-

kasielTa masiuri gamahmadianeba [4, 510]. SeiZleba amas ukavSir-

debodes axalSenze mTielTa Tavdasxmebis gansakuTrebuli gax-

Sireba. 1813 wlis zafxulSi Sotlandiuri koloniis mamasaxli-

si patersoni werda kozodavlevs, rom yabardoelebTan siax-

lovis gamo kolonia ganicdida ganuwyvetel Tavdasxmebs, rom-

lis drosac mTielebi itacebdnen bavSvebs, mihyavdaT pirut-

yvi, dawves wisqvili, mokles erTi adamiani. mTielebi imuqre-

bodnen, rom kolonias mTlianad gaanadgurebdnen [3, 909]. pa-

tersoni sTxovda mTavrobas, rom aucilebeli iyo axalSenis

dacvisTvis zomebis saswrafod miReba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

Sotlandielebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen mTeli qoneba mieto-

vebinaT da sacxovreblad sxva adgilze gadasuliyvnen. 1813

wlis Semodgomaze moaxalSeneebma datoves kidec kolonia da

droebiT georgievskSi gadavidnen [3, 909]. ukan dabrunebulebs

sacxovreblebi gaZarcvuli daxvdaT [3, 909].

saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTeblis rtiSCevis 1813 wlis 5

dekembris brZanebiT, kolonias dauniSnes pristavi, romelsac

evaleboda, rogorc mTielTa Tavdasxmebisgan axalSenis dac-

vis organizeba, aseve Sida wesrigis uzrunvelyofac. prista-

vad iseTi adamiani unda SeerCiaT, romelsac ecodineboda in-

glisuri an germanuli ena, raTa koloniis wevrebTan urTier-

Toba SesZleboda. mas daeniSna xelfasi weliwadSi 400 maneTis

odenobiT. pristavi valdebuli iyo yovelTvis koloniaSi yo-

filiyo. igi kavkasiis samoqalaqo gubernators eqvemdebare-

boda [5, 913].

1813 wels imperatoris brZanebiT, mTielTa Tavdasxme-

bisgan koloniis dasacavad gamoiyo specialuri samxedro

razmi [5, 931].

Sotlandiuri koloniis mcxovreblebi miwaTmoqmedebi-

sa da mrewvelobis garda farTo kulturul-saganmanaTleb-

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lo moRvaweobasac eweodnen. 1815 wels gaixsna tipografia,

sadac daibeWda da mahmadian da warmarT mosaxleobaSi gav-

rcelda bibliis 8000-mde egzemplari [5, 931].

1815 wels axalSenis ori wevri gaigzavna orenburgsa da

astraxanSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enebis Sesaswavlad. gan-

zraxuli iyo wminda werilis TaTrul enaze Targmna da gamo-

cema. amasTan erTad astraxanSi iqna gadatanili tipografia,

radganac aqedan ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo naTargmni wminda

wignebis sparseTSi gavrceleba. astraxanSi kvlav gagrZelda

qristianuli literaturis beWdva. aqedan mezobel raionebSi

gaavrceles qristianuli xasiaTis sxvadasxva wignebi, sul

6000-mde egzempliari [5, 931].

imperatoris mier 1819 wlis 14 aprils damtkicda minis-

trTa komitetis dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad orenburgSi

wasul Sotlandiel misionerebs qalaqis axlos dasasaxleb-

lad, sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da samlocvelos asaSeneblad,

gamoeyoT 90 desetina miwa. eklesiaSi RvTismsaxureba unda Ca-

tarebuliyo inglisur da TaTrul enebze. ganzraxuli iyo

skolis aSenebac, sadac unda eswavlebinaT yirgizi bavSvebis-

Tvis [5, 931].

1825-1826 wlebSi Sotlandielebma avadmyofobis gamo

datoves orenburgi da SotlandiaSi gaemgzavrnen. amave wleb-

Si (radganac aRar iyo bibliis beWdvis saWiroeba) edinburgis

sazogadoebam dafinanseba Seuwyvita astraxanis misionereb-

sac [5, 931].

Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi Sotlandielebi aqtiur

misionerul moRvaweobas eweodnen axlomaxlo mcxovreb mTie-

lebSi, romelTa nawilis gaqristianebac SeZles. dokumentebi-

dan CvenTvis cnobili xdeba misioner bleis saqmianobis Sesa-

xeb. igi profesiiT eqimi iyo, mkurnalobda avadmyof mTie-

lebs, ris gamoc mosaxleobaSi siyvaruliT sargeblobda. mas

warmatebebi hqonda mTielTa gaqristianebaSic. misi samoRva-

weo areali inguSur Temebs moicavda [4, 507].

adgilobriv mcxovreblebSi Sotlandielebis popularo-

baze miuTiTebs XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisiT daTari-

Rebuli mTielTa werilebi, romlebSic isini xelisuflebisgan

iezuiti misionerebis gagzavnas iTxovdnen. aman gvarianad SeaS-

foTa rusuli xelisuflebis mesveurebi. swored Tagauris xe-

obis mcxovrebTa werilebis miRebis (iezuiti misionerebis maT-

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Tan gagzavnis Sesaxeb) Semdgom [4, 419], 1810-iani wlebidan, ga-

dawyvita ruseTis xelisuflebam iezuiti misionerebis ber-

Znul-rusuli aRmsareblobis mRvdlebiT Canacvleba [4, 48, 427,

501]. 1814 wels mTielTa marTlmadideblobaze mosaqcevad Seiq-

mna `oseTis sasuliero komisia~[2, 294, 295; 3, 406, 407; 6, 79]. ro-

gorc dokumentebidan Cans, Semdgom periodSi nel-nela Seiz-

Ruda SotlandielTa moRvaweobis arealic.

Crdilo kavkasiaSi SotlandielTa Seviwroveba gansa-

kuTrebiT gaZlierda ermolovis mmarTvelobisas. 1821 wels

ermolovi da ruseTis sasuliero saqmeTa ministri SeTan-

xmdnen, rom ucxo qveynisa da aRmsareblobis misionerebis-

Tvis saqmianobis ufleba miecaT mxolod iq, sadac ar iqnebod-

nen berZnul-rusuli sasuliero pirebi [4, 479].

XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan Sotlandielebi Crdilo

kavkasias masiurad tovebdnen. erT-erTi misioneris jon mit-

Celis azriT, maT umizezod aviwrovebda adgilobrivi xeli-

sufleba [4, 476].

1822 wels, ermolovis brZanebiT, nazranidan gamoaZeves

misioneri blei. ermoloviG1822 wlis 19 seqtembers golicini-

sadmi miweril werilSi Tavis gadawyvetilebas Semdegnairad

asabuTebda: `Ингуши принять крещение не желають и хотя немногие из старшинь на то согласились, думая что все вообще к тому понуждае-мы будуть, но когда простой народ, совершенно тому противящися, хо-тель удалиться на прежнее жительтство в горы, то старшины оставили

принятый ими законь и мне лично объявили, что понуждение к кре-щению лищить их средств удержать народ в повиновений и спокойсвий~

[4, 507].

al. ermolovisTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo iezu-

itTa moRvaweoba strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilebSi. igi

ruseTis saSinao saqmeTa ministr lanskois Semdegs werda: `По

важности места, занимаемого ингушами, которые, быль до сего преданы

России, по положению их селения при Назране служать наилучшим

сторожевым постом нашим и оградою с сей стороны от непрязненных

чеченцев и карабулаков, не мог я не предвидеть, сколь непрятныя последствия могли бы произоити, если бы народ сей самыи

воинственныи, мужественныи из всех горцев, быв доведень до

возмущения, решиться удалиться в горы [4, 481].

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dokumentebidan irkveva, rom ermolovis saqciels wmin-

da politikuri interesebi edo safuZvlad. igi werda:

`шотландское обществ миссионеров, принимая к себе на воспитание молодых людей, научасть их языку своего отечества, а не всеми

усилиями старается образовать их добрыми нам подданными. Я

признаюсь, что не желая сих воспитанников в свою очередь иметь проповедниками между многочисленными обитательями горь, не допускаю я Карраских колонистов приобретать таковых~ [4, 507].

1826 wlis noemberSi ermolovis miTiTebebze dayrdno-

biT kavkasiis olqis mmarTvelma gorCakovma Semdegi cvlile-

bebi gaatara: `Дабы оградить колонию от вляния и помещательства в распоряжениях ея со стороны Эдинбургского мисс. Общества и чтобы

она управляема была не по иным узаконениям, как только по

Российским и сообразно правилам, кн. Горчаков полагаль, оставя в оной

существующую управу и уничтожа все чуждыя учреждения Эдинбургской директории, подчинить управу и самую колонию по

части полиции коменданту Кавк. Минеральных вод и предписать ему в непременную обязанность наблюдать за всеми поступками

приезжающих в колонию иностранцев, доводия о сем до сведения областного начальника~[4, 931].

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1825-1826 wlebSi ruseTis impe-

riaSi mcxovrebi SotlandielTa umetesoba samSobloSi gaem-

gzavra. am faqtis Sesaxeb al. ermolovi acxadebda: garda imi-

sa, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi ucxo qveynis misionerebis moRvawe-

oba dauSvebulia politikuri mosazrebebiT, Sotlandiele-

bis wasvla am mxarisTvis ar warmoadgens did danakliss, rad-

ganac maT arc qristianobis gavrcelebaSi, arc soflis meur-

neobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi ar miuRweviaT mniSvne-

lovani warmatebebisTvis [4, 932].

Ddamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.

Берже, VI, I, Тифлис, 1874. 2. m. tyavaSvili, qsnis erisTavebis mamulebis sakiTxi dosi-

Teos ficxelauris `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ proeq-

tSi, kr.: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, red. av.

sonRulaSvili, 2 (6) 2009.

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3. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.

Берже, V, Тифлис, 1873.

4. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.

Берже, VI, II, Тифлис, 1875.

5. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.

Берже, VII, II, Тифлис, 1878.

6. История грузинской иерархий, с присовокуплением обращения в христианство Осетии и других горских народов, по 1-го Генвария 1825 года., М., 1853.

7. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

f. 2, aR. 1, saqme #341.

Mzia Tkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the

Department of Modern and Contemporary History

From the History of the Scots’ Colony in the North Caucasus (The beginning of the 19th

century)

Summary

In 1802 the directory of the Protestant society in Edinburgh asked the

Russian government a permition for founding an office in the South of the

empire. Emperor Alexander I satisfied the requirement of Scots. The main

goal of Scots was the conversion of the neighboring mountain and plain

Muslim and pagan population into Christianity. The Russian government greatly supported Scots.

Besides developing agriculture and industry they were actively

involved in cultural and educational work. In 1815 the typography was

opened, where 8000 copies of Bible were printed and spread among the

Muslim and pagan population. In the 20es of the 19th

century Scots were actively living the North

Caucasus. From the point of view of the missioners the native government was oppressing them without any reason.

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Tamar anTaZe

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-

lobis universitetis asistent-

profesori

Uuiliam III oraneli

uiliam oranelis kolorituli figuris gaxseneba, cxa-

dia SemTxveviTi araa. uwinaresad xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom

uiliam oranelis saxels ukavSirdeba parlamentarizmis prin-

cipebis formireba inglisSi XVII saukunis miwuruls. am rangis

politikuri moRvawe, reformatori, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, hae-

riviT Wirdeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelos. Aamitom, vfiqrobT,

uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis gacnobia, qarTveli mkiTxveli-

saTvis interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos da bolos, uiliam

oranelze sityvis Tqmas umTavresad is garemoeba gvabedinebs,

rom masze qarTul enaze dRemde TiTqmis araferi dawerila.

Eevropul, pirvel rigSi ki, cxadia, inglisur istoriog-

rafiaSi uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sefaseba do-

minirebs. Mmis erT-erT mTavar tonis mimcemad franguli ganma-

naTleblobis patriarqi volteri gvevlineba. misi azriT, `in-

glisis namdvili demokratia swored uiliam oranelis mmar-

Tvelobidan iwyeba~ [1, 85-86]. uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis

maRali Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieria, magram misi usaSve-

lod gandideba, gaidialeba, rac Seiniშneba zogierTi istori-

kosis (magaliTad t. makoleis) SromebSi, cxadia, ar Rirs, zed-

metia.

qarTul enaze sagangebo naSromi uiliam oranelze dRem-

de ar gagvaCnia, magram axali istoriis qarTul saxelmZRvane-

loebSi, bunebrivia, gakvriT exebodnen mis moRvaweobas da

amis wayrueba, gverdis avla, albaT, marTebuli ar unda iyos.

uiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi qarTuli istoriog-

rafiis damokidebulebas mkveTrad gamokveTilad sami perio-

di gaaCnia. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 1918-1921 wlebi, sab-

WoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografia 1921-1991 wlebi da

uaxlesi qarTuli istoriografia.

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Uuiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi dainteresebis pir-

velma simptomebma Tavi iCina XX saukunis dasawyisSi. aq, cxa-

dia, vgulisxmobT a. bikovis wigns `ambebi inglisis istorii-

dan, me-11 saukunidan me-XIX saukunemde~ [2] , sadac is bunebri-

via, exeba uiliam oranelis moRvaweobas da mcire informacias

awvdis qarTvel mkiTxvels masze [2, 271-277]. es sporaduli

cnoba friad saintereso da mniSvnelovani Cans. Cveni azriT,

es monakveTi 1901-1918 wlamde qarTul realobaSi uiliam ora-

nelis moRvaweobiT dainteresebis winare istoriad SeiZleba

miviCnioT.

savsebiT kanonzomieri unda iyos, rom dasavleT evropis

axali istoriis problemebiT da saxeldobr, uiliam oranelis

moRvaweobiT dainteresebis akvani damoukidebel saqarTve-

loSi 1918-1921 wlebSi dairwa. Amas mZlavri stimuli misca or-

ma garemoebam: 1918 wlis 26 ianvars ivane javaxiSvilis mier

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebam da 1918 wlis

26 maisss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam. Aam

TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa damoukidebel saqarTveloSi ga-

mocemuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli saxelmZRvane-

loebi, sadac bunebrivia, gakvriT exebodnen uiliam oranelis

moRvaweobas. Ees sainteresoa da misTvis dumiliT gverdis av-

la swori ar iqneboda. Pupirveles yovlisa xazi unda gausvaT

saxelmZRvaneloebis koncefcias, romelsac mkveTrad gamok-

veTili progresuli elferi dakravs da upiratesad evropul

realiebzea orientirebuli. saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam ora-

nelis moRvaweobis maRali Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieri

unda iyos. saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi uiliam oranelis Se-

fasebisas progresul liberalur poziciebze dganan, rac im-

droindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze seriozul win-

gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.

saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam oranelze arsebuli mcire

informacia sainteresoa da igi qarTvel mkiTxvels, pirvel

rigSi, moswavleebs, uiliam oranelis moRvaweobaze saerTo

warmodgenas Seuqmnida. mkafiod aris xazgasmuli uiliam ora-

nelis wvlili inglisSi parlamentarizmis principebis formi-

rebis saqmeSi da safrangeTTan dapirispireba, romelic uSua-

lod gamomdinareobda inglisis erovnuli interesebidan. in-

glisis mTavar metoqed msoflio hegemonobisaTvis brZolaSi,

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swored, safrangeTi gvevlineba [3, 45-146; 4.67; 5, 105-106; 6,

116; 7,127; 8, 52].

saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi

miCenili adgili mTlad damajereblad ar migvaCnia. Aaq ra Tqma

unda, vgulisxmobT imas, rom ZalianN kargi iqneboda uiliam

oranelis mmarTveloba mkveTrad yofiliyo gamijnuli stiu-

artTa xanisagan da mas erTi calke monakveTi daTmoboda.

vfiqrobT, es ufro adekvaturi iqneboda.

Pprof. gr. naTaZis midgoma uiliam oranelis moRvaweobi-

sadmi metad Taviseburia [9]. amgvari damokidebuleba, cxadia,

SemTxveviT ar yofila da misi gasaRebi gr. naTaZis msof-

lmxedvelobaSi Zevs. saqme isaa, rom gr. naTaZe istoriis soci-

ologiuri gaSuqebis momxrea da did yuradRebas uTmobda in-

glisis social-ekonomiur istoris warmoCenas, xolo poli-

tikur istorias ganixilavda SedarebiT ufro mkrTalad, sus-

tad. uiliam oranelisadmi prof. gr. naTaZis gulgrili damo-

kidebuleba amis logikuri Sedegia. iyo amis gamomwvevi sxva

mizezebi [10, 46-48].

Aamrigad, Tavdapirvelad, uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis

Sefasebisas qarTul istoriografias garkveuli mecnieruli

kursi hqonia aRebuli. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa damouki-

debel saqarTveloSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erov-

nuli saxelmZRvaneloebi.

SemdegSi xdeba mkveTri saxecvlileba, rac umTavresad

politikuri kataklizmebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 1921 wlis 25

Tebervals moxda saqarTvelos gasabWoeba. uiliam oranelis

moRvaweobiT dainteresebam marqsistul-leninuri ideolo-

giis CarCoebSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. es upiratesad imiT gamoi-

xata, rom uiliam oranelisadmi damokidebuleba metad poli-

tizirebuli da ideologizirebuli iyo da ZiriTadad kla-

sobrivi poziciebidan ganixileboda. aseTi midgoma ki nebsiT

Tu uneblieT akninebda uiliam oranelis mmarTvelobis isto-

riul mniSvnelobas. aq aisaxa savsebiT realuri viTareba. re-

formatorebi sabWoTa istoriografiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo.

maT moswondaT mxolod fanatikosi revolucionerebi. es ten-

dencia dominirebda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic [11]. sau-

niversiteto programebSi [12]. Ffaqtobrivad uiliam oranelze

qarTul enaze TiTqmis araferi dawerila. es SemTxveviTi ar

iyo da nawilobriv imiT aixsneba, rom sabWoTa periodSi ru-

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sul enaze arsebuli literatura MmSobliurad aRiqmeboda

[13]. istoriis popularizacia aSkarad moიkoWlebda.

Uuiliam oranelis moRvaweobiT dainteresebis morigi

mkveTri metamorfozi dakavSirebulia 1991 wels sabWoTa kav-

Siris daSlasTan. qarTulma istoriografiam SvebiT amoisun-

Tqa. Mmas sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebis Sansi gauCnda. amas Zal-

ze didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

Uuiliam oranelis reabilitaciis saqmeSi gadadgmul pir-

vel nabijad axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo mიgvaC-

nia [14]. Ees tradicia gagrZelebuli iqna inglisis istoriis

[15, 16, 17] da axali istoriis [18, 19] sauniversiteto saxel-

mZRvaneloebSi, Tumca zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi am Temaze

msjelobis Semdgomi daxvewa, srulyofa, gamoricxulad ar

migvaCnia. vimedovnebT, rom momavalSi uiliam oranelis moR-

vaweobas gacilebiT meti yuradReba daeTmoba. winamdebare

naSromi am xarvezebis Sevsebis erT-erT mokrZalebul mcde-

lobas warmoadgens. U

ingliseli istorikosebi inglisis swraf aRzevebas da

msoflios erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaqcevas xSirad

ukavSireben uiliam oranelis moRvaweobas.

uiliam oraneli daibada 1650 wlis 14 noembers haagaSi.

Mmisi mama iyo uiliam II oraneli. deda — inglisis mefis Carlz I

(1625-1649) qaliSvili meri stiuarti.

uiliam oraneli politikur sarbielze gamoCnda 1667

wels, rodesac man miiRo ufleba monawileoba mieRo saxel-

mwifo sabWos muSaobaSi. respublikis momxreebi mas undoblad

uyurebdnen da SiSobdnen, rom ar moexdina saxelmwifo gadat-

rialeba monarqiis aRdgenis mizniT. am dros niderlandi res-

publika iyo, romelsac saTaveSi edga ian de viti.

TandaTanobiT uiliam oranelis avtoriteti sazogadoe-

basa da armiaSi izrdeboda, xolo respublikelebis prestiJi

ecemoda. 1672 wels safrangeTთan dawyebulma omma kataliza-

toris roli Seasrula. daaCqara movlenebi. omisaTvis nider-

landi moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. safrangeTis armia swrafad

miiwevda win. Mmdgomareoba kritikuli Seiqmna. Nniderlandebis

saxelmwifoebrioba yofna-aryofnis winaSe dadga. Aam kriti-

kul momentSi wina planze gamodis uiliam oraneli. misi miTi-

TebiT jebirebi gaxsnes da qveynis teritoriis erTi nawili

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წყალმა dafara. Fფrangebis winsvla SeCerebuli iqna. Mmeomari

mxareebi molaparakebis magidas miusxdnen., niderlandi mzad

iyo yovelgvar daTmobebze wasuliyo, magram safrangeTma me-

tismeti moindoma. Mმas surda ara niderlandis damarcxeba,

aramed sruli ganadgureba. Hholandielebis moTminebis fiala

aivso. ifeTqa saxalxo mRelvarebam. saxelmwifo gadatriale-

bis Sedegad იან de ვitis mTavroba daemxo, xolo TviT is mok-

luli iqna. Hჰolandiis Stathalteris postze arCeuli iqna 21

wlis uiliam oraneli. Mman Sewyvita samSvidobo molaparakeba

da ganaaxla omi. aseTi iyo safrangeTis samxedro ministris

luvuas ambiciebis savalalo Sedegi [20, 132-133].

Aam rTul viTarebaSi uiliam oranelma Tavi gamoamJRavna

rogorc ara marto kargma mxedarTmTavarma, aramed Cinebulma

diplomatma. man moaxerxa moeZebna safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi mokavSireebi: espaneTi, brandenburgi, avstria da

dania. Aaman saSualeba misca uiliam oranels gardatexa Seeta-

na omis msvlelobaSi. 1679 wels xelmowerili nimvegenis zavis

Tanaxmad holandiam SesZlo damoukideblobis da teritoriu-

li mTlianobis SenarCuneba. es uiliam oranelis politikis

didi warmateba iyo.

1677 wels man colad SeirTo inglisis momavali mefis

jeimz II (1685-1688) qaliSvili mari stiuarti. es iyo Cveuleb-

rivi politikuri qorwineba. is uiliam oranels inglisis tax-

tis dakavebis Sans aZlevda. Aaqedan moyolebuli iwyeba uiliam

oranelis pirveli kontaqtebi liberalur opoziciasTan in-

glisSi. is cdilobda inglisSi Seeqmna dasayrdeni. SemTxvevi-

Ti ar iyo, rom stiuartebis mier devnili opoziciurad gan-

wyobili liberalebi politikur TavSesafars, swored, uili-

am oranelTan holandiaSi povebdnen.

1688 wels 55 wlis jeimz II SeeZina taxtis memkvidre vaJi,

uelsis princi. Aman pirdapir civi Sxapi gadaasxa liberalur

opozicias da mis kandidats uiliam oranels. Oopozicias sxva

gamosavali ar rCeboda: an unda Segueboda Seqmnil viTarebas,

an unda emoqmeda. man meore gza airCia. opoziciam TxovniT mi-

marTa uiliam oranels exsna inglisi jeimz II stiuartis tira-

niisagan. sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeboda saxelmwifo gadatri-

alebis konturebi. Mmcire fiqris Semdeg uiliam oranelma mza-

oba ganacxada daekavebina inglisis taxti. man gamosca specia-

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luri deklaracia, sadac is pirobas debda, rom daexmareboda

inglisis xalxs. 1688 wlis 19 oqtombers uiliam oranelis

flotma kursi nisliani albionisaken aiRo. 5 noembers igi in-

glisis napirebze gadavida. oranelis gankargulebaSi iyo

15000 jariskaci. jeimz II gacilebiT ufro mravalricxovani

armia hyavda, magram gadamwyveti brZolis gamarTva mainc ver

gabeda. Mmas armiis imedi ar hqonda. Aarmiis sabrZolo ganwyobi-

leba, Zalian dabali iyo. maTi didi nawili uiliam oranelis

mxareze gadadioda. 12 dekembers uiliam oraneli londonSi

Sevida. Mmefe daakaves. 23 dekembers mefe cixidan gaiqca da po-

litikuri TavSesafari safrangeTSi hpova [21, 22, 23, 24]. 1689

wlis 12 Tebervals uiliam oraneli inglisis mefed gamoacxa-

des.

uiliam III oranelis saxeliT stiuartTa abslolitur

monarqias wertili daesva. inglisSi yalibdeba konstituciu-

ri monarqia. Ffaqtobrivad amiT mTavrdeba uiliam oranelis

erTi holandiuri etapi da iwyeba meore inglisuri periodi.

inglisis mefis uiliam III oranelis saSinao politika: ui-

liam III oranelis (1689-1702) mmarTvelobis xanaSi, inglisSi

gatarebuli iqna seriozuli reformebi, romelmac mtkice sa-

Zirkveli Cauyara qveynis politikur da sameurneo sistemas.

1688 wlis sasaxlis gadatrialebas Tanamedroveebma da

istorikosebma `usisxlo~ anu `saxelovani revolucia~ uwo-

des da devid iumidan, jon lokidan da volteridan moyole-

buli gansakuTrebul pativs miageben mas.

1688 wlis gadatrialebis Sedegad, inglisSi yalibdeba

konstituciuri monarqia. stiuartTa absolutizmis Semdeg

es iyo seriozuli wingadadgmuli nabijia samefo xelisufle-

basa da parlaments Soris kompromisi miRweuli iqna. Amas Zal-

ze didi mniSvneloba hqonda. mkafiod ikveTeba samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis konturebi.

mmarTvelobis saparlamento-demokratiuli formis ma-

mamTavrad didi ingliseli filosofosi jon loki gvevline-

ba. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa misi naSromi `ori traqta-

ti mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~. SesaZloa, Tavdapirvelad xalxma

gulubryvilod gadasces Zalaufleba erT karg, SesaniSnav

adamians, magram misi memkvidreebi sul sxvanairebi aRmoC-

ndnen. xalxi mixvda, rom mis sakuTrebas seriozuli saSiSroe-

ba emuqreboda. am rTuli situaciidan gamosavals jon loki

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umTavresad imaSi xedavs, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba

unda gadaeces koleqtiur organos — parlaments.

kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeba sa-

zogadoebis farTo socialuri fenebi. Nnebismier adamians Se-

uZlia gaxdes parlamentis wevri. aravis ar aqvs ufleba kano-

nis moqmedeba sadme an rodesme SeaCeros. Ees aris suspensiuri

ufleba,. aravis ar aqvs ufleba romelime moqalaqe, vinc ar

unda iyos is kanonis asrulebisagan gaaTavisuflos. Ees aris

dispensiuri ufleba. `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arc erTi

wevrisaTvis ar SeiZleba daSvebuli iqnas gamonaklisi am sazo-

gadoebis kanonebidan~ [25, 316-317]. jon loki Tavisuflebis,

Tanasworobis da sxva samoqalaqo uflebebis damuSavebis

dros im postulatidan amodioda, rom sazogadoebis bunebriv

mdgomareobas warmoadgens patiosani konkurencia. samoqala-

qo sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebebi da Tavisufleba, ro-

gorc is isaxeboda XVII saukunis dasasruls, viTardeboda mxo-

lod konkretul gacvliT urTierTobebis konteqstSi da mas-

Tan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kerZo sakuTrebasTan [26, 151-152,

154-157]. jon lokis moZRvrebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Se-

saxeb safuZvlad edo Cveulebrivi savaWro gacvliTi urTier-

Tobebi, romelSic erTveba ubralo saqonlis mflobeli.

stiuartebisagan gansxvavebiT uiliam III oranels nakle-

bad awuxebda piradi ambiciebi da didad ar cdilobda samefo

prerogativis dacvas. 1689 wlis 13 Tebervals miRebuli iqna

inglisis istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kanoni `aqti uf-

lebaTa Sesaxeb~, romelic inglisis konstituciuri uflebe-

bis erT-erT mTavar qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. Ppirvel yovlisa,

is iyo xelisuflebasa da parlaments Soris kompromisis lo-

gikuri Sedegi. Mmefis uflebebi izRudeba. parlamentis ufle-

bebi farTovdeba. Mmefe xels iRebs gadasaxadebis akrefaze.

Aamieridan es parlamentis kompetenciaSi Sedis. Ggarantirebu-

li iyo saparlamento debatebis Tavisufleba. Pparlamenti sam

weliwadSi erTxel unda moewviaT. Mmisi uflebamosileba gani-

sazRvra sami wliT. Mministrebs niSnavda da anTavisuflebda

mefe, magram isini pasuxismgebelni iyvnen parlamentis winaSe.

amave xanebSi miiRes kanoni `aqti rjulSemwynareblobis Sesa-

xeb~. Uuiliam oraneli rjulSemwynareblobis politikas ata-

rebda, Tumca kaTolikebis interesebis mcire SebRalva mainc

igrZnoboda.

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jeimz II stiuartis momxreebi, jekobitebi far-xmals ar

yridnen da ar eguebodnen axal reJims. maT mxars uWerda saf-

rangeTis mefe lui XIV. saWiro iyo maT winaaRmdeg zomebis mi-

Reba. 1690 wlis ivnisSi ingliselebma mdinare boinis napiras

daamarcxes `jekobitebis~ laSqari. amas Tan moyva irlandiis

miwebis xelaxali konfiskacia da maTi mosaxleobis Cagvris

gaZliereba.

1694 wels daarsebuli iqna inglisis banki. inglisuri de-

mokratiis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda

1696 wels cenzuris gauqmebas. es seriozuli wingadadgmuli

nabiji iyo samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis gzaze

[17,125].

mkveTrad gamokveTili progresuli elferi dakravs 1696

wels ganxorcielebul fulis reformas. Mmisi istoriuli

mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom cdilobda TiTqosda

Seurigebelis Serigebas. xazinis da mosaxleobis interesebs

Soris saerTo enis gamonaxvas. Mmisi dedaazri miznad isaxavda

ekonomikis gajansaRebas mosaxleobis msiyidvelobiTi unaris

gazrdis xarjze. sainteresoa, rom xazinaSi ramdenime wlis

Semdeg imaze gacilebiT ufro didi Tanxa Sevida, vidre Tav-

dapirvelad iqna Cadebuli reformaSi [27, 288-291].

1701 wels miiRes `aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb~ Ta-

vis sicocxlis dasasruls uiliam III oraneli Seecada moegva-

rebina kidev erTi mwvave sakiTxi. vin iqneboda inglisis tax-

tis memkvidre misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. saqme isaa, rom ui-

liam oraneli uSvilo iyo. Uuiliam III oranelis Semdeg ingli-

sis taxts daikavebda misi colisda jeimz II-s umcrosi qaliS-

vili eni (ana). enic uSvilo iyo. Mmisi gardacvalebis Semdeg in-

glisis taxtze avidoda stiuartTa Soreuli naTesavi, germa-

neli hanoverTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli. es dinastia iyo

inglisis mefis Carlz I-s dis meris da misi qmris fridrix

pfalcelis STamomavali.

amave dros gadawyda, rom yvela dokuments, kanons, cir-

kuliars, xels unda awerdes ara marto mefe, aramed premier-

ministri. Aamas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. axla premier-minis-

tri pasuxismgebeli iyo parlamentis winaSe [28, 15, 16,17].

uiliam oranelis sagareo politika: sainteresod axasia-

Tebs uiliam III oranels frangi istorikosi akad. pier gaqsto-

ni. `is iyo xelmZRvaneli, ara genialuri, magram mtkice, Seu-

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povari, romelmac ar icoda ra iyo SiSi da apaTia. Rrma cod-

niT, ZaluZda gaeerTianebina adamianebis goneba. SeeZlo Cae-

fiqrebina didi saqmeebi da mas mizanmimarTulad axorcieleb-

da. Uuiliami warsdga evropis winaSe rogorc meTauri, romlis

daniSnulebas warmoadgenda saTaveSi Cadgomoda antifran-

gul koalicias~ [20,156].

uiliam oraneli, jer rogorc holandiis Stathalteri,

xolo Semdeg ki rogorc inglisis mefe, win aRudga safrange-

Tis mefis lui XIV (1643-1715) hegemonistur miswrafebebs. is

iyo lui XIV yvelaze ufro seriozuli politikuri mowinaaR-

mdege, romelic mzad iyo safrangeTTan brZola ewarmoebina

sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde. frangi istorikosis emil bur-

Juas TqmiT `es iyo ori adamianis dueli-ori tipis politiku-

ri principis, ori religiis~ [20, 156]. am dapirispirebas kidev

ufro saintereso elfers sZenda is garemoeba, rom faqtobri-

vad is warmoadgenda sagareo politikis da diplomatiis ori

sruliad gansxvavebuli principis Sejaxebas. unda iTqvas, rom

am uSeRavaTo brZolaSi uiliam oranelma seriozul warmate-

bas miaRwia da amiT praqtikulad Seamzada niadagi XVIII sauku-

nis dasawyisSi inglisis msoflio hegemoniis damyarebisaTvis.

wertili dausva safrangeTis hegemonias. Znelia daeTanxmoT

amerikel mecnieris j. modelskis, romelic Tavis msoflio

batonobis grZeli ciklebis TeoriaSi ugulvebelyofs saf-

rangeTis hegemonias [29].

stiuartebis uiliam oraneliT Canacvleba ar iyo mxo-

lod Cveulebrivi dinastiuri cvlileba, rodesac erTi ara-

popularuli mmarTvelis adgils ikavebs meore ufro popula-

ruli pirovneba. amas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda, ramac

Secvala inglisis saSinao da sagareo politika. inglisi ganvi-

Tarebis sul sxva gzaze gaiyvana, da bolos da bolos XIX sau-

kunis dasawyisSi `msoflio saxelosnod~ aqcia.

uiliam oranelma Zirfesvianad Secvala inglisis saga-

reo politika. man uari Tqva stiuartTa profrangul orien-

taciaze da saTaveSi Caudga antifrangul koalicias. amieri-

dan igi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg brZolis medroSed da lide-

rad iqca. aqedan moyolebuli iwyeba inglis-safrangeTis xan-

grZlivi dapirispireba, romelic 1815 wels dasrulda. ser

uinston CerCilis TqmiT `Tavisi brZolebidan inglisi yovel-

Tvis igebs erTaderTs — gadamwyvets~. Aam or saxelmwifos So-

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ris aseT xangrZliv dapirispirebas istorikosebi xSirad `me-

ore aswlian oms~ uwodeben. Uuiliam III oranelis antifranguli

kursi kargad Seesatyviseboda inglisis erovnul interesebs.

gasaRebis bazrebis da pirvelobisaTvis uSeRavaTo brZolaSi,

swored, safrangeTi iyo inglisis mTavari mowinaaRmdege.

jer kidev 1686 wels holandiis Stathalteris uiliam

oranelis ZalisxmeviT yalibdeba augsburgis liga. mis Semad-

genlobaSi gaerTiandnen: holandia, espaneTi, avstria, bran-

denburgi, savoia. Mmas mere, ki rac 1688 wlis revoluciis Sem-

deg, uiliam oraneli inglisis mefe Seiqmna koalicias, buneb-

rivia, nisliani albionic SeuerTda.

1688 wels lui XIV wamoiwyo mesame didi omi, romelsac

orlianisturs uwodeben. Mmas surda pfalcis kurfiustad ga-

eyvana Tavisi Zma orleanis hercogi, romelsac colad hyavda

ukanaskneli kurfiurstis qaliSvili, magram umTavresad ui-

liam oranelis diplomatiis ZalisxmeviT safrangeTis mmar-

Tveli izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. marTalia, safrangeTis jarebma

moipoves ramdenime gamarjveba: 1690 wels fleriusTan, 1692

wels stenkerkTan, 1693 wels nervindenTan, magram zRva aSka-

rad ingliselebis xelSi iyo. Lle-gogTan brZolaSi 1692 wels

maT gaimarjves. 1697 wels xelmowerili iqna risvikis zavi.

Llui XIV iZulebuli iyo ecno uiliam oraneli inglisis mefed,

magram mas xeli ar auRia arc stiuartTa pretenziebis mxar-

daWeraze.

espaneTis memkvidreobisaTvis omisaTvis mzadebam uili-

am III oranelis sagareo politikis daskvniT akordad gaiJRe-

ra. 1700 wlis 1 noembers gardaicvala espaneTis mefe karlos

II. Mmas memkvidre ar darCenia. dRis wesrigSi dadga sakiTxi, Tu

vin daikavebda vakantur adgils. erT-erTi pretendenti saf-

rangeTi iyo. Llui XIV-s colad hyavda espaneTis infanta. Kkar-

los II anderZis Tanaxmad, espaneTis taxti unda daekavebina

frang princs, lui XIV-is erT-erT memkvidres. frangul-espa-

nuri zesaxelmwifos Seqmnam seriozulad Caafiqra evropis

didi saxelmwifoebi. maT aSinebdaT safrangeT-espaneTis hege-

moniis damyareba, amis albaToba ki, marTlac sakmaod didi

iyo. Aam mwvave situaciaSi lui XIV-m pirdapir cecxlze navTi

daasxa. Ees imiT gamoixata, rom man kidev ufro gaamwvava in-

glisTan urTierToba. jer iyo da 1701 wels jeimz II-s gardac-

valebis Semdeg man mefed scno misi vaJi jeimz III. lui XIV-m

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frang vaWrebs mianiWa privilegiebi amerikaSi espaneTis ko-

loniebTan vaWrobaSi. aman bunebrivia, Selaxa inglisis da ni-

derlandis ekonomikuri interesebi. mkveTrad Seicvala in-

glisis sazogadoebis ganwyobileba. evropa or banakad gaiyo:

erTis mxriv dgas inglisi, holandia, avstria, prusia, dania,

maT upirispirdeba safrangeTi, espaneTi da wvrili germanuli

saxelmwifoebi. evropaSi denTis suni datrialda. omisaTvis

gaxurebuli samzadisis dros, 1702 wlis 8 marts, uiliam III

oraneli gardaicvala. is dasaflavebulia inglisis monarqTa

tradiciul ZvalTSesanaxSi vestministeris saabatoSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

26. И.Сиволан, Социальные идеи Вольтера, М., 1978. 27. a. bikovi, ambebi inglisis istoriidan, XI saukunidan me-XIX

saukunemde, baTumi, 1901.

28. s. avaliani, msoflio istoriis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb. 1920.

29. e. lavisi, axali istoria, QquTaisi, Tb., 1920.

30. vulfiusi, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1918.

31. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1919.

32. d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, axali istoria (XV-XVII ss.) Tb.,

1920. i .gvelesiani, axali istoria (XVIII-XIX saukuneebi),

Tb., 1920.

33. al. wereTeli, msoflio istoria, nawili 3, axali istoria,

Tb., 1920.

34. gr.naTaZe, inglisis mokle istoria, Tb., 1919.

35. m. kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali

istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxe-

varSi, Tb., 1999.

36. a. efimovi, axali istoria, Tb., 1970, axali istoria, a. nari-

oCnickis redaqciiT, Tb., 1988.

37. axali istoriis kursis programa, redaqtori. Pprof. a. na-

moraZe, Tb., 1953. axali istoriis programa, redaqtori

prof. givi kiRuraZe, Tb., 1970.

38. К. Татаринова, Очерки по истории Англии 1640-1815 гг., М., 1958. 39. А. Мортон, История Англии, М., 1950. 40. Кертман, География, история и култура Англии, М., 1968. очерки по

истории Англии , М., 1959.

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41. Дж. Тревельян, социальная история Англии, М., 1959.

42. n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoria, VIII klasis saxelmZRvane-

lo, Tb., 2005.

43. r. gaCeCilaZe, inglisis geografia, istoria da kultura,

Tb., 1994.

44. iv. menTeSaSvili, inglisis istoria, Tb., 2004.

45. m. kalandaZe, inglisis istoria, Tb., 2005.

46. v. TvalavaZe, axali istoria, nawili III, Tb., 1998.

47. d. lomsaZe, evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali istoria,

nawili 1, Tb., 1998.

48. Ю. Борисов, Дипломатия Людовика XIV, М., 2002. 49. Всеобшая история С IV столетия до нашего времени составлена

под.ред. Э. Лависс и А Рамбо, том VI, м., 1899. М. Тетров, Лекции

по всемирной истории, т. IV, М.,1913. Маколеи, история Англии, т. VIII, М.,1863.

50. `Англиская буржуазная революция XVII века~, под. ред., Е.Кос-минского и Л. Левицкого т.2.М., 1954 в. Лавровский, М. Барг, англиская буржуазная революция XVII в., М., 1958.

51. А. Савин, лекции по истории Англиского революции, М., 1937. 52. g. kiRuraZe, XVII saukunis inglisis burzuaziuli revolu-

cia, naw. 2, Tb.,1983.

53. Дж.Локк, два трактата для правление-соч. 3 томах, М., тг.1988. 54. Э.Салавьев, очерки по истории философии и культури, М., 1991. 55. В кирсанов, Научная ревалюция XVII века, М., 1987. 56. Р. Гнетст, история государственных учереждении Англии, М., 1885. 57. m.kalandaZe `grZeli ciklebi msoflio politikaSi~, (ame-

rikeli mecnieris j. modelskis Teoriis irgvliv) — qar-

Tuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli, XII, Tb., 2005.

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Tamar Antadze Assistant Professor of the Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

William III of Orange

Summary

This work has an honorable aim and has a pure cognitive character. Actually it is the first serious work in Georgian reality, which is about William III of Orange’s life and activities.

Picturesque figure of William III of Orange is not brought forward

accidentally; it is stipulated by the fact, that nowadays forming principles of parliamentarianism is very urgent in Georgia. That’s why we think that Georgian reader will show interest in knowing activities of William Orange.

We tried to put a scientific element in the work and devoted attention to

considering activities of William III of Orange in Georgian historiography.

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vasil kaWarava

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis da Savi zRvis saerTa-

Soriso universitetis profesori

1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi

rogorc dapirispirebuli partiebis platformebis Se-

darebam gvaCvena, respublikelTa platforma SedarebiT uf-

ro Seefereboda qveynaSi mzard konservatiul tendenciebs,

magram aRniSnul arCevnebSi gadamwyveti roli albaT Tavad

prezidentobis kandidatebis pirovnulma Tvisebebma da avto-

ritetma iTamaSa. respublikur partias meore msofilo omis

sayovelTaod cnobili gmiri, evropaSi dasavleTis jarebis

mTavarsardali generali duaiet eizenhaueri warmoadgenda,

xolo demokratebs — ilinoisis gubernatori adlai stivenso-

ni, romlis brwyinvale erudiciam da oratorulma niWma mniS-

nelovani roli iTamaSa am dapirispirebaSi da gansakuTrebu-

li xibli SesZina arCevnebs.

saerTod, rogorc metad popularul, zogaderovnul da

msoflio masStabis gmirze, eizenhauerze orive partia nadi-

robda. 1948 wels trumeni eizenhauers jer vice-prezidento-

bas sTavazobda, mere ki saerTod prezidentobasac uTmobda

da Tavad ki vice-prezidentobas sjerdeboda. magram eizenha-

ueeri ar daTanxmda am keTilSobilur winadadebas. mas arc

trumeni da arc misi politika moswonda. erTxelEeizenhauerma

gaRizianebiT aRniSna — `ar SeiZleba romelime partiis wevri

gaxde, raTa prezidentis posti moipovo. ra gafiqrebinebT,

rom odesme demokrati viyavi? xom iciT, mTeli cxovreba res-

publikeli viyavi da Cemi ojaxis wevrebic yovelTvis respub-

likelebi iyvnen~ [9, 117]. marTlac, igi mudam respublikelebs aZlevda xmas, iyo es

1932, 1936 Tu 1940 wlebi. mxolod 1944 wels misca xma fran-

klin ruzvelts da isic mxolod imitom, rom amerika omobda.

SemdgomSic igi trumenis winaaRmdeg aZlevda xmas respubli-

kel kandidat Tomas diuis. 1951 wels man megobrebs isic ga-

nucxada, rom `kaci, romelic prezidentobisTvis ibrZvis nam-

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dvili sulelia. kargavT Tqveni cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs.

RmerTmani, es sakuTari Tavis gawirvaa. zogierTs hgonia, es

samuSao didi Zalauflebis da didebis momtania. sinamdvile

ki sruliad sapirispiroa da demokratiuli sistema am Tanam-

debobas Zalze mcire Zalauflebas aniWebs~ [13, 210].

Tumca, rodesac eizenhaueri ase iTrevda fexs preziden-

tobaze amas sakmaod gamiznulad akeTebda. Tavis megobars

bil robinsons, romelic aiks saprezidento maraTonSi aqti-

ur CarTavs sTxovda, man uTxra — `Tanamdebobis maZiebeli

arasodesaa iseTi popularuli, rogorc goniaT. xalxs yovel-

Tvis is unda, risi miRebac ar SeuZlia~ [13, 209]. asea Tu ise, magram, rodesac 1952 wlisTvis eizenhaueri

sabolood daTanxmda wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura res-

publikur partiisgan, igi Sida partiuli praimersisTvisac ki

ar Cavida amerikaSi da natoSi ganagrZobda muSaobas. miuxeda-

vad amisa, 11 marts, niu hempSiris praimersSi man didi upira-

tesobiT daamarcxa Tavisi konkurenti, metad gavleniani po-

litikosi robert tafti.

Tumca respublikelTa konventze viTareba arcTu er-

TmniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. konventis muSaobis dasawyisSi

TiTqos tafts ufro meti momxre hyavda, magram kenWisyra ma-

inc eizenhaueris sasargeblod dasrulda — man 595 xma miiRo,

taftma ki, 500. arada gamarjvebisTvis eizenhauers 604 xma

sWirdeboda. uecrad minesotas Statis delegaciam didi xmau-

riTa da zar-zeimiT Tavisi xmebi eizenhauers gadasca, mas sxva

meryevi Statebic mihyvnen da, sabolood, pirvelive oficia-

luri daTvlis Semdeg eizenhauerma 845, taftma ki mxolod

280 xma miiRo.

taftis momxreebi Zalze ganicdidnen am marcxs. maT mos-

wondaT ara marto taftis izolacionozmi, aramed misi pirov-

nebac, rogorc respublikuri konservatizmis simbolo da ub-

ralod SeCveulebic iyvnen mas. eizenhaueri ki partiisaTvis

axali kaci iyo, zogierTis azriT, arastandartuli respub-

likeli, liberali da internacionalisti Dda vin icis, gulis

siRrmeSi, SeiZleba demokratic ki [10, 1256]. magram saqmec is iyo, rom zomier respublikelebs eizen-

haueri partiaSi, swored, rom uaRresad konservatori sena-

torebis taftisa da makartis alternativad esaxebodaT. maTi

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azriT, aiki ufro zomieri uilkisa da diuis poziciisaken ix-

reboda. isini safuZvlianad Tvlidnen, rom senator taftis

udreki izolacionizmi aRar esadageboda amerikis omis Sem-

dgom internacionalizms [3, 63]. kenWisyrisa da nominaciis Semdeg gamarjvebuli eizenha-

ueri tafts mis StabbinaSi eaxla raTa sakuTari pativiscema

da megobruli grZnobebi gamoexata `didi amerikelisaTvis~.

telekamerebis winaSe eizenhauerma ganacxada, rom `taftis

TanamSromlobis survili absoluturad aucilebelia res-

publikuri partiis warmatebisaTvis~. rogorc jentlmenma

jentlmens taftmac gulTbilad miuloca aiks gamarjveba.

Tumca 62 wlis politikosi nawyeni iyo da grZnobda, rom pre-

zidentobis bolo Sansi gauSva xelidan. SemdgomSi specialur

memorandumSi man dawera, rom misi marcxi niu-iorkis finansu-

ri jgufebis interesebma, presaSi antitafturma propagandam

da respublikel gubernatorTa umravlesobam ganapiroba [3,

1257]. vice-prezidentobis kandidatad respublikelebma air-

Cies 39 wlis senatori kaliforniidan riCard niqsoni, cnobi-

li Tavisi daudgromeli antikomunizmiT da antiamerikuli

qmedebebis Semswavlel komisiaSi aqtiuri saqmianobiT.

robert diuim, romelic aqtiurad exmareboda eizenhau-

ers saarCevno kampaniaSi, niqsons jer 1952 wlis maisSi daadga

Tvali, mas niqsoni niWier, gamocdil kacad miaCnda, romelmac

`icis rom dedamiwa mrgvalia~. mas Semdeg rac niqsons vice-

prezidentoba SesTavaza, isic daamata `nu gaibRinZebi, nu da-

kargav Sens gulmodginebas da erT mSvenier dRes Tavad gaxde-

bi prezidenti~ [13, 212]. ase rom, konventze, e.w. `aRmosavleTis internacional-

stebma~ gaimarjves. gansakuTrebiT kritikulad ganwyobili

konservatorebi maT `respublikel axalkurselebsac~ ki uwo-

debdnen [10, 1256]. magram saprezidento kampanias partiis erTianoba sWir-

deboda da internacionalistma eizenhauerma da izolacio-

nistma taftma miuxedavad arsebuli mniSvnelovani uTanxmoe-

bisa, romlsac `Cikago tribiunma~ 1952 wlis 19 ivniss mtrobac

ki uwoda sagareo politikis sakiTxebze moaxerxes kompromi-

sis gamonaxva da saerTo lozungic SeimuSaves — `Tavisufleba

mcocavi socializmis winaaRmdeg~.

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saSinao sakiTxebze SedarebiT advilad morigdnen. 1952

wlis 12 seqtembers niu-iorkSi Tavis gamosvlaSi taftma daaw-

ynara gansakuTrebiT konservatori respublikelebi, rom ei-

zenhauerTan saubrisas igi darwmunda generlis mtkice res-

publikelobaSi da rom generali araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Ca-

moacilbda aqtiur saqmianobas partiis Zvel aqtivistebs anu

konservatorebs, romlebic, taftis azriT, partiis wevrTa

naxevars warmoadgendnen da rom Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas am

xalxisadmi, maT Soris taftis momxreebisadmi, araviTari dis-

kriminacia ar ganxorcieldeboda.

am saubrisas tafti darwmunebula, rom eizenhaueri er-

Tgulebda federaluri mTavrobis konstituciur SezRud-

vebs da ar dauSvebda trumeniseul gadacdomebs, romelmac

foladis qarxnebis marTvis uflebebi miitaca. taftma Tana-

moazreebs isic axara, rom generali eTanxmeboda taft-har-

tlis kanonis ZiriTadi punqtebis da aseve, samxedro biujetis

Semcirebis aucileblobasac.

sagareo problemebTan dakavSirebiT taftma aRniSna,

`ver vityvi rom aq yvelaferSi veTanxmebi, magram Cveni uTan-

xmoeba mxolod garkvul donemdea~ [4, 3212-3313]. Tumca, yvelaferi SedarebiTia da eizenhauers taftze

ufro memarjveneebTanac mouwia TanamSromloba, iseTebTan,

rogorebic iyvnen antikomunisturi gamoZiebebiT cnobili se-

natori indianidan uiliam jeneri da viskonsineli senatori

josef makarti. Tavad eizenhaueric, iseve rogorc amaerikel-

Ta umravlesoba, antikomunisti iyo, magram am senatorebma da

maTma momxreebma antikomunizmis talRaze mTeli amerika aa-

foriaqes da nebismier liberals komunistobas swamebdnen.

aman ki mravali udanaSaulo amerikelis Rirseba da samoqala-

qo uflebebi Selaxa. maT ise Setopes `kudianebze nadirobaSi~

rom, Tavad gaxdnen miuRebelni mravali amerikelisTvis. am

movlenaze romelic `makartizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, uf-

ro dawvrilebiT Semdeg visaubrebT.

sxvaTa Soris, rodesac trumeni eizenhaueris damarcxe-

bas winaswarmetyvelebda, amas imiTac asabuTebda, rom is gar-

Semortymuli iyo iseTi adamianebiT, rogorebic tafti, ma-

karti, jeneri da kemi iyvnen [1, 714].

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indianaSi gamosvlisas senatori jeneri gadaexvia kidec

eizenhauers da Tumca Semdeg generalma Tqva — `gasvrilad

vigrZeni Tavi am kacs rom Sevexeo~, magram ukve gvian iyo. ki-

dev ufro uaresi moxda makartis mSobliuri viskonsinis Sta-

tis udides qalaq miliuokiSi. antikomunizmis talRaze makar-

ti aravis indobda da Tavad jorj marSals, amerikis gamarjve-

bis erT-erT mTavar mWedels da eizenhaueris uaxloes adami-

ansa da mfarvels, moRalate uwoda. eizenhaueri amas mwared

ganicdida da swored miliuokiSi gamosvlisas apirebdaM marSa-

lis Rirsebis dacvas. eizenhaueris mier momzadebul sityvaSi

ewera — `vici, rom mas araloialobas abraleben, magram 35

wlis manZilze mqonda privilegia vicnobde mas. piradad me

vicnob mas, rogorc kacsa da jariskacs, romelic TavdadebiT

da udidesi patriotizmiT emsaxureboda amerikas~. rodesac

es teqsti viskonsinis gubernatorma valter kohlerma naxa, am

nawilis amoReba moiTxova, vinaidan es makartis Seuracyofad

CaiTvleboda misive StatSi, sxvebmac urCies amis gakeTeba da,

pragmatuli politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare eizenha-

uerma, marTlac aRar gariska am nawilis wakiTxva. rasakvirve-

lia, es ar iyo vaJkacuri saqcieli, miT umetes, ar ekadreboda

igi did generalsa da gmirs. magram politika xSirad arcTu

jentlmenur kopromisebs moiTxovs. eizenhaueris didma gul-

Sematkivarma, `niu-iork Taimsis~ gamomcemelma artur zul-

cbergerma depeSa gaugzavna generals — `albaT ar mWirdeba

imis Tqma, rom guli matkina am ambavma~. miuxedavad imisa, rom

ori kviris Semdeg sxva gamosvlaSi eizenhauerma jorj marSa-

li did amerikel patriotad moixsenia, xolo prezidentobi-

sas mwared dasaja makarti, es dReE mainc samarcxvino laqad

darCa mis biografiaSi [6, 3245-3246]. saprezidento kampania grZeldeboda da zedmeti emocie-

bis dros aRar tovebda. Tumca aiki mainc axerxebda iumoris

grZnobis SenarCunebas. Tavisi saprezidento kampaniis orga-

nizatorebze xumrobda: `isini ZiriTadad, imaze saubrobdnen,

Tu rogor SeeZloT gamarjveba Cemi popularobis meSveobiT

da aravin ambobda, rom mec maqvs cotaodeni tvini TavSi~ [7, 282]. isic uTqvams, rom — `demokratebi sityvier cecxls miSe-

nen, magram amas rogorme gadavitan, me xom artileristebis mi-

er gaxsnili cecxlic maxsovs~ [12, 234].

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swored, am periodSi daiwyo `didi satelevizio revolu-

cia~, romelmac sruliad Secvala amerikis yofa da 1952 wlis

saprezidento kampaniis organizatorebmac marjved gamoiye-

nes komunikaciis es axali da efeqturi saSualeba. Aam saqmeSi

aqtiurad Caeba erT-erTi cnobili sareklamo saagento

BBD&O, romlis xelmZRvaneli ben dafi eizenhaueris piradi

megobari iyo. man es saqme cnobil specialists Ted Bates Agency-is warmomadgenels roser rivzs miando, romelic male eizen-

haueris umniSvnelovanes mrCevlad iqca am sferoSi da sruli-

ad axleburad miudga politikuri sareklamo rgolebis Seq-

mnas. kerZod ki, prezidentis imijis ukeT `gasayidad~ gamoiye-

na ukve aprobirebuli sayofacxovrebo produqciis reklamis-

Tvis gankuTvnili meTodebi. igi maqsimalurad mokle klipebs

amzadebda, naTeli, uaRresad ubralo da yvelasTvis gasagebi

gzavnilebiT. magaliTad, `eizenhaueri — mSvidobis kaci~. zo-

gierTi klipi mxolod 15-wamian frazebsac ki gulisxmobda.

rivzi amas imiT asabuTebda, rom ruzveltis 1933 wlis sainau-

guracio gamosvlidan umravlesobas misi, mxolod, erTi fra-

za axsovda yvelaze kargad, kerZoT ki, rom `erTaderTi risic

unda gveSinodes es Tavad SiSia~. 1947 wels uinston CerCilis

cnobili gamosvlidan fultonSi yvelas axsovda fraza `rki-

nis fardis~ Sesaxeb, romelic evropas Camoefara an kidev misi-

ve lakonuri xotba britanul aviaciaze, romelmac 1940 wels

germanuli `luftvafesagan~ gadaarCina inglisi— `jer aras-

dros ar umadldodnen aseT didi raodenobis adamianebi Tavis

gadarCenas adamianTa aseT mcire jgufs~ [13, 229-232]. erT-erT aseT rgolSi eizenhauers ekiTxebian, `ras it-

yviT cxovrebis maRal Rirebulabaze~, razec mas unda epasuxa

— `Cemi coli memic Relavs amaze da me uTxari, rom Cveni valic

swored is aris, rom 4 noembris Semdeg SevcvaloT arsebuli

viTareba~. sxvaTa Soris, ukve 1953 wlis martSi, rodesac memi

pirveli ledis rangSi pirvel preskonferencias atarebda,

man siciliT ganacxada, rom yvelaze metad gadasaxadebis Sem-

cirebis kanonis miRebaSia dainteresebuli [14, 101]. Semdeg

rgolSi Tanamosaubre ekiTxeba aiks, `miWirs gadasaxdis ga-

daxda, roca vkiTxulob, rom gadasaxadis amkrefebs samsaxu-

ridan TaRliTobisTvis agdeben~. amaze aiki pasuxobs — `jer-

jerobiT ar vici ramdeni gadasaxadis gadamxdelia SeSfoTe-

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buli da ramdeni TaRliTi dausxlta marTlmsajulebas, mag-

ram aucileblad gavigeb amas momaval ianvarSi~ [7, 282]. erT-

erTi aseTi rgolis momzadebisas, grimiorma sevdianad uTxra

eizenhauers, `rogorc medesante, TqvenTan erTad vibrZodi

safrangeTSi, axla am saqmiT var dakavebuli. maSin Tqvenc xuT

varskvlaviani generali iyaviT, axla ki mxolod politikosi

xarT, RmerTo sadamde daveciT~ [7, 287]. Tavis mxriv, demokrati kandidati, inteleqtuali adlai

stivensoni ukadrisobda aseT sareklamo rgolebs da albaT,

didi Secdomac dauSva [13, 232]. rodesac eizenhauerma, garkve-

ulwilad, am rgolebis wyalobidac daimkvidra ubralo adami-

anis imiji, romelic amerikelebs esoden moswondaT. erTxel

roca sityva `status-qvo~ gamoiyena, maSinve moibodiSa `mgoni

ar unda viyo metismetad ganaTlebuli kandidati~.

amerikelTa did nawils isic moswonda, rom eizenhaueri

RvTismoSiSi adamiani iyo da eTanxmeboda mis sityvebs rom `sa-

bolood yvela sakiTxi sulierebamde dadis~. es xalxi eizen-

haueris ocnebasac endoboda — rom masze eTqvaT — `is iyo pa-

tiosani kaci, is iyo Cemi megobari~ [12, 234]. arCevnebi eizenhauerisTvis warmatebulad mimdinareob-

da da respublikelTa lozungi `korufcia, korea, komunizmi~

anu, rom respublikelebi demokratTa wyalobiT warmoqmnil

am sam problemas moagvarebdnen, sakmaod efeqtianad muSaob-

da. komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi orive kandidati tols

ar udebTda erTmaneTs, magram rac Seexeba korufciasa da ko-

reas aq demokratebs marTlac, seriozuli problemebi hqon-

daT da respublikelebic galaRebulni utevdnen. vinaidan es

sakiTxebi marTlac, damokles maxviliviT emuqreboda demok-

ratTa popularobas. eizenhaueris gamarjveba lamis ganaRde-

buli Canda. Tumca, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, respublikelTa

uRrublo caze uecrad didi Savi Rrubeli gamoCnda. koruf-

ciis winaaRmdeg mebrZol `umwikvlo~ respublikelTa banakSi

Tavad gaCnda korufciasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli prob-

lema, romelmac didi riskis qveS daayena maTi saarCevno kampa-

nia. kerZodD, respublikuri partiis vice-prezidentobis kan-

didats riCard niqsons Tavad dasdes brali korufciaSi, TiT-

qos igi kalifornieli milionerebis mier Segrovebuli .e.w.

saidumlo fondis TanxebiT sargeblobda. magram niqsonma es

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braldeba brwyinvaled gaabaTila Tavis telegamosvlaSi, ro-

melic e.w. Cekersis sityvis saxeliT aris cnobili [2]. misi ga-

mosvla imdenad STambeWdavi aRmoCnda, rom mowinaaRmdegeebis

nacvlad axali momxreebi SesZina eizenhauerisa da niqsonis

tandems [15, 249].

rac SeexebaT demokratebs, hari trumenma, mxolod, 1952

wlis aprilSi ganacxada uari arCevnebSi monawileobaze Dda

rogorc cnobili amerikeli istorikosi, stenfordis univer-

sitetis profesori barton bernsteini aRniSnavda, amiT mniS-

vnelovnad gamoaswora Tavisi partiis politikuri mdgomare-

oba, vinaidan misi piradi popularaoba am droisTvis umdab-

les doneze iyo [6,3215]. demokratiuliP partiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kandi-

dati iyo tenesis senatori estes kefaveri, romelic cnobili

iyo satelivizio mosmenebiT organizebul danaSaulze da de-

mokratiuli partiis konventze mas yvelaze meti momxre hyav-

da. sxva kandidatebi iyvnen: Nniu-iorkis gubernatori averel

harimani, vice-prezidenti alben barkli, senatori jorjii-

dan riCard raseli da ilinoisis gubernatori adlai stiven-

soni.

trumens yvelaze ufro stivensonis kandidatura mos-

wonda, magram saqme imaSi iyo, rogorc Tavis droze eizenhaue-

ri, stivensonic fexs iTrevda prezidentobaze — `am ofisis

araviTari survila ar maqvs, arc gonebrivad, arc fizikurad

da arc Cemi temperamentidan gamomdinare~. ki magram, mainc

rom SemogTavazon prezidetoba, ras izamTo — hkiTxes mas `al-

baT Tavs moviklav~ — iyo pasuxi [7, 281]. trumeni mainc ar cxreboda da erT-erTi saubris dros

Cveuli TavmdablobiT isic ki uTxra — `Tu Cemnairma ubralo

kacma SeZlo prezidentoba da arc Tu Zalian cudad moaxerxa

es, warmoidgine, namdvilad ganaTlebuli da gonieri kaci ras

gaakeTebs am Tanamdebobaze~ [13, 222] . sabolood, stivensoni, aseTi keklucobis miuxedavad,

mainc daiTanxmes da demokratiuli partiis konventma mesame

kenWisyrisas swored is airCia prezidentobis kandidatad.

aseTi ndobiT aRfrTovanebulma stivensonma konventze dide-

buli samadlobeli sityva warmoTqva, romlic demokratiuli

partiisadmi sadRegrZelos msgavsi diTirambiT daasrula —

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`xalxi brZenia, is gacilebiT ufro brZenia, vidre respubli-

kelebs hgoniaT da swored demokratiuli partiaa xalxis par-

tia da ara Sromis partia, fermerTa partia an damqiravebelTa

partia — es aravis partia ar aris, es yvelas partiaa~[4,.3295]. 1900 wels dabadebulma adlai stivensonma bavSvoba ili-

noisis patara qalaq blumingtonSi gaatara, sadac misi winap-

rebi saxlobdnen. winaprebi ki marTlac sasiqadulo hyavda.

babuamisi mamis mxridan 1893-1897 wlebSi amerikis vice-prezi-

denti iyo grover klivlendis administraciaSi. babua dedis

mxridan ki — abraham linkolnis axlo megobari da misi sapre-

zidento kampaniis menejeri. Tumca Tavad adlais mSoblebi

aseTi RirsebebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram Statis maRal sa-

zogadoebas ekuTvnodnen da Svilsac Sesaferisi ganTleba

misces. stivensonma harvardis universitetis samarTlis sko-

la daamTavra da 1941 wlamde iuridiuli praqtika hqonda Ci-

kagoSi. omis dros samxedro sazRvao flotSi, mere ki saxel-

mwifo departamentSi msaxurobda. 1948 wels igi ilinoisis

Statis istoriaSi yvelze didi umravlesobiT airCies guber-

natorad. stivensoni aqtiurad ibrZoda korufciisa da azar-

tuli TamaSebis biznesis winaaRmdeg da mniSvnelovnad daxvewa

Statis mmarTveli struqturebis saqmianoba. amave dros, igi

uaRresad ganaTlebuli adamiani da brwyinvale oratoric

iyo. ase rom, rogorc ojaxiSvilobiT, aseve ganaTlebiTa da

politikuri warsuliT igi marTlac, rom Rirseuli kandida-

ti iyo.

mravali politikosisTvis damaxasiaTebeli umaduroba

da cinikuri praqticizmi arc stivensonisTvis yofila ucxo

da prezidentobis kandidatad arCevis Semdeg erT-erTi pir-

veli, rac gaakeTa iyo trumenisgan gamijnvis mcdeloba. pre-

zidentisTvis samwuxarod, stivensonmac CaTvala, rom trume-

ni ukve metismetad arapopularuli iyo da masTan zedmeti si-

axlove xels SeuSlida mis saprezidento ambiciebs. amitomac

demokratiuli partiis erovnul komitetSi, rom aRaraferi

vTqvaT Tavis arCevnebis saorganizacio jgufze, man e.w. tru-

menis xalxis sakuTari kadrebiT Secvla daiwyo. maT Soris,

partiis erovnuli komitetis Tavmjdomared Tavisi Cikagoe-

li megobari stven miceli daniSna. stivensonis saarCevno

Stabbinis vaSingtonidan springfildSi gadatana aseve trume-

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nisgan gamijvnis mizniT moxda. sxvasTan erTad, stivensonma

saarCevno kampaniisTvis prezidentis TviTmfrinavis gamoye-

nebazec ki uari Tqva [14, 96]. Tavis gamosvlebSi stivensoni ufro principuli iyo da

arasdros cdilobda auditoriis gemovnebas misadageboda. ma-

galiTad, amerikis legionis winaSe, romelic makartis aqtiu-

ri momxre iyo, patriotizmis Temaze gamosvlisas ar moerida

patriotizmis makartiseuli gagebis mZafr kritikas. virjini-

aSi, samoqalaqo omis dros samxreTis konfederaciis dedaqa-

laq riCmondSi, stivensoni swored, rasizmisa da segregaciis

politikis winaaRmdeg gamovida, eizenhaueri ki ToTxmet sam-

xreTul StatSi gamosvlisas arc erTxel ar Sexebia rasizms.

Sromis dRes detroitSi, profkavSiris mravali wevris winaSe

bolomde ar gaukritikebia taft-hartlis kanoni, rac ase moe-

woneboda im audtorias. axal orleansa da texasSi aRniSna,

rom kontroli sanapiro navTobis sarewebze ara Statebis xe-

lisuflebis, aramed federaluri mTavrobis prerogativa un-

da yofiliyo, roca am Statebis xelmZRvaneloba yvela Zalas

xmarobda, raTa es kontroli xelSi Caegdo. rogorc inteli-

gentsa da patiosan kacs, stivensons miaCnda, rom politikuri

simarTle ara regionaluri, aramed zogaderovnuli xasiaTis

unda yofiliyo. aseTma principulobam mas zogierTi Stati

daakargvina kidec. magaliTad, texasis demokratma guberna-

torma, stivensonis mosazrebis gamo, sanapiro sarewebis sa-

kiTxSi Tavisi pozicia mkveTrad Secvala da eizenhauers, ro-

melic swored Statebis uflebebis gafarToebis momxre iyo,

dauWira mxari.

stivensonis gamosvlebis daxasiaTebisas ar SeiZleba ma-

Ti umaRlesi oratoruli done ar gavixsenoT, bevrisTvis misi

sityvebis paTosi da daxvewiloba dResac samagaliToa. TiT-

qmis yoveli gamosvlis teqsts stivensoni piradad werda da

spiCraiterebi faqtobrivad usaqmod datova, magram amas uam-

ravi dro da energia mihqonda. stivensonis gundis mravali

wevri ki Tvlida, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu igi am dros parti-

ul bosebTan da rigiT amomrCevlebTan pirad Sexvedrebs da-

uTmobda [8, 94-95]. roca eizenhauers kidev erTxel Seaxsenes, Tu raoden

kargad flobda stivensoni sityvas, man upasuxa, `Tu mag kri-

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teriumiT avirCevT prezidentebs, maSin ernest hemingueis ar-

Ceva mogviwevs~ [7, 295]. saprezidento kampaniis msvlelobisas stivensoni libe-

ralebsa da reformatorebs mouwodebda aqtiurobisaken, mag-

ram misi lozungebi, albaT, jon kenedis dros ufro mouxde-

boda, vidre konservatiul 50-ian wlebs. trumenis mxardaWe-

rac saeWvo plusi iyo. saarCevno kampaniis arsebul proble-

mebs stivensonis ganqorwinebac daerTo, rac maSindel puri-

tanul amerikaSi mainc da mainc ar uwyobda xels erovnuli

masStabis lideris popularobas. sxvaTa Soris, stivensonis

yofilma colma, romelsac fsiqiatriuli problemebi hqonda,

ganacxada, rom arCevnebSi xmas respublikelebs miscemda.

stivensonis didebul gamosvlebs bevri iumoric axlda.

magaliTad, roca Camoingra platforma romelzec eizenhaue-

ri gamodioda, stivensonma ixumra: `mixaria, rom eizenhaueri

ar daSavda, magram ar mikvirs rom es moxda, ori Tvis manZilze

veubnebodi, rom veravin gaCerdeoboda am platformaze~. res-

publikelTa braldebebze ki ganacxada — `Tu respublikelebi

Sewyveten Cvenze tyuilebis laparaks, maSin Cven SevwyvetT

maTze simarTlis Tqmas~. respublikuli partia orTavian spi-

los Seadara `erTi Tavi eTanxmeba yvelafers, rasac vambob,

meore Tavi lanZRavs da wyevlis Cems naTqvams~ [6, 3252-3253]. erTxel, adlai stivensons misma asistentma uTxra, rom misi

gamosvlebis translireba televiziaSi 60 aTasi dolari jde-

boda. Sewuxebulma stivensonma amaze upasuxa — `netav ar geT-

qva, axla yovelTvis, rodesac gamosvlis teqsts davwer, vi-

fiqreb, iqneba es Zviri, 10 dolariani sityva, Tu mokle `aris~

an `ara~, romelic mxolod 1,75 dolari eRireba~ [7, 289]. Tumca

mrCevelebi eubnebodnen, rom amerikel amomrCevels ar sWir-

deboda zedmeti iumori prezidentobis kandidatebisagan

[14,100]. sxvaTa Soris, es xumrobebi eizenhaueris gundmac ga-

kicxa im sababiT, rom stivensoni abuCad igdebda mniSvnelovan

movlenebsa da sazogadoebas [8, 96]. sainteresoa, rom stivensonis winaaRmdegi iyo federa-

luri gamoZiebis biuros legendaruli da ucvleli direqto-

ri edgar huveri. huveris yvelas eSinoda, vinaidan mas TiTqmis

yvela poltikosze hqonda garkevuli kompromatebi, maT So-

ris stivensonzec. kerZod ki, rom TiTqos stivensoni orjer

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iyo dapatimrebuli ilinoissa da merilendSi homoseqsualiz-

mis braldebiT, magram, rodesac misi vinaoba gaugiaT, es saq-

meebi CaaCumes. huverma es informacia sxvadasxva arxiT niq-

sonsa da makartis gadaugzavna. msgavsi informacia gazeTeb-

sac hqondaT, magram aravin dabeWda. biuros erT-erTi agenti

ixsenebda, `Cveni umravlesoba SeSfoTebuli iyo amiT, magram

huvers aucileblad aikisa da niqsonis gamarjveba undoda,

xolo Tu igi rames gadawyvetda veRarvin Seacvlevinebda

azrs~ [11, 402]. sxvaTa Soris, stivensonis yofili coli elen borden

stivensoni, romlis fsiqiatriuli diangozi `devnis mania~

iyo, kerZo saubrebSi ambobda, rom misi yofili qmari homoseq-

sualisti da, amave dros, didi meqalTanec iyo, da saerTod,

igi Tavisi gonebiT sul ar iyo mzad prezidetobisTvis. [11, 403] Tumca ganawyenebuli da gacilebuli yofili colisa Tu

qmris naTqvami, albaT, yovelTvis sando ver iqneba. Tavis mxriv, demokratebi imuqrebodnen, rom gamoaqvey-

nebdnen pentagonis arqivebSi moZiebul jorj marSalis we-

rils eizenhauerisadmi, romelSiac, igi kategoriulad ukrZa-

lavda generals colTan gaSorebas da britaneli samxedro

mZRoli qalis kei somersbis colad moyvanas.

rogorc irkveva, stivensons unda vumadlodeT, ganaT-

lebuli adamianebis `kvercxisTavianebad~ monaTvlas. Jurna-

list stiuart eslopisadmi, miweril werilSi misi Zma joni

stivensons metismetad akademiur da uemocio adamianad xa-

tavda — `yvela kvercxisTava stivensonis mxares ariso, magram

ramdeni kvercxisTavaa aq~. amiT ielis universitetis kur-

sdamTavrebul jons cudis Tqma ar undoda inteleqtualebze

iseve, rogorc mis Jurnalist Zmas, roca man es termini Tavis

sagazeTo statiebSi gamoiyena. magram sul ramdenime dReSi es

sityva mtkiced mieweba stivensons da mis garSemo myof inte-

leqtualTa jgufs. ise, naxevrad meloti stivensonis Tavi

marTlac, waagavda kvercxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT mwerali

luis bromfildi werda, rom `gaCnda axali gamoTqma, romelic

Cveni sazogadoebis sakmaod saeWvo nawils axasiaTebs ..... es

niSnavs inteleqtualobis pretenziis mqone adamians, xSirad

profesors an profesoris proteJes, zedapiruls yoveli

problemis mimarT, qalurs, ampartavans, ampartavnobiT aRsav-

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ses ... Sua evropuli socializmis doqtriniorTa momxres,

TviTdajerebul pedants. Tu stivensoni gaimarjvebs am arCev-

nebSi, kvercxisTavianebi dabrundebian xelisuflebaSi da Cven

kvlav davubrundebiT areul-dareul ekonomikas, socia-

lizms, komunizms, danaSauls da fsiqofatur arastabuilu-

robas~ [12, 223-224]. am sityvebis avtors namdvilad ver davab-

ralebT simpatiebs inteleqtualebisadmi, maTi arsis swor Se-

fasebaze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT.

stivensonma eizenhauerisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlac

brwyinvale liberal inteleqtualTa kohorta daiyena gver-

diT: artur Slesinjeri umcrosi — harvardis kursdamTavre-

buli, brwyinvale istorikosi, puliceris premiis laureati,

jon kenet gelbraiti — aseve harvardis kursdamaTavrebuli,

cnobili ekonomisti, jon steinbeki — didi amerikeli mwera-

li, Bbernard de voto — puliceris premiis laureati Jurna-

listi da eseisti, da sxvebi [6, 3250]. ambobdnen, stivensons inteleqtualTa axali talRa e.w.

ji ai bilis inteleqtualebi uWerdnen mxars. rogorc erT-

erTi mimomxilveli ambobda, Tu stivensoni iyo Jurnalebis —

New Yorker-is, Atlantic Monthly-is da Harpers Magazin -is mkiTxve-

lebis kandidati, eizenahueris mxardamWerni ufro Saturday

Evening Post-is da Reader’s Digest - is mkiTxvelebi iyvnen [13, 234]. rogorc aRvniSneT, antikomunizmi am saprezidento kam-

paniis erT- erTi mTavari Tema iyo da aq demokratebi tols ar

udebdnen respublikelebs. 12 seqtembers Tavis gamosvlaSi

qalaq albukerkeSi stivensonma komunizms ubralod `sulis

sikvdili~ uwoda [4, 3307]. magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, ultra-

konservator niqsonTan SedarebiT, igi sakmarisad agresiu-

lad ar gamoiyureboda. magaliTad, 1948-50 wlebSi amerikaSi

didi rezonansi gamoiwvia saxelmwifo departamentis yofili

TanamSromlis aljer hisis dadanaSaulebam kompartiis wev-

robasa da jaSuSobaSi, TiTqos igi jer kidev 1930-iani wlebi-

dan awvdida mniSvnelovan informacias komunistebs. magram

amerikuli sazogadoebis didi nawili hisis Tavis marTlebas

ufro endoboda. sxvebTan erTad, saxelmwifo mdivanma din

aCesonma da adlai stivensonmac ar scnes hisis braleuloba.

hisis saqmisadmi damokidebuleba SeiZleba SevadaroT XIX sau-

kunis dasasrulis safrangeTSi e.w. dreifusis saqmes, rode-

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sac franguli armiis kapitans ebrael alfred dreifuss, ma-

Sindel safrangeTSi gamefebuli antisemitizmis wyalobiT,

seriozuli mtkicebulebebis gareSe, prusielTa sasargeblod

SpionaJi da Ralati daswames da ramac orad gayo franguli

sazogadoeba. 1952 wlis arCevnebSi niqsoni swored albert hisis mxar-

daWeraSi adanaSaulebda adlai stivensons — `nuTu SeiZleba

aseTi msoflmxedvelobis kacma uxelmZRvanelos antikomnis-

tur jvarosnul laSqrobas~. niqsoni stivensons `din aCesonis

saxelobis komunizmis daSoSminebis laCruli kolejis~ kur-

sdamTavrebuls uwodebda. saerTod mniSvnelovawilad, swo-

red niqsonis aqtiurobam daarwmuna bevri, rom demokratebma

ver ivarges rogorc amerikis SigniT, aseve mis sazRvrebs ga-

reT komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi [6, 3246]. Tavis mxriv, stivensoni akritikebda ra makartiseul da

niqsoniseul ultrapatriotizms, 1952 wlis 27 agvistos ame-

rikuli legionis winaSe gamosvlisas, aRniSnavda, rom aseTi

tipis patriotizmi `aramzadebis ukanaskneli TavSesafaria~

[4, 3304]. imave gamosvlaSi stivensonma patriotizmis sakuTari

xedvac Camoayaliba — `patriotizmi es raimes mimarT SiSi ki ar

aris, es aris raimes siyvaruli. CvenTvis patriotizmi ruse-

Tis siZulvili ki araa, aramed respublikis siyvarulia, rom-

lis ideali adamianisa da misi gonebis Tavisuflebaa. Cven am

garemoSi gavizardeT da amas emsaxureba Cveni respublika~ [4,

3306]. stivensonis oratorulma niWma, keTilsindisierebam da

mis garSemo Sekrebilma brwyinvale inteleqtualebis kohor-

tis saqmianobam garkveuli nayofi mainc gamoiRo da sazoga-

doebrivi azris gamokiTxvaSi igi TandaTanobiT eweoda kidec

eizenhauers, magram koreis omisgan gadaRlilma amerikam mis

gundSi ver dainaxa is Zala, romelic oms daasrulebda, maSin

rodesac, eizenhaueris gancxadebam, rom Tavad wavidoda ko-

reaSi da SeaCerebda oms amerikelTa aRtaceba gamoiwvia.

sabolood 1952 wlis 4 noembers Catarebul sapreziden-

to arCevnebSi eizenhaurma 33,9 milioni amomrCevlis da 442 am-

rCevis xma miiRo, maSin roca adlai stivensons mxolod 27,3 mi-

lioni amomrCevlisa da 89 amrCevis xma ergo. eizenhauerma 39

Stati moigo, demokratebma ki mxolod 9. progresulma parti-

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am miiRo 132 608 xma, prohibiciis partiam, 72,768, Sromis soci-

alsturma partiam 29,33 xma, sxva danarCenma partiebma erTad

ki 117,931 xma miiRes [4, 3337]. duaiet eizenhauerma srulad moigo CrdiloeTis da da-

savleTis Statebi, samxreTis nawili da misi mosazRvre State-

bi. 1928 wlidan respublikelma kandidatma pirvelad gaimar-

jva tradiciuli samxreTis zogierT StatSi, vinaidan samxre-

Tel rasistebs sulac ar moewonaT stivensonis aqtiuri, tru-

menis stilSi gatarebuli, politika adamianis uflebaTa sfe-

roSi da miaCndaT, rom stivensonis ltolva desegregaciisken

faqtobrivad miyidida tradiciul samxreTs CrdiloeTis li-

beralebs, didi qalaqebis bosebs da Savkanianebs [6, 3252]. Sedegad samxreTis sxva StatebSi stivensonma mxolod

erTi an xuTi procentiT moigo. man mxolod alabamaSi, misisi-

pisa da jorjiaSi gaimarjva seriozuli 20-30 procentiani

upiratesobiT.

eizenhauerma tradiciulad, demokratTa momxre jgufe-

bis mniSvnelovani segmenti miimxro — kaTolikeebi, profkav-

Sirebi, axalgazrda amomrCevlebi. igi warmatebuli iyo axal,

qalaqgareT aSenebul gareubnebSic.

albaT, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im faqtmac, rom ei-

zenhauerma saarCevno kompaniis dros minimumamde daiyvana

diskusiebi `axali kursis~ monapovris Sesaxeb da amave dros

aRiara misi aucilebloba — `socialuri uzrunvelyofa, sax-

lTmSenebloba, muSaTa kompensacia da danazogebis dacva —es

is sakiTxebia, romelnic politikaze maRla da mis gareT unda

iyos. Ees ar aris sakiTxebi, es aris uflebebi~ [6, 3248]. bevri

konservatori republikeli ar eTanxmeboda am azrs da Zal-

zec undoda amaze kamaTi, magram isinic ki xvdebodnen, rom ga-

marjvebisTvis Rirda am sakiTxze Sidapartiuli diskusiis Se-

Cereba arCevnebis dros mainc. Tumca eizenhaueris sasaxelod

unda iTqvas, rom man prezidentad arCevis Semdegac gaatara es

xazi da Seasrula danapirebi.

rac Seexeba demokratebs, Tumca ers kvlav moswonda

`axali kursis~ sulkiskveTeba, magram daRala trumenis admi-

nistraciaSi arsebulma ZmabiWobam, koreis omma da msxver-

plSewirvam [3, 64]. rodesac arCevnebis Semdeg erT-erTma Jurnalistma sa-

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xeldaxelo interviu aiRo texaseli meqanikosis colisgan,

vinme qalbaton vilsonisagan, Tu ras fiqrobda igi arCevnebis

Sedegebze, man upasuxa:

— `ar minda sulelurad gamomivides an raime magdagvari,

magram iciT, es iseTi didi da kargia, es hgavs imas, rom amerika

saxlSi dabrunda~ [12, 236]. gamarjvebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa TviT eizanhaueris

pirovnulma popularobam, Torem misma partiam kongresSi ra-

ime STambeWdav warmatebas ver miaRwia. rogorc erT-erTi

Jurnalisti werda eizenhaueri amerikelTaTvis politikaze

maRla idga [7, 286]. xolo eizenhaueris cnobili biografi ste-

fen ambrosi aRniSnavda, rom `pirveli rac eizenhaueris per-

sonasTan asocirdeboda misi sandooba iyo~ [5, 17]. marTlac, amerikas am arCevnebSi ara stivensonis msgavsi

idealisti inteleqtuali, aramed sando, dinji, gamocdili da

cxovrebiseuli sibrZniT aRsavse adamiani sWirdeboda. am

mxriv ki adlai stivensons, marTlac gauWirda eizenhauerTan

konkurencia.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

58. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Harry S. Truman, 1952-53, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1966.

59. http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/nixon-checkers.htm

60. Presidential Elections 1789-2000, C Q Press, A Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc. Washington D.C., 2002.

61. History of American Elections 1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956, Editor Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2002.

62. Ambrose Stephen E., Eisenhower, vol. II, The President, A Touchstone

Book, Published by Simon and Shuster, Inc. N.Y., 1984. 63. Bernstein Barton J., Election of 1952, History of American Elections

1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956 Editor Arthur M Schlesinger Jr., Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2002.

64. Boller Paul F., Jr., Presidental Campains, Oxford University Press, N.Y., Oxford, 1996.

65. Brown Stuart Gerry, Adlai E. Stevenson, Barron’s Woodbury Press, Woodbury , N.Y., 1965.

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66. Burk Robert F., Dwight D. Eisenhower., Hero and Politician., Twayne

Publishers. Boston A Division of G. K. Hall& Co. 1986. 67. Burns James MacGregor, Eisenhower and Taft: Which Republican

Party? Political Parties in American History vol. III, 1980-Present, Edited by Paul L. Murphy, General Editor, Morton Borden, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, N. Y., Capricorn Books, N.Y., 1974.

68. Gentry,Court, J. Edgar Hoover the Man and the Secrets, W.W. Norton &

Company, N.Y., London, 1991. 69. Goldman Eric F., The Crucial Decade – And After, America ,1945-1960,

Vintage Books A. Division of Random House, N.Y.,1960. 70. Halberstam David, The Fifties., Villard Books, New York, 1993. 71. Montgomery Ruth, Hail to the Chiefs. My life and Times with Six

Presidents, Coward- Mc Cann, Inc., N.Y., 1970. 72. Parmet Herbert S., Richard Nixon and His America, Konecky &

Konecky, N.Y., 1990.

Vasil Kacharava Ph. Doctor, Professor of Ivane Javakhi-shvili Tbilisi State University and

International Black Sea University

American Presidential Elections of 1952

Summary

The analyses of the comparison of the opposed party’s platform

showed, that republican’s platform was closer to the growing conservative

tendencies in the country. But in the mentioned elections probably the

presidential candidate’s personal quality and authority played a decisive role. General Dwight Eisenhower, an all known hero of World War II, Supreme

Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, stood for the republicans. Adlai Stevenson, the governor of Illinois represented was candidate from the

democrats; his brilliant intellect and oratorical talent played an important role

in this competition, and gave special charm to these elections. During elections Eisenhower diminished the discussions about the New

Deal and at the same time acknowledged necessity of social security, house-building, unemployment compensation and etc. As he stressed out those mat-ters should stand above politics. — `These are not matters, these are rights~.

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Certainly many conservative republicans did not agree with such statements, but even they realized that it would be better to bring to halt further discus-sions, at least during the elections. Eisenhower did really fulfill his promises

after he had been elected. One important promise he gave to the nation was

that he would go Korea himself and end the war there, which turned out to be

a decisive message in this campaign. As for the democrats, though many Americans still favored the New

Deal programs and liked Stevenson’s brilliant speeches, they simply wanted

to put the cronyism, sacrifices and Korean War behind it. At the same time, twenty years in power was too heavy burden for one party.

Finally, the election of 1952 ended up with Eisenhower’s impressive

victory. He received 33, 9 million votes; Stevenson received only 27, 3

million. Eisenhower won in 39 states, democrats just in 9. D. Eisenhower achieved complete victory in northern and western

states, part of south and its neighbor states. Since 1928 republican candidate

had never won in so called Solid South and this victory was really impressive. Southerners were scared by Stevenson activity regarding human rights issues. Eisenhower supported by a big segment of traditional democrats, like

Catholics, trade unions, young voters. He was very successful in recently

developed suburbs. Majority of the Big Business demanding reduction of taxes and state regulations also were on his side. Even the scandal with

Richard Nixon’s Secret Fund did not change positive attitude toward the

republicans. Actually, Nixon’s `Checkers Speech~, became real a political triumph for him. Truthfully, America in these elections needed a trustworthy, distinguished, experienced and full of life experience person and not an

idealist intellectual such as Stevenson.

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vasil kaWarava

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis da Savi zRvis saerTa-

Soriso universitetis profesori

politikuri partiebis ideologia da

platformebi aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi

1952 wlis arCevnebi SeiZleba garkveulwilad SevadaroT

1920 da 1932 wlebis arCevnebs, rodesac ori wamyvani partiis

brZola gansakuTrebuli ideologiuri dapirispirebiT gamo-

irCeoda. magram, Tu 1920 wels erTmaneTs sakmaod uRimRamo

kandidatebi daupirispirdnen respublikeli uoren hardingi-

sa da demokrati koksis saxiT da yvelaferi partiebis ideo-

logiam da maTma politikurma platformebma gadawyvita [3,

29-39], 1932 da 1952 wlebSi mkveTr ideologiur dapirispire-

basTan erTad, umniSvnelovanesi roli Tavad prezidentobis

kandidatebis pirovnebaTa faqtorma iTamaSa. 1932 wels orive

kandidati Hherbert huverisa da franklin ruzveltis saxiT,

aSkarad gamokveTili liderebi iyvnen da orives mniSvnelova-

ni zogaderovnuli pablisiti gaaCnda [3, 377-389].

albaT, kidev ufro mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa pirov-

nulma faqtorma 1952 wels, rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi

meore msoflio omis sayovelTaod cnobili gmiri, evropaSi

dasavleTis jarebis mTavarsardali generali duaiet eizen-

haueri CaerTo. marTalia, demokrati kandidati, ilinoisis

gubernatori adlai stivensoni, aseTi msoflio masStabis av-

toritetiT ar sargeblobda, magram misma brwyinvale erudi-

ciam da oratorulma niWmac mniSnelovani roli iTamaSa am

brZolaSi da gansakuTrebuli xibli SesZina arCevnebs.

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba politikur partiebs Soris ar Sec-

vlila. respublikuri partia kvlav konservatizmis mebairax-

tre iyo, demokratebi ki, tradiciulad, liberaluri refor-

mizmis momxreebad rCebodnen.

iTvleba, rom konservatizmi tradiciebisadmi erTgule-

bas niSnavs. tendencias, rodesac religiasa da politikaSi

cdiloben SeinarCunon saukeTeso da Tavs arideben radika-

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lur cvlilebebs. magram sxvadasxva konteqstSi es termini

sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyeneba. xSirad konservatizms miaweren

yovelive dromoWmuls, retrograduls, zogi ki piriqiT, ama-

yobs Tavisi konservatizmiT, Tavisi erTgulebiT Camoyalibe-

buli tradiciebisadmi.A am cnebis gansazRvrebisas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu sad da rodis iyeneben mas. YTiToeul qve-

yanasa da istoriul epoqaSi konservatizmi Taviseburad esmo-

daT da esmiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflio istoriuli ganviTareba

mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, konservatizmisa da liberaliz-

mis (romelic aseve yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi Taviseburad

esmiT) dapirispirebasa da am dapirispirebis Sedegad miRweul

progreszea dafuZnebuli. Aamerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Kkon-

servatizmsa da liberalizms Soris gansxvaveba, gansakuTre-

biT mkveTrad, gamoixata qveynis socialur-ekonomkur cxov-

rebaSi saxelmwifos rolis gansazRvriT.

Kkonservatorebi Tvlian, rom mTavroba rac SeiZleba nak-

lebad unda Caerios qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovreba-

Si da masSi mimdinare procesebi ZiriTadad Tavad moqalaqeeb-

ma unda gansazRvron, individualurad Tu sxvadasxva sazoga-

doebrivi organizaciebis meSveobiT, gamomdinare TavianTi

sazogadoebrivi interesebidan.

Aamave dros konservatorebi Tvlian, rom aRniSnuli saq-

mianoba unda mimdinareobdes ZiriTadad adgilobrivi xeli-

suflebis, Tu Statis TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. rac Seexeba

federalur mTavrobas, rogorc 1920-iani wlebis konservato-

rebi Tvlidnen, mas Taviseburi Ramis darajis funqcia ekisre-

boda anu, upirveles yovlisa, unda uzrunveleyo konstitu-

ciis uzenaesoba da mxolod didi stiqiuri an politikuri

krizisebis dros gaaqtiurebuliyo. rasakvirvelia, es ar exe-

boda qveynis sagareo politikas, aq federaluri mTavrobis

prioritetebs aravin uaryofda.

Kkonkretulad es imas niSnavda, rom federaluri mTavro-

ba minimalurad an saerTod ar unda Careuliyo biznesis saqmi-

anobaSi, gadasaxdebic minimumamde unda Semcirebuliyo, xolo

socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, iqneboda es daxmareba

umuSevarTaTvis, Tu ganaTlebis, janmrTelobisa da sazoga-

doebrivi wesrigis dacvis sistema, adgilobriv an, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, Statis doneze unda gadawyvetiliyo. rasakvirve-

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lia, aseT sferoebSi, kerZo da religiuri xasiaTis qvelmoqme-

debac igulisxmeboda.

Ees aris amerikuli konservatizmis klasikuri formula.

Tumca igi, absoluturi formiT, konservatizmis ayvavebis pe-

riodSi, 1920-ian wlebSic ki ar ganxorcielebula cxovrebaSi

da meoce saukunis sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva doziT ga-

moixata.

A Cvens boboqar samyaroSi ucvleli araferia da mniSvne-

lovani cvlilebebi konservatizmsac Seexo. mas Semdeg, rac

amerikulma konservatizmma namdvili kraxi ganicada prezi-

dent herbert huveris administraciiis dros (1929-33 w.w.),

respublikuri partia did xans ver movida gons. marTalia,

konservatorebma, rogorc ityvian, garkveuli ariergarduli

brZolebi gaumarTes ruzveltis `axal kurss~, GgavixsenoT

Tundac `axali kursis~ rigi kanonebis arakonstituciurad

cnoba umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier an Tundac imave umaRlesi

sasamarTlos reformirebis uSedego cdebi, magram 1930-ian

wlebSi qveyanaSi, mainc liberaluri xasiaTis politikuri

tendenciebi dominirebda da respublikelebi oci wliT Camo-

aciles saprezidento mmarTvelobas.

Sesabamisad huveriseuli xedva seriozul cvlilebs mo-

iTxovda. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqtic, rom Tavad her-

bert huveri, miuxedavad imisa, rom konservatizmis MmTavar

burjad miiCneoda da DdResac aris miCneuli, sinamdvileSi arc

iseTi xisti konservatori iyo. es jer kidev misi vaWrobis mi-

nistris postze muSaobisas gamoikveTa, rodesac igi aqtiurad

uwyobda xels mTavrobisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromlobas.

Tumca yovelive es nebayofilobiT safuZvelze da ZiriTadad

biznesis mimarT saxelmwifos daxmarebaSi gamoixateboda [4,

34-40] [5, 328-349].

1929-33 wlebis krizisis periodSic marTalia, huverma

Zalian daagviana, magram 1932 wels iZulebuli iyo Seeqmna sa-

rekonstruqcio finansuri korporacia, romelmac mniSvnelo-

vani saxelmwifo saxsrebi gamoyo, rogorc kerZo struqture-

bis, aseve calkeuli Statebis dasaxmareblad. rogorc cnobi-

li amerikeli istorikosebi Tomas beili da Ddevid kenedi, da

ara marto isini, aRniSnavdnen, faqtobrivad herbert huverma

da ara franklin ruzveltma daiwyo `axali kursis~ reformebi

[6, 778 ] .

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huveri imiT gansxvavdeboda ruzveltisagan, rom igi am

RonisZiebebs droebiT da SezRuduli xasiaTis movlenebad mi-

iCnevda, maSin rodesac ruzveltma maT udidesi finanasuri

mxardaWera aRmouCina da rac mTavria, amerikis politikur

sistemaSi isini mudmiv saxelmwifo institutebad Camoayali-

ba. Ees tendenciebi kidev ufro gaZlierda hari trumenis admi-

nistraciis dros, romelmac araerTi mniSvnelovani etatis-

turi nabiji gadadga.

amgvarad, saubari im TiTqmis klasikuri Laissez-faire-is Se-

saxeb, romelic 20-iani wlebis amerikaSi arsebobda, absolu-

turad gamoiricxa. 1950-iani wlebis amerika sruliad sxva iyo.

Aaqedan gamomdinare, respublikur partiasac, Tu igi apirebda

amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi Zveli poziciebis dabrune-

bas, unda gadaexeda Tavisi SexedulebebisTvis.

respublikelebma, marTlac, gadaxedes partiis ideolo-

giis mraval postulats. isini ufro moqnilebi gaxdnen, SeiT-

vises `axali kursis~ mravali gakveTili. magram amgvarma re-

formizmma partiaSi mravali dapirispireba warmoqmna. cnobi-

li amerikeli istorikosis devid halberstamis da ara marto

misi azriT,A aRniSnuli periodisTvis respublikuri partia

garkveulad regionalizmis principiTac ki gaiyo. pirvel

jgufs miekuTvnebodnen `uol stritis~ bankirebi da iuriste-

bi, maTi kolegebi aRmosavleTis did qalaqebSi, romlebic Ta-

vianTi arsiT internacionilstebi iyvnen. DTumca isini aqtiu-

rad ebrZodnen `axali kursis~ ideebs, mis monapovars da maT

Soris gaZlierebul profkavSirebs, maT mainc aRiares da mii-

Res am grandiozuli cvlilebebis garkevuli nawili. maT res-

publikuri partiis liberalur dajgufebasac uwodebdnen,

romelSic warmodgenili iyvnen niu-iorkis Statis guberna-

tori da1944 da 1948 wlebSi respublikuri partiis preziden-

tobis kandidati Tomas diui, senatorebi masaCusetsidan hen-

ri kebot loji umcrosi daLleveret salTonsToli, senatore-

bi ralf flandersi da jorj aikeni vermontidan, niu-iorke-

li senatori irvung aivesi, `Ceiz naiSenel benqis~ mflobeli

uintrop oldriCi, studebekeris saavtomobilo kompaniis

mflobeli paul hofmani [7, 3220]. meore jgufi, romelsac konservatiul frTas miakuT-

vneben, ZiriTadad Sua dasavleTis Statebis warmomadgenle-

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bisgan Sedgeboda. isini konservatiuli gazeTis `Cikago Tri-

bunis~ garSemo irazmebodnen, romlis redaqtoric polkovni-

ki robert makkormiki mas `Tavmdablad~ `msoflios diad gaze-

Tad~ moixseniebda. am sazogadoebaSi wina wlebis cvlilebebi

naklebad igrZnoboda da isini maTTvis gasageb da martiv 1920-

ian wlebze ocnebobdnen. TavianTi izolacionisturi sulis-

kveTebidan gamomdinare, isini Tvlidnen, rom RvTis mier na-

boZeb qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen da Sors iyvnen didi okeaneebisa

da ucxoelebisgan. TavianT patara qalaqebSi isini cxovrebis

batonpatronebad Tvlidnen Tavs, mudam akontrolebdnen ad-

gilobriv politikas da ekonomikas. xolo iseTi prezidentebi

rogorc tafti, hardingi, kuliji da huveria vaSingtonSi ma-

Ti cxovrebis wesis damcvelebad miaCndaT. 1950-iani wlebis-

Tvis mTavrobaSi msgavsi damcvelebi naklebad egulebodaT.

Tanac `axali cxovreba~ Tavisi aRzevebuli profkavSirebiT,

maTac umwarebda sicocxles. ufro metic, isini sakuTar par-

tiasac veRar akontrolebdnen da aRmosavleT sanapiros res-

publikelebi moRalateebad miaCndaT. Sua dasavleTis res-

publikelTa Mlideri robert tafti Tvlida, rom aRmosavle-

Tis respublikelebi danebdnen presisa da profkavSirebis ze-

wolas [9, 4-5]. robert tafts gverds umSvenebdnen, senatori

ohaiodan jon brikeri, senatori ilinoisidan everet dirkse-

ni, senatori viskonsinidan Josef makarti, senatori indiana-

dan uiliam jeneri. am politikosebs Zlieri finansuri mxar-

daWera hqondaT msxvili kapitalistebisgan — robert vudis-

gan, romelic Sears Roebuck Co -is warmoadgenda da henri timke-

nisgan, romelic Timken Roller Bearings-is mflobeli iyo [8, 3220]. Sua dasavleTis konservatorebi TavianT regions ameri-

kuli suliskveTebis centrad Tvlidnen, aRmosavleT sanapi-

ros mcxovrebni ki parazitul elementebad miaCndaT, romel-

nic ZiriTadad fulis keTebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, maSin ro-

desac Sua dasavleTi sufTa guliTa da SromaSi dasvrili xe-

liT realur produqcias qmnida [9, 214]. rac Seexeba demokratebs, mmarTvelobis 20 wlis manZil-

ze maT marTlac, gaimagres poziciebi da `axali kursis~ sa-

fuZvelze mniSvnelovani etatisturi xasiaTis instituciona-

luri cvlilebebi daamkvidres qveyanaSi, magram am wlebis man-

Zilze Secdomebic mravlad daugrovdaT. 1952 wlisTvis ame-

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rikas ukve mobezrda demokratTa 20-wliani yofna TeTr sax-

lSi. amave dros, amerika daRlili iyo fasebze kontroliT,

mudmivi skandalebiT TeTri saxlis aparatSi, sadac trumenis

axloblebi mokalaTdnen, Tumca maT bevri ukldaT hardingis

megobrebamde [3, 59-66].

trumens problemebi hqonda kongresSi TviT demokra-

tebTanac, xolo 1950 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublike-

lebma bevri axali xma miiRes, ramac kidev ufro gaarTula

prezidentis urTierToba kongresTan.

umaRlesi sasamarTloc uaryofiTad ganewyo trumenis

iniciativebisadmi. rodesac trumenma foladis qarxnebis ga-

kontroleba scada im sababiT, rom maTi qmedeba erovnul

usafrTxoebas uqmnida problemebs, umaRlesma sasamarTlom

ar dauWira mas mxari.

rogorc I msoflio omis dros, daiRala amerika vilso-

nis mier moTxovnili msxverplisagan, aseve axla gadaiRala

trumenis mowodebebisgan msxverpli gaeRoT koreis erTiano-

bisaTvis.

senator makartis komitetis wyalobiT bevrma CaTvala,

rom trumeni arc ise magari aRmoCnda komunistebis winaRmdeg

brZolaSi da Tavis mTavrobaSic ki hyavda mniSvnelovan Tanam-

debobebze maTi momxreebi da rasakvirvelia kvlav da kvlav

korufciis Temac JRerdeboda. yovelive amas TviT demokra-

tiuli partiis prezidentobis kandidatis adlai stivensonis

biografi stiuart geri brouni adasturebs [8, 74-75]. respublikelebi ki amomrCevlebs pirdebodnen vaSin-

gtonSi arsebuli qaosis mowesrigebas — `gavwmendT am sibinZu-

res~, Tanac kiTxvas usvamdnen maT `nuTu aRar geyoT~?. Ppirde-

bodnen agreTve, koreis omis dasrulebas da, rogorc saer-

Tod xdeba arCevnebSi, mowinaaRmdege partiis yvela codvisa

Tu Secdomis gamosworebas.

1952 wlisTvis qveyana ukve aSkarad kvlav konservatiz-

misaken ixreboda. amerikuli sazogdoeba da gansakuTrebiT

amerikuli biznesi gadaiRala jer `axali kursis~, Semdeg ki

omidan gamomdinare sagangebo zomebisgan, romlebic federa-

luri mTavrobis uflebamosilebis usazRvro zrdaSi gamoixa-

ta, rac amerikis wmidaTawmidas — amerikuli bizensis Tavi-

suflebas zRudavda. `Laissez-faire~ da xelisuflebis decentra-

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lizacia kvlav modaSi Semodioda. Tumca yvelas da maT Soris

respublikelebs mSvenivrad esmodaT, rom 1920-iani wlebisken

dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo da `axal kurs~ omgamovlili ame-

rika da amerikelebic sxvanairebi iyvnen. axali dro axal kon-

servatizms moiTxovda.

arsebuli viTareba da partiebs Soris dapirispireba bu-

nebrivia, upirveles yovlisa, maT politikur platformebSi

gamoixata. demokratiuli partia aRniSnavda Tavis warmate-

bebs oci wlis manZilze da etatisturi ideologiidan gamom-

dinare xazs usvamda federaluri mTavrobis Rvawls ekonomi-

kis gadarCenaSi. aRniSnavda, rom 1952 wlisaTvis iyo 4 milion-

ze meti biznesmeni anu 1 milioniT meti, vidre 1932 wels. umu-

Sevroba ki, mxolod — 3 procenti, 1932 wlis 25 procentTan

SedarebiT [2, 474]. demokratiuli partiis platformaSi asaxu-

li iyo sakmaod standartuli, demokrtiuli partiisTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli damokidebuleba federaluri administraciis

saqmianobis mimarT. erovnuli usafrTxoebis xarjebis saba-

biT Ddemokratebi arafers ambobdnen federaluri Ggadasaxade-

bis Semcirebaze. Ffermerebs pirdebodnen tradiciul daxmare-

bas da `axali kursis~ warmatebebs ixsenebdnen. demokratebi

mkacrad akritikebdnen taft-hartlis, faqtobrivad antip-

rofkavSirul kanons, romelic maTi azriT, `araadekvaturi

iyo, ar muSaobda da usamarTlo iyo~. sanacvlod profkavSi-

rebs axali midgomebis SemuSavebas pirdebodnen [2, 480-481]. demokratebi enTuziazmiTP pirdebodnen amomrCevlebs

antitrestuli kanonmdeblobis cxovrebaSi ufro aqtiur ga-

tarebas. siamayiT aRniSnavdnen demokratiuli partiis rols

socialuri uzrunvelyofis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi,

romelic kidev unda gaizardos da gaumjobesdeso. amerike-

lebs umuSevrTa dazRvevis sistemis gafarToebas da umuSev-

robis periodSi miRebuli Tanxis gazrdas pirdebodnen. jan-

dacvis problemis da moTxovnebis Sesaswavlad gegemavdnen

zepartiuli, saprezidento komisiis Seqmnas. GganaTlebasTan

dakavSirebiT moiTxovdnen federalur daxmarebas Statebi-

sadmi skolebis mSeneblobasa da keTilmowyobaSi. Tumca kate-

goriulad uaryofdnen ganaTlebis politikis sferoSi raime

federalur diqtatsa Tu kontrols [2, 481-485].

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1920 da 1932 wlebis arCevnebisagan gansxvavebiT, rode-

sac amerikis saerTaSoriso politikaSi izolacionizmi bato-

nobda da partiebi ZiriTadad saSinao problemebs ganixilav-

dnen, 1952 wlis `civi omis~ periodSi sagareo politikas par-

tiebis programebSi udidesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari yurad-

Reba daeTmo. demokratebi xazs usvamdnen Tavdacvis sistemis

gaZlierebas da Tavisufali erebis TanamSrmolobas, maT So-

ris, gaeroSi, mxars uWerdnen evropis integracias da germani-

is gaerTianebas da sabWoTa imperializmis msxverplTa mxar-

daWeris iniciativiT gamodiodnen [2, 475-477]. respublikelTa platforma ki ra Tqma unda demokrate-

bis mmarTvelobis grandiozuli kritikiTa da braldebebiT

iwyeboda. ra boRmac daugrovdaT oci wlis manZilze yvelafe-

ri gamoTqves da Tu maT kritikas daveyrdnobodiT, demokra-

tebs am wlebSi kargi araferi gaukeTebiaT. marTalia II msof-

lio omis mogeba minusad ver CauTvales, samagierod ganacxa-

des, rom demokratiulma administraciam waago mSvidoba ase-

Ti gmirobiT da msxverpliT gamarjvebul omSi. aRmosavleT

evropis dakargva da komunstebis warmatebebi CineTSi demok-

ratebs dabraldaT. Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konfe-

renciis Sedegebi metad uaryofiTad Sefasda da platformaSi

xazgasmuli iyo, rom administracia iq molaparakebebs awar-

moebda amerikis kongresisa da xalxis mosazrebebis sruli ar-

codnisa da ignorirebis safuZvelze.

koreis omTan dakavSirebiT ki, oRond demokratebi daem-

cirebinaT, da urTierTgamomricxav gancxadebebsac ar eride-

bodnen. erTi mxriv, acxadebdnen, rom samxreT korea ar warmo-

adgenda amerikis interesebis sferos, meore mxriv, ki asabu-

Tebdnen, rom CrdiloeT korea ver gabedavda omis dawyebas

amerikas rom jari ar gamoeyvana koreis naxevarkunZulidan [2,

497]. saSinao politikaSi standartul respublikur recep-

tebs iZleodnen. kerZod ki, gadasaxadebis Semcirebas pirdeb-

dnen, rogorc did, aseve mcire bizness. federaluri xarjebis

Semcirebis xarjze gegmavdnen biujetis dabalansebas, rome-

lic demokratTa xelSi didi deficitiT gamoirCeoda. amave

dros, undodaT federalur xelisuflebas, Statebsa da adgi-

lobriv xelisuflebas Soris gadasaxdebis politikis iseTi

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daregulireba, romelic met damoukideblobas mianiWebda

Statebsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas. soflis meurneobis

problemebis gadawyvetasac, ZiriTadad, Statebisa da adgi-

lobrivi xelisuflebis meSveobiT apirebdnen. acxadebdnen,

rom Sewyvetdnen demokratTa mier kultivirebul zewolis

politikas federalur sarezervo sistemaze, anu amomrCevels

tradiciuli decentralizaciis politikas pirdebodnen [2,

500-502]. rac Seeexeba profkavSirebTan urTierTobas, respubli-

kelebi taft-hartlis kanonis SenarCunebas arCevdnen im saba-

biT, rom igi icavda individums, rogorc damqiraveblis, aseve

profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelobis usamarTlo qmedebisagan.

Tumca arc imas uaryofdnen, rom SeiZleboda kanonis zogier-

Ti punqtis Secvla [2,502]. `niu-iork Taimsi~ respublikelTa platformis Sesaxeb

werda, rom igi sakmaod farToa, raTa daakmayofilos partiis

sxvadasxva elementi, sakmarisad gaurkvevelia raTa ar gaaRi-

zianos umciresobebi da specifikuri jgufebi, sakmaod mamxi-

lebelia, raTa frazebiT uzrunvelyos kampaniis Semdgomi

msvleloba~ [7, 3234]. trumeni ki adarebda ra respublikur da demokratiul

platformebs pirdapir ambobda — `vfiqrob rom Cven gvaqvs

yvelaze kargi platforma, romelic ki romelime partias

odesme hqonia. respublikelebis platforma ki, albaT yvela-

ze cudia, romelic ki odesme wamikiTxavs~ [1, 712]. rogorc vxe-

davT, politika trumenis msgavs wesier adamiansac absolutu-

rad akargvinebs obieqturobis da simarTlis grZnobas da Se-

sabamisad, gamohyavs keTilsindisierebis sferodan. am arCevnebSi monawileobda, agreTve, qristian naciona-

luri, prohibiciis (alkoholis akrZalvis), Sromis social-

sturi da muSaTa socialisturi partiebi. maT Soris gamoir-

Ceoda progresuli da socialisturi partiebi.

progresuli partia 1948 wlis arCevnebSi sakmaod serio-

zul mesame partias warmoadgenda da 1,157,172 xma miiRo. igi

memarcxene poziciis iyo, magram akritikda trumenis sagareo

politikas da `civ oms~ ufro amerikas abralebda vidre sab-

WoTa kavSirs.

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1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis fonze, sakmaod mom-

Zlavrda socialisturi partiac. saSinao sakiTxebSi igi ufro

radikaluri iyo da mrewvelobis mTavari dargebis nacionali-

zacias moiTxovda. adamianis uflebebis sferoSi, progresu-

li partiis msgavsad, socialistebi moiTxovdnen segregaciis

mospobas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, sax-

lTmSeneblobidan dawyebuli da armiiT damTavrebuli, moiT-

xovdnen antilinCuri kanonis miRebas da konstituciis XIV

Sesworebis cxovrebaSi realur gatarebas. Tumca sagareo po-

litikaSi aSkarad antistalinistur poziciaze idga da parti-

is sakmaod cnobili lideri norman Tomasi amerikasa da sabWo-

Ta kavSirs erTnairad adanaSaulebda `civi omis~ gaCaRebaSi

[7, 3256-3257]. wina wlebisgan gansxvavebiT am partiebs araviTa-

ri gavlena ar mouxdeniaT arCevnebis msvlelobaze.

aseTi iyo politikuri partiebis ideologia da plat-

formebi da unda iTqvas, rom respublikelebis platforma

garkveulwilad ufro Seesabameboda, qveyanaSi sul ufro

mzard, konservatiul tendenciebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, 1952

wlis arCevnebSi udidesi roli Tavad kandidatebma iTamaSes.

rogorc arCevnebis Sedegma aCvena erovnulma gmirma duaiet

eizenhauerma aSkarad dajabna demokrati adlai stivensoni.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

73. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Harry S. Truman, 1952-53, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1966, 712.

74. National Party Platforms 1840-1966, Compiled by Kirk H. Porter and

Donald B. Johnson. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London, 1972, p.474.

75. vasil kaWarava,Aamerika 1920-ian wlebSi : amerikuli indivi-

dualizmi, ekonomikuri ayvaveba, jazis epoqa, mSrali kano-

ni, depresia, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi, 2008.

76. vasil kaWarava, h. huveris moRvaweoba aSS-is vaWrobis mi-

nistris postze uoren hardingis administraciaSi., krebu-

li amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, #1, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2002.

77. vasil kaWarava, amerikuli diplomatia amerikuli biznesis

samsaxurSi 1920-ian wlebSi, qarTuli diplomatia, weliw-

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370

deuli, #11, Tbilisi, saxelmwifo universitetis gamom-

cemloba, 2004.

78. Bailey, Thomas A., Kennedy, David M.,The American Pageant, A

History of the Republic, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, Toronto, 1987.

79. Bernstein Barton J, Election of 1952, History of American Elections

1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956, Editor Arthur M Schlesinger Jr., Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2002.

80. Brown Stuart Gerry, Adlai E. Stevenson, Barron’s Woodbury Press, Woodbury , N.Y., 1965.

81. Halberstam David, The Fifties, Villard Books, New York, 1993.

Vasil Kacharava Ph. Doctor, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and International Black

Sea University

Ideology of Political Parties and their Platforms in the Presidential Elections of the United States in 1952

Summary

In the article are considered the principal differences between leading

parties. Particularly we would like to compare the elections of 1952, with the

elections of 1920 and 1932, when the struggle between the two leading parties

was distinguished by special ideological contradiction. By 1952 the

republicans were more flexible and absorbed many lessons from the `New

Deal~. In the platform of the Democratic Party, there was a quite standard, etatist attitude to the activities of federal administration characteristic to this

party. Because of national security issues the democrats did not say anything

about tax decrease. They promised traditional support to farmers, referring to

the success of the New Deal and strictly criticizing Taft-Hartley’s, virtually, an anti trade union law. They noted the role of Democratic Party in the

formation of social security system and promised to voters its further development. In the education sphere, they planning to increase financial assistance to states in building of schools, but categorically denied any federal control or dictate in this sphere.

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Of course the republican platform’s text started with enormous criti-cism and accusations against the democrats. For the internal policy they of-fered standard republican recipes. In particular, republicans promised, republicans promised tax reduction for big and small businesses. Unalike

democrats, they planned to balance budget by decreasing federal costs. At the

same time, republicans planned redistribution of power and responsibilities

among federal government, state and local authorities on basis of further decentralization. The republicans considered maintaining Taft-Hartley law, because it was protection against unfair practices by either employer or union

officials. Though they did not deny that it was possible to change some

articles in the law. In the condition of Cold War, in the programs of both parties probably

the biggest attention was conceded to foreign policy. Democrats emphasized

the reinforcement of self-defense and cooperation of free nations in UN. They

supported Europe’s integration and unification of Germany. At the same time

they initiated maximum help to victims of Soviet Imperialism. Republicans

blamed democrats in strengthening communism in Europe and Asia. Certainly main wave of criticism was directed to the Korean War. Republicans promised the voters to promote a healthier and stronger foreign

policy, and also the end Korean War. It must be outlined, that the republican’s platform better reflected

growing conservative tendencies in the country. But as mentioned above, in

the elections of 1952 the candidates personality played far more important role and as the results showed, the national hero Dwight Eisenhower obviously defeated democrat Adlai Stevenson.

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Tengiz grigolia

istoriis mecnirebaTa doqtori, saqar-

Tvelos teqnikuri universitetis pro-

fesori

ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis

regionalur geopolitikaSi

ruseT-irani didi xnis istorias iTvlis. aRniSnuli is-

toriis manZilze maT Soris iyo ara erTi konfliqti da omi.

Tavisi samxedro qmedebiTa da dapyrobiTi politikiT ruseT-

ma gaifarTova Tavisi teritoriuli areali samxreT kavkasia-

sa da kaspiispireTSi.

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX s. dasawyisis mijnaze ker-

Zod, 1907 wlis agvistoSi, xeli moewera ruseT-inglisis xel-

Sekrulebas iranis gavlenis zonebad dayofis Sesaxeb. pirve-

li msoflio omis dros neitraluri sparseTis teritoriis

nawilis eqspansia moxda TurqeTis, ruseTis da inglisis mier.

1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg sabWoTa mTavro-

bam iranTan axali urTierTobebis ageba daiwyo. 1941-1946

wlebSi irani okupirebuli iqna ssr kavSirisa da inglisis mi-

er, 1942 wels maT SeuerTda amerika. `civi omis~ periodSi ira-

ni aRmoCnda sabWoTa kavSiris mowinaaRmdege qveynebis rigeb-

Si. 1953 wels amerikelebis mxardaWerili general zahedis mi-

er mowyobili gadatrialebis Semdeg amerikelebma iranSi po-

ziciebi sakmaod ganimtkices, aRniSnuli periodidan irani

gaxda amerikis strategiuli mokavSire da sparseTis yuris

regionSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis garanti. 1950 wlidan

iranma Tavisi samxedro-teqnikuri TanamSromloba aawyo ame-

rikis SeerTebul StatebTan. iranma miiRo msxvili kreditebi

dasavleTis qveynebidan, igi monawileobas Rebulobda samxed-

ro-politikur blokebSi, romlebic organizebuli iyo aSS-is

da didi britaneTis mier da warmoadgenda `CrdiloeTis iaru-

sis~ dasayrdens, romelic mimarTli iyo samxreTSi sabWoTa

eqspansiis winaaRmdeg [1, 5].

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1960-1970 wlebSi iranis sagareo politikaSi arsebiTi

cvlilebebi moxda. gamoCnda principulad axali mimarTule-

bebi. iranma ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis masStabebi gaafar-

Tova socialisturi Tanamegobrobis qveynebTan, aRniSnuli

qmedebebi gamowveuli iyo imis gamo, rom dasavleTma irans ua-

ri uTxra mrewvelobis sabazro dargebis mSeneblobis daxma-

rebaze, amitom iranisaTvis ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis

sabWos qveynebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba ufro xelsay-

reli aRmoCnda. or urTierTdapirispirebul sistemasTan ur-

TierTobaSi Teirani TavisaTvis xelsayrel damoukidebel sa-

gareo balansis politikas awarmoebda. ssr kavSirisa da ira-

nis ZiriTadi TanamSromlobis obieqti gaxda ispahanis meta-

lurgiuli kombinati. orive qveynisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vani iyo `saukunis garigeba~ — transiranuli gazsadeniT ira-

nuli gazis miwodeba samxreT kavkasiaze da Tanabari moculo-

bis raodenobis cimbiruli gazis gatareba iran-evropis kon-

traqtis Sesabamisad evropisaken. aRniSnulma garigebam Tei-

rans gauxsna `fanjara evropisaken~. paralelurad sabWour-

iranuli TanamSromloba viTardeboda aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebTan. iranTan urTierTobaSi gamoirCeoda rumineTi,

radgan igi navTobis mopovebisaTvis irans umzadebda mowyo-

bilobebs.

iranis uaxloes istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo

1979 wlis antiSahuri, antidasavluri islamuri revolucia,

igi gaxda gamoxatuleba ekonomikuri, politikuri da im soci-

aluri ukmayofilebisa, romelic aTwleulis manZilze iranSi

grovdeboda. 1979 wlis 11 Tebervals iranSi SahinSahuri reJi-

mis damxobam qveyanaSi islamuri reJimi daamyara. iranis isla-

murma revoluciam axlo aRmosavleTSi Secvala geopoliti-

kur ZalTa ganawileba, regionSi aSS-is gavlena SeizRuda. is-

lamuri revoluciis mama homeini iranis da mTeli islamuri

samyaros mTavar mtrad, dasavleTs, kerZod amerikis SeerTe-

bul Statebs miiCnevda. iranma gazis fasis awevis aucileblo-

bis sababiT samxreT kavkasias gazis miwodeba Seuwyvita, aRniS-

nuli procesebi evropasac Seexo. [2, 35]

1980 wlidan homeinma daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirTan iranis

urTierTobebis gadasinjva. iranis ekonomikuri kavSirebi ssr

kavSirTan kvlav gamococxlda. iran-erayis samxedro kon-

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fliqtis damTavrebis Semdeg iranma samxedro-teqnikuri Ta-

namSromlobis mowesrigeba daiwyo ssr kavSirTan.

1991 wlis 31 dekembers sabWoTa kavSirma, rogorc geopo-

litikurma realobam, Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba. ssr kavSiris

dezintegraciam irani axali geopolitikuri situaciis winaSe

daayena, misi Crdilo sazRvrebis gaswvriv warmoiqmna Turqu-

li rkali (TurqeTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yir-

gizeTi da yazaxeTi), romlebic potenciurad ankaraze iyvnen

orientirebulni, mxolod somxeTi wyvetda `rkals~. swored

amitom iyo, rom Teiranma daxmareba gauwia qristianul som-

xeTs da ara musulmanur azerbaijans yarabaRis sakiTxTan da-

kaviSrebiT. irani da ruseTi mravalerovnebian saxelmwifoTa

ricxvs miekuTvnebian. maT eTnikuri konfliqtebis gaRvivebis

Sedegad momavalSi SeiZleba eTnopolitikuri safrTxeebi Se-

eqmnaT, amitom regionSi aucileblad Tvlian maT urTierTTa-

namSromlobas, raTa regionSi SenarCunebuli iqnas mSvidoba.

XXI saukunis mimdinare aTwleulis dasasruli xasiaTde-

ba ruseT-iranis TanamSromlobis aqtivizaciiT iseT sferoSi,

rogoricaa: politika, ekonomika, samxedro-teqnikuri da

kulturuli seqtorebi. aRniSnul sferoebSi TanamSromloba

orive qveynis nacionalur interesebs pasuxobs. rigi eqsper-

tebi ruseT-iranis TanamSromlobas birTvuli energiis sfe-

roSi da iaraRiT vaWrobaSi eWvis TvaliT uyureben. gansakuT-

rebiT am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi aSS-is pozicia negatiuria. va-

Singtoni, ukmayofiloa 2000 wlis moskovis gadawyvetilebis

im saidumlo danarTisa, romelic daskvniT protokols gori-

Cernomidinis komisiis gadawyvetilebas axlavs. gori-Cerno-

midinis SeTanxmeba Seicavs valdebulebebs, romliTac ruseT-

ma ar unda dados kontraqti iranis iaraRiT momaragebaze.

2001 wlis martSi ruseTis federaciis prezidentis vl.

putinsa da iranis islamuri respublikis prezident mohamad

xaTams Soris xeli moewera dokuments `ZiriTadi SeTanxmeba

ruseTis federaciasa da iranis islamur respublikas Soris

urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis principebis Sesaxeb~, ro-

melmac Seqmna farTo perspeqtivebi ori qveynis urTierTTa-

namSromlobaSi ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebSi, SeTanxmeba

gulisxmobda, agreTve, TanamSromlobas atomuri energiis

samSvidobo mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis.

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ruseT-iranis urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovan rols Tama-

Sobs rusuli iaraRis eqsporti iranSi. Tanamedrove pirobeb-

Si irans SemuSavebuli aqvs Tavisi qveynis gadaiaraRebis 25-

wliani programa, romelic rusuli warmoebis iaraRiTa da

teqnologiebiT unda moxdes, pirvel rigSi igi exeba haersawi-

naaRmdego dacviTi kompleqsuri sistemis modernizacias. ru-

seTi irans unda miexmaros samxedro specialistebis ukeT

momzadebaSi. iranTan samxedro teqnikuri TanamSromlobiT

ruseTma wliurad 300 milioni dolari unda miiRos. [3, 47]

ruseT-iranis urTerTobaSi mTavari adgili ukavia Ta-

namSromlobas birTvuli programis farglebSi. 1957 wels aSS-

sa da irans Soris daido xelsekruleba `atomi mSvidobisaT-

vis~ farglebSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. pirveli atomuri re-

aqtori SeerTebuli Statebis xelSewyobiT aSenda da amuSavda

1967 wels amirabadis kvleviT centrSi — islamuri revoluci-

is Semdeg iranma aRniSnul sferoSi orientacia ruseTze gaa-

keTa.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos buSeris atomuri

eleqtrosadguris pirveli reaqtoris mSeneblobis proeqtis

saerTo Rirebulebam 800 milioni dolari Saedgina, mSeneble-

bi dasavleTevropeli firmebi iyvnen. dReisaTvis birTvuli

programis farglebSi iranTan mxolod ruseTi eweva realur

TanamSromlobas. igi aSenebs buSeris atomur eleqtrosad-

gurs `buSeri 2~-s. 2009 wlis bolos rusi specialistebi buSe-

ris atomur eleqtrosadgurze birTvuli reaqtoris amoqme-

debas gegmaven. Teiranis mtkicebiT maT birTvuli teqnolo-

giebi mxolod samSvidobo miznebisaTvis sWirdebaT, magram ma-

Ti gancxadebis ar sjeraT amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da ev-

rokavSirs. iranis mizans Seadgens birTvuli bombis Seqmna. ga-

eros uSiSroebis sabWos mier irani ara erTxel aris gafrTxi-

lebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom Sewyvitos uranis gamdidreba. aRniS-

nuli sakiTxebis ugulebelyofisaTvis irans dawesebuli aqvs

sanqciebi. irani saerTaSoriso arenaze axal provokaciebs

eweva. 2009 wlis dekembrisaTvis iranis xelisuflebam uranis

gaZlierebuli aTi axali obieqtis mSeneblobis gegma daamtki-

ca. iranma erT weliwadSi 300 tona birTvuli sawvavis Seqmna

daisaxa miznad. irani bolo periodSi naklebad TanamSrom-

lobs atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosTan (aess).

dasavleTis qveynebi SeSfoTebas gamoxataven, rom uranis gaZ-

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lierebiT irans birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna SeuZlia. kumTan ax-

los axali qarxnis aRmoCenas dasavleTis eqspertebi serio-

zul problemad aRiqvamen. iranis midgoma birTvuli progra-

misadmi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebul 5 rezoluci-

as arRvevs. TeTri saxlis maRalma Cinosnebmac ganacxades

`Cveni da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moTmineba iwureba, dro

ki mirbis~. ruseTi da irani monawileoben satranzito proeq-

tSi `Crdilo-samxreTi~, romelmac unda moicvas areali spar-

seTis yuridan ruseT-fineTis sazRvramde. ruseT-iranis

strategiuli interesebis Tanxvedra arTulebs dasavleTis

saxelmwofoTa interesebis praqtikul realizacias kaspiis-

pireTsa da centralur aziaSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da poli-

tika, Tb., 2003.

2. islami, enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999.

3. Иванов М.С., История Ирана, М., 1997. 4. Васильев А.Г., Россия Н Ближнем и среднем Востоке от мессянства

к прагматизму, М., 1993. 5. Алиев С.М., Нефть и общественно-политическое рагзвитие Ирана в

XX в., М., 1985. 6. Ланцова С.А., Атнасова В.А. Мировая политика и международные

отношения, Санкт-Петербург, 2008.

Tengiz Grigolia Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Georgian Technical University

Russia and Iran in close-east regional geopolitics

Summary Russia and Iran has been involved in regional politics of close east dur-

ing the centuries. In the beginning of the 20th century Russia along with the

England has been involved in dividing Iran between the influence zones. Af-

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377

ter the year of 1917 the Soviet Union government began to establish new rela-tionship with Iran.

After the cold war Iran has been among the anti Soviet Union

countries. After the 1950 of the 20th century Iran has become the strategic

partner of the USA. Iran has established its military technical relationships

with the USA. After the 1970 Iran has made its major changes in Foreign Policies.

Very important in Iran’s history was the anti western revolution. Islamic

revolution changed the vision about the division of the geopolitical powers. From 1980, Iran began to overlook the relationships with the Soviet Union. After the abolition of the Soviet Union, Russia and Iran has faced new

geopolitical reality. Under these circumstances began Russian-Iran

cooperation in a sphere of the nuclear energy. Nowadays in a sphere of nuclear power the cooperation with Iran is held only from the Russian side. Russia and Iran has the same strategic interests.

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Tornike SurRulaia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

ti, humanitarul-socialuri fakul-

tetis asistent-profesori

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento (`Savi oTaxi~)

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento (NSA) Seiqmna

1952 wlis 4 noembers. saagentos Stab-bina mdebareobs fort

midSi, merilendis StatSi. aRniSnuli specsamsaxuri aris

erT-erTi prioritetuli rgoli aSS-s dazverviT Tanamegob-

robaSi. aRniSnuli saagento aSS-s specsamsaxurebs Soris yve-

laze gasaidumloebulia, mas Sav oTaxsac uwodeben. saagento

warmoadgens teqnikuri dazvervis sammarTveloTa erToblio-

bas, romelic moRvaweobs radio-eleqtronuli, kriptografi-

isa da informaciis dacvis xaziT. saagento uzrunvelyofs im

tipis informaciis usafrTxoebas da mopovebas, romelic ra-

dio-lokaciur komunikaciebsa da kompiuterul qselSi cir-

kulirebs. saagentos struqtura ierarqiulad aris mowyobi-

li: saagentos direqtori, direqtoris pirveli moadgile, di-

reqtoris moadgile operatiul sakiTxebSi, direqtoris mo-

adgile teqnikur sakiTxebSi, direqtoris moadgile informa-

ciuli sistemebis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi [1].

saagentos SemadgenlobaSi funqcionirebs ramdenime sam-

marTvelo, romlebsac gansazRvruli aqvT konkretuli fun-

qcia da misia:

1. radio-eleqtronuli sadazvervo operaciebis sammar-

Tvelo, romelic Sedgeba sami informaciis mompovebeli da

ori damxmare jgufisgan.

informaciis mompovebeli jgufi dakompleqtebulia ge-

ografiuli principiT:

jgufi <A> — pasuxismgebelia ruseTis federaciis da

yofili varSavis xelSekrulebaSi Semavali qveynebis Sesaxeb

informaciis mopovebaze.

jgufi <B> — amuSavebs informacias, romelic exeba Ci-

neTs, CrdiloeT koreas, vietnams da sxva aziur socialistur

saxelmwifoebs.

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jgufi <G> — pasuxismgebelia sxva danarCen strategi-

ul, Tu meore xarisxovan saxelmwifoTa Sesaxeb informaciis

mopovebaze.

1960 wlidan moyolebuli jgufi <G> akontrolebs da aa-

nalizebs aSS-Si Semaval da gamomaval saerTaSoriso radio-

signalebs. 1972 wels jguf <G>-s Stati Sedgeboda 1244 samo-

qalaqo pirisagan da 600 samxedro oficrisgan.

radio da eleqtronuli sadazvervo operaciebis sammar-

Tvelos kontrolis qveS imyofeba damxmare qveganyofilebebi

<C> da <W>. pirveli ganyofileba sadazvervo informaciis

kompiuterul damuSavebas eweva, xolo meore ganyofileba ko-

ordinacias uwevs satelituri Tanamgzavrebis saSualebiT

warmoebuli mosmenebis da gaSifvris Sedegad miRebuli sai-

dumlo informaciis mopovebis process.

2. saagentos komunikaciebis dacvis sammarTvelo cnobi-

lia, rogorc organizacia <S>. aRniSnuli sammarTvelo sa-

Sifri mowyobilobebiT amaragebs aSS-s yvela saxelmwifo da-

wesebulebas da agreTve akontrolebs aSS-s dazverviT Tana-

megobrobaSi Semaval uwyebaTa kompiuterul da telekomuni-

kaciur sistemaTa qsels.

3. saagentos SemadgenlobaSi funqcionirebs teqnikur

mecnierebaTa kvlevis sammarTvelo. aRniSnuli sammarTvelos

kvlevis sfero mravalferovania, isini srulyofen saidumlo

radiosignalebis mopovebis meTodebs, mraval doniani Sifre-

bis gatexvas da aseve informaciis daSifvrasa da kodirebas.

sammarTvelo Sedgeba oTxi ganyofilebisgan:

a. maTematikuri kvlevebis ganyofileba sxvadasxva teqni-

kuri specialuri saSualebebiT aumjobesebs kriptoanalizs.

b. radiosignalebis mompovebeli specaparaturis Sem-

qmneli da teqnikuri aRWurvis ganyofileba, awarmoebs teqni-

kas, romelic radiosignalebis mopovebas da maT analizs ax-

dens.

c. kriptografiuli danadgarebis ganyofileba, romelic

amuSavebs da aumjobesebs damSifravi danadgarebis tipebs,

romlebic SemdgomSi globaluri komunikaciebis dacvisTvis

gamoiyeneba.

d. kompiuteruli teqnikis ganyofileba eleqtro-gamom-

Tvlel teqnikur sferos ikvlevs.

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4. metad sainteresoa saagentos saidumlo sammarTvelo,

romelic teqnikuri mowyobilobebis (e.w. JuCokebis) da sasig-

nalo danadgarebis montaJsa da regulirebas eweva globalu-

ri masStabiT.

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos kadrebi specia-

lur saswavlo kurss gadian aSS-s kriptografiis nacionalur

skolaSi. amave skolaSi specialur momzadebas gadian, aSS-s

sxva specsamsaxurebis kadrebi da pentagonis oficrebi [2, 557,

558].

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos saidumlo mosas-

meni obieqtebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela wertilSia ganlage-

buli. es obieqtebi ZiriTadad raime kvleviTi an kosmosuri

samecniero centris safarqveS moqmedebs da sinamdvileSi

sruliad sxva misias asrulebs. obieqtebze muSaoben eqsper-

tTa jgufebi, romelic Sedgeba: logistikis sferos specia-

listis, lingvistis, analitikosis da kibernetikuli teqno-

logiebis eqspertisagan. maTi umTavresi misiaa flobdnen in-

formacias yvela prioritetuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb da winaswar

gaTvalon mosalodneli safrTxeebi, romlebic raime saxiT

zians miayenebs maTi qveynis nacionalur usafrTxoebas.

saagentos TanamSromelTa saerTo Stati 120 000 kacisgan

Sedgeba. oci aTasidan ocdaoTx aTasamde saagentos Tanam-

Sromeli centralur aparatSi muSaobs, xolo danarCeni Ta-

namSromlebi, ZiriTadad, samxedro pirebi msaxuroben msof-

lio masStabiT arsebul saagentos bazebsa da sainformacio

dazverviT sadgurebze, romelTa ricxvi ramdenime aTass aR-

wevs. aRniSnuli stacionaruli sadgurebis garda saagento

Tavisi misiis Sesasruleblad iyenebs samxedro sazRvao Zale-

bis mzverav gemebs. nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos gan-

kargulebaSia aseve aSS-s samxedro sahaero Zalebi da sazRvao

aviacia [3, 316, 319].

aSS-s prezidentma barak obamam gansakuTrebiT aRniSna

Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi, rom specsamsaxurebis roli sa-

xelmwifos ganviTarebaSi metad didia. aSS-s mTavroba mar-

Tlac uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjavs dazvervis Tanamegobrobis

produqtiuli moRvaweobisTvis xelis Sesawyobad. aSS-s spec-

samsaxurebis biujets Tu gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom yovel

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wels misi raodenoba izrdeba miliardobiT wina wlebTan Se-

darebiT:

aSS-s specsamsaxurebis biujeti

1997 — 26,6 miliardi aSS dolari.

1998 — 26,7 miliardi aSS dolari.

2004 — 39,8 miliardi aSS dolari.

2005 — 44 miliardi aSS dolari.

2008 — 47,5 miliardi aSS dolari.

2009 — 55-dan 60 milliard aSS dolaramde gaizarda [4].

aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-s specsamsaxurebis biujetidan 8-

miliardamde aSS dolari nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagen-

tos ganekuTvneba. saagentos biujeti ar aris fiqsirebuli da

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli prioritetuli misiebis

da saidumlo proeqtebis Sesasruleblad mas damatebiTi Tan-

xebic gamoeyofa.

faruli mosmenebi da video gadaReba marTlac, rom yve-

la qveynis specsamsaxuris aucilebeli atributia da amerikis

aRniSnul saagentos am saqmeSi marTlac, rom wamyvani adgili

ukavia msoflioSi. specsamsaxurebis operatiul-agenturuli

muSaoba specialuri teqnikis gamoyenebis gareSe warmoudge-

nelia. operatiul-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofisa da specteqni-

kis danayofs evaleba operatiuli da sagamoZiebo samsaxure-

bis dakveTiT daafiqsiron nebismieri saxis telekomunikaciu-

ri kavSiri (telefonebi, faqsi, el-fosta) farulad SeaRwion

binebsa da ofisebSi da mosasmeni da saTvalTvalo aparatura

daamontaJon [5, 265].

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos sainformacio ba-

zas warmoadgens e.w sadguri `eSeloni~ eleqtronuli Spiona-

Jis globaluri sistema. Ees aris centri, sadac miedineba mso-

flios eleqtronul sivrceSi arsebuli aucilebeli infor-

macia, Semdeg etapze informacia gadis filtracias, xdeba mi-

si klasifikacia da arqivSi Senaxva, xolo saWiroebis SemTxve-

vaSi amoqmedeba. eSeloni ukavSirdeba kosmosSi moqmed asobiT

satelitur antenas, romlebic warmoadgenen erTgvar sain-

formacio wyaros `eSelonisTvis.~ aRniSnuli termini gamoye-

nebaSia 1980 wlidan. eSelonis oficialuri istoria iwyeba

1947 wels rodesac aSS-s da ingliss Soris daido saidumlo

xelSekruleba (UKUSA) usafrTxoebis sferoSi, romlis mi-

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xedviTac am orma saxelmwifom gaaerTianes TavianTi sadaz-

vervo potenciali globaluri SpionaJis warmoebis mizniT.

mogvianebiT am xelSekrulebas SeuerTda: kanada, avstralia

da axali zelandia, xolo Semdeg Crdilo atlantikuri alian-

sis sxva wevri saxelmwifoebic. `eSelonis~ mTavari sadguri

mdebareobs aSS-s strategiuli mokavSiris da partnioris te-

ritoriaze (menviT hilze) did britaneTSi.

eSelonis srulyofilad funqcionirebis mizniT masze

muSaobs, rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli teqnikuri

kompleqsebi, agreTve asobiT kosmosuri satelituri antena

da aTobiT wyalqveSa gemi. wyalqveSa gemebis misiaa sakomuni-

kacio kabelebze mosasmeni teqnikis damontaJeba da miRebuli

informaciis damuSaveba.

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos metad sapa-

suxismgeblo misia daekisra 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris katas-

trofuli movlenebis Semdeg. aSS-s sadazvervo Tanamegobro-

ba aqtiurad ibrZvis XXI saukunis safrTxis, globaluri te-

rorizmis winaaRmdeg. partniori qveynebis specsamsaxurebTan

erTad isini aqtiurad atareben prevenciul antiteroris-

tul aqciebs, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom am struqturaSi bolom-

de gaxsnili TanamSromloba da urTierToba SeuZlebelia.

naSroms davamTavrebT metad sayuradRebo fraziT: `ar arse-

boben megobari specsamsaxurebi, arseboben mxolod megobari

qveynebis specsamsaxurebi.~

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. www.nsa.gov (10.11.2009). 2. К. Дегтярев, Энциклопедия спецслужб, Москва, 2008. 3. Пыхалов И.В. Спецслужбы США, Москва, 2002. 4. www.gpoaccess.gov (10.11.2009). 5. besik aladaSvili; SpionaJis saidumlo, Tb., 2007.

6. CRS Report for Congress, Received through the CRS Web, The National Security Agency: Issues for Congress, Richard A. Best, jr. Specialist in National Defense, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. Updated January 16, 2001.

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7. European Parliament 1999-2004, Session document, Report on the exis-tence of a Global system for the interception of private and commercial communications, (ECHELON interception system)

(2001/2098(INI)), Rapporteur: Gerhard Schmid, 11 july, 2001.

Tornike Shurgulaia Assistant Professor of the Georgian Techni-cal University, faculty of Humanitarian and

Social sciencies

National Security Agency (NSA) of the USA (Black Room)

Summary

The National Security Agency (NSA) is one of the largest components

of the U.S. Intelligence Community. NSA is responsible for obtaining

intelligence from international communications links, by the widespread

availability of low-cost encryption systems, and by changes in the

international environment in which dangerous security threats can come from

small, but well organized, terrorist groups as well as hostile nation states. NSA was established in 1952 as a highly compartmented secret

codebreaking effort undertaken by a handful of military officers and civilians, but the Agency has gradually become an acknowledged government agency

responsible for intelligence signals. NSA has employed many highly gifted

scientists, engineers, and mathematicians. NSA's eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting, both from

various organizations and individuals, the Internet, telephone calls, and other intercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission

includes military, diplomatic, and all other sensitive, confidential or secret government communications. It has been described as the world's largest single employer of mathematicians, and the owner of the single largest group

of supercomputers[clarification needed], but it has tried to keep a low profile. For many years, its existence was not acknowledged by the U.S. government, earning it the nickname, "No Such Agency" (NSA). Due to the fact that the

agency rarely makes any public remarks, it has been quipped that their motto

is "never say anything". In 2004, NSA Central Security Service and the National Cyber Security

Division of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agreed to expand

NSA Centers of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education

Program.

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As part of the National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland

Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD 54), signed on January 8, 2008 by

President Bush, the NSA became the lead agency to monitor and protect all of the federal government's computer networks from cyber-terrorism.

NSA's mission, as set forth in Executive Order 12333, is to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence"

while not "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United

States persons". NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect information on foreign intelligence activities within the borders of the USA, while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and

missions of foreign nations. NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements

imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; however, these

protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders, so the NSA's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations

under U.S. law. The specific requirements for domestic surveillance

operations are contained in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978

(FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside

of U.S. territory. These activities, especially the publicly acknowledged domestic

telephone tapping and call database programs, have prompted questions about the extent of the NSA's activities and concerns about threats to privacy and

the rule of law. Since the existence of the NSA has become more widely known in the

past few decades, and particularly since the 1990s, the agency has regularly

been portrayed in spy fiction. Many such portrayals grossly exaggerate the

organization's involvement in the more sensational activities of intelligence

agencies. The agency now plays a role in numerous books, films, television

shows, and computer games.

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maia amirgulaSvili

istoriis akademiuri doqtori, saqar-

Tvelos teqnikuri universitetis pro-

fesori

globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

Cvens Tvalwin axali msoflio viTareba yalibdeba, rac

ZiriTadad gulisxmobs gancalkevebulobis TandaTanobiT

gaqrobas da erTiani globaluri Tanamegobrobis Camoyalibe-

bis daCqarebas. marTalia simdidrisa da siRaribis, kanoniere-

bisa da ukanonobis dapirispireba kvlav rCeba, magram Tana-

medrove msoflios ganviTarebis wamyvani tendencia mainc in-

tegracia, TanamSromloba da globalizaciaa.

ganviTarebis mTavar faqtorad globalizaciisa da lo-

kalizaciis problemebi gvevlineba. nebismier individs, fir-

mas, organizacias, qveyanas ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonzomi-

ereba gaaCnia. dRemde maTi ganviTarebis Sinagani faqtorebi

iyo gadamwyveti, magram postindustriuli sazogdoebis dam-

kvidrebasTan erTad viTareba icvleba. ra Tqma unda Sinagani

faqtorebi mniSvnelovania, magram gadamwyveti mainc globa-

lizaciis zemoqmedebaa.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis mimarT damoki-

debuleba sakmaod gansxvavebulia, rac am procesis tendenci-

ebisa da Sedegebis sxvadasxvagvari aRqmidan gamomdinareobs.

Tanmedrove tendenciebisa da sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa

obieqturi analizis safuZvelze zogadad globalizacia war-

moadgens qveynebsa da regionebs Soris urTierTgavlenisa da

urTierTdamokidebulebis gaZlierebis process, romelic

arRvevs enobriv, teritoriul, ekonomikur, politikur, fsi-

qikur barierebs da mimarTulia kulturul-civilizaciuri

erTobisa da regulirebis zeerovnuli sistemis Seqmnisken.

mecnierebi ganasxvaveben globalizacias internaciona-

lizaciisagan. maTi azriT, internacionalizacia gulisxmobs

urTierTobebis intensifikacias nacionalur doneze, e.i. sa-

xelmwifoebs Soris. amis Sedegad saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba

Zlieri urTierTgavlena moaxdinon erTmaneTze, bevri ramiT

dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, magram mainc rCebian erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli.

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saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi saxelmwifoebi, rogor

mWidrodac ar unda iyvnen urTierTdamokidebulni, naTlad

gamokveTili sazRvrebiT arian erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli.

misgan gansxvavebiT, globaluri msoflio gulisxmobs zete-

ritoriul da zenacionalur samyaros, sadac saxelmwifoeb-

rivi sazRvrebi araviTar rols ar unda TamaSobdes, magram sa-

erTaSoriso da globaluri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia Ta-

naarsebobdes da dRevandeli msoflio erTdroulad SeiZle-

ba iyos rogorc internacionalizirebuli da globalizire-

buli.

internacionalizaciis farglebSi msoflio sameurneo

sistema gamodis rogorc calkeuli erovnuli meurneobebis

erTmaneTze gadabmuloba; meore procesi, mondealizacia

iseT mTlianobad ayalibebs msoflio sameurneo sistemas,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic erovnul meurneobebTan erTad Se-

dian transnacionaluri da erovnebaTSorisi erTeulebi da

msoflio organizaciebi; rac Seexeba mesames, globalizacias,

igi axal, socialur Tvisebas aniWebs am mTlianobas. interna-

cionalizaciisa da mondializaciis procesebis Semdeg glo-

balizacias erT-erT wamyvan rols akisreben msoflio siste-

mis gaerTianebagamTlianebaSi.

globalizaciis procesSi gaZlierda integraciuli ten-

denciebi. moimata sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis

raodenobam da gaRrmavda qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi. in-

tegraciuli kavSirebi fexs ikidebs lokaluri civilizacie-

bis SigniTac. amas ganapirobebs erTiani, demografiuli, eko-

logiuri, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri problemebi. marTa-

lia globalizacias ikvleven misi yvelanairi aspeqtiT, mag-

ram iSviaTad ganixilaven iseT yovlismomcvel procesad, ro-

melic civilizaciur gadatrialebas iwvevs.

tradiciuli warmodgena saxelmwifoze, rogorc msof-

lio wesrigis ZiriTad erTeulze, gulisxmobs mis SedarebiT

homogenurobas, anu igi gvevlineba rogorc unitaruli, erTi-

ani miznebis mqone subieqti. magram Tanamedrove epoqaSi saer-

TaSoriso da transnacionaluri organizaciebis ricxvis

zrdam Secvala rogorc saxelmwifos, ise samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis dinamika. saxelmwifo iqca danawevrebul arenad, sadac

rogorc transnacionaluri, ise sxvadasxva Sinauri Zalebi

gvevlinebian.

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eqskluziuri kavSiri teritoriasa da politikur Zalas

Soris gawyda. axali saerTaSoriso da transnscionaluri in-

stitutebi SekavSirda suverenul saxelmwifoebTan da suve-

reniteti saziaro Zalad aqcia, anu saxelmwifo suverenite-

tis raRac nawili arasaxelmwifoebrivi subieqtebis xelSi aR-

moCnda. aseT pirobebSi Znelia saxelmwifo damoukidebel da

absolutur suverenad miiCnio. faqtia, rom erovnuli xeli-

sufleba TandaTan izRudeba sxva saxelmwifo sistemebiT, e.i.

izRudeba saxelmwifos mTavari niSani — suvereniteti.

globalizaciis Sedegad Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar gaxdeba sa-

xelmwifoebriobis instituti warsulis sakuTreba da xom ar

gardaiqmnebian isini msoflio federciis elementebad. amgvar

perspeqtivas gviwinaswarmetyvelebs m. golanski, romelic

wers: `globaluri masStabis mqone centralizebul xelisuf-

lebaze arsebuli moTxovna da ekonomikuri suverenitetis

dayvana finansur damoukideblobmde Camoayalibebs qveynebis

msoflio federacias, romelSic iqneba Sromis Rrma danawi-

leba da funqciebis mkveTrd gadanawileba mis subieqtebs So-

ris. praqtikulad mcired dakavSirebuli da damoukidebeli

qveynis amJamad arsebuli qaosuri da uwesrigo simravlis nac-

vlad, msoflioSi gaCnda ekonomikuri da politikuri ZafebiT

mWidrod dakavSirebuli xalxebis mkacrad struqturirebu-

li Tanamegobroba~ [1, 28-34].

globlizacia da ekonomikis daregulireba xels uwyobs

Zalauflebis axali kerebis gaCenas, romlebic axali teqni-

logiebis wyalobiT gamudmebiT uvlian gverds saxelmwifo

struqturebs. am dros aucileblad dgeba saxelmwifos per-

sonifikaciis sakiTxi Tu vin dgas saxelmwifos saTaveSi. Tu

saxelmwifo aparati gadasulia qurdobaze da korufciaSia

Cafluli, aseTi saxelmwifos rolis gaZliereba, gaaRrmavebs

daSlis procesebs da lokalur dasasrulamde miiyvans mas.

xolo Tu saxelmwifos saTaveSi myofi adamianebi saerTo sa-

xelmwifo interesebiT xelmZRvaneloben, maSin aseTi saxel-

mwifos roli xels Seuwyobs qveynis aRorZinebas [2, 42-45].

globalizaciis procesi droTa ganmavlobaSi bevrad

ufro mtkivneuli nacionaluri erebisaTvis aRmoCnda. maTi

aseTi mdgomareoba ki globalurad SeiZleba SevadaroT aRmo-

savluri samyaros tradiciul mcdelobas SeinarCunos TviT-

myofadoba.

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u. bekis gagebiT erovnuli saxelmwifo sruliadac ar

moZvelebula. igi aucilebelic aris globalizaciis proces-

Si politikurad gaformebisaTvis da transnacionalurad mi-

si regulirebisaTvis.

naxevari saukunea iwereba aSS-is upiratesi misiis Sesaxeb

msoflioSi, rom is erTaderTi zesaxelmwifoa msoflioSi. ev-

rokavSiris Seqmnis erT-erTi seriozuli sababic swored aSS-

Tan ekonomikuri konkurenciaa. evrokvSiri SegviZlia miviCni-

oT XXI saukunis saxelmwifoTaSoris civilizaciur gaerTia-

nebaTa nimuSad. misma wevrebma nebayoflobiT Tqves uari suve-

renitetis raRac nawilze, xolo erovnul saxelmwifoebrio-

baze da interesebze maRla xalxis ekonomikuri keTildReoba

da gaerTianebis idea daayenes.

evrokavSiri globalizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino da na-

Teli gamoxatulebaa. sxva civilizaciur gaerTianebebs TiT-

qmis mTlianad aqvT SenarCunebuli sakuTari suvereniteti.

saxelmwifos suvereniteti gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia

saqarTvelis saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis. `patara qveyanas didi

Secdomis daSvebis ufleba ara aqvs. saqarTvelos sagareo

plitikuri kursi ar unda iyos arc prorusuli, arc proame-

rikuli, arc proevropuli, igi unda iyos mxolod proqarTu-

li da amaze unda aigos Cveni urTierToba yvela qveyanasTan

Tu gvinda, rom SevinarCunoT sakuTari Tavi da TviTmyofado-

ba. Cven vekuTvniT Cvens sakuTar Tavs, Cveni kulturiT, erov-

nuli winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse yofna aryofnis istoriiT da

mainc warsulis mTlianobisa da momavlis imediT. qarTuli

sjuli ar udris mxolod sarwmunoebas, is aris cxovrebis da

azrovnebis saerTo wesi. mokavSire unda veZeboT imaT Soris,

visac Cven vWirdebiT, romeli qveynis mudmiv interesebSic

aris Cveni mokavSireoba~. [3, 177, 327-329]

globalizaciis procesma moicva saxelmwifos iseTi spe-

cifikuri funqciebi, rogoric Tavdacva da usafrTxoebaa. es

sferoebi calsaxad saxelmwifos konpetenciaSi Sedioda da

mkacrad iyo gasaidumloebuli. globlizaciis procesma aqac

cvlilebebi Seitana da bevri ram safuZvlianad Secvala.

dRes Zalian cota qveyana Tu moiZebneba, romelic Tav-

dacvis strategiad neitralitets an sakuTari Zalebis ime-

dad yofnas irCevs. axla mTavari roli globaluri da regio-

nuli uSiSroebis institutebs eniWeba.

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regionuli da globaluri politikis urTierTkavSiri

tradiciuli geopolitikis CarCoebSi ver Tavsdeba. kapita-

lis gadineba, terorizmi, narkotikebis kontrabanda Tu uka-

nono emigracia ar cnobs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. verc erTi

calke aRebuli qveyana ver gaumklavdeba am problemebs. mxo-

lod erTiani ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba maTi gadaWra. ase rom,

TviT obieqturi pirobebi qmnis suverenitetis ganawilebis

aucileblobas sxvadasxva Zalebs Soris.

amgvarad, globalistebis daskvna paradoqsulia; saxel-

mwifo suvereniteti warsulis sakuTrebaa. vestfaliis suve-

renuli saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso sistemam arseboba faq-

tiurad daamTavra. aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad ibadeba kiT-

xva: Tu msoflio politika aRar aris dafuZnebuli suvere-

nul saxelmwifoebriobaze, rogor xorcieldeba mmarTvelo-

ba Tanamedrove globalizirebul msoflioSi?

globalistebis pasuxi aseTia: Tanamedrove politikaSi

SenarCunebulia saxelmwifo politika, magram igi mWidridaa

gadaxlarTuli sabazro da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv mmar-

TvelobasTan.

nacionalizmisa da globalizaciis arsis, Teoriisa da

struqturis Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom Tanamedrove msofli-

os es ori ganmsazRvreli movlena, TavianTi SinaarsiT urTi-

erTdapirispirebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego fenomenia.

nacionalizmi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis, gan-

mtkicebisaTvis brZola da misi Teoriuli dasabuTebaa, rom-

lisTvisac eri, eri-saxelmwifo, suvereniteti, erovnuli

ekonomika, erovnuli valuta, erovnuli kultura wminda cne-

bebia da maTi dacvis, ganmtkicebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis ab-

soluturad yvela saSualeba misaRebi da gamarTlebulia.

globalizacia piriqiT, erovnuli sazRvrebisa da gan-

sxvavebebis moSlis, eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis, saerTo

moqalaqeobis, erTiani zenacionaluri ekonomikis, saerTo va-

lutis, transnacionaluri korporaciebis batonobisa da kos-

mopolituri kulturis gavrcelebis gamoxatuleba da Teo-

riuli apologiaa.

nacionalizmi ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze yvela-

ze ufro mZlavri, warmatebuli da gavrcelebuli ideologia

iyo. politikosebisaTvis da moqalaqeTa farTo fenebisaTvis

erovnuli interesebi iyo yvelaze ufro maRali Rirebuleba,

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romelic gansazRvravda politikasa da mTel saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebs. nacionalizmi misi liberaluri samoqalaqo

formiT faqtobrivad yvela eri-saxelmwifos ideilogia iyo

da saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar iaraRad miiCneoda.

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi globalizaciis saxiT

Tavi iCina, axalma movlenam, rac sruliad sxva Rirebulebebs

emyareba da yvelaferi imis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, rac

nacionalizmisaTvis wminda da xelSeuxebelia. cxadia, es dapi-

rispireba ar SeiZleba umtkivneulo yofiliyo da Tavisi sit-

yva ar eTqva Tanamedrove msoflio politikur da sazogado-

ebriv cxovrebaSi.

am problemas msoflio gansakuTrebiT mwvaved Seejaxa

90-ian wlebSi, im dros, roca globalizacia, marTlac globa-

luri movlena gaxda da faqtobrivad aRar darCa Zala, rome-

lic am procesis gavrcelebasa da ganviTarebas winaaRmdego-

bas gauwevda. swored maSin ifeTqa axalma nacionalizmma ro-

melic, rogorc wesi eTnikuri xasiaTisaa da umwvavesi forma

miiRo.

am yvelaferTan erTad ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar gamoiwvia

globalizciam nacionalizmis gamococxleba da xom ar warmo-

adgens es ukanaskneli reaqcias im tendenciebze, romelic

erovnuli saxelmwifosa da erovnuli kulturis winaaRmdeg

aris mimarTuli?

mecnierTa umravlesoba am kiTxvas dadebiTad pasuxobs

da miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove nacionalizmi namdvilad aris

reaqcia globalizaciaze, garkveulwilad misi Sedegic ki da

amdenad es ori fenomeni ganuyofeli, erTi da igive monetis

ori mxarea.

avtorTa nawili ki Tvlis, rom globalizaciam piriqiT

Seasusta nacionalizmi da rac ufro intensiuri iqneba glo-

balizaciis procesi miT ufro klebulobs nacionalizmis ga-

movlinebisa da misi gvrcelebis albaToba.

faqtia, rom axali nacionalisturi qmedebebi globali-

zaciis gamowvevaa da mas pirobiTad `antiglobalisturi naci-

onalizmi~ SeiZleba vuwodoT.

entoni smiti Tvlis, rom integraciuli procesebi da

globalizaciis Sedegebi ver cvlis erovnuli identurobis,

erovnuli kulturisa da erovnuli xasiaTis dominantur

mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. erebi da naciona-

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lizmi globalizaciis epoqaSi rCeba Tanamedrove msoflio

wesrigis erTaderT realur sayrdenad. erebi imdenad arian

mibmuli TavianT istoriul ZirebTan, rom veraviTari globa-

luri kultura mas ver Secvlis, xolo eri-saxelmwifoebi

kvlavac darCebian politikuri erTobebis mTavar formad.

am mosazrebas ar iziareben globalistebi da miiCneven,

rom eri-saxelmwifoebisa da miT ufro nacionalizmis epoqa

ukve warsulis sakuTrebaa. TviT nacionalisturi gamosvle-

bic Zireulad gansxvavdeba im klasikuri nacionalizmisagan,

romelic warsulis epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. globa-

listebis azriT, nacionalisturi gamocdileba imdenadaa da-

kavSirebuli globalizaciasTan, ramdenadac swored globa-

lizaciam gamoiwvia saxelmwifos dasusteba da im kontrolis

moxsna, rac akavebda nacionalizmis gamovlinebas.

Tanmedrove nacionalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wya-

ro gaxda globalizaciis iseTi damaxasiaTebeli da Tanmdevi

fenomeni, rogoric transnacionaluri Temebi da diasporaa

[4, 163].

msoflio globalizacia aris urTulesi procesi, rome-

lic gulisxmobs msoflios erT mTlian organizmad gaerTia-

nebas. am did gaerTianebaSi ki sxvadasxva qveyana, TavianT ad-

gils ikavebs. globalizacia dRes ukve Seuqcevadi procesi

gaxda da miuxedavad survilisa is mainc dadgeba yoveli qvey-

nis cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi.

saqarTvelo msoflios ganuyofeli nawilia da bunebri-

via misi ganviTareba SesabamisobaSi xdeba. amjerad saqarTve-

los mTavari amocanaa socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis daZ-

leva. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam, sazRvrebis gaxsnam,

sruliad Secvala Cveni qveynis da TiToeuli CvenTaganis

cxovreba [5, 191-195].

skeptikosebi Tvlian, rom nacionaluri politika iseTi-

ve mniSvnelovania, rogoric maSin iyo, roca eri-saxelmwifoe-

bi pirvelad Camoyalibda. eri-saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur

rolze saubrisas globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi xSirad

usvamen xazs statistikur monacemebs, riTac surT daamtki-

con, rom ekonomikaSic ki saxelmwifos roli ara Tu mcirdeba,

aramed izrdeba kidec [6, 228-232].

msoflioSi dRes arsebuli viTareba s. hantinqtonis az-

riT, mxolod ramodenime aTwleuls gastans, Semdeg ki igi nam-

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392

dvil multipolarul sistemas dauTmobs adgils, rasac gana-

pirobebs zesaxelmwifos mier unipolaruli msoflios Seq-

mnis mcdelobis dros saxelmwifoebis mxridan gamoxatuli wi-

naaRmdegobebi. z. bJezinski acxadebs: `msoflios politikaSi

bolos da bolos ufro uCveulo gaxdeba Zalauflebis kon-

centracia erTi saxelmwifos xelSi. maSasadame, aSS globalu-

ri masStabis mqone aramarto pirveli da erTaderTi, aramed

ufro safiqrebelia ukanaskneli zesaxelmwifoc ki aris~ [7,

174].

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis ignorireba SeuZlebe-

lia da aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifo politikis formireba,

romelic gansazRvravs rogorc socilur-ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, aseve uzrunvelyofs erov-

nuli faseulobebis dacvasa da qveynis suverenitetis Senar-

Cunebis pirobebs.

msoflio integraciuli procesebi Seuqcevadia. integ-

raciis epoqaSi dezintegrciis gza damRupvelia. es aris mkac-

ri, obieqturi realoba, romlis arcnoba yovlad SeuZlebe-

lia.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. l. Ciqava, ram SeiZleba daainteresos erovnuli partnio-

rebi saqarTveloSi, JurnalSi: `komentari~, 2003-2004.

2. k. kutubiZe, saxelmwifo suvereniteti da globaluri inte-

resebi, Tb., 2002.

3. a. CikvaiZe, politikuri Wadraki, Tb., 2004.

4. http://www.google.com Spenser and Wolman, 2002.

5. a. abralava, erovnuli ekonomika da globalizacia, Tb.,

2005.

6. z. daviTaSvili, globalizacia da nacionalizmi, Tb., 2003.

7. z. bzeJinski, didi cvlilebebi, Jurnali `sazogadoeba da

politika~, 1996, #1.

8. n. baraTaSvili, globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

da axali msoflio wesrigi, Tb., 2004.

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Maia Amirgulashvili Doctor of History, Professor of the

Georgian Technical University

Modern Tendencies of Globalization

Summary

In modern world dependence to globalization is very different, which

follows perception of this processes and results differently. According to modern tendencies and different views to objective

analyses, generally globalization represents between countries and regions

influence and interdependence to reinforcement the process, which abolishes

lingual, territorial, economical, mental barriers and directed to

culturalcivilization union and controlled to create lingual system.

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Teimuraz dalaqiSvili

teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

xaTuna TodaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori

daviT mamulaiSvili

vice-polkovniki

tradiciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis

warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva (ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)

K

kavkasias mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia msoflioSi tra-

diciuli sabrZolo iaraRis warmoebis istoriaSi. odiTganve

kavkasiel xalxebSi — ZiriTadad qarTvelebSi, CeCnebSi, ingu-

Sebsa da daRestnelebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli civi sab-

rZolo iaraRis warmoebis tradiciebi, ramac ganviTarebis ma-

Ral safexurs miaRwia liTonis aTvisebis Semdeg.

kavkasiaSi sabrZolo iaraRis warmoebis mravalsaukuno-

vani tradiciebia saqarTveloSi — ZiriTadad xevsureTSi, Tu-

SeTSi, svaneTSi, maWaxelas, enguris, pankisis, aragvisa da kav-

Turis xeobebSi, CeCneTis, inguSeTisa da daRestnis maRalmTi-

an raionebSi. strategiuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

usafrTxoebis mizniT, iaraRis warmoebis procesi, rogorc

sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, aseve sruliad kavkasiis masStabiT,

regionuli principiT iyo diferencirebuli — iaraRis damza-

debis teqnologiuri operaciebi gadanawilebuli iyo sawar-

moo regionebze. sabrZolo iaraRi mzaddeboda, ZiriTadad,

Znelad misagneb da misadgom adgilebSi da sawarmoo obieqte-

bi asrulebdnen zurgis erT-erT mTavar funqcias [1; 2].

sabrZolo civi iaraRi ZiriTadad iyofa:

a) tipebad daniSnulebis mixedviT

• salaSqro iaraRi;

• iaraRi mWidro orTabrZolisaTvis;

• iaraRi distanciuri orTabrZolisaTvis;

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• iaraRi xelCarTuli brZolisaTvis;

• saritualo iaraRi.

b) saxeebad samoqmedo funqciis mixedviT

• samkveTlo(gamWoli);

• sacemi;

• saCexi;

• dasmiT saseri;

• saZgerebeli.

am etapze Cven ganvixilavT samkveTlo, sacemi, saCexi da

dasmiT saseri civi iaraRebis funqciur saxeTa jgufs [7; 8].

Mmaxvili, rogorc termini, qarTul enaSi ZiriTadad ga-

moiyeneba zogadad civi saomari iaraRis — sakuTriv klasiku-

ri maxvilis, xmlisa da satevaris aRsaniSnavad. Mmaxvili gane-

kuTvneba saCex, samkveTlo da sacem iaraRTa funqciur saxeTa

jgufs.

igi SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc orlesuli, aseve cal

fxaze alesili, cali mxridan wakveTili wveroTi.

Cvens eramde III aTaswleulSi, meliToneobis gariJraJze,

sabrZolo iaraRebs Soris erT-erTi umTavresi adgili spi-

lenZisagan damzadebul, satevris formis mokle, farTopiri-

an orlesur maxvilebs ekavaT. iaraRis aseTi forma ganpirobe-

buli iyo saiaraRo masalis maRali plastikurobiTa da daba-

li simtkiciT. imdroindeli maxvilis zomiTa da formiT

msgavseba satevarTanY bunebrivad ganapirobebda am iaraRiT

brZolis Sesabamis dinamikas [7].

uZvelesi brinjaos maxvili (me-9 — me-8 saukuneebi Cvens

eramde) iyo grZelpiriani (1500 mm) iaraRi swori orlesuli pi-

riT. brinjaos maxvili gamoCnda me-2 aTaswleulSi Cvens eram-

de, xolo rkinisa — Cvens eramde 1 aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.

rkinis maxvilis sigrZe iyo araumetes 700 mm-sa, mis vadas hqon-

da jvris an wriuli forma. maxvilis saxeluri iyo xis, zemo-

dan daxveuli tyaviT an rbili liToniT, an mzaddeboda mTli-

anad liTonisagan.

iaraRis warmoebaSi foladis damkvidrebam iaraRis Seq-

mnis ostatebs saSualeba misca daemzadebinaT ufro viwropi-

riani da grZeli maxvilebi. amasTan, satevris formis maxvili

imdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rom kidev 3 aTasi weli

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gaagrZela arseboba, rogorc iaraRis damoukidebelma saxeo-

bam da Tanamedrove foladis satevris saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde

[7].

M IX-X saukuneebis maxvils aqvs swori, ganieri piri, rome-

lic boloSi momrgvalebulia da iTvleba, mxolod, mCexav ia-

raRad. XI-XII saukuneebis maxvili, Seviwrovebuli piriT da wa-

maxvilebuli boloTi erTdroulad gamoiyeneboda rogorc

mCexavi da mCxvleti iaraRi. maxvils amzadebdnen rkinisa da

bulatisagan. XII saukunis bolos maxvilis saxeluris sigrZe

ise gaizarda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo misi ori xeliT gamoyeneba.

am periodSi maxvils ise hqonda wamaxuli wvero, rom igi atan-

da abjris SeuRlebaTa adgilebSi [1; 2].

Mmaxvilis qarqaSi xisagan iyo damzadebuli da dafaruli

iyo tyaviT an gamZle qsoviliT. igi qamris yawimze magrdebo-

da. am periodSi ukve gamoCnda raindTa iaraRi. raindis maxvi-

li iTvleboda keTilSobil iaraRad — mas akurTxebdnen

mRvdelmTavrebi da figurirebda liturgiebSi, koronaciebSi

da sxva. mis warmomavlobas xSirad ukavSirebdnen zebunebriv

Zalebs, zogierTi maTgani TiTqos flobda magiur Tvisebeb-

sac [2; 7].

Kklasikuri rainduli maxvilis saboloo formireba mox-

da XIII saukuneSi. misi saSualo sigrZe Seadgenda 750-800 mm-s,

xolo maqsimaluri — 900 mm-s. maxvili iyo brtyeli, siganiT 50

mm da hqonda Sua wibo. Mmaxvils hqonda aseve vada, romlis bo-

loebi umniSvnelod ixreboda zemoT, 100 mm sigrZis saxeluri

da sapirwone, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda, rogorc rome-

lime qristianuli reliqviis saidumlo Sesanaxi. reliqvia

icavda maxvilis siwmindes da amaRlebda misi mflobelis

brZolisunarianobas. Mmisi wona Seadgenda 1,25-1,8 kilograms

[7].

Mme-14 saukunis I meoTxedSi, raindis maxvilis piri dag-

rZelda, ramac gazarda misi dartymiTi Zala da xelCarTuli

brZolis distancia. ase gaCnda erTnaxevar saxeluriani maxvi-

li, jer germaniaSi, xolo Semdeg inglisSi da danarCen dasav-

leT evropaSi [2].

Tanamedrove etapze, evropuli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad,

mokle maxvilad miiCneva maxvili 600 mm-mde sigrZiT, grZel

maxvilad ki — maxvili sigrZiT 600-dan 1150 mm-mde, erTnaxevar

saxelurianad — maxvili sigrZiT 1150 mm-dan 1450 mm-mde, xolo

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orsaxelurianad — maxvili sigrZiT 1500 mm-ze zemoT. ukanas-

knelis piris siganea 50-60 mm, misi saxeluris sigrZe aRwevs

300-mm-mde, xolo wona — 3,5-5 kilograms. zogierTi orsaxelu-

riani `mZime maxvili~ iwonida 8 kilogramamde da sigrZe aRwev-

da 2000-mm-s [7].

qarTuliM maxvilis saxeebia: aori — orlesuri, afTi-Sub-

maxvila brtyeli targrZeli, saTumaxvila-bolokveTili, op-

rpirigrZeli, TuSuri orlesuri, vazri celismagvari, maqera,

maxaira, spaTi, finaki, qudabekuri, SimSeri, SuSti, CelTi-

brtyeli maxvili, wodgeli celismagvari, WaRvi-celismagva-

ri, javardeni-javariani masxali. maxvilis epiTetebia musri

da sagmiri [7].

satevari — mokle maxvili — orlesuri moklepiriani sam-

kveTlo iaraRia swori, zog SemTxvevaSi gadrekili piriT [7].

msoflioSi uZvelesi da unikaluria kavkasiur-qarTuli

— zogadqarTuli, xevsuruli, daRestnuri, TuSuri da svanu-

ri satevari. agreTve, odiTgan cnobilia da gavrcelebuli

sparsuli, siriuli, avRanuri, marokouli, damaskouri, indu-

ri, iaponuri, Turquli, monRoluri da afrikuli satevrebi

[1; 2].

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevari gamoirCeva Tavisi TviT-

myofadi formiT — misi piri SedarebiT moklea da solisebri.

igi naWedia saukeTeso xarisxis foladebisagan da specialuri

teqnologiiT Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg, iZens maRali meqa-

nikuri Tvisebebis kompleqss. Yyovelive es uzrunvelyofs ia-

raRis maRal saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebs. Kkavkasiur-qar-

Tuli satevaris zomebi da forma proporciuli da daxvewi-

lia. MMmisi tari da qarqaSi mdidrulad da gemovnebiT aris mo-

sevadebuli spilenZiTa da vercxliT, xSir SemTxvevaSi Sei-

cavs oqros elementebs. stilizebul ornamentebSi Warbobs

mzis (borjRali) da vazis gamosaxulebani, agreTve sxva Zveli,

tradiciuli niSnebi [2; 4; 8].

maRali sabrZolo TvisebebiT gamorCeuli Kkavkasiur-

qarTuli satevari kavkasielTa yofis erT-erT sisxlxorce-

ul atributad, kavkasiis kulturuli mTlianobis, kavkasiuri

sulis materialur gamoxatulebad iqca [3; 4].

satevari ZiriTadad Sedgeba — tarisagan, pirisagan da

qarqaSisagan. satevaris tari, Tavis mxriv, Sesdgeba kotasagan,

saxelurisa da vadasagan. xmlis pirs gaaCnia niRri anu yua,

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fxa, Rari da wveri anu nestari, pirgadrekils — SaSaric. sate-

varis piri RarTa ganlagebiT SeiZleba iyos cerRara, calRa-

ra, orRara da samRara. satevari fxaze ileseba cali an orive

mxridan. Sesabamisad arsebobs callesuri da orlesuri sa-

tevrebi. qarqaSi mzaddeba xisagan, romelic garedan gadakru-

lia tyaviT, xaverdiT, Txeli, furclovani liToniT da xSir

SemTxvevaSi mosavadebulia vercxliT da TvlebiT [1; 4]

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sxvadasxva tipis kavkasiur-qarTuli satevris saerTo

sigrZe icvleba 40-70 mm farglebSi.

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevaris saxeebia — bazala, Tili-

yamyami (didi satevari), saTiri (farTopiriani orlesuri), Yya-

ma (gadrekili satevari), yele (didi saritualo satevari),

cxemlaiSi (didi gadrekili satevari), iatagani (gadrekili

orlesuri satevari, mokle xmali), gorda (gadrekili grZeli

satevari, mokle xmali), xanjlisZma da sxva. [8].

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevaris erT-erT saxeobas — Yyeles,

iseve rogorc akinaks (laxvari orpiri, bungrZeli), uZvelesi

droidan aramarto sabrZolo, aramed mkveTrad gamoxatuli

warmarTuli saritualo daniSnuleba hqonda. uZvelesi qar-

Tuli yama ori nawilisagan Sesdgeba da saWiroebis SemTxveva-

Si iyofa orTav xeliT samoqmedod.

xmali — modrekili maxvili — saCexi, samkveTlo, sacemi da

dasmiT-saseri iaraRia win gadatanili simZimis centriT. sau-

kuneTa ganmvalobaSi xmali Cveni winaprebis ganuyreli Tanag-

mgzavri da Rirsebis damcveli iyo. eris umetesi fizikuri

energia, swored, mis trialSi iwrToboda da istoriis uwyvet

qartexilebs, mxolod mklavmagarTa da suliTmxneTa modgma

gadaurCa. zogadad, kavkasielTaTvis da kerZod, qarTveli xal-

xisTvis, xmali Rirseuli, kurTxeuli iaraRi iyo yovelTvis [8].

qarTveloba adidebda xmals, rogorc brZolaSi maTi

Rirsebis damcvel iaraRs da umRerodnen kidec mas [1; 4; 8].

amaze metyvelebs qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityvierebac:

xmalo xevsureTs naWedo

TelavSi TuSma dagfera,

mefe ereklem gakurTxa,

saomrad jvari dagwera.

an:

xmalma Tqva: lekma gamWeda,

qarTvelma mlesa fxazeda,

Samkides saakaZesa,

makurTxes gmiris tanzeda.

xmali ZiriTadad Sedgeba — tarisagan, pirisagan da qar-

qaSisagan. xmlis tari, iseve rogorc satevrisa, Tavis mxriv

Sedgeba kotasagan, saxelurisa da vadasagan. xmali SeiZleba

iyos vada ujvro da vadajvriani. piri Sedgeba swori nawilisa-

gan, da SaSarisagan (moRunuli nawili). xmlis pirs gaaCnia niR-

ri anu yua, fxa, Rari da wveri anu nestari. xmali fxaze ilese-

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ba amozneqili mxridan. xmali RarTa ganlagebiT SeiZleba iyos

cerRara, calRara, orRara da samRara. xmlis win gadatanili

simZimis centri zrdis dartymiT Zalas da mowinaaRmdegis da-

zianebis siRrmes. qarqaSi mzaddeba xisagan, romelic garedan

gadakrulia tyaviT, xaverdiT, Txeli, furclovani liToniT

da xSir SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc satevris qarqaSi, ZiriTa-

dad mosavadebulia vercxliT da TvlebiT [1; 4; 8].

xmlis ZiriTadi gavrcelebuli formebis masa uqarqaSod

Seadgens 850-950 grams, qarqaSiT — 1100-1250 grams. xmlis pi-

ris sigrZe SaSaris (moRunuli nawilis) gareSe Seadgens 750-

850 mm-s, xolo xmlis piris saerTo sigrZe — 950-970 mm-s [8].

sulxan-saba: `ese xmalnica mravalgvarni arian, sxvaTa da

sxva TemTa qmnilebaTaebr. romelic xrmali Zveli, grZeli,

ganxrili, mzeveli da mkveTeli da srulia, gluvi iyos Tu ga-

moferdili, anu Rarosani, gorda Tu kaldimi, amas qarTvelni

hyvaroben. arian sxvaca axalni da mzevelni, romelime gluvi,

romelime ferdilmi da ufrore wvlili da gndovani viTarca

xiSti, eseviTarTa frangni hyvaroben. arabni sxvasa, sparsni

sxvasa da yovelni Temni sxvadasxva rigsa dawesebis gamo: ro-

melime drekilTa, romelime SvetTa, romelime basrTa, sxvani

rbilTa, TemTa da wesTa gamo~ [5].

msoflioSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebul xmlebs miekuTvneba

kavkasiur-qarTuli, evropuli (franguli), iranuli (sparsu-

li), tajikuri, avRanuri, induri, arabuli da osmaluri. Se-

monaxulia, agreTve, uZvelesi xeTuri xmlis nimuSi.

kavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebi — xevsuruli, daRestnuri da

sxva, uZvelesia da misi istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. kavka-

siur—qarTuli xmlebi aris, rogorc vadajvriani, aseve uva-

dajvro. maTi piri naWedia saukeTeso foladebisagan da spe-

cialuri Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg, flobs urTierTgamom-

ricxavi meqanikuri Tvisebebis — erTdroulad maRali sisali-

sa da dartymiTi siblantis (plastikurobis) kompleqss. misi

zomebi da forma proporciuli da daxvewilia [4; 8].

kavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebis tari da qarqaSi, iseve ro-

gorc satevarisa, mdidrulad da gemovnebiT aris mosavadebu-

li, ZiriTadad, spilenZiT da vercxliT, xSirad oqroTi dafa-

ruliT. stilizebul ornamentebSi, iseve rogorc satevris

SemTxvevaSi, sWarbobs mzis (borjRali) da vazis gamosaxule-

bani, agreTve, sxva Zveli, tradiciuli niSnebi [1; 4; [8].

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Kkavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebis saxeebia: bawarauli — grexiT

naWedi; bera — momcro, pirfarTe; callesuri; gvelispiruli;

gorda — mokle xmali (grZeli satevari); daviTferuli; mamal-

franguli — afraki (gadrekili) xmali; iatagani — orlesuri

mokle xmali (gadrekili or-

lesuri satevari); lekuri —

uvadajvro xmali; vadajvri-

ani qarTul—kavkasiuri;

mTiuluri xmali kvrinCxa;

nakudauri; nibCa — mokle

xmali; sabarkali — unagirze

dasakravi mokle xmali; Wa-

ruli; wvrila; Wolauri —

gamWol-gamkveTi; xmaljoxa

— xeljoxSi SeniRbuli xma-

li; jigraula, kudaxmali,

da sxva [8].

dana, samkveTlo da

dasmiT saseri iaraRia da

iseve rogorc sxva samkveT-

loni, kavkasiaSi cnobilia

qvis xanidan. CvenSi igi

srulyofili saxiT iwarmo-

eba liTonis aTvisebis Sem-

deg — Cvens eramde II aTas-

wleulidan da im Soreul

warsulSic igi gamoiyenebo-

da rogorc sabrZolo, ise

saritualo (daniT Seloc-

vebi, danaze daficeba da

sxva) daniSnulebiT [3; 4].

xmlis konstruqciuli

elementebi

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xmlisa da maxvilis

zogierTi saxeoba

Ddana sabrZolo

moqmedebebSi, Ziri-

Tadad, damxmare ia-

raRia da igi Seuc-

vlelia mWidro Ser-

kinebaSi, rodesac di-

di zomis iaraRs ver

iyeneb — zezela da

kotrialiT brZoli-

sas, cxenze SextomiT

mxedarze Setevisas,

agreTve, nadirobisas

da sxva. amasTan, dana,

gansakuTrebiT sam-

stovro operaciebSi

da nadirobisas gamo-

iyeneboda, rogorc

sasroli iaraRi. Dda-

nis srolis optima-

lur, efeqtur manZi-

lad miCneulia 4-9 na-

biji (3 — 7 metri).

Kkavkasiur-qar-

Tuli danebis saxee-

bia: sayuneli, ciRvi,

wandeli, Witadana, danaki — zomieri dana, xanjliSvila, gadix-

vadi — TuSuri dana, raWuli, ursa, bebuTi — gadrekili dana,

aWaruli Rariani, SalTi, saTuli, megruli sasroli funCiani

(bolofunja), gaCi — svanuri dana, sagulavi — jayva (ciRvi),

sayuneli — samarTebeli, lursa — xevsuruli dana, SalTi —

didi dana, talRa dana, wandeli — mokakvuli dana, Witadana —

ukeci patara dana, xami — megruli dana, rkala dana, saTiri da

sxva.

D

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danis ZiriTadi saxeebi

kavkasielebi iaraRis moxmarebis CvevaTa gamomuSavebas

bavSvobidan, 5 —7 wlis asakidan iwyebdnen.

kavkasiaSi sabrZolo civi iaraRi xatis enaze iwodeboda

rogorc iamani [7; 8].

winamdebare naSromSi mokled mimovixileT tradiciuli

kavkasiuri sabrZolo civi iaraRebis samkveTlo, sacemi, saCe-

xi da dasmiT saseri funqciuri saxeebis jgufi, zogadad gava-

analizeT maTi warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis zogierTi isto-

riul-geografiuli aspeqti, konstruqciuli Taviseburebani,

daniSnuleba da gamoyenebis sfero.

Cveni Semdgomi muSaobis mizania iaraRebis warmoadgeni-

li jgufis konstruqciul- teqnologiuri elementebis Tavi-

seburebaTa kvleva da Sesabamisad, mTavari saxasiaTo krite-

riumebis — meqanikuri Tvisebebisa da sabrZolo maxasiaTeble-

bis analizi.

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404

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. g. gamyreliZe, m. fircxalava, g. yifiani. Zveli saqarTve-

los samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi, Ggamomcemloba `arta-

nuji~, Tbilisi, 2005.

2. Archeology in southern Caucasus: Perspectives from Georgia, Edited by

Antonio Sagona and Mikheil Abramishvili, Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Dudley, MA. 2008.

3. x. ioseliani, tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi, Mme-

omris biblioTeka # 21, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saminis-

tros gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2009.

4. n. rexviaSvili, qarTuli xalxuri rkina-mWedloba, Tbili-

si, 1964.

5. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tbilisi,

1991.

6. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, Tbilisi,

1993.

7. T. dalaqiSvili, maxvili, samSoblos damcveli # 6, saqar-

Tvelos Tavdacvis saministros gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

2004.

8. T. dalaqiSvili, xmali, samSoblos damcveli # 8, saqarTve-

los Tavdacvis saministros gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004.

Ttimuraz Dalaqishvili Doctor of the Technical Sciences, Kolonel

Khatuna Todadze Doctor of History, Professor

Davit Mamulaishvili Leitenant Kolonel

Traditional Caucasus cold weapons History and geography of their production Main types

Summary

This article represents traditional Caucasus cold weapon tipes witch

belongs to the cutting groups. Hier is revived historical aspects and geography

of their production. Is given analysis of weapon designes and sum

constructural properties. Also is revived purpose of such type cold weapons.

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405

eldar bubulaSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-

is institutis axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli

ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi

qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiarebis Sem-

deg (IV s-is pirveli naxevari) saqarTveloSi saswavlo-saganma-

naTleblo centrebi eklesia-monastrebis bazaze Camoyalib-

da. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad garkveuli periodis ganmavlo-

baSi (IVs-dan VI s-is 20-30-ian wlebamde) saqarTvelos eklesiis

mwyemsmTavrebad antioqiidan movlinebuli araqarTveli sa-

suliero pirebi iniSnebodnen, magram mRvdelTmsaxurTa mom-

zadeba adgilobrivad xdeboda. aqve qarTul enaze iTargmne-

boda aucilebeli saRvTismsaxuro literatura, saRmrTo we-

rili da sxva. werilobiTma wyaroebma TiTqmis araviTari cno-

bebi ar Semogvinaxa pirveli sasuliero saswavlo-saganmanaT-

leblo skolebis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovre-

bis damkvidrebis Semdeg (VI-IX ss) monastrebi iqca mZlavr sas-

wavlo-saganmanaTleblo centrebad. marTalia dasaxelebul

periodSi maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi

samefo karze an sakuTar ojaxSi Rebulobdnen ganaTlebas,

magram momavali sasuliero pirTa aRzrda eklesia-monas-

trebSi xdeboda. grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi mwiri, magram

saintereso cnobebia daculi samonastro saswavlo skolebis

Sesaxeb. mis mier IX saukuneSi tao-klarjeTSi daarsebul ek-

lesia-monastrebSi funqcionirebda sasuliero saswavleble-

bi, sadac mcire asakidan ymawvilebi sasuliero ganaTlebas

euflebodnen. tao-klarjeTis samonastro skolebidan gamo-

suli sasuliero pirTa ZalisxmeviT X-XI saukuneebSi sazRvar-

gareT (aTonis mTa, sinas mTa da sxva.) Seiqmna mZlavri samonas-

tro-samecniero centrebi.

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rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, eklesia-monastrebTan arse-

buli saswavleblebi ZiriTadad sasuliero kadrebs amzadeb-

da, romelTagan zogierTi sasuliero saqmianobasTan erTad

SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweoda. daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-

1125) dros daarsebuli gelaTis akademia samecniero-saswav-

lo centrs warmoadgenda, sadac sasuliero literaturasTan

erTad saero sagnebsac aswavlidnen. akademiaSi moRvawe arsen

iyalToeli, ioane petriwi da sxvebi mTargmnelobiT moRvawe-

obasTan erTad originaluri xasiaTis nawarmoebebsac qmnid-

nen. saqarTvelos eklesiaSi Zveli periodidanve damkvidrda

ioane oqropiris, basil didis, maqsime aRmsareblis da sxva

wirva-locvis wesi, riTac mniSvnevlovnad gamdidrda saqar-

Tvelos eklesiis saRvTismsaxuro praqtika. eklesia did yu-

radRebas uTmobda sasuliero kadrebis momzadebas. saRvTis-

msaxuro praqtikasTan erTad, maT Sesabamisi ganaTlebac unda

hqonodaT. momavali sasuliero pirTa swavleba qarTvel moR-

vaweTa originalur sasuliero mwerlobasa da amave xasiaTis

naTargmn liturgikul Zeglebs eyrdnoboda.

wyaroebma mcire cnobebi Semogvinaxes Tu rogor xdebo-

da momavali sasuliero pirTa aRzrda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia,

1083 wels grigol bakurianis Zis mier petriwonSi (dRevande-

li bulgareTi) daarsebul monasterTan arsebuli seminaria,

sadac adgilobrivi monastrisaTvis amzadebdnen sasuliero

kadrebs. seminariaSi Rebulobdnen uwver-ulvaSo mozardebs,

romelTa patronobas monasteri sakuTari xarjiT uzrunvel-

yofda. moZRvari maT aswavlida saRmrTo werils, gramatikas,

ritorikas, dialeqtikas, galobas. tipikonis mixedviT, rode-

sac isini wamoizrdebodnen da `wuerTa ganasrulen~, vinc

mRvdlobis xarisxs Seefereboda sasuliero pirad akurTxeb-

dnen, darCenili nawili ki seminarias tovebda [1, 116].

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi politikuri viTarebisa da gareSe

mterTa Semosevebis Sedegad mravali eklesia-monasteri ga-

nadgurda, sazRvargareT arsebulma qarTulma qristianulma

centrebis umravlesobam arseboba Sewyvita. marTalia dasaxe-

lebul periodSi samonastro cxovreba ar Sewyvetila, magram

aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo garkveuli xarvezebi SeiniSneboda

sasuliero kadrebis momzadebaSi.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos—

patriarqis anton I-is (1744-1788) xelmZRvanelobiT Tbilissa

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da TelavSi daarsebulma sasuliero saswavleblebma mniSvne-

lovani roli Seasrules sasuliero kadrebis momzadebaSi,

magram qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg aRniSnulma

saswavleblebma funqcionireba Sewyvita [2, 36].

saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis dakargvis Sem-

deg, 1817 wels ruseTis sinodis gadawyvetilebiT TbilisSi da-

arsda rusuli sasuliero seminaria. garda amisa Camoyalibda

dabali safexuris saswavleblebi: samrevlo skolebi da samaz-

ro sasuliero saswavleblebi. egzarxosobis periodSi arsebu-

li sasuliero saswavleblebi carizmis koloniuri politikis

gatarebas emsaxureboda. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgenis (1917 wlis 12 marti) Semdeg sasuliero saswavleblebi

marTalia ruseTis sinodis mmarTvelobas gamoeyo, magram sa-

xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuf-

lebis saTaveSi mosuli aTeisturi social-demokratiuli

mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT 1918-1919 wlebSi sasuliero sas-

wavleblebis nacionalizacia ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos ka-

Tolikos-patriarqebma: kirion II-m (1917-1918 ) da leonidem

(1919-1921) sasuliero kadrebis momzadebis mizniT araerTxel

moiTxoves sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnis nebarTva, magram

xelisufleba maT moTxovnas uariT pasuxobda.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli wlebidanve

eklesia mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. sarwmunoebis mimarT ag-

resiulad ganwyobilma aTeisturma sabWoTa mTavrobam eklesia

kanongareSed gamoacxada. garTulebuli politikuri viTare-

bis miuxedavad, 1921 wels axladarCeulma kaTolikos — patri-

arqma ambrosi xelaiam (1921-1927) aqtiuri moqmedeba daiwyo sa-

suliero saswavleblis daarsebisaTvis. man 1922 wels sakaTa-

likoso sabWos sxdomaze daayena sakiTxi samoZRvro saswavleb-

lis daarsebis Sesaxeb. sasuliero saswavleblis dafinanseba

eklesiis Semosavlebidan unda momxdariyo. eklesias unda ez-

runva sasawavleblis moswavleTa Cacma-daxurvaze, dabinaveba-

ze da kvebaze. patriarqis winadadebiT samoZRvro saswavlebe-

li winamorbedi patriarqis leonide oqropiriZis saxelobis

unda yofiliyo. sakaTolikoso sabWom moiwona kaTolikos-pat-

riarq ambrosis winadadeba da misive dadgenilebiT leonides

saxelobis samoZRvro sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnasTan da-

kavSirebuli organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba daevala im-

xanad qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiis winamZRvars, dekanoz ka-

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listrate cincaZes. igi gulisxmierad moekida kaTolikos-pat-

riarqis da sakaTalikoso sabWos gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas.

man umokles droSi Seadgina saswavlo gegma da pedagogebad Se-

sabamisi dargis specialistebic moiwvia.

1922 wlis 27 aprils sakaTalikoso sabWos darbazSi sa-

suliero pirTa TandaswrebiT, romelsac kaTolikos-patri-

arqis ambrosis garda eswreboda sakaTalikosos sabWos wevre-

bi, sazeimod gaixsna leonides saxelobis samoZRvro saswav-

lebeli. damswre sazogadoebas sityviT mimarTa saswavleblis

gaxsnis organizatorma dekanozma kalistrate cincaZem, ro-

melmac aRniSna: `...dRes ixsneba kaTolikos-patriarqis leoni-

des saxelobis samoZRvro saswavlebeli, es Cveni eris cxovre-

baSi ubadlo swavla-aRzrdis taZari...

marTalia, warsulSi Cven gvqonda akademia-seminariebi,

iyalTo-gelaTSi da Telav—Tbilis—quTaisSi, magram is sas-

wavleblebi arsebiTad ganirCeodnen Cvenis Sobad gamzadebu-

lis saswavleblebisagan: isini iZleodnen specialur codnas-

Tan erTad sazogadosac da arsebobdnen saxelmwifos meoxe-

biT Tu ara misi mZlavris daxmarebiT mainc. Cveni saswavlebe-

li ki pirdapir profesionaluria da iarsebebs TviT Tavadi

eklesiis sakuTari Zal-RoniT...

Tavis Tavad cxadia, Cven mogvelis mravali dabrkoleba-

ni, magram Cven es ar gvaSinebs: umTavresi dabrkoleba daZleu-

lia, saswavlebeli uzrunvelyofilia gamocdil — daxelovne-

bul maswavleblebiT, romelnic SekavSirebulni arian mtkice

surviliT, miscen mSoblio deda-enaze momzadebulni, spetaki

zneobis sityviT da saqmiT mqadagebelni moZRvarni...

naklebad aris Cveni saswavlebeli uzrunvelyofili

moswavleTa raodenobiT, (siaSi aRniSnul 12-dan, dRes gamoc-

xadda mxolod 4 ), magram Cven guls mainc ar vitexavT, — qris-

te-macxovris mowafeTa raodenoba pirvelad ganisazRvrebo-

da ori adamianiT...

ufro naklebad aris igi uzrunvelyofili nivTierad,

magram Cven arc amas uSindebiT: vinc zrunavs mfrinvelTaTvis

cisa da SroSanTaTvis velisa, is ar moaklebs Tavis madlsa da

mfarvelobas mociqulebrivi siyvaruliT gamsWvalul moRva-

weT~[3, 101].

sityvis dasasruls dekanozi kalistrate mimarTavs ka-

Tolikos-patriarqs ambrosis: `am imedebiT SevcqeriT Cven,

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meufeo wmindao, momavals da vsasoebT, Tqveni uwmindesoba

dauTmobT eklesias siyvaruliT aRsavse gulSi Sesafer ad-

gils saqarTvelos eklesiis momaval dedaboZs...~ [3, 101].

axlad daarsebul sasuliero saswavlebelSi iswavleboda

RvTismetyveleba, saeklesio istoria, galoba, RvTismsaxureba,

qarTuli ena, mqadamgebloba, kanonika da saRmrTo werili.

sakaTalikoso sabWos gadawyvetilebiT samoZRvro sas-

wavleblis direqtorad dainiSna dekanozi kalistrate cinca-

Ze. manve saswavleblis pedagogebad moiwvia cnobili sasulie-

ro pirebi. RvTismetyvelebas aswavlida dekanozi ilia Subla-

Ze, saeklesio istorias — dekanozi giorgi gamrekeli, qarTul

galobas — dekanozi solomon ustiaSvili, RvTismsaxurebas —

dekanozi markoz tyemalaZe, qarTul enas — episkoposi qris-

tefore cicqiSvili, qadagebas — dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe,

kanonikas — dekanozi kalistrate cincaZe, saRmrTo werils —

dekanozi mixeil fxalaZe.

werilobiT wyaroebSi aRniSnuli saswavlebeli zogjer

samoZRvro kursebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

samoZRvro saswavlebelSi iricxeboda 12 moswavle. samwu-

xarod wyaroebSi araviTari cnobebi ar gvaqvs moswavleTa vina-

obis Sesaxeb. raionidan Camosuli moswavleebi cxovrobdnen ka-

Tolikos — patriarqis rezidenciis (yofili egzarqosis Seno-

ba) qveda sarTulze. maT kvebaze da Cacma-daxurvaze eklesia

zrunavda. saswavlo procesi mimdinareobda yoveldRe, orSaba-

Tidan SabaTis CaTvliT. wirva-locvis dros moswavleebi sasu-

liero pirebs exmarebodnen RvTismsaxurebis CatarebaSi. didi

saeklesio dResaswaulebis dros ardadegebi cxaddeboda. sas-

wavlo procesi tardeboda kaTalikosis karis eklesiaSi.

samoZRvro saswavlebelma ramdenime Tve iarseba. kaTo-

likos ambrosi xelaias mier genuis saerTaSoriso konferen-

ciaze mimarTvis gagzavnis gamo sabWoTa xelisuflebam ekle-

siaze zewola gaaZliera. aRniSnuli mizeziT 1923 wlis 12 ian-

vars samoZRvro saswavlebelma funqcionireba Sewyvita. imave

wlis 13 ianvars daapatimres saswavleblis direqtori dekano-

zi kalistrate da pedagogi ilia SublaZe. Semdgom daapatim-

res sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebi da kaTolikosi ambrosi. sab-

WoTa mTavrobis gankargulebiT eklesias CamoarTves sakaTa-

likoso rezidenciac. raionidan Camosuli moswavleebi TavSe-

safris gareSe darCnen.

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patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg kvlav iyo sasulie-

ro saswavleblis gaxsnis mcdeloba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobam

kaTolikos ambrosis Txovna ar daakmayofili. arada aSkara iyo,

rom eklesia sasuliero pirTa da mgalobelTa gundis naklebo-

bas ganicdida. XX saukunis meore naxevridan gaZlierebuli

aTeizmis pirobebSi eklesiebSi wirva-locva usaxsroobis gamo

mgalobelTa gundis gareSe tardeboda. axladnakurTxma epis-

koposma kalistrate cincaZem morwmune mrevlis mxardaWeriT

(a. TikanaZe, n, musxeliSvili, q. madiCi, b. masxaraSvili da sxva)

imdroindeli sabWoTa kanonebis Sesatyvisad qaSueTis wm. gior-

gis eklesiis mgalobelTa gundis materialuri uzrunvelyo-

fisaTvis 1925 wlis 10 noembers kaTolikos-patriarqis ambro-

sis kurTxeviT daarsa `qalTa wre.~ kalistratem SeimuSava

`qalT wris~ wesdeba, romelsac amSvenebda kaTolikos ambrosis

Semdegi rezolucia: `vamtkiceb siamovnebiT, saqarTvelo qa-

lis (RvTismSoblis) wilxvdomilia, qalisa mier (ninos) ganaT-

lebulia, qalis mier (Tamari) ayvavebulia da qalisave mier (Su-

Saniki da qeTevani) gabrwyinebulia. vamtkiceb, rom qvaSveTis

wm. giorgis eklesiis `qalTa wre~ daayenebs galobis saqmes ise,

rom Seiqmneba samagaliTod sxvebisaTvis. moviwvev uflis kur-

Txevas axlad dayenebul saqmeze~ [4, 325].

`qalTa wris~ wevrebi ZiriTadad iyvnen morwmune mandi-

losnebi. wesdebis mixedviT sazogadoebis wevrad gaxdoma Se-

eZlo agreTve mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebsac. `qalTa

wris~ wevrebs yovelTviurad sawevros saxiT fuladi Tanxebi

SehqondaT sazogadoebis fondSi.

kalistrate cincaZis iniciativiT Seqmnili `qalTa

wris~ mizani aramarto qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiis mgalo-

belTa gundis materialuri uzrunvelyofa iyo, aramed aRniS-

nuli wre miznad isaxavda Zveli saeklesio sagaloblebis Ses-

wavlas da mis popularizacias. aqedan gamomdinare aRniSnul

`qalTa wres~ saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebac hqonda.

qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiasTan arsebulma `qalTa

wrem~ 1929 wlis 31 dekembramde iarseba. Tavisi arsebobis man-

Zilze man aTeisturi reJimis pirobebSi didi roli Seasrula

saeklesio sagaloblebis popularizaciaSi da rac mTavaria

misi dafinansebiT 4 wlis manZilze qaSueTis wm. giorgis ekle-

sias wirva-locvis dros emsaxureboda profesionali mgalo-

belTa gundi.

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Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelos eklesiis xelmZRvanel-

Ta didi mcdelobis miuxedavad sabWoTa aTeisturi reJimis

gamo 1963 wlamde (dasaxelebul wels mcxeTaSi sasuliero

kadrebis momzadebis mizniT gaixsna samoZRvro saswavlebeli)

ver moxerxda sasuliero saswavleblis daarseba.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipi-

koni, Tb., 1971.

2. a. rogava, saxalxo ganaTleba erekle meoris xanis qarTl-

kaxeTSi da anton pirveli, Tb., 1950.

3. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kalistrate cincaZis pira-

di fondi, saqme #97.

4. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kalistrate cincaZis pira-

di fondi, saqme #117.

Eldar Bubulashvili

Doctor of Historical sciences, Chief scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of the Ivane Javakhi-shvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Unknown Material about Religious Education (20-ies of the 20th

century)

Summary In the scientific work on the basis of studying of recently revealed

unknown material it is ascertained that in April, 1922 on the initiative of the

Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Ambrosi Khelaia confessional religious school was established in order to prepare ecclesiastical personnel. Director of Confessional School was Archpriest Kalistrate Tsintsadze who on consecration

of the Patriarch compiled a curriculum and invited specialists of corresponding

field. Well-known ecclesiastics were invited as teachers. Church took care of students’ nutrition, accommodation and dressing questions. Students lived at the

patriarchate residence. The school existed till 12 January, 1923. It was closed on

the instruction of the Soviet atheistic regime. In the work activity of `Women Circle~ of Kashueti St. Giorgi Church

is also studied. This group of women provided choristers of the church with

financial supply.

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sofio andRulaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa

totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis periodSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli

(vasil karbelaSvili)

sasuliero wodebas, ramdenadac is sazogadoebis sarwmu-

noebriv-zneobrivi kulturis aRzrda-ganspetakebas emsaxu-

reba, udidesi misia akisria RvTisa da eris winaSe. saqarTve-

los mravalsaukunovani istoria faqtobrivad qristianul-

marTlmadidebluri rwmenis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebisaTvis

brZolis istorias warmoadgens, amitom ganuzomlad didia

qarTveli samRvdeloebis Rvawli maradiuli faseulobebis

dacvisaTvis brZolaSi. odiTganve, usjulo dampyroblebis

Semosevebis Sedegad, qarTveli xalxi araerTxel damdgara

erovnuli sarwmunoebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. magram

iseTi Zalmomreoba, rac saqarTvelom XIX saukunis dasawyisi-

dan, erTmorwmune ruseTis mier aneqsiis Semdeg ganicada, mas

arasodes ganucdia [5, 2]. ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis sar-

wmunoebrivi politika, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli faseu-

lobebis ganadgurebisaken iyo mimarTuli, rasac saboloo

jamSi imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis asimilirebis procesisaT-

vis unda Seewyo xeli. erovnuli eklesiis damoukideblobis

dakargvis dRidan, qarTvelma samRvdeloebam, Tavisi funqcia-

daniSnulebis Sesabamisad, avtokefaliis aRsadgenad da erov-

nuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis brZola

daiwyo. 1917 wlis 12 marts, ruseTis imperiaSi gamefebuli po-

litikuri krizisis pirobebSi, qarTvelma samRvdeloebam

udides gamarjvebas miaRwia, roca man saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefalia (TviTmmarTveloba) gamoacxada. aRniSnuli ga-

marjveba mxolod brZolis dasawyisi aRmoCnda, radgan saqar-

Tvelos eklesias, politikuri klimatis cvlilebebis Sesaba-

misad, Tavisi uflebebis dakanonebisaTvis brZola xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi mouxda.

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saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis mmarTvelobis pe-

riodSi (1918-1921) saqarTvelos eklesia arc Tu saxarbielo

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. 1920 wlis 19 noembris proeqtiT ek-

lesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, igi saxelmwifosa-

gan damoukidebeli aRmoCnda ara marto materialurad, ara-

med ganTavisuflebul iqna saxelmwifo funqciebisganac

(qorwineba, dabadeba, gardacvaleba da sxva). eklesiis erTa-

derT funqciad darCa morwmuneTa religiuri moTxovnilebe-

bis dakmayofileba. aseve igi gaTanabrebul iqna sxvadasxva re-

ligiur mimdinareobebTan. qarTveli samRvdeloebis mcdelo-

ba, axal demokratiul mTavrobasTan daaxlovebisa da masTan

TanamSromlobis Taobaze, marcxiT damTavrda. eklesiis sa-

xelmwifosagan gamoyofis sakiTxi, demokratiuli mTavrobis

iniciativiT, misi programis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad ganxor-

cielda, romelmac saxelmwifoSi religiis sakiTxi erovnul

sakiTxs dauTmo [2, 160].

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis okupaciisa da aneqsiis Semdeg (1921 wlis 25 Teberva-

li), saqarTvelos politikur-kulturuli cxovreba Zirfes-

vianad Seicvala. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier axali komu-

nisturi ideologiis danergva mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT Se-

uZlebeli gaxda. mas mdidari kulturisa da tradiciebis ma-

tarebeli xalxis moralur-fsiqologiur ganwyobaze unda mo-

exdina zegavlena. komunisturi ideologiiTa da fsiqikuri

wyobiT gajerebuli adamianis formireba metad xangrZlivi da

rTuli aRmoCnda, radgan, saamisod saWiro iyo sazogadoebis

mier tradiciuli faseulobebis uaryofa, axlis danergva-ga-

Taviseba, komunizmis rwmenis simbolod gadaqceva, erovnuli

religiis nacvlad axali, socialisturi idealebis SeTviseba

da Sesisxlxorceba. amitom, xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma

bolSevikurma xelisuflebam daundobeli brZola gamoucxa-

da im klasebsa da socialur fenebs, romlebic maTi ideolo-

giisaTvs miuRebeli iyo [1, 393-394]. am mimarTulebiT yvelaze

didi zewola sasuliero wodebam ganicada. totalitaruli

reJimis damyarebis fonze gaCaRebulma antireligiurma kom-

paniam saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveuri samRvdeloeba axali

problematuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis winaSe daayena. sabWou-

ri ideologia mTeli simZafriT daupirispirda eklesias. sa-

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qarTvelos erovnulma eklesiam saxelmwifos winaSe kvlav da-

karga Tavisi umTavresi istoriuli funqcia-daniSnuleba,

qarTveli samRvdeloebis brZola sxva ganzomilebaSi gadavi-

da da is umTavresad eklesiis fizikuri gadarCenis Zalisxme-

vas daukavSirda.

Cvens mizans Seadgens XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTveli

samRvdeloebis Rvawlis warmoCena erovnuli marTlmadideb-

luri rwmenis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. gaanalizeba

imisa, Tu rogori inteleqtualuri potencialiTa da sulie-

ri simtkiciT Sexvda sasuliero wodeba bolSevikuri xeli-

suflebis mier sarwmunoebis devna-Seviwrovebis seriozul da

saxifaTo gamowvevas, rogor afasebda is arsebul rTul po-

litikur realobas da ra nabijebs dgamda sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebasTan daZabuli urTierTobis daregulirebis Tvalsazri-

siT. aRniSnul sakiTxebs gavaSuqebT am epoqis erT-erTi Tval-

saCino sasuliero piris, episkoposi stefane bodbelis (vasil

karbelaSvili) SexedulebaTa prizmaSi. igi saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis saTaveSi mdgom im ierarqTa saxelovan pleadas gane-

kuTvneba, romelmac sworad auRo alRo sabWoTa imperiaSi

Seqmnil rTul politikur viTarebas da erovnuli eklesiis

cxovreba marTebuli gziT warmarTa.

saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi (1811-1917), ruseTis im-

periis saeklesio politikis interesebidan gamomdinare, qar-

Tveli samRvdeloebis erovnuli orientacia da misi sulier-

zneobrivi iersaxe mniSvnelovnad saxeSecvlili iyo. aRniSnu-

li politikis zegavleniT qarTveli samRvdeloeba pirobi-

Tad diferencirebuli iyo sam jgufad: pirvelSi carizmis

samsaxurSi myofi samRvdeloeba igulisxmeboda; meore jgufi

samRvdeloebis axalgazrda Taobas warmoadgenda, romelTa

rusuli orientaciis swavla-ganaTleba xels ar uwyobda maT

erovnuli miswrafebebisaken; mesame jgufSi ki saqarTvelos

sasuliero da saero ganaTlebamiRebuli fena moiazreboda,

romelic erovnul fesvebs mouwyvetliv uSualod ganicdida

mSobliuri eklesiis da xalxis devna-Seviwrovebas [2, 21-22].

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT

gaCaRebul antireligiuri kompaniis uSualo zewolas, yvela-

ze metad, qarTvel samRvdeloTa zemoaRniSnuli mesame jgu-

fis warmomadgenlebi ganicdidnen. swored maT mier gaweuli

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ZalisxmeviTa da sulieri simtkicis wyalobiT gadaurCa erov-

nuli eklesia ara mxolod fizikur ganadgurebas, aramed ek-

lesiis wiaRSi SesaZlo ganxeTqilebasac, is, rac im periodis

rusuli eklesiis sinamdvileSi ralurad moxda. rac Seexeba

qarTvel samRvdeloTa pirveli da meore jgufis warmomad-

genlebs, romelTa Soris sarwmunoebrivi indiferentizmi iyo

gamjdari, sabWoTa totalitaruli politikis damyarebis pi-

robebSi, maTma nawilma, sisuste gamoiCina da RvTismsaxuris

xarisxzec ki uari ganacxada. am samwuxaro movlenis mizezebi

mefis ruseTis mier ganxorcielebul sarwmunoebriv politi-

kaSia saZiebeli, romlis mcdeloba mimarTuli iyo yovelgvari

erovnulis aRmosafxvrelad. ai, rogor Sefasebas aZlevda

episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili) saero da sa-

suliero saswavleblebSi qarTuli enis akrZalvas, sadac moma-

vali `Cinovnikebi~ da samRvdelo pirni unda gamozrdiliyvnen:

`...qarTvel mozard Taobas ruseTis politikam da mTavrobam

oris mxriT miutanes ieriSi: saero-samoqalaqoTi da sasulie-

roTi. undodaT gamoezardaT `Cinovnikebi~ da viTom `ganaTle-

buli mRvdlebi~, romelTac awveTdnen yurSi qarTuli enis

dromoWmobisas, uvargisobas da araraobasa. amgvarad momaval

mamebs amoacales sarwmunoeba mSobliuri sjulisa, siyvaruli-

sa da mis nacvlad aRzardes maTi formalizmi~ [9, 8-24]. yoveli-

ve amis Sedegi iyo is savalalo mdgomareoba, rom qarTveli

sjulis moZRvari, Tavisi inteleqtualuri ZalebiT qarTveli

erisaTvis ucxo iyo da aseT moZRvarTan eTakilebodaT kidec

saubari [6, 268-273] — aRniSnavda episkoposi stefane bodbeli

bodbis eparqiis mTavarxucesebis TaTbirze da miuTiTebda,

rom swored aseT mZime dros, roca eklesia da morwmune eri

damSeuli iyo sulierad da xorcielad, qarTvel samRvdeloe-

bas didi Sroma, moRvaweoba, muyaiToba, sarwmunoebis simtkice,

RvTisa da mamulis siyvaruli marTebda. mas sjeroda, rom qar-

Tveli eri sarwmunoebis SenarCunebiTa da ganmtkicebiT unda

damdgariyo fexze [8, 25-39].

episkoposi stefane bodbeli Tavis uaryofiT damokide-

bulebas gamoxatavda sasuliero wodebis im nawilis mimarT,

romlebmac uari ganacxades RvTis msaxuris xarisxze da ana-

forebi gaixades: `... bevri uRirsi da urwmuno mRvdeli mo-

Sorda Cvens eklesias da sasurvelia kidev moSordnen da Tavi-

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anTis erTguli samsaxuriT egzarxebTan rom gaiTqves Tavi, aq

CamoSordnen. exla sxva energiis mRvdeli unda xalxs…~ [7, 29] —

aRniSnavda igi. misiA ganmartebiT, aseTi moZRvrebi samRvde-

loebis Seugnebel da Rvinis erTgul naZirala elementebs

warmoadgendnen da maT eklesia unda daetovebinaT. umjobesi

iyo samRvdeloTa rigebSi gaerTianebuliyo cota da kargi,

vidre bevri da umsgavsi [6, 268-273].

sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis damyarebisa da ganmtki-

cebis periodSi principulad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sam-

Rvdeloebis pozicias da maT damokidebulebas saero xeli-

suflebasTan mimarTebaSi. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mxri-

dan gaCaRebuli antireligiuri isteriis fonze, samRvdeloe-

bas saero xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis imgvari kursi unda

SeemuSavebina, rom upirveles yovlisa, eklesia gadarCenili-

yo fizikur ganadgurebas da amasTan, qmediTi nabijebic gada-

edga TviTdamkvidrebis gzaze. 1922 wlidan, rodesac sabWoTa

imperiis masStabiT antireligiuri politikis ganxorciele-

bis meore (stalinuri) etapi daiwyo, bolSevikebma mTeli Za-

lisxmeva warmarTes eklesiis sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblo-

baSi CasarTavad. imisaTvis rom, eklesias sabWoTa saxelmwi-

fos ideologis funqcia etvirTa, saWiro gaxda eklesiis mo-

dernizeba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda qristianuli swavle-

bis damaxinjebas da mis Secvla-Selamazebas komunisturi ide-

alebiT. aRniSnuli politikis wyalobiT ruseTis eklesiaSi

ganxeTqileba (sqizma) warmoiSva da is `tixonovelebad~ — tra-

diciuli qristianuli eklesiis mimdevrebad da `ganmaaxleb-

lebad~ — axali modernizebuli eklesiis mimdevrebad gaiyo.

niSandoblivia, rom 1917 wels, `ganmaaxlebelTa moZraobis~

rigebs SeuerTda peterburgis sasuliero akademiis profeso-

ri b. titlinovi da ruseTis wminda sinodis yofili ober-

prokurori v. lvovi. es ukanaskneli, jer kidev ruseTis dro-

ebiTi mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi, `ganmaaxlebelTa

moZraobis~ mier Seqmnil `sruliad ruseTis demokratiul

marTlmadideblur samRvdeloTa da saeroTa kavSirs~ mfarve-

lobda da afinansebda mis periodul gamocemas `Голос Христа~

[4, 38-39]. bunebrivia, rom ganxeTqilebis safrTxe saqarTve-

los eklesiasac daemuqra, radgan ruseTis eklesia uwindebu-

rad uzenaesobis pretenzias acxadeb da sabWoTa imperiis pe-

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riferiebSi Semaval eklesiebze da kontrolis ganxorciele-

bis mizniT am eklesiTa saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas cdilobda. am

ukanasknelis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi gza saqarTvelos te-

ritoriaze moqmed araqarTvel samrevloebze gadioda. saqa-

rTvelos farglebSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mrevli, sabWoTa

mTavrobis saeklesio politikis damsaxurebiT sam eklesis

Soris gadanawilda: 1) msoflio saeklesio kanonebis damcveli

mrevli, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis iuridiqcias daeqvem-

debara; 2) ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iuridiqciaSi

gaerTianebuli mrevli; 3) `ganaxlebis moZraobis~ uwmides si-

nods daqvemdebarebulni [3, 453-454]. saqarTveloSi `ganmaax-

lebelTa~ ideebi ucvleli saxiT mxolod `ganaxlebis moZrao-

bis~ uwmides sinods daqvemdebarebul mrevlsa da samRvdelo-

ebaze gavrcelda. qarTveli samRvdeloebisaTvis miuRebeli

iyo erovnuli eklesiis mgmobeli sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrivi

sistema da misi liderebi, magram maTi sibrZne swored imaSi

gamoixateboda, rom isini diplomaturi lavirebis gziT cdi-

lobdnen eklesiis gadarCenas da am gziT winaaRmdegobas uwev-

dnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis nebiT moqmed ganmaaxlebelTa

wminda sinods da mis ujreds kavkasiaSi [3, 455]. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis Signi-

Tac opoziciurad ganwyobil samRvdeloTa frTa Camoyalib-

da, magram maT araferi hqoniaT saerTo ruseTis eklesiis

`ganmaaxleblebTan~, am ukanasknelisagan radikalurad gan-

sxvavebuli interesebis gamo. qarTveli samRvdeloebis opo-

ziciurad ganwyobilma nawilma loialuri kursi aiRo sabWo-

Ta xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi da daiwyo masTan urTier-

Tobis daregulirebis gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba. maTgan

gansxvavebiT, qarTveli samRvdeloebis meore nawils Sedare-

biT radikaluri pozicia hqonda, magram samRvdeloebis orive

mxaris moRvaweoba garkveulwilad avsebda erTmaneTs da maTi

moRvaweoba saqarTvelos eklesiis keTildReobis samsaxurSi

idga.

qarTveli samRvdeloebis opoziciuri frTis warmomad-

genelTa Soris, romlebsac 1926 wlis dekemberSi quTaisSi ga-

marTuli saeklesio krebis gamo `quTaTurebs~ da `reforma-

torebs~ uwodebdnen, moiazreba episkoposi stefane bodbe-

lic (vasil karbelaSvili). amis miuxedavad, igi Kkategoriuli

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winaaRmdegi iyo politikaSi RvTismsaxurTa Careva-aqtivobi-

sa. igi yuradrebiT adevnebda Tval-yurs ruseTis eklesiaSi

mimdinare procesebs da yvela Rones mimarTavda moslodneli

safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. episkoposi stefane bodbeli

mouwodebda samRvdeloebasac da morwmune ersac, rom ar ah-

yolodnen RvTismsaxuris samoselSi gamowyobil yalb mqada-

geblebs, romlebic qristianuli swavlebis damaxinjebis xar-

jze gundruks ukmevdnen bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier Se-

TiTxnil yalb idealebs. `madloba RmerTsa, rom Cveni xalxi,

bevr uriaze uares moqadages ar ahyva da ar Caidina is, rac ru-

seTSi moxda. es imas ar niSnavs, rom Cven kidev ese gadavrCebiT

da amitom araferi ar unda gavakeToT! piriqiT, swored axla,

am mdgomareobaSi, vidre didi qariSxali amovardebodes, saWi-

roa Cemis Rrma rwmeniT gaerTianebuli dauRalavi Sroma ek-

lesiis garSemo wa saxarebis mcnebis gasavrceleblad da xal-

xSi Segnebis Sesatanad, risTvisac saWiroa am garemoebaSi,

garda muSaobisa cotaodeni Secvlac weseb-wirvaSi, rom Sevi-

tanoT da SevqmnaT erovnuli Sjuli, erovnuli eklesia…~[8, 25-

39] — aRniSnavda igi da miiCnevda, rom samRvdeloebas, rogorc

arsdros, didi sulieri simtkice unda gamoeCina, swori gza

aerCia, anabanidan daewyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis sjulis swav-

leba da sakuTari cxovrebiTa da Tavganwirulobis magaliTiT

eCvenebina qristes diadi moZRvrebis mniSvneloba: `am xanaSi

kargi Segnebuli mRvdeli unda movides da waukiTxos xalxs

cxovreba da wameba wa giorgis, wa ninosi, qeTevan dedoflisa,

daviT garejelisa, ilarion qarTvelisa, giorgi mTawmindeli-

sa da sxva. magram vaÁ, TviT mRudelsac ar waukiTxavs maTi

cxovreba da Tu waukiTxavs, isic uguloT da arc Tu mousur-

vebia maTi gacnoba samSoblosaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi Cven unda

movixmaroT samrevlo sabWoebi. Cemi Rrma rwmeniT es erTa-

derTi swori gzaa Cveni areuli cxovrebis gamosasworeb-

lad…~[6, 268-273].

episkopos stefane bodbels Sedgenili aqvs programa-

proeqti xalxSi sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisa da erovnuli

sjulis aRorZinebisaTvis [8, 25-39]. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia

aRniSnuli programis TiTqmis sruli saxiT warmoCena-anali-

zi, rac uTuod naTels mohfens ara mxolod konkretuli sa-

suliero piris, episkoposi stefane bodbelis moRvaweobis

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siRrmes, aramed, zogadad imdroindeli qarTveli samRvdelo-

ebis im rCeuli nawilis guliTadobasa da Tavganwirvas, ro-

melTa mxrebzec bolSevikuri reJimis mTelma simZimem da gan-

sacdelma gadaiara. mivyveT Tanmimdevrobas: `...117 wlis ruse-

Tis boboqrobam mospo CvenSi mama-papeuli Sjuli; Tavisu-

falma ruseTma eklesias gvirgvini axada eklesias. CamoaSora

dedul-mamulebi da ise gawbilebuli ganuteva viTarca agara

...amisTana siduxWiris dros, Cemis Rrma rwmeniT, saWiroa Sev-

qmnaT:

1) sruliad saqarTvelos qarTl-kaxeT-imereT samesxo bor-

Calo sazaqaTaloSi morwmuneTa samRudelo-samonazno da

sasuliero pirTa kavSiri, gareSe yovelgvari partiisa da

politikuri miswrafebisa kaTalikoz-patriarqis winam-

ZRvrobiTa;

2) SevitanoT Cven saierarqio-eklesiur cxovrebaSi cotao-

deni cvlileba — daviTnis mkiTxvelTa institutis gauqme-

biT da mis wil — surviliT mkiTxvelTa ganmravleba, da

mTavardiakvnobiT iwyebodes pirveli xarisxi — monastre-

bisa da bermonazonobisa aRdgeniT;

3) dawesdes kviraSi sami dRe qalaqebSi, daba-soflebSi, sam-

revloebSi — krebisaTvis, samrevlo cxovrebis asaRorZi-

neblad~.

mesame punqtSi Camoyalibebuli mosazrebiT, episkoposi

stefane bodbeli uZvelesi tradiciis aRdgenas cdilobda.

igi miuTiTebda, rom es tradicia dawesebul iqna qarTlis er-

ismTavris stefanozis mier (639-663), aseT dReebad asaxelebs

paraskevs, xuTSabaTs da SabaTs da ganmartavs TiToeuli dRis

datvirTvas. kerZod: paraskev dRes samrevloSi krebas unda

moxseneboda sveti cxovelis cxovreba, jvris aRmarTva da

oTxiv mxriv misi wasveneba, jvris monastris aSeneba da sx;

xuTSabaTs — RvTismSoblis Soba, moRvaweoba da miZineba, wa mociqulTa wargzavna, wa ninos warmogzavna da wa giorgis

cxovreba da wameba; SabaTs — wa stefanes da sxvaTa mravalTa

mowameTa cxovreba. amis garda, eklesiuri cxovrebis asayva-

veblad da saxarebis maRali zneobis dasamyareblad unda ga-

marTuliyo sajaro leqciebi morwmuneTaTvis. sajaro leqci-

ebis gamarTvas igi miiCnevda sameurneo da sadagi cxovrebis

saWiroebisTvisac. misi mosazrebiT, amgvarad unda Cayriliyo

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saZirkveli erovnuli aRzrda-Segnebis dasamyareblad. erov-

nuli sjulis aRorZinebas igi calsaxad ukavSirebda monas-

trebis aRorZinebasa da ber-monazvnebis gamravlebas. igi aR-

niSnavda: `...monastrebi, bermonaznoba Zveleburis gegmiT,

romliTac isaxela Tavi winandel droSi, dRes es monastrebi

zogadi cxovrebiT, diadis mniSvnelobiT winaSe erisa, RTâsa

da samSoblosi unda aRsdgen da gaZlierdnen; daumtkicon ka-

cobriobas, rom mxolod da mxolod ber-monazonni da monas-

trebi iyvnen matarebelni komunizmisa cxovrebiT ufrore

vidre Teoriulad. unda mieces aseve CamorTmeuli mamulebi,

saTibebi, saxnavebi, tyeebi, wylebi da sxvani, rom monastruli

cxovreba ayvavdes~ [8, 25-39].

amrigad, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa totalita-

ruli reJimis damyarebisa da ganmtkicebis periodSi, rodesac

eklesia ganadgurebis zRvarze imyofeboda da RvTismsaxurTa

fena arnaxul devna-Seviwrovebasa da represiebs ganicdida,

qarTvelma samRvdeloebam Rirseulad gauZlo gansacdels da

Tavisi sityva sTqva erovnuli eklesiis gadarCenis saqmeSi.

aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs aRniSnuli epo-

qis saqarTvelos eklesiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTa moR-

vaweobis kvleva-analizi, romelic cxad-hyofs, rom maTi war-

matebis saidumlo erovnuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoe-

bis gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT dacvasa da zogadad, qristia-

nuli moZRvrebis erTgulebaSi mdgomareobda. episkoposi

stefane bodbeli erT-erTi imaTTagania, romelic Tavisi moR-

vaweobiT win aRudga bolSevikuri reJimis damangrevel ze-

moqmedebas qarTvelTa umTavres sulier faseulobaze —

erovnul marTlmadideblobaze da udidesi amagi dasdo mis

dacva-SenarCunebas.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. naTmelaZe m., dauSvili a., jafariZe m., wenguaSvili k., sa-

qarTveloSi totalitaruli reJimis damkvidrebisa da

ganmtkicebis Taviseburebani XXsaukunis 20-ian wlebSi,

Tbilisi, 2008.

2. pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia

1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

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3. pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadideb-

luri eklesiis istoria (1800-1945), naw. I, Tbilisi, 2008.

4. Протоиерей Владислав Цыпин, История Русской Православной

Церкви, Московская патриархия, издательский дом «Хроника», 1994.

5. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1912, #12. 6. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fon-

di, saqme #56.

7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fon-

di, saqme #59.

8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fon-

di, saqme #68.

9. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fon-

di, saqme #222.

Sophio Andghuladze

Doctor of History

Georgian Clergy in the Period of Establishing Soviet Totalitarian Regime and the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili)

Summary

Centuries old history of Georgia is the history of fighting for preserving Orthodox Christianity. That is why the contribution of the

Georgian clergy in the fight for defending everlasting values is immense. The

Georgian people had many times faced the danger of losing the national faith. But the violence Georgia underwent from the beginning of the 19th

century

after the annexation of the Orthodox Russia was one he had never suffered

before. The empire’s religious policy aimed to destroy the national values of the peoples who were the annexed members of this empire. Finally this policy

should have to promote the process of their assimilation. According to the political changes, after the annexing of the Democ-

ratic Republic of Georgia by Bolsheviks in February 1921 ruling authorities

of the Bolsheviks declared a merciless war against the classes and social lay-ers that were inadmissible for their ideology. From this point of view the

clergy suffered most of all. Anti-religious campaign that was carried out on

the background of establishing totalitarian regime put the leaders of the Or-

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thodox Church of Georgia in front of solving the new problems. The Soviet ideology opposed the church with full strength. The national church of Geor-gia legally lost once more its main historical function and aim. The clergy

continued its fight in another dimension, mainly to rescue the church physi-cally. Though the church was near destruction and the layer of clergy was

suffering unprecedented persecution and repressions the Georgian clergy

stood the danger with dignity and played a great role in rescuing the national church. The research and analysis of the activities of prominent Georgian

church figures of those days able us to come to the above mentioned conclu-sion. The carried on research and analysis obviously showed that the secret of their success was the defense of the national Orthodox faith with particular firmness and generally in devotion of the Christian doctrine. The bishop of Bodbe Stephane is one of the above mentioned clergy who, with his activity, resisted the destructive power of the Bolsheviks’ regime against the main

spiritual value of Georgians – national Orthodoxy and paid the greatest role in

its defense and preservation.

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merab kalandaZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi XX

saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Sewavlas saqarTvelo-

Si Tavisi tradicia gaaCnia. Tema aris saintereso da aqtualu-

ri. es problema qarTul istoriografiaSi jer ar gamxdara

sagangebo, specialuri, Seswavlis sagani. amitom mizanSewoni-

lad miviCnieT Segvevso es xarvezi da aRniSnuli sakiTxi seri-

ozuli ganxilvis sagani gagvexada.

uwinaresad, mizanSewonili iqneboda mokled SevCerdeT

sakiTxis periodizaciaze. saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis

istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebam saintereso feriscvale-

ba, evolucia, ganicada da ramdenime periodi ganvlo.

qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli sporaduli cnobebi da-

savleT evropis axal istoriaze ukve XIX saukunis pirvel na-

xevarSi gvxvdeba. aq, cxadia, vgulisxmobT, nikoloz baraTaS-

vilis leqss `napoleoni~ da aleqsandre orbelianis or pata-

ra, magram metad saintereso werils. `napolioni da maSindeli

angliis mTavroba~ da `sityva italiisaTvis~. es, ra Tqma unda,

cotaa, magram mniSvnelovania. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es

daintereseba gacilebiT didi iqneboda, magram imis gamo, rom

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad ar

arsebobda perioduli presa, bevri ram etyoba daikarga, ga-

nadgurebul iqna da Cvenamde mxolod metad mwirma informa-

ciam moaRwia, romelic am dainteresebis fragmentebad gvev-

lineba. amitom, Cveni azriT, es monakveTi pirobiTad saqar-

TveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dain-

teresebis winaistoriad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan es daintereseba kidev uf-

ro izrdeba, rac qarTuli perioduli presis gaCenas ukavSir-

deboda. 1879 wels mas gverdSi amoudga wera-kiTxvis gamav-

rcelebeli sazogadoeba. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. da-

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savleT evropis istoriis popularizaciam kidev ufro far-

Tod gaSala frTebi. amitom es monakveTi 1918 wlamde saqar-

TveloSi axali istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebis pirvel

periods warmoadgens.

meore periods mkveTrad gamokveTili qronologiuri

CarCoebi gaaCnia: dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavla

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi. im dros gamo-

suli axali istoriis pirveli, erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebi

imJamindeli qarTuli istoriografiis warmatebad migvaCnia.

saqarTveloSi axali istoriis popularizacia mecnierul el-

fers iZens.

umTavresad politikuri kataklizmebis gamo saqarTve-

los istoriis `patara oqros xana~ sakmaod xanmokle aRmoCnda.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals moxda saqarTvelo gasabWoeba. aqedan

iwyeba saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiT-

xebiT dainteresebis mesame periodi. dasavleT evropis axali

istoriis problemebiT dainteresebam mecnieruli saxe SeiZina,

magram is umTavresad calmxriv xasiaTs iRebs da erTi marqsis-

tul-leninuri ideologiis CarCoebSi aRmoCnda momwyvdeuli.

myardeba marqsistul-leninuri msoflmxedvelobis monopo-

lia, diqtati. sxva arCevani ar arsebobda. gansxvavebuli azri

idevneboda. `es iyo Cveni ubedureba da ara danaSauli~.

1991 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT mTavrde-

ba mesame periodi da iwyeba meoTxe periodi, romelic dResac

grZeldeba. qarTulma istoriografiam daibruna suverenoba.

axla mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina. amas didi

mniSvneloba hqonda. iwyeba axali istoriis marqsizmisagan

ganwmendis procesi.

* * *

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis mecnie-

ruli Seswavlis da swavlebis fuZemdeblebad cnobili isto-

rikosebi prof. nikoloz dubrovski, prof. grigol naTaZe da

prof. aleqsandre namoraZe gvevlinebian. gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom maT moRvaweoba mo-

uxdaT yvelaze rTul periodSi, rodesac stalinuri reJimi,

totalitarul-bolSevikuri saxelmwifo, Tavisi zeobis ze-

nitSi imyofeboda. es iyo 30-40-iani wlebi — maTi moRvaweobis

saukeTeso xana. vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovanwilad swored amiT

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aixsneba, rom maTi mdidari mecnieruli potenciali bolomde

realizebuli ar yofila da maTi mecnieruli memkvidreoba me-

tad Taviseburad, mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. aq, pirvel

rigSi, ra Tqma unda, prof. n. dubrovski da prof. al. namoraZe

gvyavs mxedvelobaSi. Cven Zalian kargad gvesmis maTi sulieri

travma. isini gaizardnen sul sxva garemoSi, istoriuli mov-

lenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgomis pirobebSi da moRva-

weoba mouxdaT totalitarul-bolSevikur saxelmwifoSi, sa-

dac damyarda erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis diqta-

ti, monopolia.

amave dros, usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, isic, rom Tu

ara es kompromisi, dRes is mcire literaturac ar gveqnebo-

da, rac qarTul enaze gagvaCnia. am kompromisis gamo maTi gan-

sja advilia, magram, Cveni azriT, es ar iqneboda samarTliani

da mecnierulad swori. `es iyo Cveni ubedureba da ara danaSa-

uli~. vfiqrobT, es ufro adekvaturia.

nikoloz dubrovski (1874-1943) iyo maRalkvalificire-

buli profesionali, evropuli rangis mkvlevari istorikosi.

mas Seeqmna uaRresad erudirebuli istorikosis imiji, rome-

lic ratomRac arafers werda. sinamdvileSi es ase ar iyo. Cven

mivakvlieT n. dubrovskis ramdenime naSroms da pirvelad Se-

movitaneT samecniero mimoqcevaSi.

savsebiT marTlzomieri unda iyos, rom n. dubrovskis

mecnieruli moRvaweobis yvelaze ufro nayofieri periodi

iyo poloneTSi yofna, sadac mas saSualeba hqonda axlo gac-

noboda dasavleT evropis istoriis Sesaxeb arsebul masa-

lebs. sxva aseTi Sansi mas metad aRar miscemia.

n. dubrovskis mecnieruli moRvaweoba ramdenime mimar-

TulebiT warimarTa: 1. dubrovski rogorc italiuri renesan-

sis mkvlevari. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa misi naSromi ita-

liel humanistze kaluCio salutatize. 2. n. dubrovski axali

istoriis istoriografiis sakiTxebis mkvlevari. am mxriv yu-

radRebas impyrobs misi naSromi cnobil rus istorikosze ni-

koloz kareevze. 3. axali istoriis sakiTxebis populariza-

cia. am Temas exeba n. dubrovksis naSromi 1830 wlis ivlisis

ruvoluciaze safrangeTSi.

`XIV saukunis florencieli publicisti~, romelic exeba

kaluCio salutatis moRvaweobas, n. dubrovskis saukeTeso

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naSromad migvaCnia da mas imdroindel istoriografiaSi

TvalsaCino adgili ukavia.

SesaniSnavi rusi istorikosis n. kareevisadmi miZRvnili

n. dubrovskis naSromi warmoadgens n. kareevis mecnieruli

moRvaweobis Sefasebis erT-erT pirvel seriozul mcdelo-

bas. n. dubrovski kargad flobs istoriografiuli naSromis

weris kulturas. es ar aris n. kareevis Sexedulebis ubralo

gadmocema. is cdilobs gaarkvios n. kareevis koncefciis Zli-

eri da susti mxareebi da axsnas maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi. sab-

WoTa periodSi is aqtiur mecnierul muSaobas praqtikulad

CamoSorda da mxolod pedagogiur saqmianobas eweoda [1].

prof. grigol naTaZe (1878-1951) farTo diapazonis is-

torikosi iyo. man Tavisi wvlili Seitana ara marto dasavleT

evropis axali istoriis, aramed Zveli saberZneTis da gansa-

kuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. gr. na-

TaZe qarTuli medievistikis fuZemdeblad unda miviCnioT.

gr. naTaZis sadoqtoro disertacia exeba Zveli saberZne-

Tis istorias, kerZod kilonis ajanyebas aTenSi qristes So-

bamde VII saukuneSi [2].

gansakuTrebiT faseulia gr. naTaZis Sromebi Sua sauku-

neebis istoriaSi. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad,

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebis Sua xanebSi, qarTul medievistikas

mecnieruli gza hqonda arCeuli da im novaciebze iyo orien-

tirebuli, romelic xdeboda XX saukunis dasawyisis evropul

medievistikaSi, magram SemdgomSi, umTavresad politikuri ka-

taklizmebis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda gadaexvia arCeuli gzidan

da damorCileboda marqsistuli ideologiis diqtats [3].

rogorc aRvniSneT, gr. naTaZem Tavisi sityva Tqva dasav-

leT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. misi yuradRe-

bis centrSi aRmoCnda axali istoriis aqtualuri probleme-

bi, safrangeTis didi revoluciis da napoleonis epoqa. am Te-

mas exeba misi saxelmZRvanelo `kapitalizmis istoriidan~. Te-

ma 2 safrangeTis didi revolucia da `ramodenime momenti sa-

frangeTis, didi revoluciis agraruli kanonmdeblobidan~,

naSromebi napoleonze, romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi

napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis sakvanZo sakiTxebis

ganxilvis pirvel mecnierul mcdelobas warmoadgens. ingli-

sis mokle itoria [4]. gr. naTaZis SexedulebebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli winaaRmdegobebi SemTxveviTi ar yofila da mniS-

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vnelovanwilad imiT aixsneboda, rom igi cdilobda `ekonomi-

kuri materializmidan~ marqsizmisaken evolucias da amasTa-

nave, istoriis sociologiuri gaSuqebis momxred gvevlineba.

es umTavresad imiT gamoixateba, rom is did yuradRebas uT-

mobs social-ekonomikur problematikas, xolo politikur

istorias, kulturas gacilebiT naklebi adgili aqvs daTmo-

bili.

prof. aleqsandre namoraZe (1890-1958) evropuli rangis

istorikosia. is iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi axa-

li istoriis kaTedris damaarsebeli. swored misi gazrdilia

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis mkvlevarTa momdevno Tao-

ba, rac qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe al. namoraZis did

damsaxurebas warmoadgens.

al. namoraZis mecnieruli saqmianoba ramdenime mimarTu-

lebiT warimarTa: pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, es iyo admi-

nistraciuli meurveoba da municipaluri mmarTveloba saf-

rangeTSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. meore seriozuli Tema, rom-

lis damuSavebasac xeli mokida al. namoraZem, es iyo friad aq-

tualuri sakiTxi — saTemo miwebis ganawileba safrangeTis

didi revoluciis dros da bolos unda iTqvas, rom man Tavisi

wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebis da axali isto-

riis popularizaciis saqmeSi. dawera saxelmZRvanelo da sa-

mecniero-popularuli xasiaTis Sromebi.

istoriuli mecnierebis winaSe al. namoraZis damsaxure-

ba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra misma solidurma, funda-

menturma gamokvlevam `administraciuli meurveoba da muni-

cipaluri marTveloba safrangeTSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi~ [5].

faqtobrivad es iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi pirveli sadoqto-

ro disertacia, romelic daculi iqna dasavleT evropis axal

istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom al. namoraZis am naSroms maRal

Sefasebas aZlevda saxelganTqmuli rusi istorikosi, safran-

geTi istoriis kompetenturi mkvlevari akad. evgeni tarle.

mas mizanSewonilad miaCnda al. namoraZis am naSromis rusul

enaze gamocema. es al. namoraZis naSromis didi aRiareba iyo.

[6] saintereso polemikas hqonda adgili administraciuli me-

urveobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb rus istorikos prof. pavle

ardaSevs da al. namoraZes Soris naSromSi mocemulia adminis-

traciuli meurveobis periodizacia, Tumca misi Semdgomi

srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni azriT, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos.

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lui IX-is mefobidan (1229-1270) administraciuli meurveobis

dawyeba naadrevi Cans.

meore seriozuli Tema, romlis damuSavebas al. namora-

Zem xeli mokida es iyo saTemo miwebis ganawilebis sakiTxi

safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros. Tema aris saintereso da

aqtualuri. al. namoraZem Tavisi sityva Tqva aRniSnuli sa-

kiTxis Seswavlis sakiTxSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa mi-

si polemika rus istorikosTan s. kuniskisTan. is sul sxva

gziT midis glexobis diferenciaciis sakiTxSi. man am Temas

eqvsi naSromi miuZRvna, magram mxolod oris gamoqveyneba mo-

aswro. danarCenebis kvals arqivSi wavawydiT da pirvelad Se-

movitaneT samecniero mimoqcevaSi [7].

al. namoraZis samecniero-popularuli Sromebidan sayu-

radReboa saxelmZRvanelo Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis

qalaqebis genezisze. es saxelmZRvanelo imdroindeli qarTu-

li istoriografiis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia. gansakuTrebiT

misasalmebelia sakiTxis istoriografiaze yuradRebis gamax-

vileba, magram saxelmZRvanelos aSkarad etyoba im drois kva-

li. mniSvnelovanwilad, swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom

Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qalaqebi upirveles yovli-

sa ganixileba, rogorc social-ekonomikuri struqtura, xo-

lo maTi kulturuli funqcia ukan planze inacvlebs [8].

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axa-

li istoriis istoriografiis mecnieruli Seswavlis inicia-

torebad prof. gr. naTaZe da prof. aleqsandre namoraZe mig-

vaCnia. istoriografiis sakiTxebiT maTi aseTi daintereseba,

vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila. mis mecnierul mniSvnelo-

bas SemecnebiTi datvirTva gansazRvravs. Cveni frTxili vara-

udiT, es SeiZleba iyo mkiTxvelTan saubari `ezopes enaze~. am

gziT isini mkiTxels mianiSnebdnen rogor miaxlovdebodnen

simarTles [9].

* * *

maswavleblebis dawyebuli saqme maTma mowafeebma gaag-

rZeles. es iyo meore Taoba. maTi didi nawilis Semoqmedebis

saukeTeso wlebi sabWoTa reJimze modis. isini iZulebuli iy-

vnen angariSi gaewiaT erTi marqsistuli ideologiis diqta-

tisaTvis. sxva arCevani ar arsebobda. amitom maTi mkacrad

gansja, vfiqrobT, marTebuli ar iqneboda. `es iyo Cveni ube-

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dureba da ara danaSauli~. axali istoriis problemebisadmi

maTi damokidebuleba iyo mecnieruli, magram iZulebuli iy-

vnen am sakiTxis marqsistuli interpretacia moecaT. Tu am

marqsistul garesamoss SemovacilebT, masSi Cadebuli mdida-

ri mecnieruli masala Rirebuli rCeba.

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis da is-

toriografiis mecnieruli Seswavlis da popularizaciis saq-

meSi fasdaudebeli wvlili miuZRvis al. namoraZis erT-erT

sayvarel mowafes prof. givi kiRuraZes (1922-1978).

misi mecnieruli saqmianoba ramdenime mimarTulebiT wa-

rimarTa: 1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis istoria XX sauku-

nis dasawyisSi. 2. safrangeTis didi revoluciis sakiTxebis

damuSaveba. 3. saqarTvelos da evropis qveynebis urTierTobe-

bi. 4. axali istoriis da istoriografiis sakiTxebis popula-

rizacia.

XX saukunis dasawyisis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

istorias prof. givi kiRuraZem ramdenime saintereso naSromi

miuZRvna. pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, es iyo misi saintereso

monografia marokos pirvel krizisze 1904-1906 wlebSi. `ma-

rokos problema germaniis imperializmis politikaSi 1904-

1906 ww.~ [10]. g. kiRuraZem Tavis wignSi damajereblad gviCvena

marokos pirveli krizisis dros germaniis diplomatiis izo-

laciis gamomwvevi motivebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

aqtualur problemebs exeba g. kiRuraZis sxva Sromebi [11].

prof. givi kiRuraZis mecnierul memkvidreobaSi cen-

traluri adgili uWiravs `marad ukvdav Temas~ — safrangeTis

didi revoluciis mecnierul kvlevas. prof. givi kiRuraZe sa-

qarTveloSi safrangeTis didi revoluciis erT-erTi sauke-

Teso specialistia. man am Tematikas ramdenime aTeuli sainte-

reso naSromi miuZRvna. maT Soris yvelaze ufro faseulia mi-

si gamokvleva armiis rolze safrangeTis didi revoluciis

dros. `armiis problema safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli re-

voluciis dros~ [12]. prof. boris porSnevis TqmiT, es iyo

`qalwulebrivi Tema~, romlis damuSavebas mokida xeli qar-

Tvelma mkvlevarma. frangi istorikosis, sorbonis universi-

tetis profesoris, marsel reinaris TqmiT, safrangeTis didi

revoluciis dros armiis problema Seswavlili iyo samxedro

aspeqtSi, xolo samoqalaqo TvalsazrisiT es Tema Seuswavle-

li iyo. ai am xarvezis Sevsebas Seecada qarTveli mkvlevari. am

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problemis sainteresod gadawyvetas didad Seuwyo xeli re-

voluciis Tanamedrovis emeriis arqivis masalebma, romelic

g. kiRuraZem pirvelad Semoitana samecniero mimoqcevaSi. es

iyo misi saukeTeso naSromi. am gamokvlevam mniSvnelovanwi-

lad gansazRvra misi orginaluri wvlili istoriul mecnie-

rebaSi. prof. b. porSnevs mizanSewonilad miaCnda g. kiRuraZis

monografiis rusul da frangul enaze gamoqveyneba. es qar-

Tuli istoriografiis didi aRiareba iyo [13].

givi kiRuraZem safrangeTis did revolucias araerTi

sagulisxmo naSromi miuZRvna, sadac am problemis zogierTi

sakvanZo sakiTxis sainteresod ganxilvis iniciatorad mog-

vevlina [14].

prof. givi kiRuraZe dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos

da dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriul da kulturul ur-

TierTobebis problemiT. am Tematikas man ramdenime sayurad-

Rebo naSromi miuZRvna [15].

prof. g. kiRuraZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTul

enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenas. es qarTuli istoriogra-

fiis winaSe misi kidev erTi damsaxureba iyo [16]. gansakuTre-

biT mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom man ver moaswro

daewera samecniero-popularuli monografia axali istoriis

sxva sakvanZo problemebze [17].

prof. varlam donaZe (1907-1989) farTo diapazonis isto-

rikosi iyo. is did dainteresebas iCenda ara marto dasavleT

evropis axali istoriis, aramed aziisa da afrikis qveynebis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebisadmi. Tavisi sityva Tqva

qarTvelologiaSi.

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs mravali sa-

intereso naSromi miuZRvna prof. varlam donaZem, romelTa

Soris yvelaze ufro faseuli Cans misi fundamenturi, soli-

duri monografia `ruseT-safrangeTis urTierToba XVIII-XIX

saukuneebis mijnaze [18]. aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema mas SeurCia

am epoqis safrangeTis istoriis iseTma kompetenturma mkvle-

varma, rogoric iyo akad. evgeni tarle. es, cxadia, varlam do-

naZisaTvis gamocxadebuli didi ndoba iyo, romelsac unda

iTqvas, rom man warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. es aris misi erT-er-

Ti saukeTeso naSromi. man damajereblad gviCvena Tu riTi iyo

gamowveuli meore antifranguli koaliciis warumatebloba.

sainteresod ganixila indoeTSi ruseT-safrangeTis erTob-

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livi laSqrobis proeqti. xazi gausva imas, Tu ratom ar gan-

xorcielda es Canafiqri.

prof. varlam donaZis monografia mniSvnelovani SenaZe-

ni iyo imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiisTvis da sicxa-

de Seqonda safrangeTis axali istoriis zogierT saintereso

sakiTxSi [19].

prof. varlam donaZem pirvelad qarTul istoriografi-

aSi dawera saxelmZRvaneloebi aziis da afrikis qveynebis axal

da uaxles istoriaSi. didi wvlili Seitana aziis da afrikis

qveynebis axali da uaxlesi istoriis Seswavlis da populari-

zaciis saqmeSi [20].

didi Rvawli miuZRvis prof. varlam donaZes qarTvelo-

logiis sferoSic. igi didi yuradRebiT swavlobda qarTveli

samocianelebis naazrevs evropis axali istoriis kardinalur

problemebze [21]. SemdgomSi mas gverdSi amoudgnen umcrosi

Taobis istorikosebi: vaJa TvalavaZe, nino namoraZe, lali

fircxalava da sxvebi.

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebisadmi did

dainteresebas iCenda al. namoraZis kidev erTi mowafe prof.

kote anTaZe (1929-2006). al. namoraZis mowafeebis dainterese-

ba safrangeTis didi revoluciis TematikiT, cxadia, SemTxve-

viTi ar yofila da maTi mecnierxelmZRvanelis keTilismyo-

feli gavlenis logikuri Sedegia. yuradRebas ipyrobs prof.

kote anTaZis seriozuli naSromi, romelic Seexeba safrange-

Tis didi revoluciis erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTs — 1792 wlis 10

agvistos gadatrialebas, romelsac moyva safrangeTSi monar-

qiis damxoba da respublikis gamocxadeba [22]. man Tavis gamok-

vlevaSi uzarmazari faqtobriv masalas, mdidar mecnierul

informacias mouyara Tavi. igi Rrmad Caxedulia sakiTxis Se-

saxeb arsebul pirvewyaroebsa da mravalferovan sakvlev li-

teraturaSi, rogorc rusul, ise frangul enaze.

man Tavis wignSi detalurad gaaSuqa safrangeTis revo-

luciis erTi, dramatizmiT aRsavse movlena 1792 wlis 10 ag-

vistos gadatrialeba da ara revolucia, rogorc mas xSirad

uwodeben.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom man scada daedgina viqtor

hiugos romanis `ocxmocdacametis~ mTavari gmiris simurde-

nis prototipi. gamoTqva varaudi, rom is SeiZleba yofiliyo

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warsulSi abati, iakobini, SemdgomSi konventis politikuri

komisari vandeaSi — qsavie — fransua odueni [22.125].

prof. kote anTaZe aqtiurad monawileobda, iyo Tanaav-

tori dasavleT evropis axali da uaxlesi istoriis saxel-

mZRvaneloebis, axali istoriis qrestomaTiis. misi xelmZRva-

nelobiT daiwera mravali saintereso naSromi, misi redaqto-

robiT gamovida araerTi sayuradRebo wigni. is mecnierebis

kargi organizatori da ubadlo redaqtori iyo. postsabWoTa

periodSi mis erT-erT mTavar damsaxurebad msoflio istori-

is axali erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna migvCnia [23].

mis damsaxurebas warmoadgens dasavleT evropis axali

istoriis mklevarTa axali Taobis aRzrda. amiT man faqtob-

rivad gaagrZela is saqme, romelic saTavesTan idga al. namo-

raZe.

termini safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revolucia,

romelic damkvidrda sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi, sakiTxisadmi viwro klasobrivi, wminda formaciuli

midgomis anareklia da Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo marqsistul

istoriografiaSi.

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi Ta-

visi mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanes german simoniZem, vladi-

mer ivanovma, revaz laskarma, mixeil mamforiam. totalita-

rul-bolSevikur saxelmwifoSi maTi mdidari mecnieruli po-

tenciali mTlianad realizebuli ar yofila. es mniSvnelo-

vanwilad imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom maTTvis, ise rogorc

aleqsandre namoraZis mowafeebis didi nawilisaTvis, sruli-

ad miuRebeli iyo erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis

diqtati. ra Tqma unda, iyo amis gamomwvevi sxva mizezebic, mag-

ram, cxadia, es mxolod varaudi iqneba da WeSmariti mizezi,

albaT, maT adamianuri xasiaTis TvisebebSi unda veZioT.

german simoniZe (1925-1986) did dainteresebas iCenda Te-

oriuli, istoriografiuli sakiTxebisadmi. kiTxulobda leq-

ciebs friad aqtualur Temaze `samecniero teqnikuri revo-

lucia da istoriuli mecniereba~. istoriografiis sakiTxe-

biT daintereseba misasalmebeli iyo da am Tematikaze mSobli-

ur enaze arsebuli literaturiT dResac ar varT ganebivre-

buli [24].

revaz laskarma (1928-1988) ramdenime kargi saqme gaakeTa.

Tavisi wvlili Seitana axali istoriis (1870-1918) sauniversi-

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teto saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis saqmeSi, enciklopediaSi gamo-

aqveyna ramdenime aTeuli statia dasavleT evropis axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebze, monawileoba miiRo axali isto-

riis qrestomaTiis SedgenaSi [25].

vladimer ivanovma (1929-1992) aqtiuri monawileoba mii-

Ro axali istoriis (1870-1918) sauniversiteto saxelmZRvane-

los SeqmnaSi da dawera saintereso istoriografiuli xasia-

Tis naSromi `Sua aRmosavleTis problema XIX saukunis meore

naxevarSi da inglisis burJuazili istoriografia~ [26].

mixeil mamforia (1901-1974) did dainteresebas iCenda

Zveli saberZneTis istoriis problemebiT da istoriis swav-

lebis meTodikis sakiTxebiT. Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili

Seitana axali istoriis qrestomaTiis Seqmnis saqmeSi. mSobli-

ur enaze dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli

pirvelwyaroebiT qarTveli mkiTxveli da pirvel rigSi mos-

wavle axalgazrdoba ganebivrebuli arasodes yofila da axa-

li istoriis qrestomaTiis gamocema seriozul wingadadgmul

nabijs warmoadgenda [22].

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs exeba prof.

givi Jordanias (1911-2001) sqeltaniani gamokvlevebi `ruseT-

safrangeTis urTierToba XVI saukunis bolos da XVII saukunis

dasawyisSi~ da `romis kaTolikuri misia da saqarTvelo (XVI

saukunis bolo XVII saukunis 20-30-ian wlebi) [28]. es imdroin-

deli qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo.

evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs CauRrmavda prof. ku-

kuri liluaSvili (1924-1989). man dawera seriozuli naSromi

ocdaaTwliani omis (1618-1648) erT-erT saintereso sakiTxze

Cexi xalxis brZolaze TavisuflebisaTvis. mis mTavar naSroms

ki, cxadia, warmoadgens soliduri, fundamenturi, gamokvleva

fanariotTa uRelis winaaRmdeg bulgareli xalxis gmiruli

brZolis Sesaxeb [29]. prof. karlo meSvelianma dawera saxel-

mZRvanelo slavebis istoriaSi [30]. faqtobrivad es iyo qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi aRmosavleT evropis istoriis mecnie-

ruli Seswavlis saqmeSi gadadgmuli pirveli seriozuli nabi-

jebi.

prof. naira mamukelaSvilis daintereseba safrangeTis

didi revoluciis istoriiT SemTxveviT ar yofila da, pirvel

yovlisa, prof. givi kiRuraZis da prof. kote anTaZis keTilis-

myofeli gavlenis logikur Sedegs warmoadgens. safrangeTis

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revoluciis erT-erT aqtualur da rTul sakiTxs exeba n. mamu-

kelaSvilis naSromi `safrangeTis politikuri wyobis demok-

ratizaciisaTvis brZola 1793 wlis pirvel naxevarSi~ [31].

* * *

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswav-

lis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan texilad gvevlineba 90-iani wlebi,

rodesac daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. wertili daesva erTi mar-

qsistuli ideologiis diqtats. qarTulma istoriografiam

SvebiT amoisunTqa. mas gauCnda sakuTari arCevani. Seiqmna wa-

namZRvrebi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis aqtualuri

problemebis gaazrebis normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dab-

runebisaTvis. dRis wesrigSi dadga axali istoriis gawmenda

marqsistuli stereotipebisa da Stampebisagan. es ar iyo advi-

li saqme da garkveuli dro esaWiroeboda.

am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul pirvel seriozul nabijad

msoflio istoriis axali saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi migvaC-

nia [32]. aq ukve aRar igrZnoba istoriuli movlenebisadmi viw-

ro klasobrivi midgoma da formaciuli principi. es seriozu-

li winagadadgmuli nabiji iyo. am saxelmZRvanelobis Semdgo-

mi daxvewa, srulyofa, gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia [33].

qarTulma istoriografiam postsabWour sivrceSi erT-

erTma pirvelma dasva sakiTxi msoflio istoriis marqsistu-

li periodizaciis gadasinjvis Taobaze da Seecada msoflio

istoriis periodizaciis normalur kalapotSi dabrunebas.

yovelgvari originalobia da novaciebis gareSe mizanSewoni-

lad migvaCnia daubrundeT msoflio istoriis periodizaciis

im models, romelic miRebuli da aRiarebuli aris saerTaSo-

riso sazogadoebis mier [34].

uaxlesi qarTuli istoriografia did yuradRebas uT-

mobs dasavleT evropis axal istoriaSi axali kvalificirebu-

li saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnas. lali fircxalavam dawera sa-

xelmZRvanelo istoriuli mecnierebis SesavalSi. prof. vaJa

TvalavaZem dawera axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. qarTul

istoriografiaSi pirvelad Seiqmna saxelmZRvaneloebi dasav-

leT evropis calkeuli qveynebis, inglisis, safrangeTis da

germaniis istoriaSi [35]. es iyo marqsistuli ideologiis mo-

nopoliis daZlevis gzaze gadadgmuli pirveli mokrZalebuli

nabijebi. ikveTeba istoriis mravalvariantuli midgomis kon-

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turebi, Tumca marqsistuli ideologiis gavlenis bolomde

daZlevaze laparaki jer kidev naadrevia. am mxriv win didi

Sroma gviZevs.

naira mamukelaSvilma daicva sadoqtoro disertacia is-

toris swavlebis meTodikaSi. am striqonebis avtorma dawera mo-

nografia Temaze `dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali is-

toriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi~,

sadac sagangebodaa Seswavlili saqarTveloSi dasavleT evro-

pis axali istoriis Seswavlis fuZemdeblebis n. dubrovskis, gr.

naTaZis da al. namoraZis mecnieruli memkvidreoba.

saqarTveloSi germanuli reformaciis erT-erT sauke-

Teso specialistad gvevlineba prof. guram kutalia. man am

Temaze gamoaqveyna xuTi monografia da araerTi saintereso

naSromi. istorikosma luarsab SublaZem sagangebod Seiswav-

la Sveicarieli reformatoris huldraix cvinglis Sexedu-

lebebi. reformaciis Tematikaze ramdenime naSromi gamoaq-

veyna akaki geTiaSvilma [36].

inglisSi reformaciis sakiTxis interesdebian istriko-

sebi nino gomarTeli, eTer jaWvaZe, izolda belTaZe, Tea qar-

Cava. am Sromebis mecnierul Rirebulebas mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvravs maTi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba [37]. es Sromebi,

saerTaSoriso standartebis Tanaxmad, umTavresad axal is-

torias ganekuTvneba an Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis

sazRvarzea.

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis meore mniS-

vnelovani centria saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis is-

toriis instituti, sadac am saSuri saqmis iniciatorad al.

namoraZis kidev erTi mowafe prof. ilia tabaRua mogvevlina.

man fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana saqarTvels da evropis

qveynebis urTierTobebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. guldasmiT Seis-

wavla da gamoamzeura saqarTveloze evropis wignTsacavebSi

da arqivebSi daculi masalebi. sagangebod gamoikvlia sul-

xan-saba orbelianis misia safrangeTSi [38].

pirveli msoflio omis win germaniis sagareo politikas

ganixilavs Tavis wignebSi prof. vaJa CoCia [39]. ganyofileba

gamoscemda krebuls `evropis istoriis sakiTxebi~, romelmac

Tavisi wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali

istoriis kvlevis da popularizaciis saqmeSi.

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dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriis Seswavlas didi yu-

radReba eTmoboda kidev erT mniSvnelovan samecniero cen-

trSi sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis institutSi (yofil a.

s. puSkinis institutSi). aq am saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen al. namo-

raZis mowafeebi prof. arCil CxeiZe da prof. guram manjgalaZe.

prof. arCil CxeiZis yuradRebis centrSi idga inglisis

politika kavkasiaSi XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

[40]. prof. guram manjgalaZe ki germanisti iyo da swavlobda

germaniis politikas kavkasiaSi. mas ainteresebda am aqtualu-

ri Temis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi [41]. ucxo enebis institutSi

iRwvoda al. namoraZis mowafe remi sikinWalaSvili [42].

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlas da popula-

rizacias didi yuradReba eqceoda periferiebSi: baTumSi, so-

xumSi, quTaisSi, gorSi, TelavSi. am saqmis Tavkacebi upirate-

sad al. namoraZis mowafeebi da maTi aRzrdilebi iyvnen. maT

Soris yvelaze ufro kolorituli figuraa — prof. levan

svanaZe. is saqarTveloSi inglisis uaxlesi istoriis erT-er-

Ti saintereso mkvlevaria.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. Н. Дубровский, Флорентийский публицист конца XIV-го столетия –

Историческое обозрение, т. 14. М., 1905. Н. Дубровский, Ученолите-ратурная деятельность Н. И. Кареева – Исторический вестник, т. XCIX, М., 1905. Н. Дубровский, Июльская революция и буржуазия –

Мир божий, март, 1906. Н. Дубровский, Официальная наука в царстве Польском. СПБ., 1908

2. gr. naTaZe, uZvelesi saberZneTis social-ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareoba, rogorc kilonis ajanyebis safuZveli, Tb., 1924.

3. gr. naTaZe, dasavleT evropis feodalizmis istoria, Tb.,

1926. gr. naTaZe, dasavleT evropis feodalizmis istoria,

Tb., 1933. gr. naTaZe, inglisis mokle istoria, Tb., 1919. gr.

naTaZe, axali problemebi evropis feodalizmis istorii-

dan. beneficiumis warmoSoba da imunitetis sakiTxi, uni-

versitetis moambe, t. VI, Tb., 1925. gr. naTaZe, Capitulare de Vi-llis erTi nimuSi formalur-logikuri midgomisa istoriul

kvlevaSi, universtitetis Sromebi, seria 1, Tb., 1936. gr. na-

TaZe, salikuri kanoni rogorc wyaro evropis ekonomikuri

istoriis Sesaswavlad, universitetis Sromebi, t. 5, Tb.,

1938. gr. naTaZe, soflis meurneobis organizacia da teqnika

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437

Zvel germanelebSi — universitetis Sromebi, t. XVI, Tb.,

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landaZe, safrangeTis didi revoluciis agraruli kanon-

mdeblobis Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006. gv. 129-141. r.

sikinWalaSvili, grakxus babefis revoluciuri Sexedule-

bebis Sesaxeb, ucxo enebis pedagogiuri institutis Srome-

bi, t. 11-12. Tb., 1972.

Merab Kalandadze

Doctor of History, Professor of the Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Modern History of Eastern Europe Studies in Georgia

Summary

In this topic is researched the studies of modern history of Eastern

Europe in Georgia. Till now this theme was not explored. Founders of modern history of Eastern Europe studies in Georgia are

prof. Nicholas Dubrovsky, prof. Grigol Natadze and Alexander Namoradze. Great contribution in the studies were made by their followers: prof.

Givi Kiguradze, prof. Kote Antadze, prof. Ilia Tabagua, prof. Kukuri Liluashvili, prof. Karlo Meshveliani, prof. Archil Chkheidze, prof. Guram

Manjgaladze and their colleges prof. Varlam Donadze and prof. Givi Jordania. Today their disciples continue working and this is, already the third

generation of researchers.

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niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-

TanamSromeli

toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis

saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqi — Tbilisi Zvel qarTul

wyaroebSi ZiriTadad saxeldebulia rogorc — `tfilisi~.

sainteresoa, Tu rodis ewoda `tfiliss~ — `Tbilisi~?

qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi asea ganmartebuli

termini `Tbilisi~ — `Tbilisi (1936-mde tfilisi)~ [3, 595].

imave enciklopediis sxva tomSi asea ganmartebuli ter-

mini `tfilisi~ — `q. Tbilisis saxelwodeba 1936-mde. ix. st.

Tbilisi~ [5, 83].

enciklopedia `TbilisSi~ vkiTxulobT: `ZvelqarTulad

qalaqs `tfilisi~ erqva da am saxelwodebidan gavrcelda igi

sxva xalxTa enebSi (rusulsa da evropulSi `tiflis~; arabul-

sparsulSi — `Tiflis~; somxurSi — `tfRis~; berZnulSi — `te-

filis~)~ [4, 27-28].

zemoxsenebuli ganmartebebis gacnobisas rCeba STabeW-

dileba, rom 1936 wlamde saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis aRsaniSna-

vad gamoiyeneboda mxolod `tfilisi~. amis Semdeg ki mis nac-

vlad damkvidrda termini — `Tbilisi~.

saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi

daculi erTi saistorio sabuTi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, rom

zemoT motanili ganmartebani gadavsinjoT.

1795 wlis 1 maiss, qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is (1720-

1798) mier mankasar TuSmaliSvilisadmi (dokumentSi ixsenieba

`TuSmalovis~ formiT) boZebul aznaurobis wyalobis wignSi,

romlis dedanic (igi gamosaxulia winamdebare krebulis gare-

kanis bolo gverdze) daculia zemoxsenebul arqivSi, vkiTxu-

lobT:

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`wyalobiTa RvTisaTa, Cuen, yovlisa saqarTveloÁsa, ka-

xeTisa da sxuaTa da sxuaTaman irakli meoreman, mefeman, gi-

boZeT werili ese da ganvacxadebT, rom Sen — mankasar sardar

gvarad TuSmalo xar, romelic gvari saqarTvelos keTilSo-

bilad aRracxilia da Sen STamomavlobiTurT SeniT Sesabam

xarisxis TÂsisa keTilSobilad icnobebode da pativcemul iy-

av, viTarca sxvanni saqarTvelos aznaurni, romelsa movawerT

Ãelsa da davhbeWdavT sameufoTa beWdiTa CveniTa welTa 1795,

Tvesa maisa I, xolo qarTulsa qoronikonsa upg daibeWda qa-

laqsa Sina Tbiliss (xazgasma Cvenia. n. j.)~ [1].

wyalobis wigns bolos erTvis mefe erekle II-is faqsimi-

le — `erekle~ (marjvena kuTxeSi). imave sabuTis marcxena

kuTxeSi dasmulia samefo beWedi wiTeli feris gogirdze [1].

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erekle II-is mier gacemul ara-

erT sabuTSi ixsenieba toponimi `tfilisi~. es gvafiqrebinebs,

rom jer kidev XVIII saukunis miwuruls `tfilisi~ da `Tbili-

si~ eqvivalentur terminebs warmoadgenda.

sainteresoa, ratom ixsenieba am sabuTSi TuSmaliSvilis

gvari `TuSmalovis~ formiT?

ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris 1783

wlis 24 ivliss, georgievskSi dadebuli traqtatis Semdeg,

rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Se-

vida, qarTvel TavadaznaurTa gvarebi zogierT dokumentSi

rusuli dabolebiT fiqsirdeboda, magaliTad, TurqestaniS-

vili — `Turqistanovis~ formiT, TumaniSvili — `Tumanovis~

formiT da sxv. [2].

amrigad, zemoxsenebuli saarqivo dokumenti safuZvels

gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom toponimi `Tbilisi~ jer kidev XVIII

saukunis miwuruls, anu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arsebobis xa-

naSi ixsenieboda, rogorc `tfilisis~ eqvivalenturi termini.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi

(scssa), fondi 1448, sabuTi # 845.

2. erekle II-is mier gacemuli sabuTebi (1736-1797 wlebi), sa-

qarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis ga-

mocema, Seadgina manana WumburiZem, Tb., 2008.

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3. Tbilisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.

4. Tbilisis istoria, enciklopedia `Tbilisi~, qarTuli en-

ciklopediis irakli abaSiZis saxelobis mTavari samecnie-

ro redaqcia, Tb., 2002.

5. tfilisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.

Niko Javakhishvili

Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor, Chief scientist-researcher of the Modern and

Contemporary History Department of the

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and

Ethnology

For the history of toponym `Tbilisi~

Summary

In the previous research it is studied an activity of Georgians in the

Baltics from the end of XVII th century to the beginning of XIX th century. There are 7 subtitles represented in the research:

The capital city of Georgia – Tbilisi is nominated as `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) in old Georgian annals.

It’s interesting when the city of `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) was named `Tbilisi~. It is explained in encyclopedias, that the name `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) was

changed to `Tbilisi~ since 1936. One historical document preserved in the Central State Historical

Archive of Georgia gives us a possibility to revise above mentioned

explanations. The document represents itself an original of the deed issued by

the King of Kartli-Kakheti (Kartalino-Kakhetia) – Erekle II (1720-1798) on

May 1, 1795 and where the toponym `Tbilisi~ is mentioned. It is remarkable

that this document is not only the one, issued by Erekle II, where we meet the

toponym `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~). Therefore, above mentioned archived document gives us an

opportunity to prove that toponym `Tbilisi~ was noted as equivalent to

`Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) as far back as from the end of XVIIIth century, during the

existence of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Kartalino-Kakhetia).

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xaTuna qoqraSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofile-

bis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqimandriti

nikifore Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.)

Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mkvidr mosaxleobas rom uZve-

lesi droidan qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, amas arqeologiuri,

arqiteqturuli, epigrafikuli Zeglebi, toponimuri monace-

mebi da geografiuli saxelebi erTxmad adastureben [3, 125; 8,

156; 12, 167]. migraciuli, socialur-politikuri Tu istoriu-

li procesebis Sedegad am regionis teritoriaze ZirZvel

qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad ebraelebi, somxebi, osebi da-

saxldnen. E

XIX s-is dasawyisisTvis, kerZod, 1802 wlis dokumentze

dayrdnobiT, Cans, rom dRevandeli cxinvalis regionis teri-

toriaze ebraelebi qarTvelebTan erTad, Sereulad, ZiriTa-

dad, cxinvalSi da breTSi cxovrobdnen, xolo somxebi ki cxin-

valSi, TamaraSenSi, dirbSi, breTSi, arcevSi da axalgorSi [13,

465-469]. Aaq mosaxle qarTvelebi, ZiriTadad, marTlmadideb-

luri sarwmunoebis, ebraelebi iudaizmis, xolo somxebi gri-

gorianuli da kaTolikuri aRmsarebloblobis mimdevarni iy-

vnen.

rac Sexeba osebis Sida qarTlis teritoriaze gansaxle-

bas, qarTveli istorikosebi uaryofen Tvalsazriss, osebis

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. saqar-

Tvelos istoriul provinciaSi dvaleTSi, romelic kavkasio-

nis qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, darialis xeobasa da mamisonis

uReltexils Soris mdebare e. w. nar-mamisonis qvabulSi mde-

bareobda, osebis Semosaxleba XV s-is bolodan dawyebula. is-

toriuli dvaleTi Sedgeboda kasris xevis, naras, JRelis,

zrogos, zaxas, zramagas xeobebisagan. osTa migraciis proce-

si aq mTeli XVI s-is ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da XVII s-Si

dasrulda osebis mier adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis

dvalebis asimilaciiT [6, 94-95]. aRsaniSnavia, rom dvaleTi

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eTnikuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos ganuyofeli

nawili iyo 1858 wlamde, rodesac es provincia ruseTma admi-

nistraciulad Tergis olqs dauqvemdebara.

osTa pirveli dasaxlebebi, dRevandeli saqarTvelos

teritoriaze, Cndeba Trusos xeobasa (md. Tergis saTave) da

MmaRran-dvaleTSi (kavkasionis Qqeds gadmoRma, didi liaxvis sa-

TaveebTan, aseve dvalebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria). Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis xeobebidan osebis am teritoriebze dasaxle-

ba, specialistebis azriT, XVII s-is I naxevarSi moxda [2, 56; 6,

96]. imis miuxedavad, rom XVII s-is I naxevarSi Sida qarTlis

mTianeTis (didi da patara liaxvis zemo weli) qarTuli mosax-

leoba istoriul-politikuri viTarebis Sedegad ukve ayrili

da barSi gadasaxlebulia, xolo es teritoriebi nasoflare-

biTaa mofenili, aq am periodSi osebi jer ar Canan.

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, didi da patara liaxvis

saTaveebTan, osebis migracia XVII s-is II naxevridan iwyeba. XVIII

s-is 30-iani wlebisaTvis isini gansaxlebulebi arian didi da

patara liaxvis xeobebis mTian zolSi, mdinareebis mejudis,

jejoris, qsnis, Tergis saTaveebTan. calkeul mTis sofelSi

osebi darCenil qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad Tanacxovro-

ben [2, 57; 6, 96]. vaxuSti bagrationis rukis mixedviT, am perio-

disaTvis, osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli soflebi, Sida

qarTlis mTiswineTsa da barSi jer ar arsebobda. mecnieri r.

TofCiSvili XVIII s-is bolosaTvis osTa samxreTiT gansaxle-

bis ukidures punqtebad miiCnevs (dasavleTidan aRmosavle-

Tis mimarTulebiT): kudaro (md. jejoris saTave raWaSi), guf-

TaA (didi liaxvis xeoba), awerisxevis xeobis zeda nawili (pata-

ra liaxvis xeobaSi), md. mejudis xeobis saTaveSi ori sofeli,

Jamuri (qsnis xeobis saTave), Ruda (md. TeTri aragvis xeobis

saTave mTiuleTSi), Truso (md. Tergis saTave) [6, 97]. amgva-

rad, XVIII s-is dasasrulisaTvis osebi, ZiriTadad, Sida qar-

Tlis mTian adgilebSi iyvnen dasaxlebulebi.

Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan mTiswineTisa da baris sof-

lebSi an nasoflarebSi osebis Casaxleba XVIII s-is bolosa da

XIX s-is damdegidan iwyeba. Aam periodisaTvis isini ikaveben pa-

tara liaxvis, lexuras, mejudas da froneebis xeobebis mTis-

wineTis teritoriebs. Aaq isini xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTul mo-

saxleobasTan Sereulad saxlobdnen.

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rusuli wyaro, romelic 1802 wliT TariRdeba, Seicavs

monacemebs gorisa da duSeTis mazris soflebis mosaxleobis

erovnebis da miwebis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. Ees dokumenti ose-

biT kompaqturad dasaxlebul Semdeg soflebs asaxelebs:

yornisi (saTavado), tbeTi (saufliswulo da saTavado), kusi-

reTi (saTavado), maCablebi (saTavado); mcire liaxvis xeobaSi

— Rvdisi, potrisi da kidev ramdenime sofeli — saxelmwifo;

maRran-dvaleTSi — Wvrivi, mRrivi da ramdenime sxva sofeli

(saxelmwifo), agreTve, saTixari (saeklesio), yulbiTi (saTava-

do); qsnis xeobaSi — xromis wyaro (saeklesio), ikoTi (saekle-

sio), WurTis xevi(saufliswulo), Jamuris xevi (saufliswu-

lo), cxraZmis xevi (saxelmwifo); aragvis auzSi —Trusos xeo-

ba, kopi-aCxoti, guda-osni (samive saufliswulo) [13, 465-469].

igive wyaro Seicavs cnobebs im soflebis Sesaxeb, sadac

qarTul-osuri Sereuli mosaxleoba mkvidrobda: ZveleTi (sa-

Tavado), sveri (saTavado), eredvi, qordi (saeklesio da saTa-

vado), dici (saxelmwifo da saTavado), aweris xevi (saxelmwi-

fo), Warebi (saTavado), snekvi (saTavado), beloTi (saxelmwi-

fo), sacxenisi (saeklesio), vanaTi (saxelmwifo), zardiaanT-ka-

ri (saTavado), mereTi (saTavado), karbi (saufliswulo da sa-

Tavado), arbo (saxelmwifo da saeklesio), sakorinTo (saTava-

do), kirbalo (saTavado), berSaTi (saTavado), lamis-yana (sa-

ufliswulo da saTavado) [13, 465-469].

sxvadasxva wyaroTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT qarTveli

mecnierebi asabuTeben, rom XIX s-is I naxevarSi Sida qarTlis

mTidan mTiswineTsa da barSi Casaxlebis procesi intensiuro-

biT ar gamoirCeoda. osebis Sida qarTlis baris soflebSi aq-

tiuri Camosaxleba da maTi dasaxlkareba XIX s-is Sua wlebidan

iwyeba da XIX s-is bolomde grZeldeba [2, 58; 7, 220].

amgvarad, samecniero literaturaSi dasabuTebulia,

rom osTa Camosaxleba, maTi kompaqturi gansaxleba dRevande-

li cxinvalis regionis teritoriebze moxda ara erTdrou-

lad, aramed TandaTanobiT XVII-XIX s-ebis ganmavlobaSi. Aam

process xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelosa da centraluri kavkasio-

nis mTis raionebSi Seqmnilma istoriulma, socialurma da po-

litikurma situaciam. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ax-

snilia, rom sagareo mtris Semosevebis Sedegad Sida qarTlis

mosaxleobis Semcirebam, qarTlis mTianeTidan ZirZveli qar-

Tuli mosaxleobis barisaken gadanacvlebam, erekle I-is (naza-

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ralixani) mier qarTlidan, ZiriTadad qsnis saerisTavodan,

kaxeTSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis gadasaxlebam, ASida qar-

Tlis daclas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli [11, 224]. yovelive

aman xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna osTa am teritoriebze Camo-

saxlebisaTvis. muSaxelis simciris gamo, os xizanTa qarTul

miwaze, qarTvelTa nasaxlarebze dasaxlebas, maT daymevebas

xels qarTveli adgilobrivi Tavadebic uwyobdnen [2, 56; 10,

60-61, 64; 11, 276]. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom osTa Camosaxlebis

procesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobiani ar iyo. qarTlis mTia-

neTis soflebSi osebis mier qarTlis soflebis aoxrebis, ada-

mianebis motacebis da Zarcvis faqtebs araerTi wyaro afiqsi-

rebs [9, 429-431].

sainteresoa, XIX s-is I naxevarSi cxinvalis regionSi mo-

binadre osebis raodenobis Sesaxeb cnobebi da mecnierTa mier

gamoTqmuli daskvnebi. Oosi mecnierebi, dokumenturi wyaroe-

bis araswori wakiTxvis Sedegad, cdiloben daamtkicon XVIII s-

Si CrdiloeT kavkasiidan qarTlSi osTa didi jgufis organi-

zebuli gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi [4, 201-202]. amas-

Tanave, isini Sida qarTlSi mobinadre osebis sakmaod maRal

cifrs asaxeleben. Oosi istorikosi Gg. TogoSvili Tavis erT-

erT naSromSi daaskvnis, rom XVIII s-Si saqarTveloSi osebisA

6000 komli cxovrobda [4, 165]. mogvianebiT gamocemul wignSi

man es ricxvi gazarda da XVIII s-is II naxevrisaTvis saqarTve-

loSi osebis 7000-ze meti komlis arseboba ivarauda [14, 108].

qarTveli mecnierebi uaryofen osi mecnierebis Tval-

sazriss da Tvlian, rom XVII—XVIII s-ebSi da XIX s-is I naxevarSi

osebi saqarTveloSi umniSvnelo raodenobiT cxovrobdnen.

istorikosi j. gvasalia eyrdnoba 1770 wlis aRweris monace-

mebs da miiCnevs, rom XVIII s-is 70-iani wlebSi qarTlSi 2860

komli osi mkvidrobda. [2, 57]

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori r. TofCiSvili saisto-

rio wyaroebisa da kameraluri aRwerebis analizis safuZvel-

ze, metad argumentirebulad, asabuTebs XVIII s-is bolosa da

XIX s-is I naxevrSi qarTlSi dasaxlebuli osebis raodenobas.M

misi gamoTvliT, XVIII s-is bolos da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze (saqarTvelos istoriuli provinciis

dvaleTis gamoklebiT) mosaxle osebis raodenoba 2130 komls

Seadgenda. erT ojaxSi mecnieri saSualod 7 suls angariSobs,

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rac sul 14 910 adamians Seadgens, anu daaxloebiT 15 000-mde

suls [6, 100; 7, 165, 169]. demografi a. ToTaZis daangariSebiT

osebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi 1833 wels 14 000 suli unda yofi-

liyo. XIX s-is Sua wlebidan XIX s-is 80-90-ian wlebamde saqar-

TveloSi osebis ricxvi mkveTrad izrdeba. Ees procesi, mecni-

erTa azriT, mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebiT ver aixsneba da

adasturebs kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan osebis masobriv mig-

racias [5, 19].

saqarTveloSi osebis gansaxlebis arealis da maTi rao-

denobis gansazRvris sakiTxSi qarTvel da os mecnierebs So-

ris dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. amdenad, yoveli axali cno-

bisa Tu wyaros gamovlena, romelic damatebiT sicxades Sei-

tans am sakiTxebis kvlevis procesSi, metad sayuradReboa.

XIX s-is pirvel aTeul wlebSi Sida qarTlis teritoria-

ze osebis gansaxlebisa da raodenobis Sesaxeb interesmokle-

buli ar unda iyos saeklesio wyaroebis monacemebi, sasulie-

ro moRvaweebis mier Sedgenili dokumentebi da a. S. saeklesio

pirebi uSualo SexebaSi iyvnen adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan,

TiToeul ojaxTan, TiToeul adamianTan da amdenad, maT mier

mowodebuli dokumentebi, cnobebi angariSgasawev masalas iZ-

levian istoriuli realobis rekonstruqciisaTvis.

1801 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias 1811 wels

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba mohyva. saqar-

Tvelos eklesiis rusul yaidaze reorganizaciis Sedegad, sa-

qarTveloSi gauqmda patriarqobis instituti, Seiqmna saqar-

Tvelos saegzarqoso, romelic uSualod ruseTis uwmindes

sinods daeqvemdebara, xolo misi marTva-gamgeoba saqarTve-

los egzarqoss daevala.

ruseTis imperiis politika, sazRvrebis gafarToebis,

mezobeli xalxebis damorCilebisa da rusifikaciis survili

moiTxovda samisionero saqmis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas.

1815 wels ruseTis imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT aRdga `ose-

Tis sasulero komisia~, romlis umTavresi mizani kavkasieli

mTielebis, gansakuTrebiT ki osebis marTlmadideblobaze

moqceva iyo. `komisiis~ moRvaweobis mimarTuleba, amjerad,

kavkasionis samxreTis kalTebidan CrdiloeTisaken ganisaz-

Rvra. A amdenad, `oseTis sasulero komisiis~ moRvaweobis da-

sayrdenad ruseTma, mis mier ukve aneqsirebuli, saqarTvelo

airCia.O osebis gaqristianebis procesic, amjerad, `komisiam~

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saqarTvelodan daiwyo. M`oseTis sasulero komisiis~ moRvawe-

obaSi aqtiurad CaerTo araerTi qarTveli sasuliero piri,

romlebic Sida qarTlis maRalmTian xeobebSi, osebiT dasax-

lebul soflebSi, umZimes da arcTu usafrTxo pirobebSi mqa-

dageblebad moRvaweobdnen.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia sazogadoebas gavacnoT, Cven

mier mikvleuli dokumentebi, kerZod, `oseTis sasuliero ko-

misiis~ mqadageblis arqimandrit nikifores moxsenebiTi bara-

Tebis teqstebi, romlebic man 1817-1818 wlebSi saqarTvelos

egzarqos Teofilaqtes warudgina [1, 3-5]. isini Seicaven Rire-

bul cnobebs Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xeobebSi osi mosaxleo-

bis gansaxlebis arealis, maTi suladobrivi da komlobrivi

raodenobis Sesaxeb. vfiqrobT, es dokumentebi sxvadasxva wya-

roebTan urTierTSejerebisa da analizis Sedegad daazus-

tebs an gaamyarebs qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebul mosaz-

rebebs aRniSnuli problemis Sesaxeb.

saarqivo dokumentebidan irkveva, rom saqarTvelos eg-

zarqos Teofilaqtes 1817 wlis 22 oqtombers oficialurad

werilobiT miumarTavs `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ mqada-

geblis arqimandrit nikiforesaTvis. Eegzarqoss misTvis dau-

valebia Sida qarTlSi osebiT dasaxlebul xeobebsa da sof-

lebSi monaTluli da mounaTlavad darCenili mosaxleobis

aRnusxva, komlebisa da suladobrivi raodenobis CvenebiT;

arqimandrits unda daedgina, agreTve, Tu romel Tavads an az-

naurs ekuTvnoda aRnusxuli xeobisa da soflis mosaxleoba.

Ddavaleba iTvaliswinebda, rom is yovelgvari gaxmaurebis ga-

reSe Sesrulebuliyo. amasTan egzarqosi iTxovda samuSaos

Sesrulebis dros, yvela SesaZlo xerxiT, usafrTxoebis uz-

runvelyofas. AaRwera srulad unda Catarebuliyo osebiT da-

saxlebul xeobebSi, agreTve axlomdebare mezobel soflebSi,

sadac `oseTis sasuliero komisia~ dosiTeos ficxelauris

xelmZRvanelobis dros, 12 eklesiis mSeneblobas gegmavda [1,

1-2].

irkveva, rom arqimandrit nikifores 1817 wlis dekember-

Si, am sakiTxis Taobaze, Seudgenia da egzarqosisaTvis gaug-

zavnia pirveli moxsenebiTi baraTi, romelic 1818 wlis 21 ian-

vars Sesula saegzarqosis kancelariaSi. arqimandriti niki-

fore aRwerda axladmonaTluli osebiT dasaxlebuli kavka-

siis mTebis 8 xeobis soflebs. es iyo Catarebuli samuSaos na-

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wili. dokumentidan irkveva, rom zamTris didTovlobis gamo

arqimandriti iZulebuli gaxda Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi aRwe-

ra Seewyvita [1, 3-4].

saqmeSi daculia arqimandrit nikifores mier egzarqos

Teofilaqtesadmi wardgenili meore moxseneba, romelic 1818

wlis 16 martiT TariRdeba. am dokumentis mixedviT Cans, rom

arqimandrits gaugrZelebia egzarqosis davalebis Sesrule-

ba; aRuweria damatebiT kidev 11 xeobaSi mdebare soflebis mo-

saxleoba komlebisa da suladobis mixedviT da warmoudgenia,

rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs `yovelnive unaklulod srulebiT

aRwerilni, esreT viTarca zemore rvaTa xeobaTa~, e. i. aRuwe-

ria srulad da unaklod, adre aRwerili 8 xeobis msgavsad. Aam-

jerad, arqimandriti nikifore angariSze xels awers, rogorc

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis mqadagebelyofili~ [1, 5].

amgvarad, arqimandrit nikifores moxsenebiTi baraTebi

Seicaven cnobebs 19 xeobis soflebSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesa-

xeb. orive dokumenti arqimandrits Seudgenia Q`q. rcxinva-

liT~, sadac `oseTis sasuliero komisiaSi~ samsaxureobrivi

movaleobis Sesrulebisas misi ZiriTadi samyofeli iyo da sa-

idanac is osebiT dasaxlebuli soflebis aRsawerad mogzau-

robda.

saegzarqosos kancelariaSi qarTul enaze Sesuli dokumen-

tebi, rusulad saqmis warmoebis gamo, kancelariis Tarjimnis

mier iTargmneboda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, saarqivo saqmeebSi am pe-

riodis qarTuli dokumentebisa da werilebis dednebTan er-

Tad, maTi rusulad Targmnili versiebicaa daculi. arqiman-

drit nikifores orive moxsenebiTi baraTi qarTul enaze Se-

usrulebia. rogorc Cans, orive teqsti rusulad iTargmna,

magram saarqivo saqmeSi daculi aRmoCnda, mxolod meore mox-

senebis (11 xeobis Sesaxeb) qarTuli da rusuli teqstebi, anu

qarTulad Sesrulebul dedanTan erTad misi rusulad Tar-

gmnili varianti. rac Seexeba pirvel moxsenebiT baraTs, sadac

osebiT dasaxlebuli 8 xeobis ESesaxeb aris cnobebi mowodebu-

li, saarqivo saqmeSi mxolod pirvelwyarodan Targmnili ru-

suli varianti aRmoCnda. amis gamo, vaqveynebT pirveli moxse-

nebis Cem mier rusulidan qarTulad Targmnil, xolo meore

moxsenebiTi baraTis dedans, anu Tavad arqimandrit nikifo-

res mier Sesrulebul, teqsts. sasurveli iqneboda am doku-

mentebis rusuli da qarTuli teqstebis paralelurad gamoq-

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veyneba, magram krebulSi dasabeWdi masalis formatis SezRu-

dulobis gamo, es ar moxerxda.

I

# 52 21 ianvari 1818 weli∗

mis maRal yovlad usamRvdeloesobas arqie-

piskopos Teofilaqtes, uwmindesi sinodis

wevrs, saqarTvelosa da imereTis egzarqoss

da sxvadasxva ordenebis kavalers

oseTis sasuliero komisiis arqimandritis

nikifores

moxsenebiTi baraTi

Cems sapatio movaleobad vTvli, Tqvens maRal yovlad usam-

Rvdeloesobas warmovudgino, Cemgan dawvrilebiT Sesrule-

buli aRwera sxvadasxva xeobebis soflebisa, romelSic Sedian

axladmonaTluli osi mcxovrebni. amasTanave mogaxsenebT,

rom mTebSi mosuli Tovlis gamo, aseTive aRwera rokis, koSkis

da Trusos xeobebze ver SevZeli Semedgina.

1. geris xeobis soflebi: sazelTa, kima, Wvrivi, geri, ciara (an

wiara — x. q.), klarcvi, saribuki, romlebic erTi meorisagan 4

versiT arian daSorebulebi. maTSi 100 ojaxi, xolo suli 645-

ia. Tavisi mamulebiT ekuTvnian saxelmwifos da yavT erTi

mRvdeli.

2. maraleTi, Seleuri, ortevi, dmenisi da vanaTi — geris

xeobis axlomdebare soflebi erTmaneTTan 5-6 versiT arian

daSorebuli. Aaq 80 ojaxia, xolo suli — 406. isini mamulebiT

ekuTvnian saxelmwifos, yavT 1 mRvdeli. aq savaraudoa ekle-

siis mSenebloba.

∗ nomeri da TariRi dokumentis rusuli Targmanis saegzarqosos kan-

celariaSi registraciis rigiTobasa da dros unda aRniSnavdes — x.Qq.

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3. zavdis xeobis soflebidan zogierTi sofeli, kerZod,

zavda, mariam wminda, lalisa, Samxaura qarTvelma mefeebma

Seswires Tiris monasters. maTSi aris 32 ojaxi, 240 suli.

xolo sxva soflebi, rogoricaa kirwnisi, axalsofeli,

jria, kodibina, gufTa, baria, morgo, buzaki, ninia, kava, rom-

lebSic 84 ojaxi, 500 suli saxlobs, ekuTvnian maCablebs; yve-

la am soflebSi osebi axladmonaTlulni arian. erTmaneTisa-

gan 10 versis manZilze mdebareoben. aq ganzraxulia eklesiis

mSenebloba.

4. jomagis xeobis soflebi: zemo jomaga, qvemo jomaga,

romlebSic 45 ojaxi, 340 sulia. Tavis Tavs saxelmwifos kuT-

vnil glexebad Tvlian, xolo maCablebi maT Tavisad miiCneven.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom isini Cven komisiis pirvelad gaxsnisas

movnaTleT, maTgan aravis misces xati, jvari, maTTvis gankuT-

vnili perangebi. am dromde ar aris maTTan mRvdeli. Tbilisi-

dan aRniSnuli xeoba 200 versiT aris daSorebuli.

5. naris xeobaSi, romelic 22 soflisgan Sedgeba, 233

ojaxia. maTgan 160 suli naraSi adre moinaTla, xolo 100 moi-

naTla 1817 wlis 9 noembers. darCenilia 860 suli, romlebsac

survili aqvT gaqristianebis da mzad arian amisaTvis. saxel-

mwifos kuTvnili glexebi yovelwliurad ixdian saxelmwifo

gadasaxads. isini moiTxoven jvrebs, xatebs da TiToeulisaT-

vis kuTvnil perangebs. aq savaraudoa eklesiis aSeneba. Tbi-

lisidan naramde 300 versia da iqidan sxva osebamde, romlebic

bevrni arian 20 versi.

6. yornisis xeobaSi imyofebian axladmonaTluli osebi.

zogierTi maTgani movida saxelmwifo soflebidan, xolo sxva-

ni Tavad maCabelTa soflebidan, aqvT sacxovrebeli Tavad ci-

cianovebis, xerxeuliZeebis da davidovebis mamulebSi, maT

uxdian gadasaxads. am soflebis dasaxeleba, sadac isini amJa-

mad cxovroben aris bakmari, Tormi[...]uri, yornisi, worbisi,

mavda, erkneTi, dvani, romlebic erTmaneTisagan daSorebule-

bi arian 4 versiT. mTaSi aris 104 ojaxi, sul 520 suli, maT

hyavT erTi mRvdeli. aq ganzraxulia eklesiis mSenebloba.

7. javis xeobis soflebSi borgnisi, Rvwe, muguTi, java da

kroJi, romlebic ekuTvnian Tavadebs — maCablebs da Teimuraz

bortis-Svils, aris 140 ojaxi, xolo 900 suli Cvens mier mo-

naTlulebi. es soflebi erTmaneTisgan 4 versis manZilze mde-

bareoben. Aaq savaraudoa eklesiis mSenebloba.

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8. sxlebis xeobis soflebi ki, romlebic Seadgenen javis

okrugs, ekuTvnian Tavadebs Teimuraz bortis-Svils da maCab-

lebs — kotanTo, soxo, axal-sofeli, axo, nazigina, gverwevi,

tont-beTi, sxlebi, [...]. isini erTmaneTisgan 4 versis manZilze

arian daSorebulebi. 140 ojaxi, Cvens mier monaTluli 940 su-

li. maT hyavT erTi mRvdeli, aq savaraudoa eklesiis aSeneba.

aragvis xeobis sof. gudamayarSi Cven movnaTleT 145 su-

li xevsuri ficxelaurebi, magram maTgan arcerTs ar miuRia

jvrebi, xatebi da perangebi.

aragvis xeobis sofel arRunSi movnaTleT 100 suli osi.

maT aqvT ra eklesia da yavT mRvdeli asruleben aRsarebas,

eziarebian wminda saidumloebebs da iqcevian ise, rogorc Se-

eferebaT qristianebs.

arqimandriti nikifore

21 ianvari 1818 weli∗

II

# 125 16 марта 1818∗∗

maTs maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobas, uwmindesis

sinodis Clens, arxiepiskoposs da s˜d saqarTve-

loÁsa eqsarxs da mravalTa ordenTa kavalers

Teofilktes

ovseTis sasulieros komisiis mqa-

dagebelyofilis arximandriti ni-

kiforesagan

raporti

1817-is warsulis dekenbris TTveSi, Tqvens maRal y˜d usamRÂ-

deloesobas, siiT da reportiT aRwerili warmovudgine, kav-

kasiis mTaTa rvaTa xeobaTa S˜a axalnaTelRebulT ovsT sof-

∗ miTiTebuli TariRi dokumentis rusuli Targmanis saegzarqosos

kancelariaSi registraciis dros unda aRniSnavdes — x.Qq. ∗∗ nomeri da TariRi dokumentis saegzarqosos kancelariaSi regis-

traciis rigiTobasa da dros aRniSnavs — x.Qq.

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lebi, komlni da sulni, raodenobiTni da agreTve visTadmica

kuTvnil iyvnen, saymod, anu raodenobisa versiT urTierTas

soflebi Sorvida, anuTu tfilisis qalaqidam raodenisa ver-

siT Soravda. Eeseni yovelive garCeviT warmomidgenies, maRal

y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi Tqvenisa; x� awca danaSTennica xeo-

bani, soflebi, komlni da sulni, yovelive unaklod srulebiT

aRwerilni esreT viTarca zemore rvaTa xeobaTa aRwerilobis

gvarni arian, am saxed warmomidgenies siiT Cvenebuli da re-

portsa amas S˜a STadebulni maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi

Tqvenisa; da agreTve komisiasa S˜a saxmarni nivTni, raodenni

iyvnen CemTana, da raodenni daxarjnen amave komisiasa S˜a, rao-

denni daSTen dRes Cemsa xelTa, erTad STawyobili davbeWde

da Tana warviRe mun sadaca daniSnul ars sacxovrebeli adgi-

li CemTuisa, x� nivTebis sia aRwerili STadebuli reportsa

amas S˜a warmomidgenies maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi

Tqvenisa.

arximandriti nikifore

1818 welsa

martis 5-sa dResa q. rcxinvaliT

9. xeobasa S˜a qeSelTas, soflebi, Txels, xutiTsa, wmida mari-

ams, CagaTs, CinoTs, yolas, qeSelTas, javisTavs, tyemulTas,

macxovars. am sofels mcxovrebni axalnaTelRebulni ovsni

arian komlni samocda Tvrameti. 78 — sulni Svidas samoci 760

— es soflebi urTierTs Soravs samis versiT da zogi xuTi

versiT. eseni Tvisad TaviTis mamuliT ekuTvnian TavadT ma-

Cablebs. aqac saydris aSeneba aris daniSnuli.

10. sofelsa koSkas, urjvars, TiRs, Cifrans, yobiss. am

sofelSi cxovroben axal naTelRebulni ovsni, komli asoT-

xmoci, 180. suli cxraasTerTmeti 911 — eseni ekuTvnian Ta-

vadT maCablebs da Cifrani TavadT erisTavTa, es soflebi ur-

TierTas Soravs oroliT da zogi oTxoTxis versiT. tfilisi-

dam iqmneba orasi versi. aqac eklesiis aRSeneba aris daniSnu-

li.

11. xeobasa S˜a rokas sofelsa zRvibirs, bretauls da

rokas. am sofelSi axalnaTelRebulni ovsni cxovroben komli

asoTxmoci — 108 (sic — x. q.) suli rvaas Cvidmeti 817. — es sof-

lebi urTierTais Soravs oTx-oTxisa da xuT-xuTis versiT

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eseni TaviTaTavs aRiareben saxelmwifod da maCablebi TÂisad

uwodeben da W˜tebiT ar uwyi visadmi Sesaxvedri aris, aqac ek-

lesiis aSeneba aris daniSnuli. tfilisidam Soravs oras or-

mocis versiT.

12. aragvis xeobasa S˜a sofelsa Trusos, gimar, abano, qe-

Terisi, oqroyana. am soflebSi scxovroben axal naTelRe-

bulni ovsni. komli ocdaaTi — 30. suli oras TxuTmeti — 215.

eseni TvisiT mamuliT saxelmwifo kacni arian, aqac eklesiis

aRSeneba aris daniSnuli, tfilisidam samasis versiT Soravs.

13. aragvzed soflebi, jvris, ubans, delkans da tanCas.

am soflebiT cxovroben axal naTel Rebulni ovsni. Kkomli

ocdasami — 23. suli asoTxmoci. eseni arian zemo mTebidan Ca-

mosulni. zogni saxelmwifos adgilidam da zogni TavadT

erisTavT soflebidam, Semokrebilni, mamulsa S˜a muneburis

aznauris zaal teriovssa, oss, mamulis Sesaxvedrad Ralas aZ-

leven da cxovroben. es soflebi urTierTas Soravs orolis

versiT, aqac eklesiis aRSeneba aris daniSnuli, tfilisidam

Soravs as versamdin iqneba.

14. sofelsa arRuns saxloben axal naTel Rebulni ovsni

komli TerTmeti 11. suli 100. eseni saxelmwifoni arian. amaT

saydarica aqvsT. da sakuTari mRvdelica hyavsT.

15. sofelsa jaisxevs, axal naTelRebulni ovsni arian

komli rva. suli ocdaCvidmeti 37. esenica saxelmwifoni ari-

an. amaTac eklesia aqvsT da mRvdelisadmi mibarebulni aRsa-

rebiT da ziarebiT iqcevian, viTarca hSvenis qristianeTa.

16. aragvzed xevSi soflebi mnas, kops, uxaTs, xurTis,

arian monaTlulni ovsni suli ormoci. maT mRvdeli hyavsT

miCenili. aqve sxvebic arian. mravalni arian ovsni mosanaT-

lavni.

17. aragvzed xeobasa Sina Rudas arian axal naTelRebul-

ni ovsni, komli 6, suli ormocda Tormeti 52. esenic T˜sis ma-

muliT saxelmwifoni arian.

18. aragvzed gudamayris xeobaSi sofelsa bakurxevs ari-

an axalnaTelRebulni xevsurni, komli ocda sami 23. suli

asoTxmoci. arian eseni saxelmwifo ymani TÂsis mamuliT. amaT

arc jvrebi, arc xatebi da arc ganwesebuli sulzed perangi

ara miscemiaT ra. da maradis Txouloben da amboben, sxvaT

rom mieciT, Cven raRaT ar gvaZlevTo.

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19. imereTis samzRvarSi xeobasa Sina kudaros dainaT-

lnen sulni cxraas aTi — 9010 (sic — x. q.). es xalxni ekuTvnian

muneburs Tavads wereTels zurabs. amaT dasanaTlavi araferi

nivTi ar miscemiaT ra da romlis mRvdlis xeliTac dainaT-

lnen, is mRvdelic miuvidaT da cxovroben esreT. Uumwyemsod,

viTarca warmarTni.

erTi reportiT warmovadgine warsuls 1817 welsa dekem-

bris TveSi. rvis xeobisa axal naTelRebulni. soflebTa, kom-

lTa, sulTa ricxviT aRwerilni da anu visdami kuTnvilni iy-

vnen. garCeviT aRwerili warmovadgine; da danarCeni romel-

nic vicodi da Cems xelT iyvnen, sul srulebiT am siaSi gamo-

micxadebia.

da amboben: kaxeTis mxares kavkasiis mTaSi y˜d samRvde-

los dosiTeos Tvissa iq yofnaSi xevsurnic daenaTlosT, ro-

melTac arc adgili arc xeoba, arc soflebi da arc sulebis

ricxvi ar vici.

ovseTis sasulieros komisiis mqadagebelyo-

fili arximandriti nikifore

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,

fondi 488, saq. #93. 2. j. gvasalia, Sida qarTli da osuri problema, 1997.

3. p. zaqaraia, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis is-

toriisaTvis, wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tb., 1996.

4. g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba Tb.,

1969. 5. a. ToTaZe, osebi saqarTveloSi: miTi da realoba, Tb., 2006. 6. r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tb., 2007. 7. r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida

qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1997. 8. g. oTxmezuri, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis epigrafika, osTa

sakiTxi, Tb., 1996, gv 126-156. darTuli aqvs 7 fotosuraTi.

9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973. 10. a. sonRulaSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2009.

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11. v. RunaSvili, qsnis saerisTavos politikuri istoria, Tb.,

2007. 12. k. xaraZe, Sida qarTlSi toponimTa gayalbebis winaaRmdeg,

wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tb., 1996.

13. Акты собранные кавказской археографической комиссией, т. I, 1866, Тифлис.

14. История Осетии, в документах и материалах (с древнейших времен

до конца XVIII века) составители: Г. Д. Тогошвили и И. И. Цховре-бов, т. I, Цхинвали, 1962.

Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior

research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Archimandrite of `The Osetia Ecclesiastic Commission~ Nikifore About the Settlement Of the Osetians in Shida Kartli (1817 - 1818)

Summary

The viewpoint about the settlement of Osetians in Georgia from

ancient times is denied in Georgian historiography. In scientific literature it is

well proved that their migration and compact settlement on the territory of modern Tskhinvali was not simultaneous process but successive during the

17th – 19th

centuries. The viewpoints about defining the area and number of the Osetians’

settlement still differ between Georgian and the Osetian scientists. After wrong reading of the historical documents the Osetian scientists try to prove

the organized migration and settlement of the Osetians big group from the

North Caucasus in Kartli in the 18th century; that at the end of the 18th

century

the amount of the Osetians was quite high (6000 – 7000 families). The Geor-gian scientists prove that in the 17th

– 18th centuries and in the first half of the

19th century the Osetians were of insignificant amount. On the basis of his-

torical sources and census analysis it is soundly proved in Georgian historiog-raphy that at the end of the 18th

and in the 10’s of the 19th century there lived

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only 2130 families (except Dvaleti, the historical province of Georgia), that approximately means 15 000 men.

The displaying of each new document or source that additionally

clarifies the point is worth of extreme interest. The ecclesiastic sources, sources compiled by clergymen etc. about settlement and amount of the

Osetians in the 10’s of the 19th century in Shida Kartli should be worth of

interest. The clergymen were in close and direct relations with the local population, each family, each person and thus, their information, documents

are worth to be taken into consideration for the reconstruction of the historical reality. We decided that it might be expedient to publish the archive

documents found by us, mainly the text of The Osetia Ecclesiastic

Commission’s preacher - Archimandrite Nikipore’s account that was

presented by him to the exarch of Georgia Theophylact. The account of the

archimandrite Theophylact consists of valuable data about the dwelling area

and amount of the Osetians in the mountain gorges of Shida (inner) Kartli. In

our opinion, the comparison of this document with different sources and its

analysis will define more precisely or harden the viewpoints on the subject that were accepted in Georgian historiography.

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mzia mgalobliSvili

lela miqiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofile-

bis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis

samTavros istoriidan

(frederik diubua de monperes

`mogzaurobis~ mixedviT)

cnobili swavlulis — frederik diubua de monperes eq-

vstomiani naSromis @~mogzauroba kavkasiis garSemo~ oTxi to-

mi saqarTvelos eZRvneba1.

naSromi calkeul Tavebad aris da-

yofili da yoveli maTgani dasaTaurebulia romelime isto-

riuli Zeglis an geografiuli punqtis saxelwodebis mixed-

viT. Sesabamisad, erT-erTi aseTi Tavi Seicavs afxazeTis aR-

weras. warmodgenil publikaciaSi Targmanisa da komentarebis

saxiT gTavazobT masalebs XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis is-

toriidan. teqstis specifikidan gamomdinare, ucvlelad aris

gadmotanili avtoriseuli SeniSvnebi (gverdebis bolos,

mrgval frCxilebSi mocemuli numeraciiT).

Llixni anu souk-su da afxazeTis mTavari mixeil-bei

ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi axlandeli mTavari mi-

xeil-bei cxovrobs lixnSi, romelic cixis CrdiloeTiT sam

versze mdebareobs.

gambas2 rukaze lixni

3 aRniSnulia saxelwodebiT Loghine,

imereTis mefis aleqsandres rukaze (1738 w.) ki — monasteri

Likhin; TviT afxazebi warmoTqvamen, rogorc Louk’hin, xolo

rusebma igi 1834 wlis axal rukaze lixnad (Lekhne) gadaakeTes.

mixeil-beim4 da misma Zmam — safar-beim

5 es saxelwodeba souk-

sud Secvales, rac `civ mdinares~ niSnavs, im saukeTeso wya-

ros aRsaniSnavad, romelic konglomeratis gamWolad amos-

Cqefs. megrelebi ki mas gansakuTrebul saxels `zufus~ (Zoup-

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hou) uwodeben (1), rac, rogorc Cans, samegreloSi dadianebis

rezidencias — zubdids (Zoubdidi) anu zugdids (didi zubuzupi

— Zoubouzoup) ukavSirdeba6.

Bbamboradan moyolebuli, ulamazes adgilebSi momixda

gaseirneba; iqve axlos luxinis (Loukhin) didebuli mamulebi

Semogvegebnen. evropelisaTvis, romelic ufro zomier klima-

tur zonaSi cxovrebas aris miCveuli, warmoudgenelia zeciu-

rad nakurTxi miwis — afxazeTisa Tu samegrelos peizaJis eso-

den Tvalwarmtaci mSveneba... Cems Tvalwin yoveli mxridan er-

Timeoreze ukeTesi sofluri panorama Tu ulamazesi xedi iS-

leboda. ai, aseTi adgilebi gaviare, vidre mixeil-beis mamuls

mivadgebodi.

am cota xnis win mTavarma sacxovrebeli aiSena Zveli

koSkis ZirSi, romelic dironi xeebiT dafaruli maRlobis

wverSi idga. saxli xisa iyo da zustad iseTive, rogorsac yve-

laze mdidari da Zlieri mTavrebi iSenebdnen samegreloSi,

imereTsa da guriaSi. igi meore sarTulis doneze, erTmaneT-

Tan gadaxlarTul xis kedlebsa da koWebze idga. qvemoT Tav-

la iyo mowyobili, saxlis garSemo ki aivani iyo miSenebuli.

interieri Sedgeboda ramdenime sakmaod didi oTaxisa-

gan, ubralo xis kedlebiTa da xisave iatakiT. mTel avejs war-

moadgenda noxebiT dafaruli uzarmazari, masiuri taxtebi

da, gamonaklisis saxiT, ramdenime skami.

ZiriTadi morTuloba aq Turqebis mier mocisfro dio-

ritisagan sakmaod natifad damzadebuli buxrebia.

mTavarma Tavazianad migviRo.

selim II-isa da murad III-is xanaSi8, sparseTisa da saqar-

Tvelos winaaRmdeg mimdinare sisxlismRvreli omebis dros,

Turqebma Tavi gamoacxades imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da

afxazeTis suzerenebad da adgilobrivi mTavrebi vasalebad

gaixades9. amasTanave, maT Tavis gamgeblobaSi daitoves qvey-

nis mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqtebi, sadac sakuTari

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad garnizonebi Caayenes. amave

mizniT 1578 wels maT aages foTi10

— fazisis SesasvlelSi, da

(1) rainegsi, II, 5. Suppu-s anakofiis7 samxreTiT 300 –ze miuTiTebs; sa-

erTod, mis mier mocemul afxazeTis aRweraSi, iseve rogorc rukaze,

didi gaurkvevlobaa.

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soxum-kale — amave saxelwodebis yuris bolos (1)

11. erTnairi

gegmiT agebuli orive es cixe warmoadgenda faSis rezidenci-

as, romelsac aq sparseTi (sic — TurqeTi — l. m.) agzavnida.

1771 wels Turqebisagan Seviwrovebuli afxazebi ajan-

ydnen da soxum-kale daikaves. ajanyebas saTaveSi edga ori Zma

SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulodan — levani da zurab-bei12

. Turqebis

gandevnis Semdeg maT SeeZloT sakuTari ZalebiT daecvaT Ta-

vianTi damoukidebloba, magram erTmaneTs Soris ganxeTqile-

bis gamo maTi Zlierebac Sesustda da levani iZulebuli gax-

da, soxumis cixe 20 qisad13

(24 000 fr.) mieyida TurqebisaTvis;

es ukanasknelni cixes, romelSic TavianTi ianiCrebi14

Caaye-

nes, mxolod sami wlis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen, Semdeg ki mia-

toves, rogorc maTTvis usargeblo adgili. mere cixes dae-

patrona vinme qeleS-bei15

, romlis Sesaxebac irwmunebodnen,

rom isic SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulodan iyo. mas Tavi ise eWira,

TiTqos Turqebs emorCileboda (2)

16.

magram qeleS-beim Seifara portadan gandevnili trapi-

zonis faSa Taiari. portam am ukanasknelis misTvis gadacema

moiTxova; qeleS-beim, romelmac Tavi Taiaris yonaRad17

gamo-

acxada, ar Seasrula es moTxovna, radgan aq stumarTmoyvare-

obis wesebs mkacrad icavdnen. portas ar SeeZlo Riad moqme-

deba, amitom Tavis Cveul xerxs mimarTa — SeTqmuleba mouwyo

qeleS-beis, romelmac, ukeT rom SebrZoleboda sulTans,

qristianoba miiRo da Tavi ruseTis vasalad cno. misi moqce-

vis Semdeg sul mokle xanSi igi sakuTarma vaJma — aslanma mok-

la, romelic portam moisyida da am SeTqmulebis saTaveSic

Caayena (3)

18. magram aslanma mamismkvlelobiT ver isargebla:

(1

) zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom amave periods emTxveva sujuk-kales da-

arsebis TariRic. (2) ase aRwers am movlenebs rainegsi (II, 8) da mec savsebiT veTanxmebi

mas; igi piradad icnobda am pirovnebebs da araerTxel miuRia monawi-

leoba molaparakebebSi, romlebsac ruseTi awarmoebda am kavkasiel

mTavrebTan. (3) am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Zalze saintereso moTxroba sa-

TauriT `qalaS-bei~, romelic erT-erTi SesaniSnavi rusi mwerlis,

axlaxan gardacvlili bestuJevis mieraa dawerili. misi gardacvale-

ba samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis didi danaklisi iyo. moTxroba ga-

moqveynda literaturul gazeT `russki invalid~-Si, 1837 wlis 20

Tebervali, #8.

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igi iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo, xolo qveynis mTavrad, ru-

seTis suzerenobis qveS, misi ufrosi Zma safar-bei aRiares.

safar-bei 1821 wlamde mTavrobda; mas ruseTis samsaxur-

Si polkovnikis Cini hqonda da aseve qristianad iyo monaTlu-

li, Tumca, rogorc ambobdnen, Sinaganad mainc islamisaken ix-

reboda. amasTanave, igi sulac ar ganicdida sindisis qenjnas

Rvinis smis dros da xSiradac Tvreboda romiT, rac misTvis

yvelaze didi saCuqari iyo. mas colad hyavda levan dadianis

da.

misi sikvdilis Semdeg imperatorma alerqsandrem mTav-

rad cno misi ufrosi vaJi, romelic imperatoris paJi19

iyo. am

ukanasknels didxans ar umTavria: anarqiul afxazeTSi, sadac

dedamisis despotizms unda damorCileboda, man mxolod ori

weli icocxla da 1823 wels gardaicvala. samTavros taxti mis

umcros Zmas — mixeil-beis darCa, romelic CerqezeTSi Tavis

aTalikTan20

izrdeboda.

am qveynis mZime mdgomareobis gamo da Tavad mixeil-beis

TxovniT, 1830 wels ruseTma mis dasacavad samxedro nawili

gamogzavna, romelic oTx cixesimagreSi — soxumis, bamboris,

biWvinTisa da gagris cixeebSi gaanawiles.

CvenTan Sexvedrisas mTavari mixeil-bei Zalze Sewuxebu-

li iyo arsebuli mdgomareobiT; igi Tavisi saxlis gamagrebiT

iyo dakavebuli: saxls garSemo avlebdnen mesers, romelsac

aTi futis simaRlis sqel koWebze amagrebdnen, Zveli koSkis

Tavze ki xis sxvens adgamdnen (1).

qeleS-beis garda safar-beis kidev xuTi vaJi darCa: asla-

ni (mamis mkvleli), hasan-bei, batal-bei da sx. yvelani erTime-

oreze dauokebelni iyvnen.

mixeil-beis momxreebma hasan-beis erT-erTi vasali mok-

les. hasan-bei cxovrobda kelasurSi21

, soxums iqiT, Zveli di-

oskuriis maxloblad. rodesac igi Tavis daaxloebul 12 pir-

Tan erTad quTaisSi gaemarTa saCivlelad, iZulebuli gaxda,

gzidan ukan gamobrunebuliyo, radgan Tavs daesxa mixeil-beis

mier gamogzavnili 200-mde afxazi. miuxedavad momxdurTa

ricxobrivi siWarbisa, hasan-beim mainc SeZlo maTi mogerieba,

(1) nagebobis nawili, romelsac irgvliv, miwidan erTi an ori sarTu-

lis simaRleze, aivnebi hqonda. TaTrebis Semosevebis dros aq polo-

nelebi afarebdnen Tavs.

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mokla maTi erT-erTi winamZRoli — sakmaod gavleniani aznau-

ri da mixeilTan daaxloebuli piri22

. adgilobrivi tradiciis

Tanaxmad, es imas niSnavda, rom biZasa da Zmiswuls Soris Cadga

sisxli. am droidan moyolebuli, moklulis ojaxi yvelanair

saSualebas mimarTavda Suris saZieblad.

suzerenis Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT mixeil-beis surda,

eiZulebina sakuTari biZa, romelic srulebiT ar uyvarda, Su-

risZiebis kanons damorCileboda; magram hasan-bei, romelic

Zalze cbieri, eSmaki, intrigebis didi ostati da, amasTanave,

mTel afxazeTSi erT-erTi uWkvianesi pirovneba iyo, daufara-

vad dascinoda Tavis Zmiswuls misi moTxovnebis gamo da piri-

qiT amtkicebda, rom swored mas unda moeTxova sastiki Suris-

Zieba sakuTar Tavze aseTi muxanaTuri Tavdasxmis gamo da mi-

xeil-beis SeuTvala, an misTvis gadeca damnaSaveni, an TviTon-

ve daesaja isini.

es ki mixeil-beis, ufro ki — masTan daaxloebuli pirebis

arad Cagdebas niSnavda, radgan igi, Tavisi bunebiT, ar SeiZle-

boda qveynis gamgebeli yofiliyo: mas, upirveles yovlisa, de-

damisi — mTavar dadianis da marTavda. amasTanave, igi saTaveSi

edga xalxs, romelic Tavad ufro iyo misi gamgebeli.

mTeli afxazeTi fexze idga, dRe-dReze omi unda dawye-

buliyo, araviTari garantia ar arsebobda, mowinaaRmdege mxa-

reebi Setakebis molodinSi erTmaneTs zveravdnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom simarTle mis mxareze iyo, hasan-

bei grZnobda, rom mTavrobis mxridan mxardaWeras mainc ver

miiRebda, radgan es ukanaskneli mas, rogorc vasals, suzere-

nis winaaRmdeg amxedrebas ar mouwonebda. amitomac man Cerqe-

zebs uxmo daxmarebisaTvis da Tavis Zmiswuls maTi Tavdas-

xmiT daemuqra. ar vici, ramdenad marTalia, magram hasan-beim

SeZlo daerwmunebina mixeil-bei, rom Cerqezebi mas Tavs daes-

xmodnen sami razmiT, romelTaganac erTi zRvidan Semovidoda

galerebiT23

, meore zRvis sanapiros gamouyveboda, xolo mesa-

me maRali mTebidan Semoutevda.

am ambavma Zalze SeaSfoTa mixeil-bei, romelmac myisve

Tavisi warmomadgenlebi gaugzavna biZas, magram SeTavazebul

pirobebze veraviTari pasuxi ver miiRo. hasan-beis undoda,

rom gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saqme mediatorebisaTvis ga-

daeca, romelTa Sorisac kaco marRanias mowvevas varaudob-

da, magram mixeili amaze ar Tanxmdeboda.

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rusebi aq or cecxls Sua aRmoCndnen: isini cdilobdnen

moSuRarTa dayoliebas, xan imuqrebodnen, xan Serigebisaken

mouwodebdnen, magram verafriT ver moaxerxes maT Soris

mSvidobis damyareba.

CerqezTa mxridan mosalodneli Tavdasxmis pirobebSi,

cxadia, eqskursiebisaTvis Sesaferisi momenti ar iyo da miu-

xedavad imisa, rom mTavarma mfarvelobac aRmiTqva da badra-

gac gamomiyo, me mainc vamjobine, droebiT uari meTqva yovel-

gvar aseT wamowyebaze.

mTavari mixeili tanmaRali da mSvenieri aRnagobisa iyo.

mas grZeli qarTuli cxviri da Savi Tma hqonda. Tumca ver

vityvi, rom Wkvianuri gamometyvelebiT gamoirCeoda. Cveni mi-

Rebisas mas qarTuli tansacmeli ecva, TbilisSi ki preobra-

Jenskis gvardiis24

polkovnikis formas atarebda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi qristiania, sindisi sulac ar

awuxebs, rom ramdenime coli iyolios da Tan erTimeoris mi-

yolebiT gaeyaros maT, rogorc ki Tavs moabezreben. mTavari

Zunw pirovnebad iTvleba da garda amisa, mas bevr iseT Tvise-

basac miaweren, rac mis Rirsebas Crdils ayenebs. igi xSirad

stumrobs xolme cixesimagres, aq Wams, svams da dros atarebs

xan erTTan da xan meoresTan; am dros ki masTan misul stumars

erT Wiqa wyalsac ki ar SesTavazebs, maT Soris imasac ki, visac

misTvis didi samsaxuri gauwevia; amaSi Tavadve davrwmundi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es vasalebi ruseTs did dabrkole-

bas uqmnian kavkasiis dasavleTSi warmatebis misaRwevad. Zala-

uflebisadmi ltolva, gamwvavebuli vasalisa da suzerenis

konfliqtiT, bunebrivia, mtrulad ganawyobda mixeil-beis

rusebisadmi, romelTac mis qveyanaSi surdaT damkvidreba. mas

eSinoda rusebis, SesaZloa kidec sZulda isini da yvelafers

gaakeTebda, rom qveyanaSi maTi warmatebuli svla Seeferxebi-

na, an savsebiT aRekveTa; Tumca igi rusebis iq yofnas itanda

imdenad, ramdenadac amas misive piradi usafrTxoeba moiT-

xovda. mas kargad esmoda, rom ruseTis gareSe mTavris ti-

tuls ver SeinarCunebda da darwmunebuli iyo, rom sakmari-

sia, rusebs misTvis zurgi SeeqciaT, rom qveyanaSi kvlav uwin-

deli savalalo anarqia gamefdeboda; vin daicavda mas Cerqe-

zebisagan, an pativmoyvare biZis intrigebisagan, an urCi vasa-

lebisagan?! amitomac igi iZulebuli iyo, moTminebiT aetana

mfarveli da mbrZanebeli. amave dros, igi arafriT ar gaake-

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Tebs imaze mets, rac aucileblad evaleba da yovelTvis gamo-

Zebnis aTasnair gamamarTlebel mizezs, raTa Tavidan aicilos

danarCeni moTxovnebis Sesruleba. mTavrisaTvis sarisko rom

ar yofiliyo, igi pirveli Seecdeboda rusebis gandevnas af-

xazeTidan:… mas afxazuri guli ucems, es guli ki ver egueba

lagamis amodebas. rusebi mas mxolod imisaTvis sWirdeba, rom

Tavis qveyanaSi Tavisuflad akeTos yvelaferi, rac moesurve-

ba.

amrigad, ruseTs aq sakmaod rTuli amocana aqvs Sesasru-

lebeli; mas surs sikeTe moutanos am qveyanas, magram, cxadia,

aseT viTarebaSi misi Zalaufleba mxolod sityvieria. mas

surs zomierebis farglebSi darCes da amitom ver axerxebs

gavlenis mopovebas. miuxedavad Txovnisa da muqarisa, ruseT-

ma verc daiyolia da verc aiZula adgilobrivi Tavadebi da

TviT mixeil-beic, uari eTqvaT yaCaRobaze, moxetiale da muq-

Taxora cxovrebaze, rac afxazi xalxisaTvis mudam iyo damaxa-

siaTebeli da rac keTilSobiluri Tvisebebis TvalsazrisiT

maT Cerqezebze gacilebiT dabla ayenebs. mixeil-beisa da mis

vasalebs savsebiT akmayofilebT aseTi cxovreba: yvelas Tavi-

seburi warmodgena aqvs bednierebaze.

hkiTxeT naxevrad velur afxazs, ra aris misi sanukvari

survili: Tofi, xmali, uxarisxo vercxliT moCuqurTmebuli

xanjali, sapiriswamle da vercxlis patara yuTi, sadac tyvie-

bis sapoxs inaxaven — ai yvelaferi is, rac misi bednierebis-

Tvis aris saWiro.

amas emateba gacrecili tansacmeli, sacodavi facxa (1)

da cotaodeni fetvis comi, Tumca es yvelaferi maTTvis mxo-

lod damatebiTi Rirebulebisaa: iaraRi — ai maTi bedniereba

da simdidre.

maT Soris yvelaze bednieria is, visac yvelaze lamazi da

saukeTeso iaraRi aqvs da, Sesabamisad — yvelaze didi yaCaRia

am qveyanaSi (2), radgan misi pativmoyvareoba, romlis dasakma-

(1) sacle – dawnuli totebisagan agebuli qoxi. (2) qebiT arc Sardenis mier aRwerili afxazebi gamoirCevian: mogzau-

ris gadmocemiT, afxazebi mTlad iseTi velurebi ar arian, rogorc

Cerqezebi, magram iseTive midrekileba aqvT qurdobisa da yaCaRobi-

sadmi: gacvla-gamocvlis ZiriTadi sagania adamiani, bewveuli, irmisa

da vafxvis tyavi, selis narTi, bza, cvili da sanTeli. I, folio 70.

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yofilebladac igi arafers Takilobs, mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom rusebs Causafrdes xan erT, xan meore adgilas, gaitacos

maTi qoneba da, Tuki moaxerxebs, tyvedac aiyvanos isini.

warsulSi afxazebis vaWrobis ZiriTad sagans tyveebi

warmoadgendnen da axlac, ruseTis suzerenuli xelisufle-

bis qveS, isini jer kidev ver ganTavisuflebulan am saZageli

Cveulebisagan; magram afxazi, iseve rogorc Cerqezi, SurisZi-

ebis kanonis SiSiT, ver bedavs Tavisi TanamoZmis gayidvas. uka-

nasknel, uRaribes glexsac ki SeuZlia gauswordes sakuTar

Tavads da TviT mixeil-beisac ki, Tuki isini gabedaven da mis

romelime axlobels gayidian.

uwindel droSi adridanve iWerdnen Tadarigs, raTa mud-

mivad hyolodaT gasayidi tyveebi: zRvaze TareSis, mezobel

xalxebTan brZolis, an kidev imereTisa da CerqezeTis Zarcva-

rbevisas ayvanil tyveTa Soris gamoarCevdnen da saswrafod

aqorwinebdnen maT, visganac kargi STamomavlobis miRebis ime-

di hqondaT. bavSvebs dabadebisTanave CamoarTmevdnen tyve

mSoblebs da mihyavdaT gasazrdelad im dromde, vidre SesaZ-

lebeli gaxdeboda maTi momgebianad gayidva. es sacodavi

tyveebi bavSvebis namdvili mwarmoeblebi iyvnen.

es barbarosuli Cveuleba Cerqezebisas hgavs da rusebma

ver SeZles misi bolomde aRmofxvra: maTi zedamxedvelobis

miuxedavad, afxazebi mainc axerxeben tyveebiT vaWrobas, rom-

lis ZiriTad fonds gatacebuli rusi jariskacebi warmoadge-

nen. Turqebi rus tyveebs afxazebisagan adgilzeve yidulo-

ben, Semdeg ki trapizonSi25

an mcire aziis sxva portebSi mih-

yavT gasayidad.

es saSineli vaWroba mTlianad aRikveTeboda, mixeil-bei

da hasan-bei TviTonve rom ar iyvnen am saqmis ZiriTadi monawi-

leni. isini xels ar uSlian jariskacebis motacebas da amiT

mogebasac ki iReben. cxadia, hasan-beize ukeT aravin icis, rac

xdeba mis qveyanaSi; amboben, igi fuSeze26

ufro gamWriaxi go-

nebisaao. Seityobs Tu ara, rom mavanma afxazma vinme daatyve-

va, maSinve TavisTan ibarebs gamtacebels da rusebze gadace-

miT emuqreba (amisi maT Zalian eSiniaT), Tuki ar mouyvanen

Zroxebs, cxens da a.S. roca damnaSave xarks gadaixdis, mTavari

uflebas aZlevs, gayidos tyve da yvelanairad mfarvelobs ki-

dec mas am saqmeSi. rusebi ki amaod iTxoven misgan marTlmsa-

julebis aRsrulebas da damnaSaveTa gadacemas: igi aTasnairi

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xrikebiT axerxebs Tavis daZvrenas da rusebi verafers xdebi-

an.

am mxriv biZamisze ukeT arc mixeil-bei iqceva.

SesaZloa, TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT rusebma

SeZlon tyveTa vaWrobis aRkveTa. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,

TurqeTi valdebulia ruseTs daubrunos yvela ltolvili

rusi jariskaci, romelmac Tavi Seafara TurqeTs, agreTve —

ruseTis yvela qveSevrdomi, romelic monad waiyvanes an mo-

nad gayides. Tuki Turqi faSebi ar Seasruleben xelSekrule-

bas, romelsac maTTvis ukuqmedebis Zala aqvs, maSin afxazeTSi

tyveTa Sesasyidad wasuli vaWrebi imdenad did safrTxeSi Ca-

igdeben Tavs, rom am saqmianobis gagrZelebas aRarc moindo-

meben.

Tanamedrove afxazeTSi xuTi ZiriTadi afxazuri tomi

Sedis:

1) bzubebis (Bsoubbes) tomi, romelic gagridan anakofi-

amde saxlobs da 18 700 suls iTvlis.

2) sakuTriv afxazebis tomi — anakofiidan kelasuram-

de, 8 100 suli.

3) webeldis tomi — kodoris zemo xeobaSi, 15 000 suli.

4) abJuas tomi (Abchaves) — gagridan kodoramde, 10 500

suli.

afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleoba ganisazRvreba 52 300 su-

liT.

me ar CamiTvlia mexuTe — samurzayanos27

tomi, romelic

samegrelos mTavars eqvemdebareba.

es aris gadarCenili mosaxleoba, romelic uwin bevrad

ufro mravalricxovani unda yofiliyo, magram tyveTa vaWro-

bis Sedegad yovelwliurad mcirdeboda.

amasTanave, yaCaRurma cxovrebam, romelic did pativSia

afxazebSi, isini srul usaqmurobas miaCvia. sacodavi sanaxavia

maTi ubadruki qoxebi — wnuliT nagebi da aliziT Selesili,

sadac ojaxebi saqonelTan erTad cxovroben. isini ar Tibaven

mdeloebs da saZovrebs, ar imarageben Tivas da Tu mkacri zam-

Tari dgeba, saqonels erekebian tyeSi, sadac igi SimSilisa da

sicivisagan iRupeba. erTi an ori Zroxa didi simdidrea ubra-

lo afxazisaTvis, naxiri mxolod Tavadebs hyavT. xarebic da

Zroxebic aq dabaltaniania, magram kargi jiSisa. maTi meurne-

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oba Zalze waagavs Cerqezebisas, Tumca maTTan SedarebiT uf-

ro Raribulia. Cerqezebis msgavsad, afxazebsac bevri cxvari

da Txa hyavT. cxvris xorci gemrielia, matyli ki — uxeSi. maTi

ZiriTadi sakvebia simindi, fetvi da erTgvari jiSis lobio.

mrewvelobis aranairi dargi aq ar aris ganviTarebuli.

amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze nayofier qveya-

naSi cxovroben da sazRvao vaWrobisTvisac saukeTeso mdeba-

reoba da pirobebi aqvT, afxazebi mainc ukidures siRaribes

ganicdian. 1831 wels b-ni pol gibali28

novorosiis kurierSi

(#103) werda, rom `am siRaribem isini Zalze daamdabla; maT

urCevniaT mowyaleba iTxovon, vidre imuSaon. isini SimSilo-

ben, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT da rogorc ki dainaxaven,

rom sadme samzareuloSi cecxli anTia, an sadRac xari an

cxvari ikvleba, maSinve iq gaCndebian da SeTavazebis gareSe as-

ruleben yvelanair saqmes im imediT, rom erT lukma saWmels

miiReben. xasiaTis aseTma simdablem mTlianad Cakla Rirseba

am xalxSi, romelic mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT cxovrobs da

SeCveulia xelmokleobas, uamindobas da a.S. sibejiTes da zo-

mier, magram mudmiv samuSaos, urCevnia mokle xniT Tavi saf-

rTxeSi Caigdos, ris Sedegadac SesaZloa zogjer mogeba na-

xos. afxazebi sulac ar arian guladni: maT araviTari winaaR-

mdegoba ar gauweviaT arc TurqebisaTvis da arc rusebisaT-

vis, Tumca TviT idea ucxoelTa batonobisa maTTvis autane-

lia. maT Soris yvelaze sazareli avazakebic ki ar ganekuTvne-

bian mamac da saSiS pirovnebebs, romlebic mudmivad mzad ari-

an did gzebze xmlis mosaqnevad da dambaCis sasrolad. afxa-

zebi arian daxvewili da marjve qurdebi, romlebic advilad

gadadian Setevaze maSin, roca ricxobrivad mowinaaRmdeges

didad sWarboben, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod sibneleSi

da malulad moqmedeben da mciredi winaaRmdegobis gawevisas

ukan garbian~.

aseT viTarebaSi xalxisaTvis namdvilad sasargeblo iq-

neba am naxevrad veluri mdgomareobidan, romelSic isini im-

yofebian, civilizaciisaken Semobruneba; amis ganxorcieleba

ki SesaZlebelia ruseTis meSveobiT, Tuki monarqi, romelsac

mTeli Tavisi arsebiT sikeTis keTebis mtkice survili amoZ-

ravebs, SeZlebs aseTive keTilSobiluri survili STaagonos

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imaTac, vinc misi gamgeblobis qveS marTavs imperiis am ganapi-

ra mxareebs.

vimeoreb, amocana sakmaod Zneli Sesasrulebeli iqneba.

unda gamoiZebnos iseTi saSualeba, romelic ufro sasargeb-

lo iqneba afxazisaTvis da igic Tavs daanebebs sizarmacesa da

yaCaRobas; unda miaCvio igi wesrigs, Sromas, gauRvivo socia-

luri Rirsebebisadmi siyvaruli, Seagnebino, rom xeli aiRos

iaraRze da yvela adamiani Casafrebul mtrad ar miiCnios —

mxolod ufals Tu SeuZlia aseTi saswaulis moxdena!

savaraudod, yvelaze Zneli iqneba maTi vaWrobis mowes-

rigeba da arsebul pirobebSi mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelSewyoba. soflis meurneobiTa da ekonomikis romelime

dargiT dakavebulma afxazma Tavisi produqciisaTvis gasaRe-

bis bazrebi unda ipovos. rogor SeiZleba es moxdes, roca 200

versis manZilze mTel sanapiroze mxolod ori, isic erTmane-

Tisagan gvarianad daSorebuli bazaria — soxumi da redut-ka-

le29

, Tu ar CavTvliT bamboris bazars. arsebulma finansurma

da sanitarulma RonisZiebebma aq savsebiT mospo vaWrobis

ganviTarebis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba: gana SesaZlebelia,

rom mcireodeni simindisa Tu tyavis gamo afxazebma aseT mo-

Sorebul bazrebSi irbinon? da ai aq iwyebs ganviTarebas axali

mankiereba — TurqebTan kontrabanduli vaWroba, romelsac

mdinareebis SesarTavebTan, lerwmebSi TavSefarebulni awar-

moeben.

erTma cnobilma moxelem wamoayena winadadeba, sanapiros

patara yureebSi daewesebinaT garkveuli dro, roca mosaxle-

obas miecemoda ucxoelebTan vaWrobis SesaZlebloba, am pro-

cess ki meTvalyureobas gauwevda xomaldi, romelic amave yu-

reSi idgeboda. es iqneboda yovelwliuri bazrobebis msgavsi

ram, sadac afxazebi advilad SeZlebdnen misvlas da sakuTari

produqciis gasaRebas.

qveynis Sida nawilSi bazrebi srulebiT ar aris. raoden

didi sxvaobaa dRevandel gaubedurebul afxazeTsa da odes-

Rac mis sanapiroebze ulamazes yvavilwnulebad Semoyole-

bul berZnul koloniebs Soris.

mTavar mixeil-beis adgil-mamulSi, misi saxlidan orasi-

ode nabijze, movinaxule lixnis Zveli eklesia30

. igi sakmaod

kargad aris Semonaxuli da agebulia zustad igive gegmiT, ro-

gorc biWvinTis eklesia, magram gacilebiT momcro zomisaa da

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ufro sada. stili bizantiuria; masalad SerCeulia moyviTa-

lo kirqvis Tlili qva, romelic mezoblad mdebare mTebSia

mopovebuli. gumbaTi rvawaxnagaa, interieris kedlebi ki

mxatvrobiT aris dafaruli.

imperatorma es eklesia monastrad aqcia da afxazeTSi

moRvawe mRvdlebis samyofelad daadgina. manve arqiers (epis-

koposi), romelic jer kidev ar iyo adgilze Camosuli, sarCod

gamouyo 1 500 rubli vercxliT (6 000 franki).

souk-sudan eqvsi versi pirdapiri gziT, bamboraSi Sus-

vlelad viareT da xifsTas xe-tyis qarxanasTan mivediT…...

...rodesac gembanze davbrundi, ailagas31

(Yolagu) monas-

tris nangrevebi maCvenes. monasteri zRvis napirze iyo agebu-

li, fSandras SesarTavidan xelmarjvniv, ramdenime aseul na-

bijze. eklesia patara zomisaa, magram lamazad aris nagebi bi-

zantiur stilSi, cisferi da mwvane melafiris Tlili qviT da

dgas konglomeratis kldeze, romelic zRvis donidan rva fu-

tis simaRlezea aRmarTuli. drodadro zRvis talRebi kldis

ferdobebs exeTqebian...

Tumca bamboris peizaJi xmeleTis mxridan Zalian lama-

zia, magram mTeli Tavisi simSvenieriTa da ganuzomeli dide-

bulebiT igi mxolod zRvidan Cans. karg da naTel amindSi swo-

red aqedan SeiZleba mkafiod dainaxo wylis nakadis sami didi,

bunebrivi gamosasvleli, saidanac mWiSTa, xifsTa da baklanka

gamoedinebian kavkasionis xarki zRvaSi CaaqvT (1).

mWiSTas xeoba yvelaze viwroa; mis napirebs xSiri tyeebi

faravs, ferdobebis zeda nawili ki xevebiTaa daserili. am viw-

ro sapyrobilis tyveobidan gamovardnili mdinare nebivrad

miedineba bamboris mSvenier dablobze, odnav talRisebur ad-

gilebs Soris. misi napirebi mofenilia xeebiT, romelTa

CrdilqveS bzifis tomis afxazTa mravali sofelia Camaluli;

maT Sorisaa papcva, baCa, Cabalurxva, sandripSi32

— yvela mdi-

naris marcxena napirze, garda Cabalurxvisa, romelic mdina-

ris orive napirzea gadaWimuli. marcxena patara Senakadis

qvemoT Cans eSera da tumtala.

iq, sadac mTavrdeba qviSiani borcvebi, romlebic zRvas

biWvinTidan moyolebuli esazRvrebian, bamboras reidis siR-

(1

) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 3.

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rmeSi md. mWiSTas SesarTavi Cans. erT dros aq afxazeTis erT-

erTi mTavari bazari iyo; imereTis mefis — aleqsandres ruka-

ze igi `afxazeTis portis~ saxelwodebiTaa aRniSnuli, Sarde-

nis rukaze — Portus Abcassorum-is saxeliT. es aris Sua saukunee-

bis xanis yvela rukaze miTiTebuli Cavo de Buxo — bzis porti,

rac savsebiT Sesaferisi saxelwodebaa, radgan aq am mcenariT

didi vaWrobaa gaCaRebuli. es adgili axlac afxazeTis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi savaWro punqti iqneboda, sanitaruli pirobe-

bis gamo ruseTs Tavidanve rom ar aekrZala aq vaWroba...

sanapiro bamboradan soxum-kalemde

zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, bamboridan soxumamde ulama-

zesi adgilebia gadaSlili. baklankas SesarTavamde, sadac ka-

zakebs TavianTi posti aqvT mowyobili, sanapiro dabali da

tyiania, baklankis iqiT ki iwyeba dabali gorakebis mwkrivi,

romelic zRvis napirs miuyveba da fsircxis33

SesarTavTan mi-

axloebisas ki TandaTan maRldeba da did, kldovan kedels

qmnis. maRali mTebidan wamosuli fsircxa aq gzas ikvlevs, anu

poulobs viwro, Rrma da Tvalwarmtac gasasvlels [...]

fsircxis SesarTavis marcxena kuTxeSi, lamazi xeebiT

dafarul, wakveTili konusis formis mqone borcvis wverze

dgas nangrevebiT garSemortymuli Zveleburi, mrgvali koSki.

kedeli, romelic mas meore, ferdobis Sua nawilSi aRmarTul

TeTr koSkTan aerTebs, ar Cans, radgan igi foTlebSia Camalu-

li. aqedan kargad Cans meore kedlis nangrevebi, romelic uwin

zRvis sanapiromde Cadioda da gasasvlels ketavda; es aris

anakofiis, anu uZveles rukebze aRniSnuli nikofsiis (Nicofia)34

nangrevebi (1).

anakofiis pirdapir, fsircxisa da zRvis sanapiros kuT-

xeSi, romelsac anakofiisagan mxolod mdinare gamohyofs, aR-

marTuli iyo fsircxis cixe35

. igi eyrdnoboda mis ukan wamo-

zidul cicabo mTas da im xeobis mTeli sigane ekava, romelsac

igi icavda, radgan kirqviani mTebi, romlebic zRvis sanapiros

(1) anakofia anu fanakofia (Phanakopi), rogorc zogjer weren xolme,

aRniSnavs cicabo, Rrmad CaWril adgils, romelic Soridan moCans. es

saxelwodeba zustad Seesabameba adgilis iers. ix. atlasi, me-2 seria,

furc. 4.

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Sida dablobisagan gamohyofen, soxumis siaxloves sagrZnob-

lad amaRlebulia...

am adgilebis aseTma ucnaurma agebulebam afiqrebina i.

klaproTs, rom es iyo centraluri qedi, romelic zRvas ebji-

neboda, rogorc es mocemulia patara rukaze, romelic kavka-

siis 1814 wlis miseul aRweras erTvis.

anakofia zustad is adgilia, sadac es dabali qedi yvela-

ze metad uaxlovdeba zRvas da tovebs mxolod viwro defi-

les, romliTac SeiZleba bamboris dablobidan kodoris Se-

sarTavsa da soxumSi misvla.

aq advilad amoicnoba is ganTqmuli xeoba da cixe, ro-

melsac berZnebi traqeas36

uwodebdnen da romlis Sesaxebac

prokopi dawvrilebiT saubrobs Tavis TxzulebaSi (brZola

guTebTan, I, IV, gv. 500):

`afsilebis sazRvars iqiT, abazgiis SesasvlelSi, aris

erTi aseTi adgili: maRali mTa, romelic iwyeba kavkasiis mTe-

bidan, nel-nela eSveba Tavisi TxemiT, rogorc kibe da roca

evqsinis ponts miaRwevs, ikargeba. am mTis mwvervalze Zvelad

abazgebma aaSenes Zalze didi cixesimagre. TavianTi Cveulebis

mixedviT isini aq ixiznebian da igerieben mtris Semosevas,

radganac es Znelad misasvleli adgilia da erTaderTi gasas-

vleli, romelic am cixisaken midis, aseve erTaderTi Sesas-

vlelia abazgiaSi da igi imdenad viwroa, rom adamianTa mcire-

ricxovani jgufic ki sakmarisia TavdamsxmelTa Semotevis mo-

sagerieblad. biliks zemodan adgas cicabo da moSiSvlebuli

kldeebis kedeli, romelic zRvamdea gadaWimuli da romlis

gamoc am adgils traqeas uwodeben~37

.

...dRes anakofia mTlianad mitovebulia; nangrevebs So-

ris aRaraferia, garda patara, Zalian Zveli eklesiisa, rome-

lic odesRac aq arsebul sicocxleze mianiSnebs. igi cnobi-

lia mTel afxazeTSi da TviT saqarTveloSic, radgan fiqro-

ben, rom swored aq aris dakrZaluli wminda svimoni. vaxtang

V-is qarTul qronikaSi38

marTlac aris moTxrobili, rom

aderkis, bartomis Zis39

, mefobis dros, romelic qristeSobi-

dan cota xnis Semdgom zeobda, ori mociquli — wm. andria da

wm. svimon kananeli40

afxazeTSi da egrisSi qristianobis saqa-

dageblad movidnen. wm. svimoni miicvala qalaq nikolSi (Niko-

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477

li), anu anakofiaSi, berZnebis teritoriaze, xolo wm. andria

gaemgzavra samegreloSi41

qristianobis gasavrceleblad(1).

fsircxis (2) cixisagan mxolod uZvelesi leRvis da sxva

didroni xeebis CrdiliT dafaruli koSkebisa da kedlebis mi-

tovebuli nangrevebia SemorCenili. xeebi ise gadmoxrilan am

nangrevebze, TiTqos maTi martoobis dafarva undaTo. orasi

wlis win es samegrelos dadianebis bolo samflobelo iyo af-

xazeTis mxareSi. nangrevebTan axlos kazakTa postia, saidanac

soxumamde 21 verss angariSoben, me ki vfiqrob, rom manZili

ufro metia.

anakofiis ukan, peizaJis siRrmeSi baklankis xeobaa gada-

Wimuli. kirqvis maRali kedeli uwindeburad erT doneze mie-

marTeba centraluri qedis paralelurad. mis zemoT, mwverva-

lebsa da platoebs Soris, ukeTesad moCans safar-beis qudi —

borcvi zemodan TxemiT. 12 ivlisisaTvis borcvebis mwverva-

lebsa da Rartafebs Soris, romlebiTac es kldeebia daRaru-

li, kldis RrmulebSi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili Tovlis la-

qebi...

anakofiidan soxumis koncxamde araferi gvinaxavs Rir-

sSesaniSnavi, garda gumisTis ulamazesi SesarTavisa; igi gamo-

edineba sanapirodan ramdenime versiT moSorebuli Zalze viw-

ro xeobidan, romelic dabali qedis kirqvian ferdobSia SeW-

rili. mdinaris napirebze sofel eSeras SemogarenSi, romelic

soxumidan rva, xolo sanapirodan — oTxi versis daSorebiTaa,

dgas Zalze Zveli eklesia42

, romlis oTxive kedeli kargad

aris Semonaxuli; eklesia SigniT savsea ZRvnad Sewiruli niv-

TebiT — xmlebiT, TofebiT, fuliTac ki, da yvelaferi es xe-

luxlebelia. afxazebi dRemde did Tayvans scemen am eklesias,

aq modian aRdgomis dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad da Cveulebis

Tanaxmad, Tan dasaklavi Zroxac mohyavT. moaqvT agreTve wi-

Teli kvercxebi. am eklesiasTan dadebuli fici urRvevia. mis

gverdiT amodis SesaniSnavi wyaro. muslimebi fics deben

(1) Klaprtoth, voy. au Caucase, gamoc., II, 113 da 114. (2) Pizirdsiza cixis saxelwodebaa, Absta - mdinaris saxelia xatovis ru-

kaze; Sua saukuneebis rukaze am mdinares agreTve fiume de Nicofia –s saxeliT aris aRniSnuli. rainegsi (II, 5) mas Kuri –s uwodebs da aRniS-

navs, rom navsadguri, romelic mis SesarTavSi mdebareobs, pataraa

da naklebad saimedo.

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brinjaos didi qvabis win, romelic eklesiidan odnav moSore-

biT dgas.

gumisTa soxumis koncxis bolos, sanapiros gaswvriv, iq,

sadac igi zRvaSi Caedineba, marcxena mxares mdebare Zveli so-

xumis kedlebs uvlida garSemo. am uZvelesi qalaqidan, rome-

lic, albaT, berZnuli kolonia iyo, SemorCenilia mxolod

kedlebis nawili da isic buCqnariT aris dafaruli.

es gaxlavT is uZvelesi soxumi, romelsac XIII saukunis

avtori abu-l-fida43

ixseniebs. igi mas saxums (Sachums) uwo-

debs da mis adgilmdebareobas miuTiTebs afxazebis qveyanaSi,

zRvis napirze.

soxum-kale

bolos, koncxTan miaxloebisas, rogorc iqna, Zlivs ga-

varCieT soxum-kales (1) yure. igi soxumis da kodori koncxebs

Soris, 15 versis manZilzea gadaWimuli da 7 versiT siRrmeSia

SeWrili.

anapidan moyolebuli baTumamde, gelenjikis yuris Sem-

deg es yvelaze lamazi yurea mTel sanapiroze. marTalia, aq

kargad SeiZleba ankeris44

damagreba, magram es mainc mTlad

usafrTxo ar aris, radgan yuris fskeri Zalze daqanebulia da

rogorc ki xmeleTidan odnav Zlieri qari dauberavs, Ruza

grunts Txris, Tuki damatebiTi usafrTxoebis mizniT sanapi-

ros mimarTulebiT xomalds meore RuziT ar daamagreben. yu-

ris Slamiani fskeri oRroCoRroa, rac ankeriT dasamagrebe-

li saxarbielo adgilis povnas kidev ufro arTulebs.

sanapirodan 300 saJenis45

daSorebiT, 12 saJen siRrmeze

Ruza CavuSviT cixis pirdapir, romelic yuris siRrmeSi — bes-

leTis deltaSi iyo agebuli. es aris Turqebis mier 1578 wels,

muradis (murad III — l. m.) zeobis xanaSi agebuli Senoba. iseve

(1) soxumi, soxum-kala, anu dordupi (Soghumi, Soghum-Kala, Dordup) — rainegsi, II, 7; soxumis-cixe — xatovis mixedviT, soxumi — stevenis

rukaze. Zveli soxumi (Soghum) mdebareobda gumisTis SesarTavTan.

es mdinare, romelsac aseve cxomsac uwodebdnen, Tavis saxelwodebas

iRebs gumes, gumas da cxomis cixesimagridan, romelic mis napireb-

ze, qveynis siRrmeSi iyo gaSenebuli; magram sakiTxavia, aqvs Tu ara

raime kavSiri soxums am saxelebTan. dur-dupi, klaproTis mixedviT,

iTargmneba, rogorc `margalitebis mTa~ I, gv.479, germ. gamoc.

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rogorc foTSi, aqac yvela simagres aqvs masiuri, kvadratuli

kedeli, romlis TiToeuli gverdi 100 tuazs46

Seadgens; garda

amisa, aqvs qvemexebiT aRWurvili oTxi, terasebad ganlagebu-

li bastioni, parapetSi ki gaWrilia saTofurebi. irgvliv Ta-

visuflad SeiZleba gaseirneba da soxumSi rom ar vyofiliya-

viT, es xedi marTlac lamazi da mSvenieri mogeCvenebodaT.

cixis SigniT mxolod ramdenime naxevrad dangreuli na-

gebobaa, romelic uwindeli faSis — qalaS-beis rezidencia

iyo, axla ki aq cixis komendanti da oficrebi cxovroben. ya-

zarmebi Zalze uvargisia. cixis erTaderT morTulobas war-

moadgens alublis, broweulisa da msxlis ramdenime xe, rom-

lebic Crdils fenen gaCanagebul adgils, sadac komendanti

cxovrobs. ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arc simagreebia: erT-erTi

bastioni naxevrad zRvaSia Caqceuli, yvelgan gaCenilia nap-

ralebi, romlebSic leRvisa da broweulis xeebs TavianTi

msxvili fesvebisaTvis upoviaT navsayudeli.

erTaderTi saintereso am cixis ezoSi gaxlavT is, rom aq

aris uwindeli faSebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrebis — qeleS-

beisa da safar-beis, axlandeli mTavris — mixeil-beis mamisa

da papis saflavebi. maT gansasvenebel adgilze saartilerio

parkia ganlagebuli da uamravi rusuli yumbara mZimed awevs

maT neSts.

dasavleTis karze vrceli arabuli warwera ikiTxeba, aR-

mosavleTis kari ki uwin TviT qalaq soxumze gadioda.

erTnaxevari versis siganis mTeli es patara vel-dablo-

bi, romelic aRmosavleTidan cixis borcvebis Ziramde da ax-

landel karantinamde iyo gadaWimuli, odesRac saxlebiTa da

bazrebiT iyo mofenili. maSin soxumis mosaxleoba 6 000 suls

Seadgenda. qviT amoSenebuli arxebidan besleTis wyali qala-

qis yvela kvartlamde aRwevda. mis SesarTavSi patara, aguriT

mopirkeTebuli arxi iyo agebuli mcire zomiani Turquli ge-

mebis komfortisaTvis. am Zveli soxumidan aRaraferia Semor-

Cenili, garda saxlebisa da quCebis raRac naSTebisa, romle-

bic ekal-bardebiTa da maRali balaxiTaa dafaruli. kedeli,

qalaqs rom zRvis mxridan icavda, aRar arsebobs, SemorCeni-

lia mxolod raRac nawilebi, romelTac mudmivad azianebs

zRvis talRebi; nagviT amovsebul arxebSi wyali aRar gaedine-

ba. cixis irgvliv Semovlebuli Txrilebic nawilobriv amov-

sebulia. besleTi, romlis dinebac wydeba, ikargeba WaobebSi,

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romlebic Sua zafxulSi imdenad wamlaven haers, rom foTisa

da wm. nikolozis47

Semdeg soxumi, klimatis TvalsazrisiT,

mTel am sanapiroze ruseTis samflobeloebs Soris yvelaze

mavne adgilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. askaciani garnizonis ja-

riskacebi daavadebisagan uZlurdebian; magram sakmarisia bes-

leTis arxebis gawmenda da xelovnurad Seqmnili am Waobebis

daSroba, rom soxumi marTlac iseTive jansaR adgilad gada-

iqces, rogorc yvela sxva adgili am sanapiroze; magram vin Se-

asrulebs amgvar samuSaos? cxadia, jariskacebi amas ver gaa-

keTeben, radgan maT isedac Tavsayrelad aqvT saqme — postze

dgoma, TavianTi saqonlis saZovrebze garekva, zamTrisaTvis

Tivis momarageba, saWiro raodenobiT SeSis damzadeba, bos-

tneulis moyvana, TavianTi scxovreblis — naxevrad dangreu-

li barakebis SekeTeba, karantinis meTvalyureoba da yvelafe-

ri amis Sesruleba maT uxdebaT maSinac ki, roca jariskacTa

raodenobis erTi mesamedi an meoTxedi hospitalSia gadayva-

nili.

rodesac rusebma daikaves soxumi48

, qalaqis erTi nawili

jer kidev ar iyo ganadgurebuli, magram generalma, romelic

maSin jars meTaurobda, brZana daengriaT da miwasTan gaeswo-

rebinaT yvelaferi, rac jer kidev gadarCa, im mizeziT, rom am

saxlebis safarqveS afxazebs uadvildebodaT rusi jariska-

cebis gataceba. ase ar moqceula napoleoni kairoSi: mas ar ga-

dauwvavs kairo imis gamo, rom mis jariskacebs itacebdnen. so-

xumis dangreva am sacodavi cixis garnizonis mowamvlas niS-

navda: cxeli klimatis pirobebSi araferi ise ar abinZurebs

haers, rogorc erTbaSad ganadgurebuli da mitovebuli es

qoxmaxebi da odesRac dasaxlebuli adgilebi.SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom es nangrevebi lpeba, mze da sineste erTdroulad moqme-

deben organul nivTierebebze, romlebic maT damRupvel ze-

moqmedebas ganicdian da amis Sedgad gamoyofili aTasgvari

miazmic iwvevs im adamianTa sikvdils, vinc maT SeisunTqavs. es

dakvirveba didad gonierma pirovnebam, b-nma Sopenma Caatara

erevansa da bevr sxva adgilebSi da savsebiT darwmunebulni

unda viyoT, rom janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis

SesanarCuneblad qalaqSi saWiroa mosaxleobis mofrTxileba

da yovelgvari ngrevisa da ganadgurebisagan Tavis Sekaveba...

...dRes soxumSi aris erTi patara, ubadruki bazari, sa-

dac SeiZleba Rvinis, xorcisa da raRac wvrilmani saqonlis

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SeZena. aq da bamboraSi ukve iwyeba Rvinis raioni — am Zvirfasi

siTxis siuxvis raioni. yirimSi vazi did mzrunvelobas moiT-

xovs, aq ki igi sakuTar deda-samSobloSia da movlis gareSec

iseve xarobs, rogorc edemSi. visac Tavisi sacxovreblis gar-

Semo vazis moSeneba surs, imaze unda izrunos, rom aq gancal-

kevebiT idges ramdenime xe, romlebzec vazi acocdeba da aTa-

sobiT mwvane girlandad Semoexveva, Semdeg ki misi SewiTlebu-

li marcvlebi am xeebs yurZnis erTi uzarmazari mtevnis saxes

aZlevs. zogjer vazi Zalian didia da miuxedavad imisa, rom

Tela, wifeli da aswlovani kaklis xe veeberTela simaRlezea

atyorcnili, vazi maT kenweroze eqceva da Tavis mtevnebiT

gvirgvinad adgas.

Rvinis warmoeba ukve ubixebis49

qveyanaSi iwyeba. afxaze-

bis — arcTu ise gulmodgine muslimebis mier warmoebuli Cve-

ulebrivi Rvino maincdamainc ver daikvexnis xarisxiT, radgan

isini am sasmels cudad amzadeben da masSi wyalsac ki ureven.

mxolod mdidrebTan SeiZleba naxoT magari, spirtis maRali

Semcvelobis mqone Rvino. soxumsa da bamboraSi myofi rusi

oficrebic akeTeben Rvinos, romelic sakmaod kargi xarisxi-

saa, wiTeli feri aqvs da dasalevad sasiamovnoa.

afxazebi Rvinos inaxaven miwaSi Camarxul Tixis qvevreb-

Si anu did doqebSi, magram isini samegreloSi damzadebul

qvevrebze ufro mcire tevadobisa arian; rac ufro miiwevT

aRmosavleTisaken, miT ufro izrdeba am qvevrebis tevadoba

da yvelaze did qvevrebs kaxeTSi SexvdebiT: maT marTlac gi-

ganturi zoma aqvT da zogierTi maTganis siRrme 9 futsac ki

aRwevs.

aseTi cxeli klimaturi pirobebis miuxedavad, Rvino am

qvevrebSi mSvenivrad inaxeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini

miwaSi sakmaod Rrmad arian Caflulni da zemodanac sami-oTxi

futis sisqeze faravs Tixa, romliTac hermetulad aris amov-

sebuli qvevris piri. Rvino qvevrSi Zalze iSviaTad fuWdeba;

igi mxolod maSin Zmardeba, Tuki tolCebiT didxans anjRre-

ven, es ki maSin xdeba, roca aqauri Cveulebis Tanaxmad, ojaxis

saWiroebisaTvis qvevridan Rvinos yoveldRe iReben.

kasrebSi Casxmuli Rvino ufro advilad fuWdeba; amasTa-

nave, mis Sesanaxad saWiroa kargi sardafebi, qvis kedlebiTa

da saimedo gadaxurviT. amgvari sardafis mowyoba Raribi af-

xazisa Tu qarTvelisaTvis Zalze Znelia, Tanac es maT sul ar

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sWirdebaT — TavianT qvevrebs isedac mSvenivrad flaven miwa-

Si, saxlaTan axlos romelime xis ZirSi.

Rvinis Senaxvis es wesi uZvelesi droidan modis da qar-

Tvelebma igi berZnebisagan gadmoiRes, Tu piriqiT — berZnebma

iswavles qarTvelebisagan Zneli saTqmelia. kolxeTi ukve ci-

vilizebuli qveyana iyo, rodesac argonavtebi mis napirs mo-

adgnen...

...soxumis yuris siRrmidan mTis maRal qedze gadaSlili

xedi ver Seedreba bamboris xeds; gasasvleli dafarulia da-

bali qediT, romelic anakofiidan iwyeba, gaivlis yuris siR-

mes da aRmosavleTis mxares mis irgvliv patara, tyiT Sefenil

gorakebs faravs. maT ukan kelasurisa da kodoris dablobebia

gadaSlili [...]

yuris irgvliv yvelaze saintereso sanaxavia oxvames50

ek-

lesiis nangrevebi, soxumidan aRmosavleTiT, sam versze; ag-

reTve kelasuri, romelic misgan aseve sami versiTaa daSore-

buli. maTi nacrisferi kedlebi xeebis foTlebs Soris icqi-

rebian.

hasan-beis Ralatis gamo soxumis Semogareni imdenad sa-

xifaTo gaxda, rom veravin bedavda mzis Casvlis Semdeg bazri-

dan karantinSi misvlas, romelic zRvis napiridan erT-naxe-

var versze iyo. dRis ganmavlobaSic ki aq marto siaruls eri-

debodnen, radgan arsebobda afxazebis mxridan adamianTa mo-

tacebis safrTxe: Tuki es xdeboda guSagebisa da garnizonis

Tvalwin, warmoidgineT, ra moxdeba, Tu vinme gabedavs qveynis

siRrmeSi Sesvlas. hasan-beis cbiereba da veragoba yvelasaT-

vis kargad cnobilia. imisaTvis, rom oxvames dangreuli ekle-

sia menaxa, Cemma keTilma kapitanma vulfma brZana, kbilebamde

SeiaraRebuli aTiode mezRvauri gamomyoloda Cveni patara

karWapiT, romlis cxvirzec patara qvemexi idga; aseTi samxed-

ro aRWurvilobiT pirdapir oxvamesaken gavcureT.

eklesia sanapirodan as ormocdaaT nabijzea, TiTqmis

wriulad galavniT garSemovlebuli adgilis SuaSi. galavnis

diametri 200 nabijia. eklesia sakmaod kargad aris Semonaxu-

li, magram patara zomisaa da misi sigrZe mxolod TerTmeti

nabijia, sigane ki — xuT-naxevari. sakurTxeveli, berZnebis mi-

er dadgenili ucvleli dabulebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleTisa-

ken aris mimarTuli. proporciebi zustad iseTivea, rogorc

Zvel berZnul eklesiebSi, romlebic uxvad iyo mimofantuli

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yirimis sanapiroze an kidev inkermanis kldeebSi iyo gamokve-

Tili. berZnuli wirva qadagebis gareSe warmoebs. sakmarisia

mRvdels hqondes Sesaferisi farTobi, sadac TavisTvis moiw-

yobs wminda adgils da aRasrulebs RvTismsaxurebas. eklesiis

danarCeni nawili gankuTvnilia mgalobelTaTvis da medaviT-

neebisaTvis, xolo is, vinc eklesiaSi adgils ver poulobs, ga-

reT, patara stoaSi an kidev eklesiis erT-erT kedelTan,

CrdilSi dgas. igi loculobs da RvTismsaxurebis msvlelo-

bis Sesabamisad iwers pirjvars da imeorebs `kirie eleisons~

(ufalo Segviwyale), rac qarTvelebma berZnuli liturgiidan

Semoinaxes.

wminda adgili aRniSnulia ori Sesavali kuTxiT; igi gana-

Tebulia erTi fanjriT, romelic sakurTxevlis siRrmeSia

gaWrili (1); orive mxares sqel kedelSi mowyobilia ori niSa,

romelic miwis donidan daaxloebiT eqvsi futis simaRlezea.

mTavari kari sakurTxevlis pirdapir gadioda stoaSi, rome-

lic eklesiaze iyo miSenebuli da Cveulebriv, qalebisTvis

iyo gankuTvnili; mamakacebi gverdiTi karidan Sediodnen.

eklesia, iseve, rogorc galavnis kedeli, amoSenebuli

iyo eratiuli kaWrebiT, metwilad ki protogenuri da diori-

tuli granitis didi riyis qvebiT, romlebic dinebas qveynis

siRrmidan Camoaqvs mdinareebis napirebze. kedeli sakmaod

sqelia da igi qvis ramdenime fenisagan Sedgeba. aseve iyo age-

buli soxumic: kiri, miuxedavad gambas uaryofiTi daxasiaTe-

bisa, rogorc Cans, kargi xarisxisa unda yofiliyo, radgan man

ase kargad SeaduRaba es qvebi erTmaneTs da aseTi myari kede-

li Seqmna; eklesiis naxevarwriuli TaRi Camongreulia [...]

amis Semdeg wavediT kelasurSi, romelic soxumidan eqvs

versze mdebareobs. mivadeqiT sakmaod uxvwyliani mdinaris —

kelasuris SesarTavs, romelic erT-naxevar versze met man-

Zilze fers ucvlis zRvas. Cveni aq mosvlis mizanigaxldaT

cnobili mTavris Hhasan-beisaTvis Cveni pativiscemis dadastu-

reba. misi saxli sanapirodan ramdenime aseul nabijzea kela-

suris patara xeobaSi, romelic naxevari versi siganisaa da

gaSlilia mSvenieri tyiT dafarul borcvebs Soris (1).

(1) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 6.

(1) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 4.

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484

rodesac hasan-beim Cveni mosvlis Sesaxeb Seityo, man ram-

denime kaci gamogzavna CvenTan Sesaxvedrad. sanam mis saxlam-

de mividodiT, gaviareT veluri anwlis tye (sambucus ebulus). cudad damuSavebul, SemoRobil nakveTebSi bostneulis nac-

vlad sarevela balaxi xarobda, romelsac mdinaridan gadmoy-

vanili wylis nakadi siqorfes unarCunebda. TeTri TuTis xee-

bi, mtirala tirifebi, wablis, vaSlis, qliavis, leRvisa da sxv.

xeebi aqa-iq uwesrigod iyo darguli da bedis anabarad mito-

vebuli. bolosdabolos vipoveT gauTleli koWebis RobiT Se-

movlebuli ezos WiSkari; Robe saxlis misasvlelebs icavda.

sakmaod didi zomis saxli mTlianad kopitiTa da muxiT iyo na-

gebi. qveda sarTulis nawili Ria iyo, danarCeni ki Tavlad ga-

moiyeneboda. ramdenime kari gadaRobil patara sadgomebSi ga-

dioda, romlebic didi sadgomisagan iyo gamoyofili da cxe-

nebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.

iseve rogorc mixeil-beis saxlSi, aqac zeda sarTulze

xis kibiT avediT da aRmovCndiT aivanze, romelic Senobis

mTeli fasadis gaswvriv iyo miSenebuli. aq Tavi moeyaraT

mTavris TxuTmetamde Tanamesufresa da vasals; zogi Cacuc-

quliyo, zogi ki Sejgufuliyo aTasnair pozaSi. yvelani kbi-

lebamde iyvnen SeiaraRebulni da momagones aRmosavluri

qveynebis samefo kari, sadac msaxurebi Tavisi mbrZaneblis

karTan idgnen da mcireoden niSanzec ki mzad iyvnen misi brZa-

nebis Sesasruleblad. maTi tansacmeli Cerqezulisagan araf-

riT gansxvavdeboda. umravlesoba atarebda yabalaxs (bachelik), anu afxazurad ghetaph51, romlis ori grZeli bolo Tavzea Se-

moxveuli da ukan Sekruli. bevri maTgani umaRlesi wodebis

warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo, radgan isini Turquli Salis

Calmas atarebdnen. aqve SevniSne agreTve Savi bewviT Semovle-

buli mrgvali TaTruli CaCi. TiTqmis yvelas hqonda mxrebze

mogdebuli an zurgze dakecili nabadi (bourca). mTavarma aivanze migviRo Tavisi xalxis garemocvaSi. es

iyo ormoci-ormocdaaTi wlis sasiamovno garegnobis mamaka-

ci. misi Calma lurji feris daCiTuli Turquli Salisa (chale) iyo; kostumi Sedgeboda abreSumis mokle xifTanisagan, rome-

lic yavisferi maudis viwro SarvalSi hqonda Catanebuli. wi-

Teli tarsikonis paWanagebi yavisferi tarsikonis waRebqveS

hqonda amodebuli, es ukanaskneli ki, Turqul yaidaze, wiTe-

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li tarsikonis fexsacmelebSi hqonda Catanebuli. misi farTo

Coxa (cherkesse) gamxmari foTlebis feri iyo; savazneebis Tavsa-

xuri vercxlisa hqonda, qamarze ki, Cveulebis Tanaxmad, mSve-

nieri movercxlisfro dambaCa ekida.

Tavdapirvelad mTavarma pirvel oTaxSi Segviyvana, rom-

lis mTel avejs warmoadgenda mxolod ramdenime merxi, magi-

dis magivrobas rom wevda, da farTo, uxeSad damuSavebuli xis

sawoli. Semdeg gavediT meore oTaxSi, romelsac pirvelTan

erTad mTel sigrZeze ekava saxlis erTi mxare.

es meore oTaxi mTavris e. w. misaRebi iyo; aq idga ori

uzarmazari sawoli Tu taxti, romlebzec gadafarebuli iyo

fardagebi. es taxtebi TavianTi simyariT ciklopebs52

, xolo

sisadaviT ki homeross53

Seeferebodnen. maT erTaderT mor-

Tulobas Seadgenda naxatebi, romlebic mewaRis mier fexsac-

mlis lanCaze Sesrulebul ornamentebs waagavdnen.

daumuSavebeli wiflis xis kedlebis erTaderTi morTu-

loba iyo xisave lursmnebze Camokidebuli yvela saxeobis Se-

saniSnavi iaraRi — hasan-beis siamayis sagani.

mTavari kargad saubrobs rusulad, es ena man iolad Se-

iswavla cimbirSi yofnisas. man drandaSi54

napovni ramdenime

moneta gamocvala berlinSi Camosxmul rkinis sagnebSi.

didxans vtkbebodi saukeTeso xediT, misi misaRebi oTa-

xis aivnidan rom iSleboda; davyurebdi ulamazesi inglisuri

parkis am uswormasworo adgilebs, bunebas rom Seuqmnia am

barbarosebisaTvis...

...hasan-beisTan misi erT-erTi ufrosi Zma vnaxeT; igi ise-

ve iyo Cacmuli, rogorc Tavad hasan-bei, magram ufro sasia-

movno garegnoba hqonda: hasan-beis gamoxedvaSi iyo raRac eS-

makuri, muxanaTuri, damaeWvebeli da, amasTanave — mediduric.

mTavarma gviCvena Tavisi iaraRis koleqcia, romelic

marTlac rom saukeTeso iyo. rodesac es mTavari ruseTis wi-

naaRmdeg Tavisi mzakvruli saqcielis gamo Seipyres, raTa

cimbirSi gadaesaxlebinaT, rusebma misi iaraRic xelT igdes,

gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Semdeg ki igi nawilobriv daubru-

nes, Tumca ar daubrunebiaT misi arsenalidan yvelaze sauke-

Teso da Zvirfasi iaraRi — kerZod, mamamisisagan memkvidreo-

biT miRebuli xmali, ris gamoc mTavari didad ukmayofilo

iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki momavalSi mas ar daubrunebdnen

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xmals, mis sanacvlod igi 10 000 vercxlis maneTs (roubles) iT-

xovda. saqarTvelos mmarTveloba did gasaWirSi Cavarda, ro-

desac am moTxovnis Sesaxeb Seityo da radgan am xmalSi mTeli

provinciidan miRebuli Semosavlis, an Tundac misi naxevris

gadaxdas aravin apirebda, mTavrobam yvela Rone ixmara mis mo-

saZebnad. bolos, rogorc iqna, es cnobili xmali mgoni Tbili-

sis arsenalSi aRmoaCines; igi saswrafod gadagzavnes imereT-

Si, raTa hasan-beisaTvis gadecaT. generali vakulski dainte-

resda esoden Zvirfasi xmliT, igi dasaTvaliereblad qarqaSi-

dan amoiRo da waikiTxa warwera ... `zolingen~ (Solingen). msgavs

warwerebs TiTqmis yvela met-naklebad cnobil xmalze vxvde-

biT kavkasiaSi; Cemi mogzaurobis dros me uamravi aseTi xmali

vnaxe da maTi umravlesoba aq germaniidan safrangeTidan an

italiidan iyo Semotanili.

hasan-beim warmogvidgina Tavisi Tvrameti wlis vaJi, ro-

melic erT-erTi colisagan — bzifis napirebis mflobel Ta-

vad narCukis asulisagan hyavda. Cveulebis Tanaxmad, axalgaz-

rda mTavari mSobliuri saxlidan moSorebiT, samegreloSi,

mTavar dadianis meTvalyureobis qveS gaizarda. roca mas sa-

qorwino asaki daudga, hasan-beim mTavar dadians misi erT-er-

Ti qaliSvilis xeli sTxova, magram samegrelos mTavari mxo-

lod im pirobiT Tanxmdeboda qorwinebas, Tuki saqmro qris-

tianobas miiRebda; marTlac, ai ukve erTi welia, rac es uka-

naskneli moinaTla da roca kelasurSi imyofeba, dResaswau-

lebze soxumis cixis samlocveloSi dadis.

ZiriTadi sazafxulo sacxovrebeli hasan-beis webeldaSi

aqvs, kodoris zemo xeobaSi, maruxis ZirSi. kelasuridan we-

beldamde mTavari 40-50 verss angariSobs. am droisaTvis mas

Tavisi colebi iq hyavda gagzavnili, radgan ar icoda, ra Se-

degi mohyveboda Tavis ZmiswulTan — mixeil-beisTan warmoSo-

bil uTanxmoebas.

icoda ra Cemi mogzaurobis mizani, mTavarma gviTxra,

rom kelasuridan sam versze iyo mJave wylis wyaro, xolo uf-

ro moSorebiT, iskuriis axlos — cxeli wylebi...

...didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xmebi dadioda soxumis Semoga-

renSi vercxlisa da rkinis sabadoebis arsebobis Taobaze. ru-

seTis mTavrobam didi gasamrjelos dapirebiT hasan-beis am

adgilebSi ori rusi inJinris moyvana daavala. erT-erTi am in-

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JinerTagani gaxldaT b-ni maiori gurievi55

. hasan-beim isini

afxazur tanisamosSi gamoawyo da didi eskortis TanxlebiT

kelasuris zemo xeobaSi Znelad savali gzebiT waiyvana. isini

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gzaSi iyvnen, gadaitanes aTas-

gvari gasaWiri da Camoitanes tyviis madnis ramdenime nimuSi;

rogorc Cans, sabado arc iseTi mdidari aRmoCnda, rom misi eq-

sploatacia daewyoT.

mogvianebiT me ramdenjerme isev vnaxe mTavari hasan-bei.

sxvaTa Soris, mas erTxel im dRes Sevxvdi, roca igi soxumis

vakeze Tavisi Zmiswulis — mixeil-beis elCebs eloda; maSin Ta-

visi Cerqezuli tansacmlis zemodan meore, iseTive formis,

magram Txeli TeTri tilosagan Sekerili samosi ecva. Cerqez-

Ta umravlesobis msgavsad, cxeniT samogzaurod masac flane-

lis tipis TeTri maudis grZeli paWiWebi anu windebi ecva,

romlebic muxlebs zemoTac swvdebodnen.

mTavarma ramdenime sazRvao flotis oficeri da me ve-

luri vaSlis xis qveS gaSlil nabadze migviRo. xeebze ekida

misi amalis kuTvnili yvelanairi iaraRi — mdidari da ucnau-

ri alafi. igi gagvimaspinZlda donis SampanuriT, romelic so-

xumidan Camoatanina, magram TviTon ar svamda.

meored mTavari soxumis bazris SesasvlelTan vnaxe, sa-

dac igi cixis komendantTan salaparakod mivida, magram igi ar

Sesula arc cixeSi da arc bazarSi: rogorc amboben, igi yo-

velTvis ase iqceoda, radgan Ralatis eSinoda. mas undoda ko-

mendantis winaSe Tavi emarTlebina sakuTari Zmiswulis mi-

marT Tavisi damokidebulebis gamo. am Sexvedris dros igi nam-

dvil kavkasiel yaCaRs hgavda — qamarze ori didi dambaCa eki-

da, xolo mesames saubris dros xelSi ise cbierad atrialeb-

da, TiTqos undoda eTqva: ar SemexoT, Torem vai, Tqveni bra-

lio!

mogvianebiT Sevityve, rom ruseTis SuamavlobiT hasan-

bei Serigeboda Tavis Zmiswuls da cimbiridan dabrunebis Sem-

deg56

pirvelad gaubedavs soxumis cixeSi Sesvla da Tavis wina-

parTa saflavebis monaxuleba. miuxedavad amisa, igi kvlavac

ruseTis erT-erT dauZinebel mtrad rCeba.

amasTanave, hasan-bei sinanuliT ixsenebda cimbirSi gata-

rebul rva wels; `RmerTo Cemo, — ambobda igi, — ra maklda ma-

Sin? mSvenieri pensia mqonda, karg sazogadoebaSic viyavi, mai-

oris Cinic mqonda da vcxovrobdi Cems gemoze mxiarulad da,

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rac mTavaria, srul komfortSi; yvela megobrulad mepyrobo-

da, dRes ki, roca Tavisufali var, ras warmovadgen? naxevrad

veluri afxazebis mier intrigebSi CaTreuli, xSirad iZule-

buli var, vakeTo is, rac maT undaT da ara is, rac me Tavad

minda, mudmivad fxizlad unda viyo da RmerTma uwyis kidev

ra! es ra cxovrebaa!~ sainteresoa, iyo ki mTavari gulwrfeli,

roca am sityvebiT mogvmarTavda?

komentarebi, damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. dawvrilebiT ix. Cvenive werilebi: Jurn. `analebi~ (#2,

2000; #1-2, 2002); @`Caucasica~, #7, 2003; kreb. `axali da uax-

lesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, #2 (6), 2009.

2. gamba Jak fransua (1763-1833) — frangi mogzauri, komer-

santi, safrangeTis konsuli TbilisSi. ruseTis mTavrobam

daakmayofila misi Txovna da imereTSi saxnavi miwebi da

tyis monakveTi (ajameTis tye) gamouyo, sasoflo-sameur-

neo kulturebis ganviTarebisa da savaWro dawesebulebe-

bis mowyobis mizniT, Tumca, rogorc diubuac aRniSnavs

(ix. qvemoT), es wamowyeba kraxiT dasrulda (ix. Jak fran-

sua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Targmani da gamo-

cema m. mgalobliSvilisa, Tb., 1987, t. I).

3. lixni anu souk-su (Turq. `civi wyaro~) — gudauTidan 4

km-ze mdebare afxazi mTavrebis rezidencia da 1863 wlam-

de — afxazeTis administraciuli centri. XIX s. dasawyisSi

afxazeTis mTavarma giorgi (safar-beg) ServaSiZem lixns

saxeli Seucvala da souk-su uwoda. aq mdebareobs daaxl.

X s-is lixnis cnobili taZari (ix. qvemoT), aqvea afxaz mTa-

varTa sasaxlis nangrevebi, romelic XIX s. pirvel naxevar-

Si unda iyos agebuli Zveli sasaxlis adgilas. sasaxle

1866 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg ganadgurda (ix. И. Е. Адзинба, gv. 54; В. Пачулиа, По древней но вечно молодой Абхазии, Сухуми, 1969, gv. 148).

4. mixeil-bei ServaSiZe (igive hamuT-begi — 1811-1865) — af-

xazeTis ukanaskneli mTavari (1823-1864 ww.); igi iyo safar-

beis (giorgis) vaJi, izrdeboda ubixTa beladis — haji bar-

zeg-dagumoyvasTan; miRebuli hqonda kargi ganaTleba. af-

xazeTSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo didxans cxov-

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robda samegreloSi, imereTSi, TbilisSi; Tavisuflad

flobda rusul enas. mis dros samTavrosa da ruseTs So-

ris moCvenebiTi Tanxmoba sufevda. mixeil-beis general-

adiutantis wodeba uboZes. miuxedavad misi mcdelobisa,

ruseTis xelisufleba eZebda sababs samTavros gasauqmeb-

lad da cdilobda daeyoliebina igi, Tavadve nebayoflo-

biT eTqva uari mTavris wodebaze. mixeili Seecada winaaR-

mdegoba gaewia, magram bolos mixvda, rom verafers gaxde-

boda da afxazeTSi cxovrebis ufleba iTxova, Tumca ama-

zec ki uari miiRo: 1864 w. samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg, mas

TurqeTTan saidumlo kavSiri da Ralati daswames da jer

stavropolSi, Semdeg ki voroneJSi gadaasaxles, sadac

1865 w. gardaicvala. dasaflavebulia moqvis taZarSi. mi-

xeil SarvaSiZes colad hyavda giorgi nikolozis (`didi

nikos~) Ze dadianis asuli — aleqsandra (ix. s. janaSia, gi-

orgi SarvaSiZe, Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 1988; m. dumbaZe, dasav-

leT saqarTvelo XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, Tb., 1957;

sin, V, Tb. 1970, gv. 224-226).

5. safar-bei — afxazeTis mTavari 1810-1821 ww., qeleS-bei

SarvaSiZis umcrosi vaJi; colad hyavda grigol (da ara

levan) dadianis da Tamari (aqve, ix. gv. 466). safar-beim fa-

rulad miiRo qristianoba da giorgi ewoda. qeleS-beim igi

Tavidanve memkvidred gamoacxada, Tumca samTavro tax-

tze igi ver avida: Tavisive Zmis — aslan-beis mier sakuTa-

ri mamis mkvlelobis gamo igi iZulebuli gaxda samegre-

loSi gaxiznuliyo da daxmareba eTxova ruseTisaTvis. da-

marcxebulma aslan-beim mTebs Seafara Tavi, xolo giorgi

ServaSiZem ruseTis erTgulebaze daifica da 1809 w. ga-

formebuli `saTxovari punqtebic~ ZalaSi Sevida; man mxo-

lod saSinao TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba SeinarCuna (ix. m.

dumbaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 220-223).

6. lixni wyaroebSi `zufus~ saxeliTac moixsenieba. `ro-

gorc irkveva aleqsandre imerTa mefis 1738 wlis rukidan,

zufu rqmevia lixnis Temis samxreT ubans, sadac gaSenebu-

li iyo mTavarTa sasaxle. mdinares, romelic am terito-

riaze moedineboda, zufus mdinare erqva~ (p. ingoroyva,

dasax. naSr., gv. 152). vaxuStis mixedviT `anakofiis dasav-

liT dis aRacos-wyali… am aRacos-wylis dasavliT dis zu-

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fus mdinare, gamosdis kavkass, dis samxriT, mierTvis

Crdilodam zRvas. ars zufu mcire qalaqisaebri, saxli da

sayofeli SarvaSiZisa...(vaxuSti, aRwera... gv. 171; agreTve,

m. dumbaZe, dasax. naSr., gv 264). 7. anakofia — axali aTonis teritoriaze mdebare cixesimag-

re; qarTul wyaroebSi moixsenieba VIII s-dan. arqeologebi

mas IV-V ss. Zeglad miiCneven. `iyo qalaqi keTili, Svenieri,

zRvasa zeda waSenebuli, da Semdgomad bagrationTagan

umetes gandidebuli, romlisa zRvasa Sina svetni ormo-

camde dResac Canan, aramed aw oxer ars; da sazRvari odi-

Sisa da afxazeTisa, am anakofiis aRmosavliT zRvidam

mTamde, Seavlo zRude didi levan dadianman, afxazTa ga-

mousvlelobisaTvis, garna aw uqmad ars~ (vaxuSti, gv. 169;

В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 120-130).

8. selim II — suleiman I kanunis Svili, sulTnad ijda 1566-

1574 ww. murad III — TurqeTis sulTani 1574-1595 ww.

9. dasavleT saqarTvelo TurqeTs mflobelobaSi ergo uf-

ro adre — amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebiT (1555 w.), rome-

lic iransa da osmaleTs Soris 1514-1555 ww. omis Semdeg

daido.

10. 1578-1579 wlebSi osmalebma foTi aiRes da aq didi cixesi-

magre aages. osmalTa batonobis xanaSi foTs udidesi

strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda da amave dros igi tyvee-

biT vaWrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera iyo.

11. 1578 w. sulTan muradis dros Turqebma ganaaxles soxumis

cixe, igi samxedro cixesimagred gadaaqcies da soxum-ka-

le (kale//yale — Turq. cixe) uwodes. sujuk-kale — axl.

novorosiiskis maxloblad mdebare mcire cixe, romelic

Zvelad mniSvnelovani navsadguri iyo Savi zRvis sanapi-

roze.

12. levan ServaSiZe — samurzayanos mflobeli XVIII s-is meo-

re naxevarSi. zurab SarvaSiZe — amave periodis afxazeTis

mTavari, osmalebma daamtkices bzifis afxazeTis mflobe-

lad. 1771 w. oriveni osmalebs aujanydnen da soxumi daika-

ves; magram osmalebma maleve daibrunes qalaqi. aseve da-

marcxdnen isini ruxis brZolaSi kacia II dadianisa da imer-

Ta mefis winaaRmdeg. qeleS-beim (afxazeTis mTavari XVIII s-

is 80-iani wlebidan 1808 wlamde) osmalebis daxmarebiT

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taxtidan Camoagdo zurab SarvaSiZe da afxazeTis erTpi-

rovnuli mmarTveli gaxda.

13. qise//qese — parki, qisa; ixmareboda fulis raodenobis aR-

saniSnavad; misiTve izomeboda Zvirfaseuloba, oqrosa da

vercxlis raodenoba. mzaddeboda sxvadasxva masalisagan,

sxvdasxva formiT da droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda (ix.

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, Targmani g. fuTuri-

Zisa, nakv. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 166).

14. ianiCari (Turq. axali jari) — regularuli jaris meoma-

ri. es jari Seiqmna sulTan murad I-is dros da ZiriTadad

kompleqtdeboda amierkavkasiidan wayvanili gamuslime-

buli adamianebiT. SemdgomSi osmaleTis mier mitacebuli

qristianuli qveynebisaTvis erTgvar valdebulebad iqca

xarkis saxiT bavSvebis gagzavna ianiCarTa rigebis Sesavse-

bad (ix. evlia Celebi...gv. 143-144).

15. qeleS-bei SarvaSiZe (qelaS-ahmed-begi) — afxazeTis uka-

naskneli mahmadiani mTavari, manuCar SarvaSiZis vaJi,

emorCileboda sulTans. jer kidev 1803 wlidan, sanam af-

xazeTis samTavro ruseTis `mfarvelobas~ oficialurad

aRiarebda, qeleS-beis faruli urTierToba hqonda ruse-

Tis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan da `qveSevrdomo-

bas~ iTxovda. ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobaTa gamwvave-

bis kvaldakval ruseT-afxazeTis kavSiri kidev ufro

mtkicdeboda. qeleS-beisa da sulTans Siris urTierToba

gansakuTrebiT daiZaba mas Semdeg, rac 1806 w. afxazeTs

Tavi Seafara sulTnisagan devnilma arzrumelma Taiar-

faSam, romelsac bralad edeboda saxelmwifo Ralati. Ta-

iar-faSam qeleS beis daxmarebiT ruseTis mfarvelobac

moipova (1806 w. qeleS-beim ruseTTan saidumlo xelSekru-

leba dado mfarvelobis aRiarebis Taobaze), osmaleTi ki

daJinebiT iTxovda mis gadacemas da radgan qeleS-beim es

moTxovna ar daakmayofila, sulTanma am ukanasknels misi-

ve Svili — aslan-bei aujanya; aslan-bei qeleS-beis pirve-

li colis — ZafS-ifas asulis vaJi iyo da radgan igi cols

gaeyara, amis gamo mas da ZafS-ifebs Soris mtroba Camo-

varda; 1808 w. 8 maiss aslan-beim mokla mama da arc sakuTa-

ri Zmebi daindo: sicocxles gamoasalma batal-bei da ori

umcrosi Zma, Semdeg mTavris sasaxle daarbia da soxums Se-

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afara Tavi; Tumca aslan-beim mainc ver SeZlo Zalaufle-

bis ganmtkiceba da bolos CerqezeTSi gaixizna (m. dumbaZe,

dasax. naSr., gv. 210-220; a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria,

Tb., 1954, gv. 70; narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan — af-

xazeTi, Tb., 2007, gv. 203-208).

16. rainegsi, mogzauroba.., gv. 108-110.

17. yonaRi (yunaRi) — Turq. megobari; yonaRoba erT-erTi

wmidaTawmida adaTi iyo Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi: yona-

Ri Tavis meurveobis qveS myof ucxoels yvlanairi saf-

rTxisagan icavda.

18. es sisxliani drama erTis mxriv Sinafeodaluri brZolis

Sedegi iyo (radgan aslan-beis zurgs umagrebdnen osmale-

Ti da mTavarTan dapirispirebuli ZafS-ifebi), xolo meo-

re mxriv, es iyo or saxelmwifos — ruseTsa da osmaleTs

Soris arsebuli metoqeobis gamoZaxili. bestuJev-mar-

linski aleqsandre aleqsandres Ze (marlinski fsevdoni-

mia) rusi mwerali (1797-1837), dekabristi. 1829 w. gadmoa-

saxles kavkasiaSi ubralo jariskacad; daiRupa adleris

aRebisas. kavkasiur Temaze mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebTa-

gan aRsaniSnavia `qeleS-bei~, romelsac siuJetad udevs as-

lan-beis mier Cadenili mkvleloba.

19. 1821 wels giorgi SarvaSiZis (safar-beis) gardacvalebis

Semdeg afxazeTis mTavrad dasves misi vaJi, polkovniki

dimitri (omar-bei), romelic 1810 wlidan imyofeboda pe-

terburgSi, imperatoris paJTa korpusSi. 1822 w. es ukanas-

kneli gardaicvala; fiqrobdnen, rom igi mowamla misive

msaxurma urus lakvarma, romelic damnaSaved cnes da 1823

w. ermolovis brZanebiT CamoaxrCves. mTavris taxti ki di-

mitri ServaSiZis Zmam — 13 wlis mixeilma daikava (ix. niko

dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, Tb., 1962, gv. 209-212; gamba,

dasax. gamoc., gv. 86; afxazeTi..., gv. 233-234).

20. aTalikoba, aTaliki — Turq. aRniSnavs pirs, romelsac aR-

sazrdelad abareben bavSvs; Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi es

aris xelovnuri naTesaobis erT-erTi forma (ix. М. О. Косвен, Аталичество, «Советская этнография», 1935, «2).

21. kelasuri — sof. soxumidan 2 km-ze.

22. 1832 w. hasan-beim, masze moulodnelad ganxorcielebuli

Tavdasxmis dros, Tavdacvis mizniT mokla halim lokar-

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bei (lakerbaia) — mixeil ServaSiZis agenti (ix. Дюбуа, Путешествие…, dasax. gamoc., gv. 169, Sen. #29).

23. galera — xis didi, niCbebiani gemi, romelzec afrebi mxo-

lod damxmare saSualebad gamoiyeneboda. gemebis es saxe-

oba Seiqmna veneciaSi (VII s.) da yvela qveynis flotSi uZve-

lesi xanidan XVIII saukunemde SemorCa (ix. T. beraZe, dasax.

naSr., gv 51-52)

24. preobraJenskis polki — petre I-is mier Seqmnili gvardi-

uli SenaerTi, romelic moskovTan axlos, sof preobra-

JenskSi iyo dabanakebuli. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze am

gvardiam uamrav brZolaSi miiRo minawileoba da XIX s-Sic

privilegirebul polkad iTvleboda.

25. trapizoni — qalaqi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sana-

piroze (axl. TurqeTi); XIII-XV ss. trapizonis imperiis cen-

tri; igi marTlac tyveebiT vaWrobis umniSvnelovanesi

punqti iyo.

26. Jozef fuSe (1759-1820) — frangi politikuri da saxelmwi-

fo moRvawe, muSaobda diplomatiur Tanamdebobebze. pro-

vokaciis, SpionaJis, politikuri dazvervisa da intrige-

bis aRiarebuli specialisti.

27. afxazeTi iyofoda calkeul samflobeloebad, romlebic

damoukidebel erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. maT saTaveSi

edgaT feodaluri sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebi. es

patar-patara politikuri erTeulebi iyo: jiqeTi — md.

mzimTasa da bzifs Soris; zufu (bzifi) — md. bzifsa da gu-

misTas Soris; guma — md. gumisTasa da kodors Soris; Sua-

sofeli (abJua) — md. kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris; samurza-

yano — md. RaliZgasa da engurs Soris; webelda-dali — md.

kodoris zemo weli; sixu (fsxu) — md. bzifis zemo weli. sa-

murzayano — teritoriulad afxazeTis momijnave iyo da

SarvaSiZeTa erT-erTi Stos saTavados warmoadgenda. XVIII

s. bolos da XIX s- dasawyisSi igi mudmivi davis sagani iyo

samegrelosa da afxazeTis mTavrebs Soris.

28. pol gibali — moxseniebulia gambas `mogzaurobaSi (ix. gv.

87, 91-92); igi mas Tarjimnobas uwevda da Tan axlda ruseT-

Si meore mogzaurobis dros. gibali weliwadze met xans

cxovrobda soxum-kaleSi, sadac xis masalis mopoveba-da-

muSavebaze zedamxedvelobis gasawevad iyo gagzavnili (ix.

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m. efremiZe, gibalis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, goris pe-

dinstitutis Sromebi, 1964).

29. redut-kale — mniSvnelovani navsadguri Savi zRvis armo-

savleT sanapiroze, md. xobis SesarTavTan, axl. sof. yu-

levis adgilze. redut-kale ewoda mas Semdeg, rac aq 1804

w. ruseTis jaris nawilebi ganalages da reduti (frang.

safortifikacio nageboba) moawyves. redut-kales udide-

si mniSvneloba hqonda savaWro-ekonomiuri Tvalsazrisi-

Tac (ix. m. paWkoria, redut-kale, Tb., 1968).

30. lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia X-XI ss. xuroT-

moZRvruli Zeglia. misi Sida sivrce da qvis zRude kargad

aris Semonaxuli. aqvea XIV s. SesaniSnavi freskebi, qarTu-

li da berZnuli warwerebi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom man

Cvenamde pirvandeli saxiT, restavraciis gareSe moaRwia.

taZarSi aris afxazeTis mTavris — safar-bei (giorgi) Ser-

vaSiZis saflavi. mis maxloblad aris afxazeTis mTavarTa

orsarTuliani, gvian Suasaukuneebis xanis sasaxlis nan-

grevebi.

31. ailagas taZris nangrevebi bamborasTan axlos, md. fSan-

dras marjvena napirzea, iq, sadac igi zRvas erTvis (И. Е. Адзинба, dasax. naSr., gv. 49-52).

32. papCi (Paptchi) — savaraudod, papwva/papcva — sof. gudau-

Tis r-Si; baCa — sof. gudauTis r-Si; sandrinisi

(Sandrinisse) — sandripSi (?) axl. sof. ganTiadi;

33. fsircxa (anakofiiswyali) — mdinare gudauTis r-Si, er-

Tvis Sav zRvas.

34. anakofia (axali aTonis Zveli saxelwodeba) — cixe age-

bulia XIV-XV ss-Si, md. fsircxis SesarTavTan, genuelebis

mier, romlebmac aq faqtoria daaarses. XVII s-Si levan da-

dianma anakofias zRude Semoavlo. anakofia ar unda gavai-

givoT nikofsiasTan (axl. tuafse; ix. Л. Рчеулишвили, Купольная архитектура VIII-X вв. в Абхазии, Тб., 1988, gv. 31-32).

35. fsircxis cixe — ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis xanis na-

geboba (dawvrilebiT ix. В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 106).

36. traqeas aigiveben gagrasTan, prokopiseul topografi-

ul aRwerilobaze dayrdnobiT (ix. s. janaSia, Sromebi, I,

Tb., 1949, gv. 73-74); aris sxva mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxma-

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dac aq anakofia-fsircxas teritoria igulisxmeba (n. ber-

ZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964,

gv. 300).

37. ix. georgika, II, gv. 158-161; (evqsinis ponto, pont evqsini

— berZn. `stumarTmoyvare~ — Savi zRvis Zv. berZn. saxelwo-

deba).

38. igulisxmeba vaxtang VI da misi `qarTlis cxovreba~, rome-

lic e. w. `swavlul kacTa~ komisiam Seadgina. winasityvao-

baSi moxseniebulia `mexuTeman vaxtang~, radgan saqarTve-

los pirveli mefe vaxtangi (gorgasali) bagrationTa sag-

vareulodan ar iyo da amis gamo saTvalavSi ar iqna miRe-

buli (ix. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc., gv.

024).

39. aderki (aderoki) — qarTlis mefe I s. pirvel naxevarSi

(`meaTe mefe aderki, Ze bartomisi, arSakuniani~ — qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 35); misi mefobis TariRis Sesaxeb azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa: vaxuStis Tanaxmad es aris 1-57 ww; p. ingo-

royva da s. gorgaZe mis mefobas I s-is 30 wlamde varaudob-

dnen da a.S. (ix. saqarTvelos mefeebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 19).

40. Zveli qarTuli tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saqar-

TveloSi qristianobis pirveli mqadagebelni iyvnen an-

dria pirvelwodebuli da simon kananeli. amave azrs adas-

turebs agreTve Zveli berZnuli saeklesio mwerlobac,

sadac aRwerilia am mociqulTa moRvaweoba da miTiTebu-

lia maT mier movlili geografiuli punqtebi (Savi zRvis

sanapiro, afxazeTi, svaneTi, alania da a.S.); q. soxumis max-

loblad dRemde daculia simon kananelis saflavi.

41. ax. w. aR. I-II ss. das. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalib-

da didi gaerTianeba, romelsac romaeli da berZeni mwer-

lebi lazikas (lazebis samefos) uwodebdnen, xolo qar-

Tul wyaroebSi — egrTa (megrelTa) qveyanad anu egrisad

moixsenieba (ix. n. lomouri, egrisis samefos istoria, Tb.,

1968). 42. eSeris teritoriaze arsebul istoriul Zeglebs Soris

gamoirCeva eklesia, romelic pirvelad diubuam aRwera

(ix. В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 99-100).

43. abu-l-fida (1273-1331) — arabi swavluli (istorikosi, ge-

ografosi, astronomi, botanikosi) da poeti; cnobilia mi-

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si ori Txzuleba — istoriuli (`adamianTa modgmis Semok-

lebuli istoria~) da geografiuli (`qveynebis mowesrige-

ba~) xasiaTisa, romlebic saintereso cnobebs Seicaven sa-

qarTvelos Sesaxeb. abu-l-fida monawileobda jvarosanTa

laSqrobebSi da TaTar-monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi

(sin, gv. 46-47).

44. ankeri — (germ.) sityvasityviT niSnavs `Ruzas~; 45. saJeni — Zv. rusuli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 2, 133 metri.

46. tuazi — Zv. franguli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 1,949 met-

ri.

47. mas Semdeg, rac guriis samTavrom ruseTis qveSevrdomoba

aRiara (1810 w.), ruseTis xelisuflebas adgilze dasay-

rdeni bazis saWiroeba Seeqmna; am mizniT 1812 wels saqar-

Tvelos mTavarmarTeblis — rtiSCevis davalebiT, mamia

gurielma md. natanebisa da Coloqis SesarTavTan, Sekve-

TilSi, aago cixesimagre, romlis mSeneblobac 1815 wli-

saTvis dasrulda da mas wm. nikolozis saxeli uwodes.

1815 w. iseve, rogorc anakliidan, aqedanac gayvanil iqna

ruseTis jari da mxolod 1829 wels aq kvlav dabrunda ru-

suli garnizoni. SemdgomSi (ix. t. III) diubua vrclad saub-

robs wm. nikolozis cixisa da am adgilis mavne klimatis

Taobaze.

48. 1810 wlis zafxulSi, roca ruseTis sazRvao floti miadga

soxums da didi brZolis Semdeg igi SturmiT aiRo, giorgi

ServaSiZem xeli moawera ficis teqsts, romelic afxaze-

Tis samTavros ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlas da, faq-

tiurad — samTavros aneqsiis procesis dawyebas niSnavda

(ix. afxazeTi..., gv. 216-218). 1812 w. buqarestis zaviT Tur-

qeTma aRiara guriis, samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavro-

ebis da imereTis samefoze ruseTis `mfarveloba~.

49. ubixebi — afxazebis, adiReebisa da Cerqezebis monatesave

xalxi. cxovrobdnen Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze, md.

Saxesa da soWs Soris (daaxl. 25 aTasamde). 1864 w. gadasax-

ldnen TurqeTSi.

50. oxvameri megrulad zogadad niSnavs `salocavs~; amdenad,

avtori cdeba, rodesac oxvames eklesis saxelwodebad

aRiqvams.

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51. Sdr. gamba, mogzauroba... gv. 90: @~qarTvelebs Tavze kapiu-

Soni exuraT, romelsac getafs (ghetaph) — qarTulad baS-

liks (bachelick) uwodeben. aseT kapiuSons xmaroben xmelTa-

Sua zRvis mezRvaurebi da gansakuTrebiT — arqipelagis

berZnebi~.

52. ciklopebi (kiklopebi) — miTolog. uranosisa da geas Svi-

lebi, sami calTvala, goliaTi Zma. isini qvesknelis sam-

WedloSi elvasa da mexs sWeddnen. homerosis ciklopebi ki

kaciWamiebi arian, gamoqvabulebSi cxovroben da saqonlis

jogebs mwyemsaven (ix. a. gelovani, dasax., naSr.).

53. homerosi (Zv. w. aR. IX-VIII ss.) — gamoCenili berZeni poeti-

epikosi, cnobili Tavisi poemebiT `iliada~ da `odisea~.

54. dranda (dandari) — daba afxazeTSi, soxumis CrdiloeTiT

18 km-ze. aq aris VI-VIII ss. taZari (qvemoT diubua mis vrcel

aRweras gvTavazobs). Sua saukuneebSi episkoposis rezi-

dencia iyo (vaxuSti, gv.169; И. Адзинба, dasax. naSr., gv. 71-

74; ВВ.Пачулиа , dasax. naSr., gv. 67-69). 55. 1833 w. adgilobriv feodalTan hasan-bei ServaSiZesTan Se-

TanxmebiT afxazeTSi rkinis sabadoebis dasazverad Camo-

vidnen samTo inJineri gurievi da voskoboinikovi. 1843 w.

gurievi gaigzavna lixnSi qvanaxSiris sabados mosaZieb-

lad (ix. Очерки истории Абхазской АССР…, gv. 150).

56. 1821-1827 wlebSi TurqeTTan saidumlo kavSiris bralde-

biT hasan-bei gadasaxlebuli iyo irkutskSi.

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Mzia Mgaloblishvili Lela Mikiashvili

Doctor of History, The Ivane Javakhishvili Ins-titute of History and Ethnology, Chief Scientific

Researcher of the Department of Modern and

Contemporary History

The Materials From the History of Abkhazia Principality of the 30es of the 19th

Century (According to `The Travel~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)

Summary

Frederic Duboios de Monpere (1798-1850) was a scientist - traveler,

whose publications led to the development of the European Kartvelology. Frenchman by origin, born in Switzerland, he was a famous geologist, naturalist and archeologist. Dubois traveled in different countries including

the Caucasus, namely Georgia (1833-1834), which was reflected in his

extensive work (in 6 volums) `Travels around the Caucasus, at Circassians

and Abkhazians, in Kolkhida, in Georgia, Armenia and the Crimea~. The

work is written in spesific style and represents a diary of this author, in which

he describes in detals facts seen and heard by him. `The Travel~ played an

important role in the Georgian source studies: Due to the known political events – i. e. after conquering Georgia by Russia there appeared a gap in

Georgian historiography describing the first part of the 19th century. Therefore `The Travel~ is a primary source for the history of Georgia of above-mentioned period.

The one of the chapters of the work is dedicated to the description of Abkhazia. The history, geography and the nature of Abkhazia is described in

it. The author widly uses the historical sources (the accounts of the antique

authors among them). Du to his professionalism Dubois deals with the facts

telling us the relations of the Abkhazian rulers’ with the Russian government; describes his personal meetings with Mikheil-beg (in Likhni) and Hasan-beg

(in Kelasuri) Shervashidzes; deals with the political activity of Russia to

capture Abkhazia (and generally the whole western Georgia).

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gia gelaSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-

tutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-Ta-

namSromeli

sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

mokle winasityva

warmodgenili sami dokumenti daculia q. oqsfordSi,

bodlis biblioTekis uordropTa koleqciaSi. pirveli maTga-

ni gamoqveynebuli iyo yovelTviur gazeTSi (`voqs studenti-

um~) 1924 wlis oqtomberSi. masSi naTlad Cans is mZime viTare-

ba, rac ucxoeTis universitetebSi 1918 wels saswavleblad

gagzavnil studentebs SeeqmnaT 1921 wlis Semdeg, roca saqar-

TveloSi bolSevikTa Zalaufleba damyarda.

meore dokumenti esaa qarTuli sainformacio biuros

cnoba gankuTvnili britanelTaTvis — saqarTveloSi mimdina-

re viTarebis Sesaxeb 1918 wlis 26 maisidan 20 agvistomde. es

faqtiurad exeba Turqebisa da germanelebis gegmebis Sejaxe-

bas amierkavkasiaSi da britanelTa gamoCenas baqoSi.

mesame dokumentic qarTul sainformacio biuros ekuTv-

nis, romelic man gaagzavna inglisSi 1918 wlis 17 seqtembers.

igi exeba misi uwmindesobis kirion II-is biografias, tanjviT

aRsavse mis mravalmxriv moRvaweobas, kaTolikos-patriarqad

kurTxevas da mis mkvlelobas. faqtiurad es gaxlavT msofli-

os farTo sazogadoebis gasaTviTcnobiereblad gankuTvnili

nekrologi.

Targmanis garda Cven saWirod miviCnieT maTi inglisuri

dednebis gamoqveynebac, romlis komentirebasac vandob spe-

cialist-mkvlevarebs.

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GEORGIA AND HER STUDENTS [VOX STUDENTIUM, 1924 OCTOBER]

For more than a century the natural development of Georgia was

hindered by the influence of Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1918 gave to

the land of Georgia the opportunity which she had so long desired. At once the University of Tiflis was founded, and became the centre of

the whole nation’s intellectual life. In the faculties of medicine, philosophy, economics and agriculture 3710 students are enrolled, while 2075 attend the

Technical College. The poverty of these students and also of the professors is attested by

the lack of food and of clothing as well as by their meager equipment in the

way of books and other materials. The enthusiasm of the new University and its supporters in Georgia is

shown by the fact that, in 1918, 75 students were forthwith sent to the older Universities of Europe in order that there they might prepare themselves for educational and other tasks awaiting them in their homeland. In 1921 the

Soviet power intervened in Georgia, with the result that these Georgian

Students were cut off from their homes, and lost the financial support afforded them by the Georgian Government. The plight of a young student deprived of all support in a strange land 1000 miles from home can be left to

the imagination. There are 187 such in Germany, 49 in Czechoslovakia, 32 in

France, and 65 in other countries of Europe. The E.S.R. (=European Student Relief – G.Gelashvili) has stood by

these stranded students during these years of privation, as far as its resources

have permitted. The following quastations from the report of the Georgian

Refuge Students in Germany is an illustration: `It is almost impossible to find

work in Germany, although our students have been seeking it. Three have

found work as waiters, but have had to give up their studies. In spite of all these hardships, with the help of the E.S.R. alone, 8 of our students have

completed their studies in the last two terms, and it is now a question of helping only 27 students of whom 19 will have finished their work in the next 2 terms. Among these there are 8 students who are ill, rather a large

percentage~.

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VOX STUDENTIUM 1924 oqtomberi (yovelTviuri gazeTi,

gamovida oqtomber-ivnisSi JenevaSi)∗

saqarTvelo da misi studentebi

saukuneze metia, rac saqarTvelos bunebriv ganviTare-

bas xels uSlida ruseTis zemoqmedeba. 1918 wlis rusulma re-

voluciam saqarTvelos misca imis saSualeba, rasac ase did-

xans eloda.

sul male gaixsna tfilisis universiteti, romelic gax-

da mTeli eris inteleqtualuri cxovrebis centri. mis same-

dicino, filosofiis, ekonomikisa da agronomiul fakulte-

tebze Sevida 3710 studenti, xolo teqnikur kolejSi—2075.

am studentebisa da TviT profesuris siRaribes mowmobs

sakvebisa da tansacmlis uqonloba, aseve maTi arasakmarisi

momarageba wignebiTa da sxva nivTebiT.

axali universitetisa da saqarTveloSi misi mxardamWe-

rebis enTuziazmi iqidanac Cans, rom 1918 wels 75 studenti

gaigzavna evropis uZveles universitetebSi, raTa iq momzade-

buliyvnen da saganmanaTleblo da sxva amocanebi Semdgom See-

srulebinaT Tavis samSobloSi. 1921 wels sabWoTa Zalebi Sei-

Wrnen saqarTveloSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva am qarTveli stu-

dentebis mowyveta TavianTi saxlebidan da im finansuri da-

xmarebis dakargva, romelsac iRebdnen saqarTvelos mTavro-

bisagan. SegviZlia warmovidginoT axalgazrda studentis

mdgomareoba, romelmac dakarga yovelgvari daxmareba Tavisi

samSoblodan 1000 miliT moSorebul ucxo qveyanaSi. aseTebi

germaniaSi aris 187, CexoslovakiaSi 49, safrangeTSi 32 da ev-

ropis sxva qveynebSi — 65.

e.s.d. (=`evropis studentTa daxmareba~. daarsda 1920

wlis ivlisSi — g.g.) daexmara mZime wlebis manZilze gariyul

studentebs, ramdenadac amis SesaZleblobas aZlevda maTi re-

sursebi. amis naTel suraTs gvaZlevs amonaridi germaniaSi Se-

farebuli qarTveli studentebis moxsenebidan:

`TiTqmis SeuZlebelia germaniaSi samuSaos moZebna, Tum-

ca Cveni studentebi cdiloben. samma maTganma iSova mimtanis

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Wardr. 15. 177 (2).

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(oficiantis) samuSao, magram iZulebuli gaxdnen swavlisTvis

Tavi daenebebinaT. miuxedavad yovelive am siZneleebisa,

e.s.d.-s daxmarebiT Cvenma 8 studentma daasrula swavla bolo

or semestrSi da axla dgas sakiTxi, rom daexmaron 27 stu-

dents, romelTagan 19 daasrulebs Tavis samuSaos momaval or

semestrSi. amaT Soris 8 studenti avadaa, rac sakmaod didi

procentia~.

GGEORGIAN INFORMATION BUREAU

Telefone: 22. Albemarle Street W.1. Mayfair 5530 20 th August 1918.

GEORGIA BETWEEN TURKISH AND GERMAN PINCERS

(Review of events since 26 th May up to the present) On 26 th May of this year Georgia declared herself Independent as a

consequence of the Transcaucasian Republic, from which the Tartars sepa-rated themselves and the southern provinces, including Batum and Kars, were

occupied by Turkey. The causes which led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Republic

had been at work since the beginning of the Revolution of March 1917, when

Turkey, through her agents, penetrated into Eastern Transcaucasia and North

Caucasus, using Mohammedan clergymen as propagandists. Turkey was afraid that the formation of the Transcaucasian Republic,

including the Georgians, Tartars and Armenians, would separate from her the

Mohammedan Tartars, close the doors for her penetration into Turkestan and

that, in years to come, the Trans- Caucasian Republic, with its resources and population, would become a

formidable unit which could not be treated as a subservient vassal. After capturing the Batum and Kars fortresses _ which was not so diffi-

cult as the population in Transcaucasia was demoralized by the revolutionary

propaganda in the same way as in other parts of the former Russian Empire, and therefore could not offer substantial resistance, the more so as there was

no mention of outside help _ Turkey occupied the strategic positions of Tran-scaucasia, from which she was able to dictate or proceed to complete occupa-tion of Transcaucasia. At this stage Germany interfered as she also wanted

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some grab in Transcaucasia, principally for her railway routes to Turkestan

and Persia. Georgia, after having been deprived of her fairest provinces in the south

of the Batum district and her chief port of Batum, was recognized by Ger-many as `Independent~ (Comprising the Provinces of Tiflis, Koutais and

Soukhoum). The Armenians, who have been deprived of all their territory in

Turkey, have a small strip of territory in the province of Erivan as `Independ-ent~ Republic, and the Tartars have the Provinces of Baku, Elizavetpol and

part of Erivan Province, which is called the Aderbejan Republic. These three Republics were invited to go to Constantinople and after

two months of blackmailing, threats and requisitions were forced to sign the

`Peace Treaty~ with Turkey, by which Georgia becomes a German Protector-ate and the Armenians are placed under Turkish `protection~. But before the

signing these `Peace Treaties~, on 24 th June, yhe day upon which Baron von

Kuhlmann made his declaration in the Reichstag about Georgia, 3000 German

troops were landed at the Georgian port of Poti on the Black Sea, and ad-vanced along the railway to Tiflis, the capital of Georgia. By this means Ger-many succeeded in obtaining control of Tiflis, which is the centre of the rail-way lines radiating into the principal directions towards Persia and Turkestan.

From that moment competition between Germany and Turkey began

about the re-arrangement of the territories in Transcaucasia. Turkey claimed

special protection over the eastern part of Transcaucasia, populated by Mo-hammedan Tartars including the classical oilfields of Baku. This gave rise to

great dissension between Turkey and Germany, the more so as oil wealth of the Caucasus represents several thousand million pounds, and it would be

most advantageous for Germany to secure its control. Turkey began to mobilize the Tartar population in Transcaucasia for

the purpose of capturing Baku, and the Germans began to advance from Tiflis

and, as was reported, the Armenians residing in the town, having no choice, preferred that the town should be occupied by the Germans instead of the

Turks. But whilst the Turks and Germans quarreled about the position of Baku, the heroic British troops advanced from Bagdad and entered the town

of Baku, in this way cutting off Germany and Turkey from their connections

in Turkestan. The strategetical importance of Baku is enormous, both for the control

of the Caspian Sea and the routes leading towards Turkestan, Afghanistan and

northern Persia. If this action had taken place in January last both the German

and Turkish penetration of the Caucasus would have been either entirely pre-

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vented by the help of the Georgians and Armenians, or very substantially di-minished in its dimensions.

It is to be feared that, on account of these new developments, Germany

and Turkey will try desperately to force both the Georgians and Armenians

into their armies as they are similarly trying to do in Ukraine, Poland, Lithua-nia, Esthonia and Finland. Should such a calamity take place, we can be abso-lutely certain that the unfortunate peoples will never fight the British or other Allies, but will gladly surrender to them wholesale at the first opportunity.

A message from Constantinople announces that, after the plebiscite

held in the districts of Kars, Batum and Ardahan, it was decided by 85 124

votes out of a total 87048 votes in favour of the union of these three districts

with Turkey. What bitter irony that Turkey, who cannot call herself a civilized

power, is talking about the plebiscite which has been carried out after con-scripting the able-bodied male population of these districts and under pressure

of Turkish bayonets. The vast majority of the inhabitants of these three districts are Georgian

Mohammedans who have always wished for unity with their Christian broth-ers.

qarTuli sainformacio biuro albemerlis q. # 22

20.VIII.1918

saqarTvelo Turqul da germanul marwuxebSi

(movlenaTa mimoxilva 26 maisidan dRemde)∗

ama wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom gamoacxada damoukideb-

loba; es iyo Sedegi amierkavkasiis respublikis daSlis, rom-

lidanac TaTrebi gamocalkevdnen, xolo samxreTis provinci-

ebi, baTumisa da yarsis CaTvliT, Turqebma daikaves.

mizezi, ramac amierkavkasiis respublika daSlamde mii-

yvana, daiwyo 1917 wlis martis revoluciis mere, roca Tur-

qeTma Tavisi agentebis meSveobiT SeaRwia aRmosavleT amier-

kavkasiasa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi, gamoiyena ra mahmadiani sasu-

liero pirebi propagandistebad.

TurqeTs SeeSinda, rom amierkavkasiis respublikis arse-

boba (qarTvelebis, TaTrebis da somxebis SemadgenlobiT) Ca-

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Mrs.Wardr. c.1 (14).

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moacilebda mas mahmadian TaTrebs, dauxSobda TurqestanSi

SesaRwev kars da rom wlebis Semdeg amierkavkasiis respubli-

ka Tavisi resursebiTa da mosaxleobiT gaxdeboda mZlavri ga-

erTianeba, romelsac veRar ganixilavdnen damorCilebul va-

salad.

baTumisa da yarsis aRebis Semdeg (es ar iyo Zneli, radgan

amierkavkasiis xalxebi revoluciuri propagandiT iseve de-

moralizebuli iyvnen, rogorc ruseTis imperiis sxva Zveli

nawilebi da amitom ver SeZles saTanado winaaRmdegobis gawe-

va, xolo garedan araviTari daxmarebis xsenebac ar arsebob-

da) TurqeTi daeufla amierkavkasiis strategiul poziciebs,

saidanac mas SeeZlo ekarnaxa, an gaegrZelebina amierkavkasiis

okupacia. am etapze germaniam SeuSala xeli, radganac masac

surda amierkavkasiaSi upiratesobis mopoveba, gansakuTrebiT

mis sarkinigzo xazebze Turqestanisa da sparseTisken.

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom dakarga kanonieri provin-

ciebi baTumis mxaris samxreTiT da Tavisi mTavari navsadguri

baTumi, germaniam is cno `damoukideblad~ (tfilisis, quTai-

sis da soxumis provinciebis CaTvliT). somxebma, romlebmac

yvela Tavisi teritoriebi dakarges TurqeTSi, SeinarCunes

viwro zoli erevnis provinciaSi rogorc `damoukidebeli~

respublika; TaTrebs ekavaT baqos, elizavetpolisa da erev-

nis provinciis nawili, romelsac uwodeben azerbaijanis res-

publikas.

es sami respublika miiwvies konstantinopolSi da or-

Tviani SantaJis, muqarisa da moTxovnis Semdeg iZulebuli

gaxdnen xeli moeweraT TurqeTTan `samSvidobo xelSekrule-

baze~, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo eqceva germaniis pro-

teqtoratis, xolo somxeTi TurqeTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS.

magram, sanam xeli moewera am `samSvidobo xelSekrulebas~ 24

ivniss, roca baronma fon kulmanma gancxadeba gaakeTa raix-

stagSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 3000 germaneli jariskaci gad-

mosxda Savi zRvis qarTul navsadgur foTSi da daiZrnen rki-

nigzis gaswvriv saqarTvelos dedaqalaq tfilisisken. am vi-

TarebaSi germanelebma moipoves kontrolis dawesebis upira-

tesoba tfilisze, romelic aris sparseTisa da Turqestanis-

ken mimavali mTavari sarkinigzo xazebis kvanZi (centri).

am momentidan germaniasa da TurqeTs Soris daiwyo wina-

aRmdegoba amierkavkasiis teritoriebis xelaxali gadaxali-

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sebis gamo. TurqeTi moiTxovda amierkavkasiis aRmosavleT na-

wilis proteqtorats, sadac saxlobdnen mahmadiani TaTrebi

da iyo baqos ganTqmuli navTobis sabadoebi. aman gamoiwvia di-

di uTanxmoeba TurqeTsa da germanias Soris. ufro metad

radgan kavkasiis navTobis simdidre niSnavs mraval aTas mili-

on funts da ukeTesi iqneboda germaniisTvis misi kontrolis

warmoeba.

TurqeTma daiwyo amierkavkasiis TaTari mosaxleobis mo-

bilizeba baqos xelTgdebis mizniT; germanelebi ki daiZrnen

tfilisidan da, rogorc iTqva, qalaqSi macxovrebelma so-

mxebma, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT arCevani, umjobesad CaTvales,

rom qalaqi TurqTa nacvlad germanelebs daekavebinaT. mag-

ram, sanam Turqebi da germanelebi Cxubobdnen baqos pozicii-

saTvis, britaneTis gmiruli nawilebi gavidnen baRdadidan da

Cavidnen qalaq baqoSi, riTic germaniasa da TurqeTs gza mo-

uWres Turqestanisken.

baqos strategiuli mniSvneloba uzarmazaria kaspiis

zRvis da Turqestan-avRaneT-Crdilo sparseTisken mimavali

gzebis gasakontroleblad. es qmedeba gasul ianvars rom mom-

xdariyo, germaniisa da TurqeTis SeWra kavkasiaSi an savsebiT

iqneboda Tavidan acilebuli qarTvelebisa da somxebis daxma-

rebiT, an safuZvlianad Sesustdeboda.

mosalodnelia, rom, am axali viTarebis gaTvaliswine-

biT, germania da TurqeTi Seupovrad ecdebian aiZulon qar-

Tvelebic da somxebic SeuerTdnen maT armiebs, iseve rogorc

cdiloben ukrainaSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi, estoneTsa da fi-

neTSi. es ubedureba Tu moxdeba, Cven SeiZleba darwmunebuli

viyoT, rom sacodavi xalxebi arasdros eomebian britanel an

sxva mokavSireebs, aramed siamovnebiT masobrivad danebdebian

maT pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave.

Setyobineba konstantinopolidan gvamcnobs, rom yarsis,

baTumisa da ardahanis mxareebSi Catarebuli plebiscitiT —

85 124 xmiT 87 048 xmidan, gadawyda am sami mxaris TurqeTTan

SekavSirebis sasargeblod. rogori mware ironiaa, rom Turqe-

Ti, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavs civilizebuli Zala uwodos,

saubrobs plebiscitze, romelic Catarda am mxareTa jan-

mrTeli mamakaci mosaxleobis mobilizaciiT da Turquli xiS-

tebis zewoliT.

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am sami mxaris mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba qarTveli

mahmadianebia, romlebsac yovelTvis surdaT Tavis qristian

ZmebTan gaerTianeba.

Georgian Information Bureau 22. Albemarle Street W.1. 17-th September 1918

HIS HOLINESS CATHOLICOS-PATRIARCH OF GEORGIA,

KYRION II, MURDERED On 10-th September, His Holiness, Kyrion II was murdered during the

night by agents of Russian Bolsheviks and `Black Hundred~ Reactionary Or-ganisation, near Tiflis in a monastery. The murderers have been arrested.

The criminal activity of Bolsheviks and reactionaries has not spared the

venerable head of martyred and ancient Church of Georgia. -----------------------------------

Georgian nation inhabiting Transcaucasia numbers 3.000.000 and is

one of the ancient Christian races in Europe. They received Christianity in

323 and since 542 their Church was Independent. For 14 centuries the Geor-gians stood hard struggle for Christianity until exhausted, they asked for pro-tection and signed Treaty of Alliance with Russia in 1783, but were soon dis-appointed in their exeptations.

------------------------------------ In 1811 the head of the Autocephaloy Georgian Church, Catholicos-

Patriarch, Antonius II, was invited to Petrograd and never allowed to return to

his country. The Independence of the Georgian Church was abolished by the

Russian Government, contrary to the Treaty of 1783, between the Russian

Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia, guaranteeing the Independence of the

Georgian Church and contrary to the universal Church Councils’ decision, according to which the Georgian Curch had been independent since 542.

The Russian Holy Synod appointed Russian Archbishop as Exarchos of Georgia and, in this way, the Georgian Church was administered until 1917, when the Georgian National Congress, in Tiflis, on 17-th September, com-posed of 620 delegates from all parts of Georgia elected as Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, Archbishop Kyrion.

On 19-th October, the consecration of the Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, Kyrion II, took place at the ancient Cathedral of Msketha, near Ti-

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508

flis, where about hundred thousand Georgians of all classes assembled; there

were also military and Consular representatives of Gt.Britain, France, Italy, America and Belgium.

His Holiness gave the following sermon: -- `The Georgian Church after hundred years of slavery, with the help of

the Almighty has regained its independence and has elected me as its head. `In undertaking administration of the ancient Patriarchate of Georgia, I

call upon you, in the name of Yesus the Saviour, to enable me to fulfil my

heavy task. `Our beloved country, the Protectorate of the Queen Mother, has

passed through many centuries of struggle for the defence of the Sacred prin-ciples of Christianity, and to-day it is restored to its rights, and demands from

us faithful fulfilment of the long-cherished traditions of our ancestors. `Great is the task imposed upon us, but great is the enthusiasm which

will enable us to meet it. We must consider it our sacred duty to consolidate

our historical rights, to inflame the religious enthusiasm and to work for the

welfare and education of the nation. `Oceans of blood are being shed in the present terrible devastating war.

The fate of many little nations has to be decided and the Georgian Church, which in the past has always stood for the integrity and unity of the Georgian

nation, will in future also serve the same purpose. The civilised world heard

of our aspirations and, we hope, will sympathise with us. `The Georgian Church defended the rights of the nation. We shall be

very tolerant to other Nationals living on our territory, and we shall give them

full facilities for exercising their religious freedom. The Georgian Church, in

the past,has always been the educator of the nation, and so it will be in the

future. The Georgian clergymen in the past have been the leaders of the peo-ple – so they will be in the future.

`Great is the task imposed upon us, but I am confident that, with the

help of the Almighty and with the patriotic spirit of my brothers, I shall be

able to lead the nation towards the conditions of happiness and peace~. ----------------------------------------

His Holiness, Catholicos-Patriarch, Kyrion II, was born 10-th Novem-ber 1855. After completing his education at the Ecclesiastical College in Ti-flis, studied at the Theological Academy in Kieff in 1880, and was appointed

as Inspector of the Ecclesiastical Seminary in Odessa. In 1883 he returned to Georgia and acted as Director of various Geor-

gian Ecclesiastic schools. After the death of his wife he became a monk and

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509

was appointed Prior of the Georgian Monastery in Kvathakhevi. In 1898 he

was consecrated as Bishop of the Georgian Bishopric in Alaverdi. His Holi-ness devoted all his time to the historical studies concerning the Georgian

Church and was one of the foremost defenders of the rights of the Georgian

Church. Since 1901 the Russian Holy Synod began a most fearful crusade

against him. He was sent to the town of Kamenets-Podolsk (Ukraine). In 1903

he was removed to the town of Kherson. In 1904 he was removed to the town

of Oriol (Central Russia). In 1906 he returned to the Bishopric in Soukhoum

(Georgia). But in 1907 he was removed again to Russia to the town Kovno. In

1908 the Holy Synod entirely deprived him of the Bishopric and, in charge of the brutal political police, sent him to a Monastery near the town Kharkoff, where he stayed ten months and was removed to the Sanaxar Monastery in

Tamboff. His Holiness became very ill, on account of the brutal treatment and, in a semi-prostrated condition, lived in the Monastery up to the Revolu-tion of this year.

In 1909, the Belgian Society for the Defence of Human Rights peti-tioned the President of the Russian Duma, Mr.Chomiakoff, and asked him to

defend Bishop Kyrion, but the Holy Synod would not agree. Late Bishop of Gibraltar petitioned, but without result.

At the same time, the greatest enemy of Georgia, Priest Vostorgoff, a

great friend of Rasputin, openly declared that his intention was to destroy

Kyrion and to plunge Georgia in blood. During long years of cruel persecution His Holiness never abandoned

his studies and published many important volumes concerning the Georgian

Church. After the Revolution he was able to return to his country and on 17-th

September 1917, he was nominated by the Georgian Church Council as Ca-tholicos-Patriarch of Georgia. It was significant that the Georgian Church, which has been enslaved for the last hundred years, elected as her Catholicos, distinguished Ecclesiast who suffered for the same for so many years.

------------------------------------------ The administration of Patriarchate of Georgia has been taken over by

Metropolitan of Tiflis, Archbishop Leonid, till the National Congress elect a

new candidate according to the constitution of the Church of Georgia. ------------------------------------

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Information about the Georgian Church may be obtained in the book by

Archdeacon Dowling D.D. – `Sketches of Georgian Church History~, pub-lished by Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, in London, 1912.

qarTuli sainformacio biuro 17. IX. 1918

misi uwmindesoba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi kirion II moklulia∗

10 seqtembers RamiT, tfilisis axlos mdebare monaster-

Si, rusi bolSevikebisa da `Savrazmelebis~ reaqcioneruli

organizaciis agentebma mokles misi uwmindesoba kirion II.

mkvlelebi daapatimres.

bolSevikebisa da reaqcionerTa kriminalurma aqtivobam

ar daindo wamebulis Rirsi meTauri da saqarTvelos Zveli ek-

lesia.

-------------------------------------

qarTveli eri, romelic cxovrobs amierkavkasiaSi

3.000.000-is odenobiT, aris evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi qris-

tianuli xalxi. maT qristianoba miiRes 323 wels, xolo 542

wlidan maTi eklesia damoukidebeli iyo. 14 saukune medgrad

icavdnen qarTvelebi qristianobas, sanam daqanculebma ar

sTxoves mfarveloba ruseTs da 1783 wels xeli moaweres samo-

kavSireo xelSekrulebas. magram Zalian male motyuvdnen Ta-

vianT arCevanSi.

-----------------------------------

1811 wels saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiis meTau-

ri, kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II gaiwvies petrogradSi da

aRar misces samSobloSi dabrunebis neba. rusulma xelisuf-

lebam gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba, wina-

aRmdeg ruseTis imperiasa da georgiis samefos Soris 1783

wels dadebuli xelSekrulebisa, romelic icavda qarTuli

eklesiis damoukideblobas; aseve winaaRmdeg msoflio saek-

lesio krebis gadawyvetilebisa, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli

eklesia damoukidebeli iyo 542 wlidan.

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Ms.Wardr. c. 1 (13)

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rusulma wminda sinodma saqarTvelos egzarqosad da-

niSna rusi arqiepiskoposi da ase imarTeboda qarTuli ekle-

sia 1917 wlamde, roca qarTulma erovnulma kongresma tfi-

lisSi 17 seqtembers, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan gamogzav-

nili 620 delegatis Sekrebaze saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-

riarqad airCia arqiepiskoposi kirioni. saqarTvelos kaTo-

likos-patriarqis kirion II-is kurTxeva Sedga 19 oqtombers

tfilisis axlos mcxeTis Zvel sakaTedro taZarSi, sadac Seik-

riba saqarTvelos yvela fenis asi aTasamde adamiani; iq eswre-

bodnen agreTve didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, italiis, ame-

rikisa da belgiis samxedro da sakonsulos warmomadgenlebi.

misma uwmindesobam Semdegi sityva warmoTqva:

`qarTulma eklesiam aswlovani monobis Semdeg yovlis-

mZles daxmarebiT daibruna damoukidebloba da amirCia Tavis

winamZRolad.

`saqarTvelos Zveli sapatriarqos marTvisas, ieso mxsne-

lis saxeliT, gTxovT damrToT neba, aRvasrulo Cemi mZime mo-

valeoba.

`RvTismSoblis wilxvedrma Cvenma sayvarelma samSoblom

mravali saukunis manZilze gamoiara brZolebi qristianobis

wminda principebis dasacavad. dRes is aRdgenilia Tavis uf-

lebebSi da moiTxovs Cvengan Cveni winaprebis xangrZlivad na-

loliavebi tradiciebis erTgulad Sesrulebas.

`didi movaleoba gvakisria Cven, magram ufro didia is en-

Tuziazmi, romelic masTan gamklavebas gvavalebs. Cven unda

SevxedoT mas rogorc wminda saqmes, rom davamkvidroT Cveni

istoriuli uflebebi, rom avagznoT Cveni sarwmunoebrivi en-

Tuziazmi da vizrunoT eris keTildReobisa da ganaTlebis-

Tvis.

`zRva sisxli iRvreba Tanamedrove saSinel damangrevel

omSi. mravali mcire eris bedi unda gadawydes; qarTuli ekle-

sia, romelic warsulSi yovelTvis idga qarTveli xalxis

mTlianobisa da erTianobis sadarajoze, momavalSic igive mi-

zans moemsaxureba. civilizebulma msofliom gaigo Cveni mis-

wrafebebi da vimedovnebT, rom aseve gviTanagrZnoben.

`qarTuli eklesia icavda eris uflebebs. Cven viqnebiT

Zalze Semwynarebeli Cvens teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxva erov-

nebebis mimarT da SevuqmniT pirobebs, rom Tavisuflad Seas-

rulon Tavisi religiuri wesebi. qarTuli eklesia warsulSi

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512

yovelTvis iyo eris ganmanaTlebeli da aseTad iqneba moma-

valSic. qarTveli samRvdeloeba warsulSi warmoadgenda xal-

xis winamZRols — aseTad darCebian isini momavalSic.

`didi movaleoba dagvekisra, magram mjera, rom yovlis-

mZle uflisa da Cemi Zmebis patriotuli sulis daxmarebiT,

SevZleb wavuZRve ers bednierebisa da mSvidobisaken~.

-------------------------------------------

misi uwmindesoba kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II daiba-

da 1855 wlis 10 noembers. tfilisis sasuliero kolejis dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg swavlobda kievis Teologiur akademiaSi 1880

wels daniSnes odesaSi sasuliero seminariis inspeqtorad.

1883 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi da moRvaweobda saqarTve-

los sasuliero skolebis direqtorad. meuRlis gardacvale-

bis Semdeg is berad Sedga da dainiSna qvaTaxevis qarTuli mo-

nastris winamZRvrad. 1898 wels akurTxes qarTuli saepisko-

posos — alaverdis episkoposad. misi uwmindesoba mTel Tavis

dros axmarda qarTuli eklesiis istoriul Seswavlas da iyo

erT-erTi mTavari damcveli qarTuli eklesiis uflebebis.

1901 wlidan ruseTis wminda sinodma mis winaaRmdeg da-

iwyo saSineli kampania. igi gagzavnes ukrainis qalaq kamenec-

podolskSi. 1903 wels gadaiyvanes qalaq xersonSi, 1904 wels —

centraluri ruseTis qalaq oriolSi. 1906 wels dabrunda sa-

qarTveloSi soxumis saepiskoposoSi. magram 1907 wels is

kvlav ruseTis qalaq kovnoSi gauSves. 1908 wels wminda sinod-

ma sabolood CamoarTva episkoposoba da politikuri poli-

ciis mkacri moTxovniT (zewoliT), gadagzavnes qalaq xarko-

vis axlos mdebare monasterSi, sadac darCa aTi Tve, xolo Sem-

deg gaasaxles sanaqsaris monasterSi tambovSi. misi uwminde-

soba Zalian daavadda mkacri mopyrobis gamo da naxevrad da-

uZlurebul mdgomareobaSi cxovrobda monasterSi am wlis

revoluciamde.

1909 wels adamianTa uflebebis dacvis belgiurma sazo-

gadoebam peticiiT mimarTa ruseTis dumis Tavmjdomares b-n

xomiakovs da sTxoves mas daecva episkoposi kirioni, magram

wminda sinodi ar daeTanxma. Semdeg hibraltaris episkoposma

gaugzavna peticia, magram uSedegod.

imave dros saqarTvelos udidesma mterma — mRvdelma

vostorgovma, rasputinis didma megobarma, Riad ganacxada,

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rom misi mizani iyo kirionis mospoba da saqarTvelos sisxlSi

CaxrCoba.

mravalwlovani umZimesi devnis miuxedavad, mis uwminde-

sobas arasdros miutovebia kvleviTi saqmianoba da gamoaqvey-

na mravali mniSvnelovani wigni qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb.

revoluciis Semdeg man SeZlo samSobloSi dabruneba da

1917 wlis 17 seqtembers saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam is daa-

saxela saqarTvelos kaTolikos- patriarqad. sagulisxmoa,

rom qarTulma eklesiam, romelic bolo asi wlis manZilze iyo

damonebuli, Tavis kaTolikosad airCia gamoCenili sasulie-

ro moRvawe, romelic amdeni wlebi itanjeboda imave mizeziT.

------------------------------------------

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mmarTveloba daekisra tfi-

lisis mitropolits, arqiepiskopos leonides, sanam erovnu-

li kongresi airCevda axal kandidats saqarTvelos saeklesio

wesdebis Sesabamisad.

-----------------------------------------

cnobebi qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb SeiZleba miiRoT ar-

qidiakon d.d.doulingis wignidan — `narkvevebi qarTuli ek-

lesiis istoriidan~, romelic gamoica londonSi 1912 wels

`qristianobis Seswavlis xelSemwyobi sazogadoebis~ mier.

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Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior

scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Three documents about Georgia

Summary

In the following article there is given the Georgian translation of the

three English documents registered in the Wardrop Collection (Bodleian Li-brary, Oxford). These are:

1. Georgia and her Students (in Vox Studentium, 1924.X). - There is

told about Georgian students, who were sent in 1918 to the Universities of Europe by Georgian Government, and their financial position after the Soviet power intervened in Georgia in 1921.

2. Georgia between Turkish and German Pincers. – It’s a review of events in Georgia and Transcaucasia since 26-th May up to 20-th August 1918, by Georgian Information Bureau.

3. This Document sent by Georgian Information Bureau (17.IX.1918) is about murder of Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, Kyrion II on 10-th Sep-tember 1918 and his short biography.

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irakli faRava

aRmosavluri numizmatikis saerTa-

Soriso sazogadoebis wevri

Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa sistema da moWris teqnika

(avSarianTa dinastiis periodi)

numizmatikuri faqtebi, Tavisi lakonurobis-da miuxe-

davad, istoriuli procesebis Sesaxeb metad obieqturi in-

formaciis wyarod warmogvidgeba [3, 10-11]. qarTul numizma-

tikur mecnierebas sapatio wvlili aqvs Setanili qarTveli

eris ekonomikuri Tu politikuri, anda kulturis istoriis

kvlevis saqmeSi. am mxriv arc saqarTveloSi avSarianTa dinas-

tiis dominirebis periodSi moWrili safasis Seswavla aris ga-

monaklisi (amgvar monetebsa da maT minabaZebs SemoklebiT Se-

iZleba qarTul-avSarulic vuwodoT).

unda aRiniSnos, rom avSarianTa xanis Tbilisuri monete-

bis tipologia dReisTvis ukve sakmaod kargad aris Seswavli-

li. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia e. paxomovis,

d. lengis, d. kapanaZisa da T. quTelias Sromebi [24, 230-235; 12,

102-105; 20, 339-341; 8, 37-49]. amasTanave, qarTuli monetebis am

jgufis istoriuli kvleva dasrulebulad namdvilad ver Ca-

iTvleba — sakmarisi iqneba imis xsenebac, rom TanaavtorebTan

erTad sul axlaxans aRmovaCineT nadir-Sahis mier TbilisSi

moWrili safasis sami axali, aqamde ucnobi nominali [15]; amJa-

mad ki vswavlobT napstekis muzeumis (CexeTi, praRa) koleqci-

aSi dacul qarTul monetebs (maTi samecniero aRwera calke

naSromis saxiT gamoqveyndeba) [13] — am mdidar sacavSi inaxeba

erTi metad sayuradRebo monetac, romelic nadir-Sahis Tbi-

lisuri 6-Sahianis minabaZs unda warmoadgendes (qarTul-avSa-

ruli monetebis minabaZebi aqamde absoluturad ucnobi iyo).

axali monapovrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTul numizma-

tikur mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebebi qarTul-av-

Saruli oqro-vercxlis safasis Sesaxeb garkveul Sesworebas

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saWiroebs. amasTanave, praqtikulad Seuswavleli rCeba am pe-

riodis qarTuli monetebis warmoebis organizaciuli da teq-

nikuri aspeqtebi; arada, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis istori-

is Seswavla saWirboroto problemad gveCveneba.

aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni naSromis mizanic swored qar-

Tul-avSaruli oqro-vercxlis monetebis metrologiis, no-

minalTa sistemisa da damzadebis teqnologiis analizia. avSa-

rianTa xanis spilenZis monetebi tipologiuri da metrolo-

giuri TvalsazrisiT amomwuravad jer kidev e. paxomovis mier

aris ganxiluli [22; 24, 255-259] — maT amjerad praqtikulad ar

SevexebiT.

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad gamoviyeneT is mdidari nu-

mizmatikuri masala, romelic saqarTvelos kerZo koleqci-

ebSi aris daculi, an warmodgenilia zenos aRmosavluri mone-

tebis monacemTa bazaSi [17], kerZod: abbas III-is 1 moneta (aqe-

dan metrologiuri monacemebi axlavs 1 monetas), nadir-Sahis

54 moneta (37-s), ibrahimis 7 (4-s), Sahrohis 5 (4-s); sul 67 mone-

ta (metrologiuri monacemebi axlavs 46 monetas).

pirvelwyaroebidan daveyrdeniT papuna orbelianis or

mwir cnobas TbilisSi ibrahim avSarianis monetebis moWris Se-

saxeb:

• `gamoegzavna Sah-sulTan ibreims Tavis saxelze zaraf-

xana qalaqSi da dahkres siqa, brZanebisamebr misisa mosWres

samabaziani da Sauri, fluri ocdaaTis Sauris~ [5, 154]. cnoba

ar aris daTariRebuli, magram ibrahim avSarianis mmarTvelo-

bis wlebia h. 1161-1162 w. (1748-1749), xolo misi saxelis mata-

rebeli yvela TbilisSi moWrili CvenTvis cnobili moneta h.

1162 w. (1748-1749) aris daTariRebuli [24, 233-234]. ase rom,

`zarafxanis gamogzavnac~ am wliT unda daTariRdes.

• `gamoitanes mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa salaroTi oqrosa da

vercxlis iaraRi, misces zarafxanaSi, moaWrevines fluri da

TeTri da aZlevden jarsa, cdilobden kvlav Seyras jarisasa~

[5, 196]. am cnobaSi saubaria xsenebuli Zvirfasi liTonebis na-

keTobebisgan Sesabamisad oqrosa da vercxlis monetis moWra-

ze. es cnobac dauTariRebelia, magram p. orbelianis teqstSi

ambebi qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT aris moTxrobili da

konteqstis mixedviT aRniSnuli samoneto aqtiuroba savarau-

dod 1752-1753 ww. (h. 1165-1167 ww.) unda daTariRdes (aqedan ga-

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momdinare, ver daveTanxmebiT d. kapanaZis mosazrebas, rom es

cnoba uTanxmdeba Sah-rohis h. 1160 w. aSrefis arsebobas [20,

343]).

moWris teqnologiis SedarebiTi analizisTvis mivmar-

TeT vaxtang VI-is qarTul dasturlamalsa [6, 533-535] da spar-

sul TazqiraT al-muluqSi [15, 58-59] dacul cnobebs; aseve

Sua aziaSi, iransa da indoeTSi XVI-XX ss. monetis moWris teq-

nikis analizs Tanamedrove avtorebis mier [16, 128-130; 2, 191-

220; 19, 216-231; 18, 256-273].

metrologiis ganxilvis paralelurad, aucileblad mi-

viCnevT avSarianTa mier saqarTveloSi moWrili oqro-ver-

cxlis safasis Zalian mokle daxasiaTeba moviyvanoT — tipebi-

sa da nominalebis mixedviT.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom cnobili calebis mixedviT qarTu-

li-avSaruli monetebis metrologiuri monacemebi Seesabame-

ba zogad-avSarul woniT standartebs. marTalia, zogierTi

tipis moneta imdenad iSviaTia, rom sarwmuno statistikuri

analizis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, magram Semonaxuli ca-

lebis wona mainc met-nakleb SesabamisobaSia im cifrebTan,

romelic dadgenilia avSarianTa sxva zarafxanebis mier ga-

moSvebuli monetebis mixedviT.

Tahmasp-yuli xanma, momavalma nadir-Sahma, osmalebi aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelodan 1735 wlisTvis gandevna. Tavdapir-

velad misi administracia TbilisSi sefiani Sahis — abbas III-is

saxeliT Wrida monetas; cnobilia erTi da igive tipis abbasisa

da Sahis nominalebi [21, 46]. Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia

sefianTa dinastiis am warmomadgenlis saxeliT magram avSari-

anTa administraciis mier moWrili es safasec qarTul-avSa-

ruli monetebis jgufs mivakuTvnoT.

Tavad nadir-Sahis saxeliT monetebi h. 1148-1159 wlebSi

moiWra. daTariRebuli monetebis woniTi standarti da nomi-

nalTa sistema dawvrilebiT wina naSromSi gvaqvs ganxiluli

[15]. informacia nadir-Sahis Tbiluri safasis Sesaxeb Semaja-

mebel cxrilSi aris moyvanili (cxrili 1).

nadir-Sahis uSualo memkvidris, misi ZmisSvilis, adil-

Sahis monetebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia [24, 233]; ar aris gamo-

ricxuli, rom isini arc moWrila.

Sahroh avSarianis mmarTveloba metad SfoTiani iyo. sul

cnobilia misi sami zeoba. amasTanave, pirvelsa da meore zeo-

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bebs Soris SualedSi Tbilisis zarafxana monetas ibrahim av-

Sarianis saxeliT uSvebda. am ori avSariani siuzerenis mone-

tebs qronologiuri principis dacviT ganvixilavT.

Sahrohis pirveli zeobisTvis Tbilisis zarafxanis na-

warmidan cnobilia mxolod da mxolod h. 1160 wliT (1747/8)

daTariRebuli jer-jerobiT unikaluri oqros aSrefi [20,

341-343]. samwuxarod, damatebiTi informaciis moZieba am mone-

tis Sesaxeb am etapze ver movaxerxeT.

amis Semdeg, politikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis-da

Sesabamisad, TbilisSi moneta moiWra ukve ibrahim avSarianis

saxeliT. yvela misi Tbilisuri moneta h. 1162 wliT (1748/9)

aris daTariRebuli; cnobilia Semdegi nominalebi: 3-abbasi,

abbasi da Sahi [24, 233]. amasTanave, papuna orbeliani axsenebs

samabazianis (3-abbasi) da Sauris (Sahi), magram ara abbasis ga-

moSvebas (arada, abbasi Cveni gamocdilebiT yvelaze xSiri no-

minalia), amasTanave is miuTiTebs oqros monetis — fluris ga-

moSvebazedac (`mosWres samabaziani da Sauri, fluri ocdaa-

Tis Sauris~) [5, 154]. am ukanasknels Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, an,

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar vicnobT amgvari monetis arcerT pub-

likacias. magram garkveuli msjeloba am monetis raobaze ma-

inc SesaZlebelia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ibrahimis danar-

Ceni, Cvenamde mosuli Tbilisuri monetebi yvela h. 1162 wliT

aris daTariRebuli, am `flurzedac~, savaraudod, igive Ta-

riRi unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli. samwuxarod, Tu papuna or-

belianis cnoba sworea, da eseTi moneta namdvilad arsebobda,

Cvenamde erT egzemplarsac ver mouRwevia. sityva `fluri~

florenciis oqros monetis florinis saxelwodebisgan unda

iyos warmoSobili, magram saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, vene-

ciis dukatebs aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT terminma dakarga Ta-

visi specifikuri mniSvneloba da, r. qebulaZis azriT, mxo-

lod metrologiuri (woniTi) mniSvneloba SeinarCuna, da du-

katis wonis (sinjis?) monetas aRniSnavda [7, 13-17]. dukatis

wona daaxloebiT 3.5 gramad SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram ibra-

himis am wonis oqros monetebi CvenTvis ucnobia; samagierod,

cnobilia misi sxva zarafxanebSi gamoSvebuli 1/4 mohuris no-

minalis oqros safase, woniT 2.76 g [9, 133]. papuna orbeliani

iZleva ibrahim avSarianis am `fluris~ Sefardebas vercxlis

SaurebTanac — 1 fluri = 30 Saurs. aq unda igulisxmebodes

vercxlis SaurebiT gamoxatuli oqros fluris Rirebuleba

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da ara wona: 30 Sauris wona udris 34.575 grams; amgvari oqros

monetis gamoSveba Tbilisis zarafxanaSi naklebad aris mosa-

lodneli — Tbilisi sefianTa da avSarianTa saxelmwifos erT-

erT periferiul, Tumca ki aqtiur zarafxanas warmoadgenda,

da oqros monetas Zalze iSviaTad Tu uSvebda; saqarTveloSi

am wonis oqros moneta, rogorc Cans, arasdros moWrila. Tu

fluris wonad miviCnevT dukatis wonas — 3.5 grami, gamova rom

3.5 grami oqro utoldeba 34.575 g vercxls, anu am or liTons

Soris Sefardeba udris 1:9.88; xolo Tu flurs am SemTxvevaSi

2.76 g wonis monetad miviCnevT, maSin gamova rom 2.76 g oqro

udris 34.575 g vercxls, da Sefardeba udris 1:12.53 (ibrahimis

rogorc oqros, aseve vercxlis monetebi rogorc Cans, sakma-

od maRali sinjis Senadnobisgan Sedgeboda; Cven SesaZleblad

CavTvaleT es Senadnobi sufTa liTonTan gagveigivebina; qar-

Tul-avSaruli oqro-vercxlis safasis sinjis Sesaxeb damate-

biT ix. qveviT). es ukanaskneli Sefardeba ufro misaRebad

gveCveneba am epoqisTvis, da iribad miuTiTebs imaze, rom ib-

rahimis Tbilisuri fluric 2.76 grami wonis 1/4 mohurs war-

moadgenda.

Semdeg TbilisSi isev iWreba moneta Sahrohis saxeliT

(meore zeoba), h. 1163 da 1164 wlebSi (Sesabamisad, 1749/50 da

1750/1), SeiZleba ramdenadme ufro gvianac, vinaidan bevr mo-

netas TariRis bolo cifrebi ar SerCenia; cnobili nominale-

bia: abbasi, mahmudi da Sahi [24, 234-235].

Sahrohis mesame zeobaSi, arsebuli monacemebiT, Tbili-

sis zarafxana uSvebs abbasis nominalis monetebs, romelic h.

1170 wliT (1756/7) aris daTariRebuli [24, 235].

qarTul-avSaruli (Tbilisuri) vercxlis monetebi 2

gansxvavebuli woniTi standartis mixedviT iWreboda. pirve-

li, ufro mZime standartis mixedviT 1 Tumanze liTonis 1400

muxudo (sp. nuxud) modioda, Semdeg ki monetebis wona Seamci-

res, axali standartis Tanaxmad 1 Tumans liTonis ukve mxo-

lod 1200 muxudo Seadgenda. nadir-Sahma abbas III-is saxeliT

monetebi swored ufro mZime standartiT moWra, da sakuTari

saxeliTac jer am standartiT Wrida monetas, Semdeg ki ufro

msubuq standartze gadavida. igive, SedarebiT msubuqi stan-

dartiTve iWreboda Tbilisuri moneta momdevno avSariani

mmarTvelebis saxeliTac [11, 62-71; 9, 132-133].

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oqros monetebi ki dasawyisSi 3.46-gramiani oqros aSre-

fis standartis mixedviT iWreboda — aseTia nadir-Sahis saxe-

liT moWrili oqros moneta (aSrefi); savaraudod, agreTve,

Sahrohis Tbilisuri oqros monetac. ibrahim avSarma ki, ro-

gorc davinaxeT, safiqrebelia, TbilisSi 11-gramiani oqros

mohuris standartis moneta moWra (kerZod, 1/4 mohuri) [9,

132-133].

amasTanave, ama Tu im woniTi standartis mixedviT Tun-

dac erTi da igive mmarTvelis saxeliT moWrili monetebi sak-

maod TvalsaCinod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan legendebiTa

da dizainiT. am garemoebis gaTvaliswineba aseve aucilebelia

avSarianTa periodis qarTuli numizmatikuri memkvidreobis

Seswavlisas.

yvela zemoT moyvanili informacia Cven 2 cxrilis saxiT

SevajameT (ix. cxrili 1 da cxrili 2). samoneto tipebi miTiTe-

bulia s. albumis naSromis mixedviT [9, 132-133], xolo monete-

bis mikuTvneba ama Tu im woniTi standartisadmi efuZneba e.

paxomovis, d. lengis, T.quTelias, h. farahbaxSisa da s. albu-

mis Sromebs [24, 230-235; 12, 102-105; 8, 37-49; 11, 62-71; 9, 132-

133].

qarTul-avSaruli monetebis moWris teqnikis Sesaxeb ra-

ime arsebiTi naratiuli pirvelwyaro Cven ar gagvaCnia; in-

formaciis ZiriTad wyaros Tavad monetebi da maTi garegnuli

niSnebi warmoadgens.

avSarianTa epoqaSi safasis damzadebis teqnologia, Cve-

ni varaudiT, ar Secvlila sefianTa zeobis droindelTan Se-

darebiT. es miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom saqarTvelosgan

gansxvavebiT, sadac sefianTa da avSarianTa mier sakuTari sa-

fasis gamoSveba qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT osmaluri oku-

paciiT (da osmaluri monetis gamoSvebiT) orad aris gaxleCi-

li, iranis im provinciebSi, sadac daiwyo nadirma aRzeveba, se-

fianTa monetis gamoSveba arc Sewyvetila. garda amisa, am mak-

roregionSi (iransa da Sua aziaSi) monetis gamoSvebis teqno-

logia sakmao konservatiulobiT xasiaTdeboda; zogan mainc

(yajarTa iranSi, buxaraSi) is faqtiurad ucvleli rCeboda

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde da XX s. dasawyisamdec ki [19, 221;

18].

aqedan gamomdinare, dasaSvebad migvaCnia qarTul-avSa-

ruli (Tu zogadad, avSaruli) monetebis moWris teqnikaze

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msjelobisas gamoviyenoT is cnobebi sefianTa monetis gamoS-

vebis Sesaxeb, romelic Semogvinaxa 1707-1709 wlebSi vaxtang

VI-is mier Sedgenilma qarTulma dasturlamalma [6, 533-535] da

1725 wlis sparsulma TazqiraT al-muluqma [16, 58-61]. am cno-

bebTan Zalian kargad korelirebs informacia XIX saukunis ya-

jarTa iranSi, XVIII-XX ss. Sua aziaSi (buxaraSi) da XVI saukunis

II naxevris — XVII saukunis dasawyisis did moRolTa indoeTSi

monetis gamoSvebis organizaciisa da teqnikis Sesaxeb [18; 19,

216-231]. am informaciis Sejerebis Sedegad zarafxanis

struqtura da calkeuli struqturuli erTeulebis funqcia

Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:

1. amqari, sadac (zarafxanaSi Semosuli) ligaturebis

Semcveli oqro-vercxli maTgan kupelaciis meTodiT iwminde-

boda [6, 58].

amgvari ligaturebis Semcveli liTonis wyaros SeiZleba

evropuli monetebi warmoadgenda (sadac vercxlis safases

Cveulebriv SedarebiT dabali sinji qonda); yovel SemTxveva-

Si, XVII saukuneSi mainc Tbilisis zarafxanaSi evropuli mone-

tebis gadadnoba da Semdeg sefianTa tipis monetad moWra aq-

tiurad warmoebda [7, 107; 21, 29]. aqve, amave saamqroSi, safiq-

rebelia, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, warmoebda oqrosa Tu

vercxlis `jarTis~ saTanado formis zodebad gadadnobac.

amgvar jarTs xSirad Zvirfasi liTonis nakeTobebi, WurWeli

warmoadgenda — amaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs papuna orbe-

liani: `gamoitanes mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa salaroTi oqrosa da

vercxlis iaraRi, misces zarafxanaSi, moaWrevines fluri da

TeTri~ [5, 196].

vizualurad qarTul-avSaruli vercxlis monetebi maRa-

li sinjis Senadnobisgan moWrilis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

Cvengan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, ver SevZeliT CvenTvis

xelmisawvdomi qarTul-avSaruli monetebis Senadnobis dad-

gena obieqturi, laboratoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

amasTanave, CvenTvis cnobilia ori naSromi, sadac mocemulia

am safasis TiTo-TiTo nimuSis liTonuri Semadgenloba. er-

TSi saubaria h. 1150 wliT daTariRebul nadir-Sahis Tbili-

sur 6-Sahianze, Tumca ki Tanmxleb suraTze gamosaxulia h.

1152 wliT daTariRebuli nadir-Sahis Tbilisuri nadiri. am

monetis (nadiris?) liTonuri Semadgenloba miTiTebulia ro-

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gorc: Ag - 99.22%, Cu - 0.36%, Pb - 1.09%, Au - 0.126%, Sn - kvali, Zn

– kvali, Ba - kvali, S – mcire raodenobiT (meTodikis Tavisebu-

rebis gamo, jami 100.79%-s Seadgens) [1, 118-119]. meore naSromSi

ganxilulia h. 1163 wliT daTariRebuli qarTuli vercxlis

moneta, romelic, TariRidan gamomdinare, Sahrohis safase

unda iyos, savaraudod, misi yvelaze xSiri nominali — abbasi;

am monetaSi vercxli Seadgens 98.32%-s [4, 574]. es monacemebi,

Seswavlili nimuSebis metad umniSvnelo raodenobis gamo mok-

lebulia statistikur sarwmunoobas, magram mainc TiTqosda

adasturebs qarTul-avSaruli vercxlis safasis Zalian ma-

Ral sinjadobas.

sazogadod, aRvniSnavT, rom XVI-XIX ss. iranisa da samone-

to TvalsazrisiT mis zegavlenis sferoSi Semaval qveynebSi,

rogorc Cans, maRali sinjis monetebis gamoSvebis tradicia

iyo danergili (an oficialurad mainc iyo deklarirebuli).

amasTanave, zarafxanebis amocanaSi ar Sedioda monetis mosaW-

relad `sufTa~ (Tundac imdroindeli teqnologiis SezRudu-

lobis gaTvaliswinebiT) vercxlis miReba [16, 59].

vagrZelebT zarafxanis amqrebis aRweras:

2. gawmendili liTonis zodebis gamokveris amqari [16, 58].

am operaciis daniSnuleba, mkvlevarTa azriT, liTonis gam-

kvriveba iyo [6, 58; 19, 217].

3. amqari, sadac ukve gawmendil da gamokveril liTons

Reros formas aniWebdnen [16, 58].

Tu iranSi es Reroebi meqanikuri damuSavebiT miiReboda

[16, 58], did moRolTa droindel indoeTSi amisaTvis gamdnar

oqrosa da vercxls keramikul firfitaSi gakeTebul patara

Tu did wrfiv CanaWdevebSi asxavdnen, romlis kedlebic winas-

war cximiT iyo dafaruli (Camosxmuli Reroebis ufro advi-

lad amoRebisa da yalibis dauzianeblobis mizniT) [19, 221].

es induri teqnika XVI-XVII saukuneebisTvis aris aRweri-

li, magram iqneb Semdegac gamoiyeneboda. nadir-Sahma, ro-

gorc cnobilia, indoeTSi ilaSqra da iq monetasac Wrida, xo-

lo dabrunebisTanave ki induri rufiis analogiuri axali no-

minali — nadiri SemoiRo. es ukanaskneli ki iranisTvis Seda-

rebiT uCveulo formisaa — ufro sqeli monetaa, vidre es

aqamde iranSi iyo miRebuli. am etapze ver gamovricxavT, rom

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nadir-Sahma iransa da masze daqvemdebarebul qveynebSi indu-

ri teqnologiis raRac elementebi danerga.

4. amqari, sadac oqro-vercxlis Reroebs foladis fir-

fitaSi gakeTebul naxvretebSi gaatarebdnen [16, 58]. es nax-

vretebi sxvadasxva diametris unda yofiliyo, maTSi gatare-

biT Reroebisgan sasurveli diametris (sxvadasxva nominalis

monetis Sesaferisi) mrgvali diametris mavTuli miiReboda

[19, 218].

5. amqari, sadac liTons patara naWrebad anawevrebdnen

[16, 58]. faqtiurad, wina etapze miRebul mavTuls saWiro sig-

rZisa da diametris (es ukanaskneli mavTulis diametriT gani-

sazRvreboda) patara cilindrebad Wridnen [19, 219; 18, 264].

magaliTad buxaraSi amisaTvis sagangebod mowyobil patara

Carxs iyenebdnen [18, 263-264]. am cilindrebis simaRle maTi

diametris toli mainc unda yofiliyo, naklebi Tu ara — wina-

aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maTi gabrtyeleba gaWirdeboda [18, 264].

6. amqari, sadac miRebul naWrebs gamokveravdnen abbasisa

da fanjSahisTvis Sesaferisi sisqis namzadebad [16, 58]. anu,

zemoT xsenebul patara cilindrebs abrtyelebdnen, da amgva-

rad samoneto namzadebad (imas, Tu ra nominalis namzadi iqne-

boda miRebuli, ZiriTadad gansazRvravda mavTulis / cilin-

dris sisqe).

r. burnaSevas azriT buxaraSi am mizniT sagangebo gluv-

zedapirian siqebs iyenebdnen [18, 264].

sazogadod, ukve mza monetebis forma miuTiTebs, am pa-

tara cilindrebis gabrtyeleba gverdidan warmoebda Tu ga-

danaWeris mxridan [19, 227]. qarTul-avSarul monetebze dak-

virvebam im daskvnamde migviyvana rom maT dasamzadeblad ci-

lindrebs gadanaWeris mxridan abrtyelebdnen.

did moRolTa indoeTSi samoneto warmoebis es etapi ro-

gorc Cans amovardnili iyo, vinaidan indoeli xelosnebi Za-

lian zustad axerxebdnen mavTulis daWras iseTi diametrisa

da simaRlis cilindrebad, romelic SeiZleba pirdapir gamoe-

yenebinaT monetis mosaWrelad, yovelgvari damatebiTi gab-

rtyelebis gareSe [19, 221-222].

7. amqari, sadac samoneto namzadebis gamowva xdeboda;

amis xarjze wina etapebze ukve meqanikurad damuSavebul li-

Tons monetis mosaWrelad aucilebeli plastiuroba ubrun-

deboda [18, 265].

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am amqris saqmianoba ar aris aRwerili TazqiraT al-mu-

luqSi [16, 58-59], magram misi arseboba dasturdeba Tundac Ta-

vad TazqiraT al-muluqSi aRwerili Semdegi amqris arsebo-

biT.

8. amqari, sadac warmoebda samoneto namzadebis gaTeT-

reba [16, 59]. magaliTad, buxaraSi damkvirveblis mowmobiT

amisaTvis samoneto namzadebs sust mJavaSi (ZmarSi) recxav-

dnen, Semdeg ki xis naxerxiT aSrobdnen [18, 265].

am proceduris aucilebloba adasturebs wina etapze mo-

netebis gamowvas — gamowvis gamo vercxlis namzadebi muqde-

boda, xolo vercxlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli brwyinvalebis aR-

sadgenad ki maTi gaTeTreba iyo saWiro [18, 265].

9. amqari, sadac TvalzomiT mcirewonian samoneto namza-

debs xelaxla gadasadnobad gadaarCevdnen [16, 59]. TazqiraT

al-muluqSi am konteqstSi miTiTebulia `abbasi~, iqneb zoga-

dad fulis mniSvnelobiT, rac uzustobaa, samoneto namzadi

monetad mxolod Semdeg etapze iqceoda. arasakmarisi wonis

samoneto namzadebi miiReboda Tu xelosani Seuferebeli dia-

metris mavTuls SearCevda an/da mas araswori sigrZis cilin-

drebad daWrida. gadadnobas, savaraudod, ara marto mcire-

woniani, aramed Warbi wonis namzadebic eqvemdebareboda, ro-

gorc es buxaraSi xdeboda [18, 265].

TazqiraT al-muluqis Tanaxmad es gadarCeva TvalzomiT

keTdeboda, ris gamoc, Cveni azriT, sizustis dacva gaZnele-

buli iqneboda. amisaTvis Cveni azriT ufro saswors gamoiye-

nebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, Tu ra yuradReba eTmoboda monetebis

zusti wonis uzrunvelyofas buxaraSi — iq jer aT-aTi cilin-

dri erTad aiwoneboda, Semdeg ki cal-calke, da Semdeg igive

proceduras gadioda dabrtyelebuli cilindrebic [18, 265].

mesasworeebis saqmianobas didi mniSvneloba qonda did mo-

RolTa indoeTSic [19, 222]. mavTulis naWrebis awonvas adas-

turebs 1879 w. qirmanis zarafxanaze namyofi evropeli dam-

kvirvebelic [19, 219]. qarTul dasturlamalSic naxsenebia Ta-

razdari [6, 534]. rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi TazqiraT al-mu-

luqis cnoba zusti ar aris.

10. amqari, sadac monetis momWrelebi muSaobdnen [16, 59].

monetis mosaWrelad or siqas iyenebdnen. erTi maTgani

(teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT — Sublis siqa) grdemlSi iyo Camag-

rebuli. masze erTi xelosani samoneto namzads aTavsebda, me-

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ore ki zevidan siqas (teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT — zurgis siqa)

adgavda da uros dartymiT zeda siqaze sakmarisi siZlieriT

moqmedebda, rom samoneto namzadis zeda zedapirze zeda si-

qis anabeWdi darCeniliyo, qveda zedapirze ki — dartymis mo-

mentSi samoneto namzadis qveda siqaSi SeWyletis gamo — qveda

siqis anabeWdi. Semonaxulia xivis saxanos XIX saukunis droin-

deli ramdenime siqa; isini imdenad moklea, rom xelSi maTi da-

Wera albaT ver moxerxdeboda da xelosani maT raRac gansa-

kuTrebuli maSis magvari xelsawyoTi iWerda [18, 265]. Cveni az-

riT, amgvarad xelosnis xeli nawilobriv mainc vibraciis or-

ganizmze mavne zemoqmedebisganac iqneboda daculi, rac

zrdis am damatebiTi xelsawyos gamoyenebis albaTobas.

imdroindel saqarTveloSi monetis moWris organizaci-

is TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa papuna orbelianis cnoba

ibrahim avSaris mier TbilisSi `Tavis saxelze zarafxanis~ ga-

mogzavnis Sesaxeb (`gamoegzavna Sah-sulTan ibreims Tavis sa-

xelze zarafxana qalaqSi da dahkres siqa, brZanebisamebr misi-

sa mosWres ...~ [5, 154]). ibadeba SekiTxva, Tu ra zarafxanis ga-

mogzavnas gulisxmobs avtori; sityva `zarafxana~, sazoga-

dod, monetis mosaWrelad aucilebeli aRWurvilobisa da iq-

neb agreTve momsaxure personalis erTobliobas gulisxmobs.

amasTanave, gavixsenoT, rom zarafxana TbilisSi aqamdec arse-

bobda, da sxva avSari mmarTvelebis saxeliTac ki Wrida mone-

tas — ase, TbilisSi Zalian aqtiurad iWreboda moneta h. 1150-

1152 wlebSi, Semdegi periodisTvis ki cnobilia nadir-Sahis h.

1159 wliT daTariRebuli nadiri (rufia) [24, 233], agreTve h.

1160 wliT daTariRebuli Sahrohis Tbilisuri moneta [20, 342-

343]. ibrahimis saxelis matarebeli Tbilisuri monetebi yvela

h. 1162 wliT (1748-1749) aris daTariRebuli [24, 233-234], mag-

ram imave TariRs atarebs Teimuraz II-is saxelis matarebeli

spilenZis safasec [24, 256-258] — ucnobi rCeba, es spilenZis sa-

fase `Sah-sulTan ibreimis~ mier gamogzavnil zarafxanaSia

moWrili Tu iqamde TbilisSi ukve arsebul zarafxanaSi (Cven

aq Segnebulad ar vexebiT ukve h. 1160 w. gardacvlili nadir-

Sahis saxelis matarebel magram h. 1162 wliT daTariRebul na-

diris — T. quTelia Tvlida rom am monetaze TariRi 1162 Sec-

domiT iyo gamoyvanili 1152-is magier [8, 43, 46]). safiqrebe-

lia, rom zarafxana TbilisSi Tavidan mosawyobi ar unda yofi-

liyo. garda amisa, im epoqaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iransa

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da saqarTveloSic monetebi manqanebis daxmarebiT ar iWrebo-

da. Tanamedrove rekonstruqciam aCvena, rom monetis mosaW-

relad saWiro mTeli aRWurviloba imdenad martivi da mwiri

iyo, rom misi gadatana erTaderTi saxedriT SeiZleboda [10,

96]. Cveni azriT, monetis mosaWrelad aranairi aRWurviloba

avSarianTa iranis centraluri provinciebidan gamosagzavni

ar unda yofiliyo — yvela saWiro iaraRis damzadeba (zemoT

aRwerili procedurebis Sesasruleblad) sakmaod advilad

adgilzeve SeiZleboda. saubari, Cveni varaudiT, SeiZleba

iyos siqebze — ibrahimis gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli yvela za-

rafxanis nawarmis wona da miT ufro dizaini/legendebi er-

Tnairi rom yofiliyo saWiro iqneboda centridan periferia-

ze Sesabamisi gankargulebebis da trafaretebis gamogzavna;

sefianTa epoqisTvis centraluri zarafxanidan (Tabrizi/is-

fahani) amgvari trafaretebis sxva zarafxanebSi (Tbilisis

CaTvliT) gagzavnis Sesaxeb werdnen e. paxomovi da T. quTelia

[21, 26; 23, 76] (abbas I-sa da suleiman I-is safasis gamoklebiT

TbilisSi moWrili monetebi garegnulad arafriT gansxvavde-

ba sefianTa saxelmwifos sxva zarafxanebSi gamoSvebuli Ta-

nadrouli monetebisgan [21, 40-41]). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

trafaretebis sanacvlod avSarianTa Sesabamisi uwyeba peri-

feriaze gasagzavnad uSualod samoneto siqebs amzadebda —

periferiuli zarafxanebis saxelis miTiTebiT. miviCnevT, rom

p. orbelianis cnobaSi savaraudod swored aseTi centralu-

rad damzadebuli siqebis gamogzavna igulisxmeba.

monetebze warmoebulma dakvirvebam gamoaSkarava zaraf-

xanis personalis mier droisa da Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri da-

naxarjebis Sesamcireblad gamiznuli ramdenime teqnologiu-

ri xerxi:

• rogorc Cans, erTi da igive siqebi gamoiyeneboda sxva-

dasxva nominalis monetebis mosaWrelad; 6-Sahianis siqebi 2-

Sahianisa da oqros aSrefis mosaWrelad, abazianis siqebi ki —

1-Sahianis mosaWrelad [15]; rogorc TanaavtorebTan erTad

dadgenili gvqonda, sxvadasxva nominalis (e.i. wonisa da zomis)

monetebis mosaWrelad igive siqebis gamoyenebas Tbilisis za-

rafxana ufro adrec mimarTavda, XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi,

sulTan husein I sefianis monetebis gamoSvebisas [14, 21-22].

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• Cveni azriT, nadir-Sahis saxeliT moWrili siqebi, ro-

melic gankuTvnili iyo 6-Sahianis (da ufro mcire vercxlis

nominalebis, iseve rogorc, savaraudoa, oqros aSrefis) mo-

saWrelad, gamoiyeneboda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi — h.

1150 wliT daTariRebuli reversis siqebis zedapirze am weli-

wadis gasvlis Semdeg, Cveni azriT, amotvifravdnen damatebiT

erTians an orians, ris xarjzedac TariRi xdeboda 1151 an

1152 w. (0-is aRmniSvneli wertili rCeboda Tavis adgilas).

amas gvafiqrebs is faqti, rom bevr h. 1151-1152 ww. daTariRe-

bul monetaze manZili bolo (1 an 2) da boloswina (5) cifrebs,

iseve rogorc bolo cifrsa (1 an 2) da samoneto formulis

momdevno elements Soris, gacilebiT naklebia vidre danar-

Cen cifrebs Soris; rCeba STabeWdileba, rom erTiani an oria-

ni mogvianebiT aris Camatebuli (siqaze amotvifruli).

daskvnis saxiT SevajamebT, rom saqarTveloSi avSarian-

Ta dinastiis batonobis periodSi vercxlis monetebi iWrebo-

da 2 gansxvavebuli woniTi standartis mixedviT (1400 da 1200-

muxudoiani Tumani), oqros monetebi ki — 3.46-gramiani aSre-

fis standartiT; SesaZloa agreTve 11-gramiani mohuris stan-

dartiTac (ibrahimis Tbilisuri `fluric~ Cveni azriT mohu-

ris 1/4-s warmoadgenda).

vercxlis nominalebidan sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva

woniTi standartiT moiWra Semdegi: Sahi, mahmudi (2-Sahiani),

abbasi (4-Sahi), 6-Sahiani, nadiri (10-Sahiani), 3-abbasi (12-Sahia-

ni, marCili). oqroSi iWreboda aSrefi, da, safiqrebelia, ag-

reTve 1/4 mohuri.

monetebis moWris teqnologia principulad ar gansxvav-

deboda jer kidev sefianTa xanaSi danergilisagan. monetis

moWra ramdenime (10) proceduras gulisxmobda da zarafxa-

nac, safiqrebelia, amdenive calkeul amqars iTvlida.

papuna orbelianis cnoba sulTan ibrahim avSarianis mier

TbilisSi zarafxanis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb Cveni azriT ibrahi-

mis saxeliT da saTanado legendebiT Semkuli siqebis gamog-

zavnas unda gulisxmobdes. es faqti gansakuTrebiT saintere-

soa rogorc saqarTveloSi samoneto saqmis organizaciis,

aseve avSarianebTan Teimuraz II-is politikuri urTierTobis

gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.

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528

naSromSi Tavmoyrili da gaanalizebuli masala, imedia,

xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos numizmatikuri da, sazogadod,

ekonomikuri Tu politikuri istoriis Semdgom kvlevas.

avtori Tavis sasiamovno movaleobad miiCnevs guliTadi

madloba moaxsenos profesor n. javaxiSvils gaweuli infor-

maciuli mxardaWerisTvis.

cxrili 1. Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti da

nominalTa sistema (abbas III-sa da nadir-Sahis saxeliT

moWrili safase)

liToni AR AV

samoto

tipi woniTi standarti

1 Tumani = 1400 mu-

xudos

(7-dangiani (5.37 g)

abbasi)

1 Tumani = 1200 muxu-

dos

(6-dangiani (4.61 g)

abbasi)

4.5-dangiani

(18 muxudos

(3.46 g) aS-

refi

Aabbas III (nadir Sahis dayenebuli)

unika-

luri

abbasi (norm. wona

5.37 g)

Sahi (norm. wona 1.34

g)

Nnadir Sahi

A abbasi (norm. wona

5.37 g)

B

abbasi (norm. wona

5.37 g)

mahmudi (norm. wona

2.68 g)

Sahi (norm. wona 1.34

g)

abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

mahmudi (norm. wona

2.30 g)

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15

g)

C

6-Sahi (norm. wona

6.91 g)

abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

mahmudi (norm. wona

2.30 g)

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15

g)

aSrefi

(norm. wona

3.46 g)

D nadiri (10-Sahi)

(norm. wona 11.52 g)

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529

cxrili 2. Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti

da nominalTa sistema (Sahrohisa da ibrahim saxeliT

moWrili safase)

samoneto

liToni AR AV

Llegende-

bi / diza-

ini (`ti-

pi~)

woniTi standarti

1 Tumani = 1400 mu-

xudos

(7-dangiani (5.37 g)

abbasi)

1 Tumani = 1200 mu-

xudos

(6-dangiani (4.61 g)

abbasi)

4.5-dangiani

(18 muxudos

(3.46 g) aSre-

fi

11-gramiani

mohuri

Sahrohi, I zeoba

B2?

aSrefi

(norm. wona

3.46 g) ?

ibrahimi

A

3-abbasi (norm. wona

13.83 g)

abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

B abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

D Sahi (norm. wona 1.15

g)

ucnobi

tipis (Z ?) `fluri~ =

1/4¼mohuri

(2.76 g) ?

Sahrohi, II zeoba

B1

abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

mahmudi (norm. wona

2.30 g)

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15

g)

Sahrohi, III zeoba

B1 abbasi (norm. wona

4.61 g)

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530

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. areSiZe T., qarTuli monetebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (qimi-

is mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapo-

veblad wardgenili disertacia), Tbilisi, 1950.

2. gabaSvili v., `sparsuli dasturlamali~, stalinis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t.

XXXV-b, 1949.

3. kapanaZe d., qarTuli numizmatika, Tbilisi, Tbilisis uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba, 1969.

4. kapanaZe d., `qarTuli fulis sinjadoba~, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. IV, #6, 1943.

5. orbeliani p., (kritikuli gamocema, Sesavali, leqsikoni

da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma.), ambavni qarTli-

sani, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1981.

6. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1. xelmwifis karis garigeba,

2. dasturlamali, (teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamok-

vlevebi, leqsikonebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. surgula-

Zem), Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970.

7. qebulaZe r., evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi

XV-XVIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1971.

8. quTelia T., ~Tbilisis zarafxana 1736-1757 ww. (vercxlis

fuli)~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXV-

B. Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1981.

9. Album S., A Checklist of Islamic Coins, Santa Rosa, 1998. 10. Album S., Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean Volume 9 Iran

after the Mongol Invasion, Ashmolean Museum Oxford, 2001. 11. Farahbakhsh H., Iranian Hammered Coinage, 1975, Berlin, Farahbakhsh,

2007. 12. Lang D., Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia,

New-York, 1955. 13. Paghava I., Novák V., `Georgian Coins in the Collection of the Náprstek

Museum~. (In press.) 14. Paghava I., Turkia S., Bennett K., ~Major Varieties of the Type D 3rd

Standard Coins of Sultan Husayn Issued in Tiflis and at other Mints~. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, #191, Spring 2007. P. 19-25.

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531

15. Paghava I., Turkia S., Janjgava G., ~Some New Denomination Coins of Nadir Shah Minted in Georgia~. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, #202, Winter 2010.

16. Tadhkirat Al-Muluk, A Manual of Safavid Administration (Translated

and Explained by V. Minorsky), 1943, University Press, Cambridge, 1980.

17. Zeno Oriental Coins Database, http://www.zeno.ru/. 18. Бурнашева Р., `Организация производства и техника чеканки монет

в Бухарском ханстве со второй половины XVIII до начала XX в.~, Нумизматика и Эпиграфика, т. VI. Москва, Наука, 1966.

19. Давидович Е., История монетного дела Средней Азии XVII-XVIII вв. (Золотые и серебряные монеты Джанидов), Душанбе, Издательс-тво Академии Наук Таджикской ССР, 1964.

20. Капанадзе Д.Г., `Комментарии~, Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии. Тбилиси, Мецниереба, 1970.

21. Кутелиа Т., Грузия и Сефевидский Иран (по данным нумизматики), Тбилиси: Мецниереба, 1979.

22. Пахомов Е., `Вес и достоинство медной монеты Тифлиса XVII-XVIII в.в. Отдельный оттиск из `Востоковедение~, Вестник

факультета Аз. гос. университета, т. III. Баку, 1928. 23. Пахомов Е., Монетные клады Азербайджана и других республик,

краев и областей Кавказа, Выпуск VII. Баку, Издательство

Академии Наук Азербайджанской ССР, 1957. 24. Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии, Тбилиси, Мецниереба, 1970.

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Irakli Paghava Member of the Oriental Nu-mismatic Society

The Weight Standard, Denominations’ System and Minting Technique of Tiflis Coins (Afsharid Period)

Summary

The objective of our work was to study the Afsharid gold and silver coinage from Tiflis, Georgia (Georgian-Afsharid coinage) and analyze the

employed minting technique. The coins were minted by the Afsharid admini-stration in the name of Abbas III Safavid, Nadir-Shah, Shakhrukh, Ibrahim

and again Shakhrukh sequentially. The silver coins were minted by two dif-ferent standards: 1 toman = 1,400 nokhod and later 1,200 nokhod. The gold

coins were minted by the 3.46 g ashrafi standard, and later on seemingly by

the 11 g mokhur standard (the `pluri~ coin, mentioned by P. Orbelian should

in our opinion constitute the ¼ mokhur denomination). Shahi, mahmudi, abbasi, 6-shahi, nadiri (10-shahi), 3-abbasi (12-shahi,

marchili) denominations were minted in silver; ashrafi and possibly also ¼

mokhur were minted in gold. The minting technique did not differ much from that in use in the Sa-

favid period. Minting implied the work in 10 stages as presented in Tadhkirat Al-Muluk and other sources. These stages are described in detail based on the

comparative numismatic material from the region. In our opinion, the P. Or-beliani’s note on Ibrahim sending `a mint~ to Tiflis implied the central distri-bution of dies for producing the coins in the name of this Afsharid ruler lo-cally. This assumption bears some significance in terms of both minting or-ganization in Georgia and the political relationship between the Georgian

government and the Afsharids. Hopefully, our data would further facilitate the research of the numis-

matic and generally economical and political history of Georgia, as well as

that of the Afsharid state.

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zurab kvetenaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-

versitetis profesori

saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis

`xelaxla dawera~

bolo dros saistorio publicistikaSi, calkeul samec-

niero Sromebsa, Tu kerZo diskusiebSi sul ufro da ufro

xSirad vrceldeba mosazreba, rom qarTveli eris istoriuli

ganviTarebis axleburi Sefasebis dro dadga, rom aucilebe-

lia istoria daiweros `xelaxla~. amgvari mosazrebis avtore-

bi Tu calkeuli individebi, TavianT Sexedulebebs ise gamoT-

qvamen, rom cdiloben Crdili ar miayenon qarTuli istoriog-

rafiis korifeebis Rvawls, amboben, rom maT udidesi Sroma

gaswies, didia maTi damsaxureba eris winaSe da a.S. sxvanairad

SeuZlebelicaa, radgan es iqneboda absoluturi WeSmarite-

bis uaryofa. magram amgvar Semecnebas pretenzia aqvs imaze,

rom istoriuli mecnierebis did avtoritetTa Sromebi mainc

Tavisi epoqis nayofi iyo, dRes garkveulwilad moZvelda da

amitomac saqarTvelos istoriis bevri monakveTis (Tu mTeli

istoriis) gadaazreba unda moxdes.

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti, rogorc wesi sabWoTa perio-

dis istoriografiaze keTdeba. ideologiurma wnexma, rome-

lic komunisturi mmarTvelobis wlebSi arsebobda, marTlac

Tavisi daRi daasva qarTul istoriografias. magram qarTvel

mecnierTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT Rirseulad gaar-

Tves Tavi problemas da qarTveli eris istoriis Seswavlis

gzaze waruSleli kvali datoves. sakmarisia gavixsenoT iseTi

avtoritetebi, rogorebicaa ivane javaxiSvili, niko berZeniS-

vili, simon janaSia, SoTa mesxia, giorgi Citaia da a.S. am avto-

ritetTa saqme Rirseulad ganagrZo momdevno Taobamac. sa-

qarTvelos istoriis kvleva dResac warmatebiT mimdinare-

obs. am didi erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saq-

meSi Cabmulia mravali qarTveli istorikosi.

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cxadia, qarTvel istorikosTa upirvelesi damsaxureba

isaa, rom maT moaxdines qarTveli eris mier ganvlili mraval-

saukunovani istoriis sistematizacia, Seiswavles da daajgu-

fes wyaroebi, (am mxriv gansakuTrebulia ivane javaxiSvilis

wvlili) ramac ganapiroba, pirvelyovlisa, faqtologiuri,

mwyobri qarTuli istoriis dawera da misi empiriul — isto-

riuli analizi. Cvens mier dasaxelebuli yvela avtoritetis

SromebSi aris Rrma mecnieruli analizi (Seudarebelia am

mxriv ivane janaxiSvili da niko berZenSvili) sadac Cans qar-

Tveli eris cxovrebis wesi, meurneoba, samarTali, fsiqolo-

gia da a.S. Tanac saqarTvelos istoriis arcerT metnaklebad

avtoritetul pirovnebas arasodes ar uTqvams, rom misi Sexe-

duleba aris dogma da absoluturi WeSmariteba. piriqiT, aka-

demikosma ivane javaxiSvilma araerTxel gausva xazi im gare-

moebas, rom nebismieri axali sityva SeiZleba daibados mecni-

eruli kvlevisas. maS rasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac saqarTve-

los istoriis `xelaxla daweraze~ saubroben sxvadasxva av-

torebi Tu calkeuli individebi? pirdapir SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom absolutur diletantizmTan, da ai ratom.

jer erTi saqarTvelos istoria SesaniSnavad daweres

qarTuli istoriografiis korifeebma da mas `xelaxla~ vera-

vin dawers.

meore, Tu romelime istoriuli movlena fasdeba sxvag-

varad vidre es pirvelma avtorebma Seafases, es istoriis

sxvagvarad an xelaxla dawera ki ar aris, aramed misi gagrZe-

leba da Sevsebaa. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT saqarTvelos isto-

ria XIV—XV saukuneebis mijnaze. ivane javaxiSvili werda, rom

mefe giorgi VII-s mizanSewonili sagareo politikis warmoebis

unari aklda, rom TemurlengTan ufro frTxili politika

iyo saWiro, vidre Seupovari brZola. magram Semdgomi kvlevis

Sedegad gamoCnda axali Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac

brZola iyo erTaderTi gamosavali, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

qarTvel ers sruli gadagvareba eloda. profesorma karlo

tabataZem am problemas miuZRvna monografia `qarTveli xal-

xis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV—XV saukunee-

bis mijnaze~, sadac warmodgenilia msgavsi Sexeduleba, rome-

lic iv. javaxiSvilis SexedulebasTan erTad aisaxa `saqarTve-

los istoriis narkvevebis~ III tomSi [4, 402], magram amiT axali

istoria ki ar daiwera, aramed sxvagvari interpretaciiT Se-

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fasda movlena. miviReT ori sxvadasxva analizi, romelmac er-

TmaneTi erTgvarad Seavso, ise rom qarTveli eris ganwyoba da

pativiscema qarTveli mefisadmi ar Secvlila. an kidev avi-

RoT erekle II-is sagareo politika. igi araerTxel Sefasebu-

la sxvadasxvagvarad da dResac fasdeba, magram yvela aRia-

rebs, rom STamomavloba erekle II-s pativs unda miagebdes imis

gamo, rom saerTaSoriso politikisagan ganwiruli qveynis ga-

darCenas cdilobda [7]. analogiuri magaliTebi bevria.

mesamec, saqarTvelos istoria `xelaxla~ an axleburad

dasaweri ki ar aris, aramed SeiZleba daiweros is, rac ar dawe-

rila. aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara marto is, rom kvlevis pro-

cesSi SeiZleba raime axali dokumentebi da wyaroebi aRmoC-

ndes, aramed pirvel yovlisa, qarTuli filosofiuri isto-

ria. ai, es aris saSviliSvilo saqme. magram gulwrfelad SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi ar aris iseTi pirovneba,

an mecnierTa jgufi, romelic am amocanas gadaWris. Cven dRes

gvyavs SesaniSnavi mecnierebi, romelTa damsaxureba didia

qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe, magram qarTveli eris isto-

riis filosofiur gaazrebas axali ivane javaxiSvilis, an qar-

Tveli hegelis dabadeba Wirdeba, aseTi pirovneba an pirovne-

bebi istoriam, epoqam unda warmoSvas. dRes amis resursi sa-

qarTveloSi ar aris. Cven amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvsurs, rom war-

sulSi yvelaferi ukve gakeTda, viamayoT da davkmayofildeT

qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebiT da arafris Zieba da

kvleva aRaraa saWiro. dResac iwereba Rirseuli mecnieruli

naSromebi, disertaciebi da a.S. magram kidev erTxel vusvamT

xazs, rom es aris damateba faqtologiur—empiriuli kvlevi-

sa, romelic ukve arsebobs da esa Tu is avtori mis axal in-

terpretacias gvTavazobs. es kargia da aseTi kvlevebi gag-

rZeldeba magram qarTveli eris imanenturi istoriis dawera

aris sxva, urTulesi procesi da momavlis amocana. es kargad

esmoda ivane javaxiSvils: `TviTeuli xalxis istoriis Seswav-

lazea damokidebuli bevris mxriv is mecniereba, romelsac is-

toriis filosofias eZaxian da romelic Seadgens Cveni mecni-

erebis uzenaes mizans~. [1,10]. es mizani Tavad aseTi masStabis

mecnierma an mecnierTa jgufma unda daisaxos da ganaxorcie-

los.

Tavad istoriis filosofiac sxvadasxvagavarad esmiT

Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi. bevri miiCnevs (da es naSromebsac

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etyoba), rom Sefasda movlena empiriul — istoriuli da Tu

gnebavT garkveuli fsiqologiuri analizis safuZvelze da

gadaiWra istoriis filosofiis amocana. istoriis filoso-

fia istoriuli faqtebis, molenebisa da istoriul — empiriu-

li analizi ki ar aris, aramed istoriuli faqtebisa da movle-

nebis, sagnebis filosofiuri analizia. magaliTad, daviT aR-

maSenebeli didgoris omis win mimarTavs `qristesmier meom-

rebs~, mouwodebs, rom mxolod am madliTaa gamarjveba SesaZ-

lebeli, Tan ukan dasaxev gzas xergavs principiT sikvdili an

gamarjveba. empiriuli analizi am movlenebisa arsebobs: aka-

demikosma roin metrevelma saTanado wyaroebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT da wina avtorebze daydnobiT Seiswavla es faqtebi da

Tavis monografiaSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ misca Rrma mecnie-

ruli Sefaseba. magram siaxle amis Semdeg SeiZleba iyos qar-

Tuli sulis Seswavla, misi fsiqologia. Suasaukuneobrivi

Teocentrizmis ganmarteba da misi asaxva qarTul mentali-

tetze. an kidev aviRoT aseve kargad Seswavlili martyofis

ajanyeba, romelic xdeba RvTismSoblis xarebis dRes 1625 w. 25

marts (ax.st. 7 aprili) Tu vityviT, rom es ar iyo SemTxveviTi

movlena, unda avxsnaT ra aris SemTxveva, an ratom ar aris Sem-

Txveva, an Tu aris, aseve, ratom aris SemTxveva. unda ganimar-

tos xarebis dRis misteriuli arsi da qarTveli eris gamar-

jvebaSi am dRis sakraluri mniSvneloba. an kidev alaverdobas

momxdari ajanyeba. qarTvelma da ucxoelma avtorebma araer-

Txel gausves xazi qristianuli marTlmadideblobis rols

qarTveli eris istoriaSi, Sefasda misi garegani arsi, kerZod

is, rom feodalur samefoebad da safeodaloebad daSlil—

daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi qristianoba iyo erTaderTi Za-

la, romelic aerTianebda qarTvel ers, rom ar darRveula

qarTuli eklesiis erTianoba. yovelive es airekla saqarTve-

los konstituciaSic, sadac saubaria qristianuli marTlma-

dideblobis damsaxurebaze qarTveli eris winaSe. magram qar-

Tuli imanenturi istoria, pirvel yovlisa SeniSnuli da da-

fiqsirebuli unda iyos simboluri SemecnebiT, sxvagvari wes-

rigidan wamosuli madliT.

Tavis droze genialuri imanenturi istoria Seqmna he-

gelma. igi erTgvarad iyo azrSi istoriuli sulis gansaxiere-

ba [8, 319]. amitomac iyo misi filosofia antipersonalisturi.

qristianoba yovelTvis moqmedebda istoriaSi, igi iyo isto-

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riuli da aRiarebda istoriis azrs. magram imavdroulad xde-

boda misi Sejaxeba istoriasTan. es iyo qristianobis obieqti-

vizacia istoriaSi. qristianoba iRebs Tavis TavSi istorias

da moqmdebs istoriaSi, magram misi sulis gageba istoriul

obieqtivaciaSi SeuZlebelia. qristianobisaTvis nebismieri

adamianuri suli ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli kacobri-

obis istoria imperiebiT, samxedro gadatrialebebiT, ayvave-

buli civilicaziciebiT da a.S. [8, 320]. amitom calkeuli eris

istoriis Seswavlisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs am eris menta-

litets, fsiqologias, saazrovno kriteriumebis Seswavlas.

ai, es amocanaa Sesasrulebeli. qarTuli miTologiis, qarTve-

li adamianis, qarTuli sulis Seswavlis gareSe `axali~ qarTu-

li istoria ver daiwereba. saqarTvelos istoria unda daiwe-

ros ara mxolod misi garegani tragikuli bediT, aramed pir-

vel yovlisa misi Sinagani tragizmiT, TavisuflebaSi gancdi-

li bediT. qarTvelma unda imsjelos Tavisuflebis gagebaze

saqarTvelos istoriaSi, mis mistiur datvirTvaze; Tavisuf-

lebis simbolur xasiaTze naturalistur — metafizikur sam-

yaroSi, mis antinomiurobaze da a.S. ai, ra istoriaa dasaweri.

magram aseTi istoria rCeulma qarTvelebma unda daweron,

romelic Tavad istoriam unda warmoSvas da ara provinciul —

snobisturi Semecnebis individebma, romlebic saqarTvelos

istoriis `Tavidan daweras~ mis garegan gadaazrebaSi xedaven.

bolo dros Cven vnaxeT aseTi gadaazrebis Sedegebi: rom did-

goris velze ver daeteoda im raodenobis jari, rac istoriu-

li wyaroebiTaa cnobili, amitom ar Rirs daviT aRmaSeneblis

rolis esoden gazviadeba, rom Tamaris dros safuZveli Caeya-

ra saqarTvelos dacemas, romelsac momdevno epoqebSi hqonda

adgili, rom giorgi saakaZe erovnuli gmiri ki ara stalinis

mier wamoweuli ambiciuri feodalia, an sulac moRalate, rom

erekle II gonebrivad ver idga saTanado simaRleze, Torem

aseT Secdomebs ar dauSvebda. gansakuTrebuli `Tavdasxmis~

obieqtia vaxtang VI da a.S. zogierTi avtori ki provincializ-

mis pirdapiri gagebis tyveobaSi eqceva da saqarTvelos aRor-

ZinebaSi Tu gadarCenaSi saqarTvelos ama Tu im kuTxis gansa-

kuTrebul rolze saubrobs am kuTxis `gansakuTrebulobis~

xazgasmiT. provinciul — snobisturi cnobierebisTvis ucxoa

qarTveli eris ganviTarebis imanenturi gza, es aris absolu-

turad diletanturi istoriuli sagnebisa da movlenebis ze-

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dapiruli xedva, romelic istorias ver gauZlebs. ufro me-

tic, maSinve dairRveva, rogorc ki gamJRavndeba, magram raxan

aseTi azri mainc gamoCnda, saWirod CavTvaleT yuradReba

gagvemaxvilebina saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis zogierT as-

peqtze.

qarTveli eris filosofiuri istoria ki marTlac dasa-

weria da am mamuliSviluri saqmis Sesruleba momavlis amoca-

naa.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. iv. javaxiSvili, mamuliSviloba da mecniereba, Tb., 1904.

2. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I—IV, me-5 gamo-

cema, Tb., 1960-1967.

3. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1948.

4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi t. III, Tb., 1979.

5. g. yoranaSvili, qarTuli istoriografiis dRevandeli

mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi, Tb., 2008.

6. f. hegeli, istoriis filosofia, Targmani n. naTaZisa, Tb.,

2001.

7. v. guruli, ruseTi modioda Tu erekles mohyavda? gaz. sa-

qarTvelos respublika, 2008, 22 oqtomberi, #198.

8. Бердяев Н.А., Философия свободного духа, М., 1994. 9. Колингвуд Р.Дж., Идея истории, М., 1995. 10. Хаидегер М., Бытье и время, Санкт-Петербург, 2002.

Zurab kvetenadze Professor of the Georgian

Technical University

Is it necessary that Georgian history `write again?~

Summary Recently in historical science, historical publicity or private discussions

there is highlighted the idea, that it’s time to appreciate historical develop-ment of Georgian nation in new way, that it’s necessary that history write

`again~.

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We think that main problem is to realize the way that Georgian nation

passed historically. Great authorities Ivane Javaxishvili, Nico Berzenishvili, Simon Janashia, Shota Mesxia and others perfectly wrote the history of Geor-gia and no one can write it again. It’s not necessary to write the history from

the beginning, but have to write the one that have not been written. We mean

philosophical realization of Georgian history. At that time Ivane Javaxishvili was also talked about the necessity to write the philosophy of history. Such

history has to be written exactly by such authority or group of authorities. And such persons are made by history and epoch itself.

It’s necessary to create the imminent history of Georgian nation. It has

to write not only by its external tragic fate, but at first by internal tragic that is

inspired by the war for freedom. Georgian historian has to discuss the concept of freedom in the history of Georgia and its mystical importance. We say that orthodox Christianity had very important role is the history of Georgia, but it’s necessary to see it in symbols and other kind of sights that come from

godlike world and mention such thought. We think that it’s exactly the patri-monial problem.

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niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-

fesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTava-

ri mecnier-TanamSromeli

soliduri samecniero wigni

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtor, profesor mixeil svani-

Zes, rogorc gamoCenil aRmosavleTmcodnes, kargad icnobs

da saTanadod afasebs ara mxolod qarTvel, aramed ucxoel

mecnierTa farTo wre. igi ukve didi xania, rac sistematurad

aqveynebs Tavis friad sayuradRebo samecniero gamokvlevebs

saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriis aqtualu-

ri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. misi gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovan nawil-

Si monografiulad aris Seswavlili TurqeTis politikuri da

socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis problemebi.

200-ze meti samecniero naSromi qarTul, rusul, Tur-

qul, frangul da inglisur enebze, maT Soris 10 soliduri

wigni — aseTia prof. mixeil svaniZis mravalwliani Tavdauzo-

gavi mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Rvawlmosil mecniersa da peda-

gogs am cota xnis winaT, dabadebidan 80 weli Seusrulda, is

misTvis Cveuli energiiTa da datvirTviT muSaobs.

amis dasturia mecnieris mier ukanasknel periodSi gamo-

cemuli misi naSromebi, romelTa Sorisac gamovyofdiT wigns:

`TurqeTis istoria~ (Tb., 2007 weli, 582 gverdi, ilustrire-

buli), romelSic gaerTianda manamde sam tomad dastambuli

naSromi.

aqve davsZenT, rom am mravalmxriv sayuradRebo naSromi-

saTvis, mis avtors, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis pre-

zidiumis dadgenilebiT, mieniWa akademikos giorgi wereTlis

saxelobis premia.

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sxvadasxva dros prof. m. svaniZem samecniero redaqto-

roba gauwia mraval mniSvnelovan naSroms, romlebic qarTve-

li aRmosavleTmcodneebisaTvis friad Zvirfasi SenaZenia.

am cota xnis winaT, misi redaqtorobiT gamoica solidu-

ri samecniero naSromi: `saerTaSoriso urTierTobani axlo

aRmosavleTSi osmaleT-iranis omebis dros da saqarTvelo

(XVI saukune) [gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tb., 2008, 372 gverdi,

ilustrirebuli].

wigni gamoica akademikos giorgi wereTlis saxelobis

aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis egidiT.

naSromi Sesrulebulia avtorTa koleqtivis mier, ro-

melSic gaerTianebulni iyvnen Semdegi mecnierebi: m. svaniZe

(proeqtis xelmZRvaneli), daviT kacitaZe, Tamaz natroSvili,

kaxaber demetraSvili, rusudan SarumaSvili, nanuli kaWarava

da pavle Tofuria. am wignSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi samecnie-

ro wyaros da literaturis nimuSi Targmnes: cisana abulaZem,

jemSid giunaSvilma, nana janaSiam, Tamar samyuraSvilma da

Tea gagniZem.

am monografiul gamokvlevaSi ganxilulia saerTaSori-

so viTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi, osmaleT-iranis omebi da sa-

qarTvelo XVI saukuneSi; xazgasmulia `gurjistanis sakiTxis~

aqtualuroba osmaleT-iranis omebisa da diplomatiuri mo-

laparakebis dros; gaanalizebulia osmaleT-iranis sazavo

xelSekrulebebi da gaSuqebulia antiosmaluri koaliciebis

Seqmnis cdebi.

imavdroulad, yuradReba eTmoba osmaleTisa da iranis

urTierTobas evropis qveynebTan, maT Soris, ingliselTa sa-

vaWro eqspediciebis saqmianobas kavkasiasa da iranSi.

wignSi Seswavlilia osmalTa da yizilbaSTa laSqrobebi

saqarTveloSi da qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa wina-

aRmdeg. aRniSnulia aseve qarTvel mefeTa diplomatiuri

svlebi qveynis interesebis dasacavad.

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli naSromi uaRresad mniSvnelo-

vani gamokvlevaa da qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis Zvirfas

SenaZens warmoadgens.

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dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis ins-

titutis axali da uaxlesi ganyofilebis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

aleqsandre bendianiSvili

aleqsandre bendianiS-

vils gamorCeuli adgili uWi-

ravs Tanamedrove istorikos-

mkvlevarTa Soris. is iyo maRa-

li zneobis, principuli, simar-

Tlis dasacavad gamarTul

brZolaSi ukompromiso adamia-

ni da es Tvisebebi mis mecnie-

rul moRvaweobazec aisaxa. man,

pirvelma sabWoTa istorikos-

Tagan, obieqturad gaaSuqa

erovnuli sakiTxi, amxila ru-

seTis dampyrobluri politika

saqarTvelos mimarT, misi impe-

riuli miznebi da amocanebi

mTeli XIX-XX saukuneebis man-

Zilze. komunisturi reJimis

dros advili ar iyo koniun-

qturuli Sablonebisa da ste-

reotipebis damsxvreva, tabu-

dadebuli Temebis gaxsna da si-

marTlis dawera. xelisufleba

ideologiur dakveTas aZlevda

sazogadoebriv mecnierebas da

cota vinme Tu axerxebda ar da-

morCileboda am process, principuli da obieqturi kvlevis

meTodis erTguli darCeniliyo. aleqsandre bendianiSvili

swored aseTi mecnieri iyo.

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didi niko berZeniSvilis saukeTeso mowafem, aleqsandre

bendianiSvilma, wina saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi, rodesac Wir-

da sazogadoebriv-politikur da erovnul sakiTxebze wera,

mimarTa socialur Tematikas, am sferos mecnierul Seswavla-

Si sakmaod didi wvlilic Seitana da Seqmna saintereso monog-

rafiuli gamokvlevebi. maTSi aisaxa qarTuli soflis socia-

lur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sruli suraTi: sasaqonlo-

fuladi urTierTobis Camoyalibeba, glexTa socialuri kate-

goriebis yofa, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mecnieris gamok-

vlevebi droebiT-valdebul da xizan glexTa institutebze,

saxelmwifo glexTa begara-gadasaxadebze, mesakuTre glexTa

kategoriis Camoyalibebaze, miwebis yidva-gayidvis da flo-

bis, sasoflo-sazogadoebebis Seqmnisa da sxva Temebis Sesaxeb.

mecnierma guldasmiT Seiswavla 60-70-iani wlebis bur-

Juaziuli reformebis arsi da Sedegebi, misma naSromma saqa-

laqo TviTmmarTvelobebis Sesaxeb am, manamde sruliad Seus-

wavleli sakiTxis irgvliv, sruli da amomwuravi informacie-

bi misca XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qar-

Tuli saqalaqo cxovrebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels.

orive samecniero-sakvalifikacio naSromi mecnierma qar-

Tuli soflis Seswavlas miuZRvna da rodesac amowura es Tema,

1968 wels daculi sadoqtoro disertaciis Semdeg Seudga sa-

zogadoebriv-politikuri da erovnuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas.

TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze gaweuli muSaobis Sedegad Seq-

mnili monografia — `erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-

1921 ww.~ — daibeWda 1980 wels da erTgvari Sokiseburi rezo-

nansic gamoiwvia amdroindel sazogadoebaSi. wignis tiraJis

nawili cenzuram moxsna savaWro qselidan, yvela kiTxulobda

da eZebda mis egzemplarebs, radganac pirvelad iTqva oficia-

luri gamocemidan is simarTle, rac 1801-1921 wlebSi moxda sa-

qarTvelo-ruseTs Soris da adamianebma manamdec icodnen, mag-

ram xmamaRla an veravin ambobda, anda farTo sazogadoebisaT-

vis dafaruli iyo. dokumentebi, romlebic saarqivo fondebSi

ido da nawilobriv iyo cnobili mkvlevarTa nawilisaTvis, man

axleburad gaaxmovana,zustad waikiTxa da obieqturi inter-

pretacia misca maTSi motanil faqtebs. mkvlevrisTvis XIX sau-

kune saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli omebis, antireJimuli ajan-

yebebis mZlavri afeTqebiT iyo saintereso da epoqas sul axa-

li, am movlenebis mizez-Sedegobrivi SefasebiT warmoadgenda.

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mas swamda da kvlevasac im niSniT axdenda, rom ucxoel dam-

pyrobTa winaaRmdeg nebismieri xalxis brZola yovelgvar pi-

robebSi bunebrivi da samarTliania, amitom istorikosma ar un-

da Semoacalos mas namdvili Sinaarsi da mxolod socialuri

moZraobis saxe ar unda dautovos, rogorc amas sabWoTa isto-

riografia axdenda. man gaakritika im mecnierTa Tvalsazrisi,

romlebic ruseTTan saqarTvelos `SeerTebas~ dadebiT movle-

nad da Cveni qveynisTvis sparseT-osmaleTis agresiisagan Tav-

daxsnis saSualebad miiCnevdnen. wignSi daufaravad iTqva, rom

es iyo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos ZaliT dapyroba, aneqsia da am

savalalo process, samwuxarod, qarTulma mxaremac Seuwyo xe-

li. saqarTvelos mefeebma kargad ver Seafases am qristiani me-

zoblis politikuri Zala, radgan XV—XVI saukuneebidanve daiw-

yes masTan dakavSirebisTvis brZola, rodesac ruseTi jer ki-

dev ar warmoadgenda raime mniSvnelovan da angariSgasawev sa-

xelmwifos. ruseTi ki ar exmareboda qarTvel mefeebs, aramed

sparseT-osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolisken mouwodebda. mecni-

eris samarTliani daskvniT, qarTvelebs muslimanuri garemoc-

vis winaaRmdeg brZolis maravalsaukunovani gmiruli tradi-

cia hqondaT, amitom ruseTisagan maT WirdebodaT ara brZo-

lisken mowodeba, aramed realuri daxmareba. magram misi daxma-

reba marto moraluri mxardaWeriT gamoixateboda. qristianu-

li erTmorwmuneoba sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda am ori qveynis sam-

Svidobo sagareo urTierTobisaTvis; rodesac gaZlierda, ru-

seTma araTu daicva, aramed Tavad daipyro saqarTvelo da os-

maleT-sparseTisagan gansxvavebiT, nominaluradac ki ar dato-

va misi saxelmwifoebrioba, bagrationebis aTaswlovani dinas-

tis mefoba mospo, misi warmomadgenlebi ruseTSi ZaliT gaasax-

la, gaarusa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis uflebac waarTva.

mecnierma sruliad daufaravad moitana qarTveli adamianis-

Tvis es gulsaklavi faqtebi: Tu rogori ZaladobiT arRvev-

dnen rusi `mokavSireebi~ georgievskis traqtats, rogor ax-

Sobdnen sisxlis zRvaSi patriot qarTvelTa antireJimul ga-

mosvlebs, ra pirsisxlianebi iyvnen rusi mTavarmmarTeblebi—

knoringi, cicianovi, gudoviCi, tormasovi, markiz pauliCi,

rtiSCevi, ermolovi, paskeviCi Tu sxvebi, ramac wignis didi re-

zonansi da sazogadoebrivi gamoxmaureba ganapiroba. mkiT-

xvelTa ara marto profesiulad dainteresebuli wre, aramed

sazogadoebis yvela warmomadgeneli interesiT kiTxulobda

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da ecnoboda `Tavisuflebis ligis~ saqmianobas, avtonomistTa

moRvaweobis miznebsa da amocanebs, sxvadasva partiaTa ideo-

logias da uaxloesi warsulis istoria maTTvis sruliad axal

furclebs Slida. aseve saintereso da siaxle iyo amdroindeli

mkiTxvelisTvis wignis is Tavi, sadac saubari iyo qarTvel `men-

Sevikebsa~ da saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaze. manamde, rogorc

oficiozi da misi gamocemebi, aseve disidenturi moZraobis

warmomadgenlebi da maTi literatura social-demokratebs

erTnairad akritikebdnen da antiqarTul Zalad moixsenieb-

dnen. aleqsandre bendianiSvilma aCvena ara marto social-de-

mokrat moRvaweTa Secdomebi, aramed maT mier gaweuli Rvaw-

lic saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisa da teri-

toriuli mTlianobis dacvis saqmeSi, maTi brZola saerTaSori-

so asparezze ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis gamosaaSkara-

veblad, gamoavlina is adamianebi, romlebic partiuli kuTvni-

lebis miuxedavad, iyvnen didi patriotebi da qarTveli eris

interesTa uerTgulesi damcvelebi. amaTgan erT-erTs — gri-

gol lorTqifaniZes SemdgomSi calke gamokvlevac miuZRvna da

misi sazogadoebac Seqmna. amasTanave, ar dajerda am wignSi

fragmentulad asaxul saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis daxasiaTebas da vrceli monografiuli gamokvleva gamoaq-

veyna pirveli respublikis saxelmwifo struqturebis, saSinao

da sagareo orientirebis, socialur-ekonomikuri da kultu-

rul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra qarTuli istoriografia

aleqsandre bendianiSvilis 2006 wels gamoqveynebulma gamok-

vlevam — `qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis eta-

pebi~. masSi mecnierma gamoavlina aTwleulebis manZilze dag-

rovili didi codna, kvlevis gamocdileba, gamoiyena axali

meTodologiuri mimarTulebani istoriuli kvlevis dargSi

da Seqmna naSromi qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaze uZvelesi,

adreklasobrivi periodidan Tanamedrove etapamde. monogra-

fiaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos tipebi daxasiaTebuli da Seswav-

lilia Tanadrouli evropisa da aziis did saxelmwifoebTan

SepirispirebiT, gamovlenilia misi Taviseburebebi, naCvenebia

is safuZveli, riTac qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ar daikar-

ga, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas nominaluri arsebobis forma

rCeboda maSin, rodesac imperiebis qveSevrdomobaSi eqceoda,

qarTveli xalxi saWiro dros kvlav aRidgenda xolme srul

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damoukideblobas. mecnierma dasaxa gzebi qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos SesaZlo mowyobisa da struqturuli agebis Sesaxeb, gviC-

vena misi samomavlo gza.

mkvlevari udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda istoriis cod-

nis gadacemas axalgazrdobisTvis. is mudam saubrobda didi

ilias damokidebulebaze istoriis mimarT da cdilobda es-

wavlebina, an saxelmZRvanelod miewodebina Tanamedrove

axalgazrdobisTvis sworad Sedgenili, enobrivad gamarTuli

da kargad sakiTxavi wignebi. am mizniT man Seadgina saqarTve-

los axali da uaxlesi istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. misi azriT,

erovnuli Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da demokratiisaTvis

brZolaSi axalgazrdoba Caeba, magram, imis gamo, rom maT kar-

gad ar ician sakuTari qveynis warsuli, qarTveli eris mra-

valsaukunovani istoria, uWirT Tanamedrove movlenebSi gar-

kveva, qveynisa da eris winaSe dasaxuli mTavari miznebis kar-

gad gaazreba, am naklis gamosworeba aucilebelia istoriuli

mecnierebis swavlebis gaumjobesebiT, qarTveli axalgaz-

rdobis codnis donis amaRlebiT. uamisod verc maT gascemen

pasuxs, vinc winaswarganzraxviT an ucodinrobiT ayalbeben

saqarTvelos istorias, ver amCneven qarTveli eris Rirsebas,

mis SemoqmedebiT unars da Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis perspeq-

tivas eWvqveS ayeneben.

aleqsandre bendianiSvilma udidesi wvlili Seitana 2008

wels gamocemuli vrceli monografiis — `rusuli kolonia-

lizmi saqarTveloSi~ — SeqmnaSi. marTalia, wigns ramdenime av-

tori hyavs, magram, garda imisa, rom misi sakmaod mozrdili

nawili ekuTvnis, mecnierma bevri izruna monografiis gam-

Tlianebasa da erTian stilze. mas SeeZlo SeTanxmebulad emu-

Sava jgufTan, daekavSirebina sxvadasxva avtorTa Tvalsazri-

sebi da samecniero Sexedulebebi erTmaneTTan, Seekra Tema

individualuri naSromebiT. Tu es monografia ase saintereso

da mravalmxrivi gamovida, amaSi batoni aleqsandres am niWmac

iTamaSa garkveuli roli.

Rvawlmosilma mecnierma uamravi moswavle aRzarda, is

iyo saukeTeso pedagogi, masTan urTierToba axalgazrdebSi

profesionalizms, samecniero muSaobisadmi gansakuTrebul

interessa da xelmZRvanelisadmi gamorCeuli mowiwebis

grZnobas aRvivebda. is uyvardaT studentebs saqarTvelos sa-

soflo-sameurneo institutSi, Telavis universitetSi, sam-

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xedro akademiaSi, sadac ramdenime weli kaTedris gamgec iyo

da qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis did saidumloebas istori-

uli gmirebis magaliTiT uziarebda axali, damoukidebeli sa-

qarTvelos momaval jariskacebs.

Tavmdabali, rbili da mimtevebeli xasiaTis adamiani

mxolod maSin aenTeboda xolme, rodesac saqarTvelos isto-

riul warsuls vinme augad Seexeboda, daamaxinjebda, icrueb-

da da ise warmoadgenda, rom qarTveli erisTvis Seuracxyofa

mieyenebina. oponentebs ara emociebze damyarebul, aramed

dokumenturi masalebiT, saarqivo wyaroebiT ganmtkicebul

pasuxs scemda. gansakuTrebiT tkioda guli, rodesac es opo-

nenti araqarTveli ki ara, romelime Secdenili Tanamemamule

iyo. umZimesi iyo misTvis ukanaskneli wlebi. ruseTis mier

Cveni qveynis didi nawilis axal aneqsiasa da okupacias mecnie-

ri mtkivneulad ganicdida, mas adardebda da sicocxles umwa-

rebda fiqri samSoblos momavalze, dakargul teritoriebze,

bedze, romelic ekuTvnoda ara marto dRevandel, aramed

mTel istoriul saqarTvelos, uZvelesi droidan uSores mo-

mavlamde, maradisobamde.

wavida Cvengan didi profesionali, saukeTeso maswavle-

beli da megobari, adamiani, romelsac tkioda da uxaroda sam-

Soblos wuxili da sixaruli, romelic ocnebobda enaxa Zlie-

ri da mSvidi saqarTvelo. darCa uamravi adamianis Tbili gax-

seneba da uryevi rwmena imisa, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi

aleqsandre bendianiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreoba yovel-

Tvis iqneba Rirebuli da gamosayenebeli.

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garekanis bolo gverdze gamosaxulia:

mefe erekle II-is mier 1795 wlis 1 maiss gacemuli wyalobis

sigeli, romelSic dafiqsirebulia sityva `Tbilisi~.

(am dokumentis dedani daculia saqarTvelos centralur

saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi, fondi 1448, sabuTi # 845).

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]