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AP Psychology Scoring Guide

Motivation and Emotion

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1. A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

A left frontal lobe

B base of the brain stem

C area of the hypothalamus

D reticular activating system

E somatosensory cortex

2. A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

A a drive

B a need

C a motive

D an emotion

E an instinct

3. A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of




A habit

B instinct

C adaptation

D altruism

E releasing mechanism

4. A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

A Total lack of interest in food

B Changes in the taste of food, but no change in the amount eaten

C Changes in stomach volume and less-frequent eating

D Frequent eating and obesity

E Reduced production of fat

5. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?




A Individuals may have peak experiences when meeting physiological needs.

B Self-actualization will always precede the meeting of needs for esteem.

C There are cultural differences in the rate at which individuals attain self-actualization.

D Women are more likely to reach self-actualization than men are.

E Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

6. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and tobe valued by others is classified within the category of

A physiological needs

B safety needs

C belongingness needs

D esteem needs

E self-actualization needs

7. According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to




A Respond to an inborn need to pass their genes to the next generation

B Maintain an optimal level of arousal

C Satisfy basic needs such as hunger before proceeding to higher needs such as self-actualization

D Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

E Satisfy needs resulting from tissue deficits

8. According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and jobsatisfaction from their workers if the employers

A double the workers' wages

B pay per hour rather than per quantity produced

C throw a party at the end of each week

D redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility

E monitor workers and punish the ones who are lazy

9. According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer’s theory of emotion, which of the following istrue?




AThe same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context withinwhich the response occurs and a person’s interpretation of that context.

BEnvironmental events trigger physiological responses from the muscles, which in turn activatespecific emotional states.

C Emotional experiences and physiological responses are initiated at the same time.

D Specific hormonal release patterns determine particular emotions.

E Feedback from our facial expressions determines our emotions.

10. After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George’s home andimmediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory ofmotivation that best explains their behavior?

A Arousal

B Social learning

C Self-determination theory

D Drive reduction

E Achievement motivation

11. Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out thetasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia’s sense of confidence as which of thefollowing?




A Reciprocal determinism

B Self-determination

C Psychic determinism

D Self-efficacy

E Phenomenology

12. Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing fieldhockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

A homeostasis

B attribution theory

C catharsis

D extrinsic motivation

E arousal theory

13. Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfortwas caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by




A androgens

B body mass index

C display rules

D a drive

E cognitive dissonance

14. An animal will gain weight when

A it establishes homeostasis

B its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

C it reaches its set point

D its basal metabolism rate increases

E releasing factors are present

15. An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of thefollowing?




A Take a nap

B Eat a snack

C Drink a glass of water

D Drink a diet soda

E Get some exercise

16. Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individualsare most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

A Two individuals who are from different nations

B Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

C An individual who is blind and an individual who can see

D An individual who is deaf and an individual who can hear

EAn individual conforming to the James-Lange theory and an individual conforming to the Schachtertwo-factor theory

17. Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictlyfor pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between




A primary and secondary drives

B instinctive and derived drives

C appetitive and aversive motivation

D intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

E positive and negative reinforcement

18. Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he neverhad issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his newhome, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists whostudy how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

A Hans’s prior colleagues and friends having been overly accommodating of his rude tendencies

B cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

C Japan having a more individualistic culture than Germany

DHans interacting with an abnormally large number of individuals with socio-emotional or personalitydisorders

E Hans having developed a brain tumor that has changed his personality

19. Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?




A The sweet taste of chocolate

B Electric stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain

C A monkey using its tail as a fifth limb to climb higher in a tree

D The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms

E The enjoyment of a frightening movie

20. The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is

A oxytocin

B dopamine

C norepinephrine

D serotonin

E gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

21. Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled fortonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi’s expectations for this task reveal thatshe is exhibiting high




A self-esteem

B self-actualization

C self-efficacy

D self-monitoring

E self-observation

22. Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain

A personality traits

B artificial intelligence

C memory organization

D organic retardation

E reactions to stress

23. Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?




A Instinct theory

B Incentive theory

C Hierarchy of needs

D Arousal theory

E Drive-reduction theory

24. Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following?

A Androgens

B Estrogens

C The hypothalamus

D The kidneys

E The medulla oblongata

25. In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?




A Observation of the external stimulus

B Recollection of similar past experiences

C Experience of physiological changes

D Appraisal of cognitive factors

E Initiation of a fixed-action pattern

26. A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate aperson to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way totest this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

A

Have one group of participants complete three different tasks, offering them three different paymentamounts (small, medium, or large) for each one, based on the participants’ performance. Theresearcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

B

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, orlarge) based on their performance on three different tasks, one task per group. The researcher willlikely find that participants perform the same regardless of pay.

C

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, orlarge) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participantsperform best on the task that pays the most.

D

Have one group of participants complete a task and offer the subjects payment based on theirperformance. Then, ask the participants how much the payment influenced their effort. Theresearcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most.

E

Have one group of participants complete the same task three times, offering the subjects threedifferent payment amounts (small, medium, or large) each time, based on their performance. Theresearcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most.

27. Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of




A maintenance of physiological equilibrium

B internal states of tension that need to be resolved

C external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

D tendencies that strike a balance between biological and social needs

E resolution of cognitive dissonance

28. Isaac’s father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card.Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac’s father?

A Drive reduction

B Instinct

C Intrinsic

D Incentive

E Humanistic

29. Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy’s belief best illustrates




A self-actualization

B psychological reactance

C a preoperational schema

D the basis for psychological determinism

E an internal locus of control

Question is based on the following.

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl’s fear began in childhood when hepetted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Nowwhenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious.

30. Karl may have been reluctant to try therapy to change his fear because he believes that his effortsto change are ineffective. This would indicate that Karl has low

A self-esteem

B self-regulation

C self-perception

D self-efficacy

E self-concept




31. Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected fromdiscussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his researchcontributions, were

A personal interviews; the human response to stress

B experiments; sexual behavior in women

C personal interviews; sexual behavior in women

D experiments; the human response to stress

E experiments; female eating behavior

32. Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dateslately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so shefeels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus’ appraisal theory,

A

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them tosimultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriatephysiological response

BLeo is able to identify his response as fear more quickly than Caitlin can identify her response asexcitement because fear is more evolutionarily important and thus is processed more quickly

CLeo and Caitlin experience different physiological responses to the impending date and interprettheir emotional responses accordingly

DLeo and Caitlin both experience a physiological response and feel either fear or excitementsimultaneously

E Leo would score high on neuroticism, while Caitlin would score high on agreeableness




33. Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. Afew moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down.According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani’s reaction is due to the fact that

A emotions are irrational and bear no relation to the stimuli we perceive

B

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causingTahani’s initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensoryinformation first, which overrode Tahani’s fear response

C

what we perceive automatically triggers physiological arousal, like Tahani’s fear response, but theactual emotion we experience depends on the label we assign to the physiological arousal, likewhen Tahani realized her fear response was irrational

D emotions are not long-lasting

Ethe emotions we feel, like fear, are interpretations of our bodily arousal, which is triggeredautomatically after processing a stimulus

34. Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eageranticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

A Cannon-Bard

B James-Lange

C Drive reduction

D Schachter’s two factor

E Arousal




35. Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he feltmuch happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark’smood?

A The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him.

B The change in flight altitude helped decrease Mark’s stress.

C Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

D Mark helped several passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was.

EMark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during theflight.

36. Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

A Physical safety

B Belonging to a community

C Procreation

D Gaining respect and admiration

E Obtaining food and water

37. Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather herparachute. Melinda’s heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferredthat she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would bestexplain the relationship between Melinda’s physiological state and her apparent attraction to theman that helped her?




A Cannon-Bard

B James-Lange

C Arousal

D Schachter two-factor

E Social exchange

38. Nick is smiling even though he does not feel happy. After a short time he feels happier. The bestexplanation for Nick’s change in mood is

A justification of effort

B facial feedback

C bottom-up processing

D selective encoding

E homeostasis

39. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questions posed,using appropriate psychological terminology. It is not enough to answer a question by merelylisting facts.

Professor Menendez conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of a new medicationfor treating the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.




Part A

Explain the concept of compulsion in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Part B

Explain why each of the following would be used in this experiment to help establish cause andeffect.

Random assignmentPlacebo condition

Part C

Professor Menendez presented the research at an international conference. After thepresentation, audience members met in small groups to discuss the research.

Explain how each of the following may affect the attendees’ discussion of the research.

GroupthinkDisplay rulesBelief perseveranceCocktail party effect

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Part 1A: Compulsion

General Considerations

1. Answers should be presented in sentences cogent enough for the meaning of the response to comethrough. Spelling and grammatical mistakes do not reduce the score of a response, but spelling must beclose enough that the reader is convinced of the word.

2. Do not score any notes made on the question section of the booklet. Score only what has been writtenin the blanks provided in the booklet.

3. Definitions alone will not score, but they may be used to enhance the application.

4. Within a point, a student will not be penalized for misinformation unless it directly contradicts correctinformation that otherwise would have scored a point. A correct application with an incorrect definition is




not considered a direct contradiction and should score the point.

5. Rubric examples provided for each point are not to be considered exhaustive.

6. Responses that simply parrot or repeat the terms from the question will not score.

7. A response can score a point only if it clearly conveys what part of the question is being answered. Itmay be possible to infer what part of the question is being answered if it is consistent with the order of thequestion.

0 1

The response must indicate that a compulsion is a repetitive behavior or mental act (e.g., counting) inresponse to an obsession or done to reduce anxiety/distress. An example of a correct response includesthe following.

· “Jamal washes his hands a lot to reduce his anxiety.”

Part 2B: Random Assignment





4. Within a point, a student will not be penalized for misinformation unless it directly contradicts correctinformation that otherwise would have scored a point. A correct application with an incorrect definition isnot considered a direct contradiction and should score the point.







0 1

The response must refer to minimizing the impact of subject variables (e.g., age, gender, weight) betweengroups. Examples of correct responses include the following.

· “Random assignment allows for the creation of groups that are more similar to each other.”

· “Random assignment reduces the chance that subject variables will confound the experiment.”

Part 3B: Placebo Condition








7. A response can score a point only if it clearly conveys what part of the question is being answered. It




may be possible to infer what part of the question is being answered if it is consistent with the order of thequestion.

0 1

The response must indicate that the placebo condition allows researchers to separate the effect of thedrug itself from the expectations of the participants. Examples of correct responses include the following.

· “A placebo condition allows conclusions about the effectiveness of medication independent of theparticipants’ expectations.”

· “Placebo condition would be used to establish cause and effect by ensuring that improvements in thepatients would not just be because they were told the drug would work.”

Part 4C: Groupthink








7. A response can score a point only if it clearly conveys what part of the question is being answered. Itmay be possible to infer what part of the question is being answered if it is consistent with the order of the




question.

0 1

The response must indicate that the discussions at the conference are limited because attendees fail toshare opinions or fully examine evidence for some group-related reason. Examples of correct responsesinclude the following.

· “Dr. Smith disagreed with the results of Professor Menendez’s research but refrained from sharing herviewpoints with the group.”

· “The participants may not voice their opinions and just conform to the majority.”

Part 5C: Display Rules












0 1

The response must indicate that learned or culturally based displays of emotion, or the management ofemotional expression, affect the discussions of the attendees at the conference. Facial expressionestablishes emotional expression, but body language and gestures alone do not. An example of a correctresponse includes the following.

· “If Prof. Menendez grew up in the U.S., he will show his emotions freely. If Mr. Nagasami is coming fromJapan, he may not show his happiness and Prof. Menendez may read it as anger.”

Part 6C: Belief Perseverance












0 1

The response must indicate that an attendee maintains a belief despite contradictory evidence. Anexample of a correct response includes the following.

· “Cesar maintains his belief that OCD doesn’t exist, even after hearing Prof. Menendez’s evidence-basedtalk that it does exist.”

Part 7C: Cocktail Party Effect









0 1




The response must indicate that during the conference attendees are able to filter out other noises andfocus on one voice in the room. Examples of correct responses include the following.

· “There is construction noise, but Teresa is easily able to just focus on her group’s discussion.”

· “Hearing their name called across the noisy room can distract a participant from the group’sconversation.”

40. One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the

A universality of facial expressions across cultures

B vast differences in facial expressions between males and females

C ease with which people can learn to change their facial expressions under differing circumstances

D way children’s facial expressions differ from adults’

E way in which individuals’ facial expressions change as they get older

41. Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam’sparents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on




A instinctive needs

B primary needs

C extrinsic motivation

D intrinsic motivation

E reactance

42. Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked theirexpressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone.American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of anauthority figure. Ekman’s findings illustrate what he calls

A the facial feedback hypothesis

B display rules

C phlegmatic personalities

D the two-factor theory

E adaptation-level phenomenon

43. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the questions posed,using appropriate psychological terminology. It is not enough to answer a question by merelylisting facts.




Karl is planning for finals week at college. He has exams in four classes and has a groupproject in one of his classes.

Part A

Provide a specific application of how each of the following could help Karl succeed on the fourexams.

State-dependent memoryDistributed practiceLong-term potentiationSelf-efficacy

Part B

Provide a specific application of how each of the following could hinder Karl’s contribution tothe success of the group project.

Convergent thinkingInformational social influenceDefense mechanism of regression

Please respond on separate paper, following directions from your teacher.

Part 1A: State-Dependent Memory












0 1

The response must indicate that Karl will better recall information if he is in the same internal state (e.g.,physiological, emotional, mental) in which he learned that information. An example of a correct responseincludes the following.

· “He is highly caffeinated when he takes an exam, just as he was when he studied the night before. Thus,he remembers the material better.”

Part 2A: Distributed Practice












0 1

The response must indicate that Karl will have better retention or success in learning the material if hisstudying is spaced out or spread out over multiple time periods. Examples of correct responses includethe following.

· “Karl should space out his study sessions because they will allow for better recall during tests.”

· “Karl’s preparation will be more effective if he studies regularly.”

· If the response refers to the “spacing effect” as describing a distributed practice this is correct to score.

Part 3A: Long-Term Potentiation












0 1

The response must indicate that Karl’s studying of the material will strengthen neural pathways (e.g.,synapses, neural communication, neural connections, neural transmission), resulting in improved memoryof that material. An example of a correct response includes the following.

· “Karl’s studying strengthened his neural pathways leading to better memory.”

Part 4A: Self-Efficacy












0 1

The response must indicate that Karl’s belief in his ability to succeed in his preparation or on an exam willhelp him do well. An example of a correct response includes the following.

· “Karl will do better if he believes he can do well on his exam.”

Part 5B: Convergent Thinking









0 1




The response must indicate that Karl’s narrowness of focus limits the number or creativity of the optionshe contributes to the project or impedes the group’s success. Examples of correct responses include thefollowing.

· “Karl thought of a single solution, so he didn’t offer alternatives.”

· “This may hinder Karl’s contribution to the success of the group project because he couldn’t thinkoutside of the box.”

Part 6B: Informational Social Influence









0 1

The response must indicate that Karl’s contribution, or the success of the group, is hindered because he




has been influenced by people he believes have more knowledge than he does. Examples of correctresponses include the following.

· “Karl believes his group members were correct, so he does not share his ideas.”

· “The project failed when Karl went along with the group because he felt they had more knowledge.”

Note: Responses must have an explicit reference to Karl’s belief that the influencer knows more.

Part 7B: Defense Mechanism of Regression









0 1

The response must indicate that Karl reverts back to an earlier stage of development, negatively affecting




his contribution to the group or the group’s success. Examples of correct responses include the following.

· “Karl begins acting like a child, causing conflict in the group.”

· “Karl goes back to an earlier stage of thinking and makes useless contributions to the group project.”

44. An example of a primary drive is

A sleeping

B having a job

C earning money

D receiving grades

E owning a car

45. Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that allstudents in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into twogroups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchersthen observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when theyare allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previousfindings, the researchers are most likely to find that




Athe independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has noeffect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time

B

the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has asignificant effect, such that the students in the paid group spend more time doing puzzles duringtheir break time

C

the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has asignificant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during theirbreak time

D

the dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has asignificant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during theirbreak time

Ethe dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has noeffect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time

46. Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is

A the level at which the person feels most comfortable

B the level at which the person feels least comfortable

C seldom an intermediate level

D related to task difficulty

E unrelated to task difficulty

47. Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people whoare extrinsically motivated tend to




A work harder and enjoy their work more

B work less and enjoy their work less

C more eagerly look forward to rewards like paychecks

D be less creative and less effective

E respond to a challenge by working less

48. Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting tomake the track team is an example of

A extrinsic motivation

B intrinsic motivation

C achievement motivation

D a need for affiliation

E a need for belongingness

49. Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourageShaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to




A give her $1 for every book she finishes

B give her $20 for every book she finishes

C do nothing additional

D ask her teachers to give her a gold star at school for each book she reads

E restrict her choice of books to classic literature

50. Sheila has a favorite book that she enjoys so much she has read it several times. This book is nowassigned in her literature class, and students receive gift certificates for each chapter they read. Asthe class progresses through the book, Sheila finds she enjoys it less. This illustrates

A overjustification

B anchoring and adjustment

C habituation

D extinction

E cognitive dissonance

51. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from




A biochemical changes in the pituitary

B cognitive labels of physiological changes

C instinctual behavior

D level of arousal

E need for affiliation

52. Stanley Schachter’s explanation of emotions places emphasis on

A simultaneous arousal and emotional experience

B the role of the hypothalamus

C the range of emotions that are genetically inherited

D a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

E an optimistic explanatory style

53. Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with thepuzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates whichof the following principles?




A Latent learning

B Self-fulfilling prophecy

C Intermittent reinforcement

D The overjustification effect

E The law of effect

54.

The graph above supports which of the following statements?




A Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

B Difficult tasks require higher than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance.

C Difficult tasks become easier when arousal is increased.

D Performance level is independent of task difficulty.

E Easy tasks require lower than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance.

55. The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of

A set point theory

B framing

C locus of control theory

D intrinsic motivation

E extrinsic motivation

56. The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of




A facial expressions

B body language

C linguistic structures

D hedonic relevance

E biological symmetry

57. Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in asteady state are called

A mechanistic

B homeostatic

C reductionistic

D genetic

E instinctual

58. Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?




A Appraisal, stress response, coping

B Shock, anger, self-control

C Anxiety, fighting, adapting

D Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

E Attack, flight, defense

59. Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states thatcause us to try to satisfy those needs?

A Instinct theory

B Drive theory

C Arousal theory

D Incentive theory

E Hierarchy of needs

60. When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with ahappy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with anangry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explainsthese results?




A James-Lange

B Ekman

C Cannon-Bard

D Schachter-Singer

E Opponent-process

61. Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with theshort route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

A Sherry receives a high score on an exam and jumps up and down in celebration.

BMiguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When herealizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

CHannah has seen her mother crying at greeting card commercials, so now Hannah always crieswhenever she sees a greeting card commercial.

DAs Charulata approaches her front door, she hears a rustle in the bushes. She sees the tail of a catsticking out of the bushes, so she calmly walks into the house.

EWhile waiting for a concert to begin, the crowd gets rowdy, so Anna joins in the rowdy behavior andbegins to shout.

62. Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness,are innate?




A Individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry.

BMost individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during thesensorimotor period.

CBasic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diversecultures.

DMost individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and thecontext of their present situation.

E Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry.

63. Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain itsbiological equilibrium?

A Opponent-process

B Plasticity

C Homeostasis

D Incentive

E Natural selection

64. Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put onwarmer clothing when they start to feel cold?




A Set-point theory

B Homeostasis

C Self-serving bias

D Refractory period

E Assimilation

65. Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

A Safety, physiological, esteem

B Basic, subordinate, intermediate

C Basic, subordinate, superordinate

D Physiological, safety, esteem, belonging, self-actualization

E Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

66. Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?




A There are several universal emotions.

B Anger is a cognitive state with no physiological correlates.

C The polygraph is highly effective at detecting lies.

D Emotional intelligence is highly correlated with Type A personality.

E The cerebellum is the origin of most emotional experience in the brain.

67. Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

A Manny decides that he is overweight and goes on a diet.

B Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

C Bert eats nothing but fruits and grains for a week before a huge holiday dinner.

D Edesa stays up later than normal to study for a test.

E Lian becomes angry after sitting in traffic for an hour and a half.

68. Which of the following most accurately characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the regulationof hunger?




A It primarily responds to such environmental cues as the sight and smell of food.

B It acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety.

C It monitors stomach contractions through the cranial nerves to determine the extent of hunger.

D It is effective in triggering, but not in depressing, the sensation of hunger.

E It produces a sense of satiety to counter hunger feelings that arise from stomach contractions.

69. Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A Social affiliation

B Self-actualization

C Fight-or-flight response

D Intrinsic motivation

E Drive reduction

70. Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?



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A Roger has not eaten all day; therefore, he daydreams about pizza.

B Pam was extremely thirsty and drank two bottles of water after running two miles.

CJennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade thatshe brings home.

D Despite low grades, Fred continues to study because he is interested in the material.

E Kevin says that he is constantly hungry and eats at least five meals a day to reduce his hunger.

71. Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension thatmotivates an organism to satisfy the need?

A Opponent-process

B Drive-reduction

C Incentive

D Arousal

E Gate-control

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