希土類化合物 Material Matters v6n2 Japanese

TMMaterials Science

Volume 6, Number 2

Crucial Elements of Advanced Technologies

Gearing up for the future

2

2011 2 Material Matters REEthe rare earth element 1-5 Nathan Henderson, Ph.D. Aldrich Materials Science Sigma-Aldrich CorporationTM

Volume 6, Number 2

________________________ 2 ____________________ 2 Your Material Matters ___________ 3 2010 2015 _______________ 4 _____________ 15 ___________________ 20

15 6 15 fraternal fifteen 7 1996 8 9 Karl Gschneidner, Jr. Distinguished Professor Ames Laboratory Julia Chan Louisiana Dhanesh Chandra Nevada Reno References(1) Kane, T.J. and Byer, R.L Optics Letters 1985, 10, 65. (2) Ronda, C.R.; Jstel, T.; Nikol, J. J. Alloys Compd. 1998, 275, 669. (3) Voorhoeve, R.J.H.; Remeika, J.P.; Freeland, P.E.; Matthias, B.T. Science 1972, 177, 353. (4) Sagawa, M.; Fujimura, S.; Togawa, N.; Yamamoto, H.; Matsuura, Y. J. Appl. Phys. 1984, 55, 2083. (5) Kitto, M.E.; Anderson, D.L.; Gordon, G.E.; Olmex, I Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 1368. (6) Suess, H.E. and Urey, H.C. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1956, 28, 53. (7) Castor, S.B. and Hedrick, J.B. in Industrial minerals & rocks-Commodities, markets, and uses, 7th ed.; SME: Littleton, Colorado, p 769. (8) Hedrick, J.B. Rare Earths U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Information 1996. (9) Humphries, M. Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain CRS Reports 2010, R41347.

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Your Material Matters ? [email protected]

Jeff Thurston, President Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.

Mark Allendorf Sandia MOFMetal organic framework 2,2'-Diamino-4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid Aldrich 721247 MOF

1 MOF 2 3 MOF HO O NH2

2,2-Diamino-4,4-stilbenedicarboxylic acidC16H14N2O4 FW 298.29H2N O OH

mp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 to 205 C

References(1) Bauer, C.A.; Timofeeva, T.V.; Settersten, T.B.; Patterson, B.D.; Liu, V.H.; Simmons, B.A.; Allendorf, M.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7136. (2) Doty, F.P.; Bauer, C.A.; Skula, A.J.; Grant, P.G.; Allendorf, M.D. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 95. (3) Wang, Z.; Cohen, S.M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1315.

721247-500MG

500 mg

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Materials Science

Tel:03-5796-7340Fax:03-5796-7345 E-mail:[email protected]

4

2010 2015 0.5% ROWthe USA and the rest of the non Chinese world ROW 100% K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA Email: [email protected]

La Ce 900% 1 25 75 2 31% 1 Mountain Pass 15 Mountain Pass 5 75 ROW ? ROW ?

1 p. 6 7

Abundance, atoms of element per 106 atoms of Si


Materials Science

2010

2015

97% Bayan Obo 2%

2 USGS United States Geological Survey SIR10-5220 Mineral Monazite Bastnsite Xenotime Laterite clays Loparite Composition (Ce,La,Nd,Y,Th)PO4 (Ce,La,Y)CO3F YPO4 Ion-absorption clays (Ce,Na,Ca) (Ti,Nb)O 3 %wt REO 35-71 70-74 52-67 32-34

109O H C Al Na

106

Rock-forming elements SiK P S Cl Ca Fe Ti Mn V Cr Sc Co

major minorCu Sr Zr Zn Rb Nb Ga Y Ni As Ge Br MoSe

Relative abundance of the chemical elements in Earths upper continental crust

Mg F N

10

3

Li Be B

Ba Sn

1

3

Nd Pb Gd Er Hf Sm Dy Yb Ta Pr Cs W Eu Tl Cd SbI Tb Ho Tm Lu Ag Bi Hg In La Te Pd Rh Rarest metals, Te Re Os Ir Au Pt

Ce

LanthanidesTh U

10-3

Ce Rare earth elements Fe Major industrial metals Au Precious metals

Ru

10-6

10

20

30

40 50 60 Atomic number, Z

70

80

90

1 Gordon Haxel USGS


5

2 t 1960 1 10% 2010 12 4 t Eu 1960 TV Molycorp Mountain Pass 1964 2 50% 1984 1985 1990 1990 1990

/ 2 1 5 t t 3 4 Ames Laboratory Materials Preparation Center 4

LCD Science1 Chemical and Engineering News2REO (% Total Volume Produced)

REO 28% Nd 16% Pr 5% Gd 1.5% Er 0.5% Tb 0.3% Ho 0.1%

Ce 30% La 25% Y 6% Sm 2% Dy 1%

2010

Bloomberg/Business Week3 75% 1970 30 290% 30% Gd Lu ROW REO 2009 4 t xenotime laterite clay 2007 3 4 t 20% 2010 1.5 2 t 1 4 3 2 2 balanced surplus tight 1 3 Ce 30% 28% La 25% Nd 16% Pr 5% 10 Sm 3 Gd 2% 7 0.5% Dy 43% 50%

2015

Eu 0.3% Yb 0.2% Tm 0.1%

Lu 0.1%

2 REO

Rare Earth Usage by ApplicationChemical catalysts - 22% Metallurgy - 21% Automotive catalytic converters - 13% Ceramics and glasses - 9% Phosphors - 8% Permanent Magnets - 7% Electronics - 3% Other - 3%

3 2009 USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries

4 Ames Laboratory Materials Science


6

1 REO % * ** Mg Al BaTiO3 Prius LaNi5 Mg Al X BaTiO3 Ce ZrO2 BaTiO3 Mg Al Nd2Fe14B Nd Pr ZrO 2 BaTiO3 X Nd

28

Balanced4 t REO

REO

25

Balanced3.6 t REO

Lanthanum La


Materials Science

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2015

30

Cerium Ce

Surplus4.2 t REO supply 5.5 t REO

5

Balanced7 t REO

Praseodymium Pr

16

Neodymium Nd

Tight slight shortage 2.3 t REO 2.8 t Nd

Nd2Fe14B 2 iPod Mg YAG / Nd ZrO2 BaTiO3 Pr SmCox 5 x 8.5

2

Balanced2.8 t REO

Samarium Sm


7

REO %

*

** CFL LFL X

0.3

Balanced0.4 t REO

Europium Eu

LED

1.5

Balanced2.1 t REO

Gadolinium Gd

X MRI X YGG

0.3

Tight shortage 0.4 t REO

Terbium Tb

CFL LFL LED X Terfenol-D Tb0.3Dy0.7 2 Fe Nd2Fe14B Terfenol-D Tb0.3Dy0.7 2 Fe

2010

2015

1.0

Tight shortage 1.4 t REO

Dysprosium Dy

0.1 0.5

Surplus0.1 t REO Balanced0.7 t REO

Holmium Ho

Er ZrO2

Erbium Er

0.1

Surplus0.1 t REO

X

Thulium Tm

0.2

Surplus0.3 t REO

Ytterbium Yb

Yb2 X CFL LFL YAG Y ZrO2 YGG YIG YBa2CuO7 SiN Y2O3 MgMaterials Science

0.1

Surplus0.1 t REO

Lutetium Lu

6

Balanced8.5 t REO

Yttrium Y

*REO**


8

ROW 2010 6 t 2015 5 t Mountain Pass 2012 2 t/ 2013 2 Mount Weld 2011 2013 2.1 t/ 2 2014 2015

50 ROW 5 5 10

2 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Tb Dy Nd 3 2011 2015 5 2014 2015 2 Orissa Dong Pao ROW 5 t 5 REO 2013 2015 10 100 150 1 10% 2015 2020


Materials Science

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1980 1990 10 15 ROW

2015

ROW 1 2% 0.1% 4f 4f 1 Eu 50 Aldrich Sm Ce 692859 692840 692832 30 Nd-Fe-B Aldrich 693790 693782 693820 27

OEM 2011 2015 ROW CFL ROW OEM original equipment LCD manufacturer OEM 1990 ROW OEM OEM


9

ROW 5 1992 2005

1 Nd-Fe-B Nd Pr 1 Pr 4 Nd Nd Pr 1 50% Ce 25% La 15% Nd Pr 4% La 50 K YBa2Cu3OAldrich 7 6 1 328626 Y Nd Nd Y ? ? PC 50% 2 1 1 CAFE CAFEcorporate average fuel economy 2016 35.5 / 2015 ROW 2015 ? 2025 1 1990 2000

ROW

V. K. Pecharsky H. King E. Anderson A. I. S. R. Karsjen Sigma-Aldrich Nathaniel Henderson Ames Laboratory Iowa DE-AC02-07CH11358 the Office of Office of Basic Energy Science Sciences Materials Sciences Division References(1) Stone, R. Science 2009, 325, 1336. (2) Jacoby, M.; Jiang, J. Chem. Eng. News 2010, 88, 9. (3) Robison, P.; Ratnam, G. Pentagon Losing Control of Bombs to Chinas Monopoly. Bloomberg/Business Week, Sept. 30, 2010. (4) Materials Preparation Center, The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Ames, IA, USA. http://www.mpc.ameslab.gov (accessed April 2011). (5) Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. Magnetics Business & Technology 2011, 10(1), 6. (6) American Superconductor, Sea Titan Data Sheet, http://www.amsc.com/products/ applications/windenergy/seatitan.html (accessed April 2011).

2010

2015

We Focus on MaterialsSo you can focus on results

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Material MattersAldrich M at e r ials Sci e n ce

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Modern Polymeri

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1 2010

zation

Techniqu

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Photovoltaic Energy s, Ionic Liquid s, and MOFs

Alternativ e

Vol. 4, No.

4

Fragmentation Addition Reversible f (RAFT ) Polymerization (RAFT) Using a Chain Transfer Synthesis NitroxideBlock Copolymer Available Polymerization Commercially Radical Mediated (NMP)

Initiator and of yone: Ligands Everyone: for Ever Clean Synthesis A ATRP for for the f Initiators Polymers n in a Functional Polymerizatio Field Asymmetric Cr ystal Reaction Chiral Liquid

n polymerizatio Start living with controlled

Solar light

is energy

for everyone

cient Dye-Sensitized Cells for Solar Direct Conversion Sunlight to Electricity of and Stable cient Solar Cells Dye-Sensitized The Relentless Rise of Disruptive Photovoltaics Ionic Liquids for Energy Storage Applications Selected Applications Metal-Organic of Frameworks Sustainable in Energy Technologies

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www.sigma-aldrich.com/metalceramic-jp

Rare Earth HalidesName Cerium(III) bromide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride Formula CeBr3 CeCl3 7H2O CeCl3 7H2O Purity 99.9% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis Physical Form powder crystals and lumps crystals and lumps Prod. No. 449725-1G 202983-10G 202983-100G 228931-25G 228931-100G 228931-500G 229555-10G 229555-50G 435937-5G 456829-1G 429376-1G 575240-5G 325546-5G 325546-25G 203173-10G 289272-25G 450847-25G 652423-1G 429333-1G 575224-25G 449792-5G 449792-25G 203211-20G 289256-25G 289256-100G 432156-5G 439789-1G 575259-5G 431850-1G 431850-5G 429732-1G 429732-5G 238066-1G 238066-10G 203254-1G 203254-5G 203254-25G 212881-5G 212881-25G 449806-1G 449806-5G 474770-1G 474770-5G 485020-2G 439770-5G 439770-25G 203289-1G 203289-5G 203289-25G G7532-5G G7532-25G

Cerium(III) fluoride

CeF3 CeF4 CeI3 DyBr3 DyBr3 xH2O DyCl3 DyCl3 6(H2O) DyCl3 6(H2O) DyF3 DyI2 DyI3 ErBr3xH2O ErCl3 ErCl36H2O ErCl36H2O ErF3 ErI3 EuBr3 xH2O EuCl2 EuCl3 EuCl3 EuCl3 6H2O

99.99% trace metals basis 99% 99.95% 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.995% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis

powder powder powder powder solid powder solid crystals and lumps powder powder flakes solid powder solid crystals and lumps powder powder solid powder and chunks powder powder crystals and lumps

Cerium(IV) fluoride Cerium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) bromide Dysprosium(III) bromide Dysprosium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) fluoride


Materials Science

2010

Dysprosium(II) iodide Dysprosium(III) iodide Erbium(III) bromide Erbium(III) chloride Erbium(III) chloride Erbium(III) chloride

2015

Erbium(III) fluoride Erbium(III) iodide Europium(III) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) chloride

Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Gadolinium(III) bromide Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride

EuCl3 6H2O EuF3 EuI2 GdBr3 GdCl3 GdCl3 6H2O

99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis

crystals and lumps powder powder powder powder crystals and lumps

Gadolinium(III) chloride

GdCl3 6H2O

99%, titration

powder


11

Name Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) iodide Holmium(III) bromide Holmium(III) bromide Holmium(III) chloride Holmium(III) chloride Holmium(III) fluoride Lanthanum(III) bromide Lanthanum(III) chloride Lanthanum(III) chloride Lanthanum(III) fluoride Lanthanum(III) iodide Lutetium(III) bromide Lutetium(III) chloride Lutetium(III) chloride Lutetium(III) chloride Lutetium(III) fluoride Lutetium(III) iodide Neodymium(III) bromide Neodymium(III) chloride Neodymium(III) chloride Neodymium(III) fluoride Neodymium(II) iodide Neodymium(III) iodide Praseodymium(III) bromide Praseodymium(III) bromide Praseodymium(III) chloride Praseodymium(III) chloride Praseodymium(III) fluoride Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(II) iodide Samarium(II) iodide

Formula GdCl3 xH2O GdF3 GdI3 HoBr3 HoBr3 xH2O HoCl3 HoCl3 6H2O HoF3 LaBr3 xH2O LaCl3 7H2O LaCl3 xH2O LaF3 LaI3 LuBr3 LuCl3 LuCl3 6H2O LuCl3 6H2O LuF3 LuI3 NdBr3 NdCl3 NdCl3 6H2O NdF3 NdI2 NdI3 PrBr3 PrBr3 xH2O PrCl3 PrCl3 xH2O PrF3 SmBr3 SmCl3 SmCl3 6H2O SmCl3 6H2O SmI2 SmI2

Purity 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% 99.99% trace metals basis 99% 99.9% trace metals basis -

Physical Form solid powder powder powder powder and chunks powder crystals and lumps powder powder and chunks solid powder and chunks powder powder powder powder crystalline crystalline powder powder powder powder crystals and lumps powder powder powder powder chunks powder solid powder powder powder crystalline powder and chunks powder liquid

Prod. No. 450855-10G 450855-50G 432164-5G 432164-25G 466298-1G 439762-5G 575232-5G 575232-25G 450901-1G 450901-5G

289213-5G 289213-25G 432075-10G 575275-5G 575275-25G 203521-25G 203521-100G 211605-100G 211605-500G 449857-5G 449857-25G 413674-1G 413674-5G 587133-1G 450960-1G 450960-5G

2010

2015

542075-1G 542075-5G 298131-1G 432113-5G 460575-5G 439711-5G 449946-5G 449946-25G 289183-25G 449954-10G 652431-1G 652431-5G 659215-1G 659215-5G 439703-2G 575267-5G 298298-5G 205141-10G 205141-50G 432091-5G 416630-5G 400610-2G 400610-10G 204277-5G 248800-10G 248800-50G 409340-1G 409340-5G 347116-25ML 347116-100ML 347116-800ML 484032-1G 517526-1G 451266-1G 451266-5G

Samarium(III) iodide Scandium(III) bromide Scandium(III) chloride

SmI3 ScBr3 ScCl3

99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis

powder powder powder

Materials Science


12

Name Scandium(III) chloride Scandium(III) chloride Scandium(III) fluoride Scandium(III) iodide Terbium(III) bromide Terbium(III) chloride Terbium(III) chloride Terbium(III) chloride Terbium(III) chloride Terbium(III) chloride

Formula ScCl3 ScCl3 6H2O ScF3 ScI3 TbBr3 TbCl3 TbCl3 TbCl3 6H2O TbCl3 6H2O TbCl3xH2O TbF3 TbI3 TmBr3 TmCl3 TmCl3 6H2O TmF3 YbBr3 YbBr3 xH2O YbCl3 YbCl3 YbCl3 6H2O YbCl3 6H2O YbF3 YbI2 YCl3 YCl3 6H2O YCl3 6H2O YCl3 6H2O YF3 YI3

Purity 99.9% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% 99.99% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% 99.998% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.98% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis

Physical Form powder powder powder powder powder powder powder powder and chunks solid solid powder flakes powder powder powder powder powder pellets beads powder powder and chunks crystals and lumps powder powder powder solid powder crystals and lumps powder flakes

Prod. No. 409359-1G 409359-5G 451274-1G 432105-1G 439673-1G 466344-1G 451304-1G 451304-10G 439657-2G 439657-10G 204560-1G 204560-5G 212903-5G 212903-25G 451312-5G 432067-5G 427098-1G 439630-1G 439649-1G 439649-5G 204668-1G 204668-5G 432148-1G 432148-5G 451320-1G 544965-5G 450073-5G 450073-25G 439614-5G 204870-10G 204870-50G 337927-10G 337927-50G 432121-10G 494372-1G 494372-5G 451363-10G 451363-50G 204919-10G 204919-50G 464317-25G 464317-100G 211648-50G 211648-250G 451371-10G 413011-1G

Terbium(III) fluoride Terbium(III) iodide Thulium(III) bromide Thulium(III) chloride Thulium(III) chloride Thulium(III) fluoride Ytterbium(III) bromide Ytterbium(III) bromide Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride


Materials Science

2010

2015

Ytterbium(III) fluoride Ytterbium(II) iodide Yttrium(III) chloride Yttrium(III) chloride Yttrium(III) chloride Yttrium(III) chloride Yttrium(III) fluoride Yttrium(III) iodide

Rare Earth NitratesName Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate Formula Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 Purity 99.99% trace metals basis Physical Form crystalline Prod. No. 229547-10G 229547-50G 229547-250G 202991-25G 202991-125G 392219-25G 392219-100G 238538-100G 238538-500G 298158-25G 298158-100G 298166-25G 298166-100G 207918-1G 207918-10G 207918-50G 254061-1G 254061-10G

Cerium(III) nitrate Cerium(III) nitrate Cerium(III) nitrate Dysprosium(III) nitrate Erbium(III) nitrate Europium(III) nitrate

Ce(NO3)3 6H2O Ce(NO3)3 6H2O Ce(NO3)3 6H2O Dy(NO3)3xH2O Er(NO3)35H2O Eu(NO3)3 5H2O

99.999% trace metals basis 99.99% trace metals basis 99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis

crystals and lumps crystals and lumps crystals and lumps crystals and lumps crystals and lumps crystals and lumps

Europium(III) nitrate

Eu(NO3)3 xH2O

99.99% trace metals basis

solid


13

Name Gadolinium(III) nitrate Gadolinium(III) nitrate Holmium(III) nitrate Lanthanum(III) nitrate Lanthanum(III) nitrate

Formula Gd(NO3)3 6H2O Gd(NO3)3 6H2O Ho(NO3)3 5H2O La(NO3)3 6H2O La(NO3)3 6H2O

Purity 99.99% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.0%, titration 99.999% trace metals basis

Physical Form solid crystals and lumps solid crystalline solid

Prod. No. 451134-10G 451134-50G 211591-25G 211591-100G 325732-10G 325732-50G 61520-100G-F 61520-500G-F 203548-25G 203548-100G 203548-500G 331937-5G 331937-100G 331937-500G 238554-100G 238554-500G 542067-5G 436429-1G 436429-5G

Lanthanum(III) nitrate

La(NO3)3 6H2O

99.99% trace metals basis

solid

Lanthanum(III) nitrate Lutetium(III) nitrate Lutetium(III) nitrate Neodymium(III) nitrate Praseodymium(III) nitrate

La(NO3)3xH2O Lu(NO3)3xH2O Lu(NO3)3xH2O Nd(NO3)3 6H2O Pr(NO3)36H2O

99.9% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis

powder and chunks solid crystals and lumps crystalline crystalline

289175-25G 289175-100G 205133-10G 205133-50G 205133-250G 298123-25G 298123-100G 325945-5G 325945-25G 217212-2G 217212-10G 217220-5G 217220-25G 209147-10G 209147-50G

Samarium(III) nitrate Terbium(III) nitrate Terbium(III) nitrate Ytterbium(III) nitrate Ytterbium(III) nitrate

Sm(NO3)3 6H2O Tb(NO3)3 5H2O Tb(NO3)3 6H2O Yb(NO3)3 5H2O Yb(NO3)3 5H2O

99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.999% trace metals basis 99.999% 99.9% trace metals basis

powder and chunks solid crystals and lumps chunks crystals and lumps

2010

2015

Rare Earth Acetates and AcetylacetonatesName Cerium(III) acetate Cerium(III) acetylacetonate Europium(III) acetate Gadolinium(III) acetate Gadolinium(III) acetylacetonate Lanthanum(III) acetate Lanthanum(III) acetylacetonate Terbium(III) acetate Ytterbium(III) acetate Formula Ce(CH3CO2)3 xH2O Ce(C5H7O2)3 xH2O Eu(CH3CO2)3 xH2O Gd(CH3CO2)3 xH2O Gd(C5H7O2)3 xH2O La(CH3CO2)3 xH2 O La(C5H7O2)3 xH2O Tb(CH3CO2)3 xH2O Yb(C2H3O2)3 4H2O Purity 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis 99.9% trace metals basis Physical Form powder and chunks crystalline powder powder crystalline powder powder crystalline powder powder crystals and lumps powder and chunks Prod. No. 367753-50G 367753-250G 381403-50G 381403-250G 325627-5G 325627-25G 325678-25G 325678-100G 331716-5G 331716-25G 306339-100G 306339-500G 325759-10G 325759-100G 325929-5G 325929-25G 326011-10G 326011-50G

Materials Science


Materials Science

High-Purity Beaded Rare Earth Materials

Name Cerium(III) chloride, anhydrous Cerium(III) chloride, anhydrous Cerium(III) bromide, anhydrous Cerium(III) iodide, anhydrous Lanthanum(III) chloride, anhydrous Lanthanum(III) chloride, anhydrous Lanthanum(III) bromide, anhydrous Lanthanum(III) iodide, anhydrous Praseodymium(III) chloride, anhydrous Samarium(III) chloride, anhydrous Ytterbium(III) chloride, anhydrous Yttrium(III) chloride, anhydrous

Formula CeCl3 CeCl3 CeBr3 CeI3 LaCl3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 PrCl3 SmCl3 YbCl3 YCl3

Purity (Trace Metals Basis) 99.9% 99.99% 99.99% 99.99% 99.9% 99.99% 99.99% 99.9% 99.99% 99.99% 99.99% 99.99%

Prod. No. 298190 429406 563226 466085 298182 449830 449822 413674 451215 449997 450073 450103


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Ce Pr Devin C. Schmitt, Michael J. Kangas, Julia Y. Chan* Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 *Email: [email protected]

Yb PrM4Pn12 M Fe, Ru, Os P, As, Sb Pr Cu,Ga Pn 13 PrAgIn2

f -YbAlB47

f 1,2 - 1 3 Physics Today 4 Nature Physics PerspectiveFishing the Fermi Sea 5 f Czochralski

8

ZT 2 ZT 1 2 4 ZT YbAl3 YbAl3 Yb 300 K 180 W/K2 cm YbAl3 9 YbAl3Materials Science

13 15 1 6 Ce 6

CenMIn3n+2 (n=1,2,8)

Ln-M-Al

LnMGa4 CeMGa6 Ce2MGa10

Ln - M - XCeSn2 LnNiSb2 CeNiSb3 Ce3M4Sn13

Ce2MGa12 Ln(M,Ga)12 Ln(M,Ga)13 Ln4MGa12

1


16

1 W/m K ZT 5.4 ZT 5.4 40 % 10 Bell

/ Goldsmid 4 ZT 14 ZT S ZT

14MnSb11 Ca Ca

4

Sm 1 2 Gd 2 4 3 15,16

Yb

Yb14MnSb11 11 14MnSb11 YbZintl 0.45 W/ m K Yb14MnSb11 1,200 K ZT 1 p 12 4Sb12 2 Co 4Sb12 Co 10 W/m K Fe Co Ce Co,FeSb12 d- f4 ZT 1 13

5Si4 GdSixGe1-x Aldrich Gd 5 4 693510 693502 17 La Fe1-xSix 13 Fe/Si Ln 1 2 18 c s i g m a - a l d r i c h . c o m / j a p a n

ErAlO3 b a 2 Sm -180 mJ/cm3 K 2T -70 -80 19 2 A Co4Sb12 Ce Co,FeSb12 B 4 Sb Co Fe Ce

DyNi2 2T 001 110 0 2T Sm -132 -110 mJ/cm3 K 20

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Ce Aldrich 263001 Pd Aldrich Ga Aldrich 203319 1 203939 1 20 CePdGa6 Ce2PdGa10 2PdGa12 Ce 1,423 K Ga 3 CePdGa6 2330 6Spin Temperatures

c 26.536 3 I4/mmm Ce2PdGa12 a b 6.1040 2 15.5490 6 P4/nbm c Cu 1120 1520 3 5 /

SmSm1

Ln = La-Nd, EU

Ln = Y, Gd-Er, Yb

Y Cu

PrSm2 Cu C

Ga

NaZn13 type (Cubic)

SmZn11 type

ThMn12 type

5 LnCu 1520 3 ThMn12 NaZn13 SmZn11

5001150 C

Ce2 PdGa10 CePdGa6 Ce2PdGa12 CePdGa6 Ce 2PdGa12

170 C/hr

7 hrs

8 C/hr

450 400 350

NSF-DMR0237664 NSF-DMR0756281 NSF DMR1063735 Chan References(1) Canfield, P.C.; Fisk, Z. Philos. Mag. B-Phys. Condens. Matter Stat. Mech. Electron. Opt. Magn. Prop. 1992, 65, 1117. (2) Kanatzidis, M.G.; Pttgen, R.; Jeitschko, W. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2005, 44, 6996. (3) Frontiers in Crystalline Matter: from Discovery to Technology; The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2009. (4) Feder, T. Physics Today 2007, 60(8), 26. (5) Canfield, P.C., Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 167. (6) Thomas, E.L.; Millican, J.N.; Okudzeto, E.K.; Chan, J.Y. Comments Inorg. Chem. 2006, 27, 1. (7) Macaluso, R.T.; Nakatsuji, S.; Kuga, K.; Thomas, E.L.; Machida, Y.; Maeno, Y.; Fisk, Z.; Chan, J.Y. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 1918. (8) Matsumoto, Y.; Nakatsuji, S.; Kuga, K.; Karaki, Y.; Horie, N.; Shimura, Y.; Sakakibara, T.; Nevidomskyy, A.H.; Coleman, P. Science 2011, 331, 316. (9) Mahan, G. D., Good thermoelectrics. In Solid State Physics, Vol 51, Academic Press Inc: San Diego, 1998; Vol. 51, pp 81-157. (10) Bell, L. E. Science 2008, 321, 1457. (11) Chan, J.Y.; Olmstead, M.M.; Kauzlarich, S.M.; Webb, D.J. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 3583. (12) Kauzlarich, S.M.; Brown, S.R.; Snyder, G.J. Dalton Trans. 2007, 2099. (13) Nolas, G.S.; Morelli, D.T.; Tritt, T.M. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1999, 29, 89. (14) Goldsmid, H.J. A new upper limit to the figure of merit. In Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano, Rowe, D.M., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2006; pp 1-14. (15) Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2005, 68, 1479. (16) Gschneidner, K.A., Jr.; Pecharsky, V.K. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000, 30, 387. (17) Pecharsky, V.K.; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. J. Mag. Magn. Mater. 1999, 200, 44. (18) Shen, B.G.; Sun, J.R.; Hu, F.X.; Zhang, H.W.; Cheng, Z.H., Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4545. (19) Kimura, H.; Numazawa, T.; Sato, M.; Ikeya, T.; Fukuda, T.; Fujioka, K. J. Mater. Sci. 1997, 32, 5743. (20) Plaza, E.J.R.; de Sousa, V.S.R.; Reis, M.S.; von Ranke, P.J. J. Alloy. Compd. 2010, 505, 357.

300 C

? Spin

3 Ce-Pd-Ga /

3 X 4 CePdGa6 P4/mmm a b 4.350 3 7.9230 5 c 2PdGa10 a b 4.3230 3 Ce

Ga Ce

Pd

CePdGa6

Ce2PdGa10

Ce2PdGa12

4 CePdGa6 2PdGa10 Ce2PdGa12 Ce Ce Pd Ga

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www.sigma-aldrich.com/metalceramic-jp Purity (Trace Metals Basis) 99.9995% 99.999% 99.99% 99.999% 99.999% 99.99% 99.99% 99.999% 99.995% 99.95% 99.999% 99.99% 99.99% Form, Approx. Piece Size (metallic liquid or solid (ambient temp dependent)) (metallic liquid or solid (ambient temp dependent)) (metallic liquid or solid (ambient temp dependent)) beads powder, 60 mesh pieces, 1/4 - 2 in. powder, 100 mesh shot shot, 1 - 3 mm powder, 100 mesh pellets, 3 - 8 mesh pellets, 3 - 8 mesh flakes, 1 mm

Name Gallium Gallium Gallium Indium Indium

M.P. (C) 29.8 29.8 29.8 155-158 155-158 155-158 155-158 231.9 327.4 327.4 660.37 660.37 660.37

Prod. No. 203319-5G 203319-25G 263273-10G 263273-50G 263265-10G 263265-50G 264113-5G 264113-25G 203432-5G 203432-25G 326615-50G 264032-5G 264032-25G 204692-10G 695912-25G 391352-100G 326941-25G 338788-50G 518573-500G

Samarium-cobalt alloy 24 Cobalt 49.05 wt. % Iron 17.25 wt. % Samarium 25 wt. % Zirconium 2.75 wt. % copper 5.95 wt. % Cobalt 48.1 wt. % Iron 19.25 wt. % Samarium 25 wt. % Zirconium 2.75 wt. % copper 4.9 wt. % Aluminum 0.8 wt. % Boron 1.1 wt. % Dysprosium 3.6 wt. % Iron 65 wt. % Neodymium 29 wt. % Niobium 0.5 wt. % Aluminum 0.8 wt. % Boron 1.1 wt. % Dysprosium 3.6 wt. % Iron 65 wt. % Neodymium 29 wt. % Niobium 0.5 wt. % Aluminum 0.8 wt. % Boron 1.1 wt. % Dysprosium 3.6 wt. % Iron 65 wt. % Neodymium 29 wt. % Niobium 0.5 wt. % disc, 10 6 mm Name Dysprosium-Erbium-Aluminum alloy Gadolinium Gadolinium-silicon-germanium alloy Gadolinium-silicon-germanium alloy Chemical Composition Dy0.8Er0.2Al2 Gd5Si2Ge2 Gd5Si0.5Ge3.5 Tin Lead Lead Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Indium Indium

Physical Form powder ingot powder and chunks powder and chunks Curie Temperature below 60 K 293 K ~270 K ~70 K Prod. No. 693499-1G 691771-10G 693510-1G 693502-1G

Name Samarium-cobalt alloy 18 Composition Cobalt 62.75 wt. % Samarium 37.25 wt. % Form disc, 10 6 mm Properties Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 140 kJ/m3 (18 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 0.87 T (8.7 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 680 kA/m (8.5 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 2390 kA/m (30.0 kOe) Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 190 kJ/m3 (24 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 1.00 T (10.0 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 740 kA/m (9.3 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 2070 kA/m (26.0 kOe) Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 240 kJ/m3 (30 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 1.13 T (11.6 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 840 kA/m (10.6 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 1910 kA/m (24.0 kOe) Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 239 kJ/m3 (30 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 1.14 T (11.4 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 820 kA/m (10.3 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 1114 kA/m (14.0 kOe) Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 247 kJ/m3 (31 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 1.13 T (11.3 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 844 kA/m (10.6 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 1595 kA/m (20.0 kOe) Magnetic parameters/properties: Maximum Energy Product (BH): 248 kJ/m3 (31 MGsOe) Residual Induction (Br): 1.14 T (11.4 kGs) Coercive Force (Hc): 835 kA/m (10.5 kOe) Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci): 2400 kA/m (30.0 kOe) Maximum Temperature rate: 200C Prod. No. 692859-3EA

692840-3EA

Samarium-cobalt alloy 30

disc, 10 6 mm

692832-3EA

Neodymium-iron-boron, alloy 30/100

disc, 13 6 mm

693790-5EA

Neodymium-iron-boron alloy 30/150

disc, 13 6 mm

693782-3EA


Neodymium-iron-boron, alloy 30/200

disc, 13 6 mm

693820-3EA

Materials Science


Materials Science

High Purity Inorganics

99.99%1200

99.9999% 99.99% Ba, Ca, Sr, Mg 30 99.999%CsI NaI TlI

Web MSDS Web

Name Antimony(III) telluride

Formula Sb2Te34 4

Purity (Trace Metals Basis) 99.99+% 99.9% 99.9% 99.99+% 99.999%

Prod. No. 740993 740969 740918 740942 294020 741000

Indium antimonide Scandium(III) oxide

InSb Sc2O3


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4.00 3.50 3.00 4.Ectg-MJ/Wh 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50

Dhanesh Chandra*, Wen-Ming Chien, and Anjali Talekar University of Nevada, Reno, College of Engineering Reno, NV 89557 *Email: [email protected]

HEVhybrid electric vehicle 1996 PNGV The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles 1 Li 1 Li NiMHnickel metal hydride / 1996 1 2-4 NiMH Li gH 2 cradle-to-gate ctg Ectg/kg 5 2

0.00 NiMH PbA NiCd Na/S Li-ion

2 NiMH PbA Ni-Cd Na/S Li cradle-to-gate Ectg 5

1960 1960 Mueller Blackledge Libowitz Metal Hydrides 6 Schlapbach7 Sandrock8 Yvon9 Fukai10 Walker11 / A-B 6 1 HfNi AB FeTi 2 Mn2Zn 2 AB2 TiFe

400

Energy density (W h l-1)

Smaller size

Li ion

Li metal (unsafe)

3 2B Hf2Fe 2Ni A Mg 4 2BPr2Ni7 2Co7 A 7 Ce 5 NdCo3 AB3 GdFe3 6 LaNi5 AB5 CeNi5

300

PLiON NiMH Ni-Cd

200

130 kgH2/m3 AB5 5H6.7 LaNi 2 wt.% H2 A-B Lighter weight

100

Leadacid

0 0 50 100

A-B 1 200 250

150

Energy density (W h kg-1) 1 NiMH PbA Ni-Cd Na/ Li Ss i g m a - a l d r i c h . c o m / j a p a n

1

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NiMH Equil. H2 Pressure (atm)(A)H2 Absorption

Tc T3 ln PH2 T2 ln PH2 (B)

ln p=-H / RT + S / R

(C)

NiMH AB5 AB2 1 1 12Type of Hydride Elemental AB5 AB2 A2B AB BCC Metal/ Alloy Pd LaNi5 ZrV2 Mg2Ni FeTi TiV2 Hydride PdH0.6 LaNi5H6 ZrV2H5.5 Mg2NiH4 FeTiH2 TiV2H4 Structure Fm3m P6/mm Fd3m P6mm Pm3m BCC Wt.% Hydrogen 0.56 1.37 3.01 3.59 1.89 2.6 Peq., T(K) 0.02 bar @ 298K 2 bar @ 298K 10 -8 bar @ 323 K

Sloped Plateau

T1

+ H2 Desorption

+

- H/R

x (H/M)

x (H/M)

3 A B C vanHoff t 18

1 bar @ 555 K 5 bar @ 303 K 10 bar @ 313 K

T (C)

/ / 2 H Sieverts H/M H % 3 / x y K 1/T ln P vanHoff t Hoff H/R van t - H/R p,T 3B f vanHoff t 4 AB5 x H 2 AB5 H x ( phase) 2 x7 AB5 H x ( phase) + H 2 AB5 H 7 ( phase) 2 o GT = RT ln K P AB5 + K P = pH 2 (dehydriding ), K P = pH 2

log (p/atm)

(p/atm)

1000 K/T

4 vanHoff t 2,12,13,14,18

1 LaNi5 10,000 5 Sn Ni 10,000 LaNi4.8Sn0.2 6 LaNi5

Lambert 15 Chandra 16 Percheron-Guegan 17 5 AB2 A B AB

( )

1

(hydriding )

o o o H T ln K P H T GT o = and ST = (1/ T ) R T ln pH 2 = H / RT + S / R

LaNi5 M MHy MHx LaNiAldrich 5 LaNi5H7 685933 LaNi5-H Tcritical 1 3,4Materials Science


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10000 LaNi5.2 Annealed 2 h @ 1238 C = Absorption = Desorption

AB5 AB2 1500 Cycles

Hydrogen Pressure (kPa)

10000 Cycles 1000

AB5 AB2 2 5 AB 2 AB 2 1

10 Cycles 100

AB5 NiMH 5 AB LaNi5 MmNi 50.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

10

- Aldrich 685976 A B LaNi5 Strukturbericht D2d CaCu5 P6/ mmm 5.0228 3.9826 a c LaNi5 1 1a 2 Ni La Ni 2c La Ni 3g Ni Ni c/a 20 LaNi5.2 LaNi5 7 20-22La H

Reversible H/M

5 25 LaNi5.2 10,000 10 1,500 15 P-T

10000 LaNi4.8Sn0.2-H Annealed 90 h @ 950 C = Absorption = Desorption 1000

a)

Hydrogen Pressure (kPa)

10000 Cycles 100 1500 Cycles 10 Cycles 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0La

Ni 2c Ni 3g Ni 2b Ni 6c

Reversible H/M

6 25 LaNi0.8Sn0.2 LaNi0.8Sn0.2 1,500 10,000 P-T 15

c a a

7 LaNi520,21 LaNi5H722

/ MH / 5 AB AB2 PHEVplug-in-hybrid-electric vehicle EV electric vehicle NiMH II V NiMH 150,000 19

LaNi5 LaNi5H7 Latriuge P63mc 5.409 8.6 a c 21,22 Joubert 23 Thompson Reilly 24 Hasting 5 AB 1 LaNi5 A 51 71 Mm B Co-Al-Mn 2 No.1 8 MmNi3.5Co0.7Al0.8 4 2 Co

NiMH

B A


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3,4,8 2 1996

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Type AB5 AB5 AB5 AB5 AB5 AB5 AB5 AB5 AB2 AB2 AB2 AB2 AB2 AB2 A2B AB AB AB SS*

Selected Hydride MmNi5 MmNi4.15Fe0.85 MmNi4.5Al0.5 LaNi5 LaNi4.8Sn0.2 CaNi5 MmNi3.5Co0.7Al0.8 LaNi4.25Al0.75 TiCr1.8 TiZr0.02V0.43Fe0.09Cr0.05Mn01.5 TiMn1.5 ZrFe1.5Cr0.5 TiMn1.4V0.62 ZrMn2 Mg2NiH4 TiFe TiFe0.85Mn0.15 TiFe0.8Ni0.2 (V0.9Ti0.1)0.95Fe0.05

Temperature (K) @ 1 atm. pH2 (des.) 217 241 267 285 312 316 346 377 182 245 252 263 268 440 528 265 276 346 309

pH2 (des.) (atm.) @ 298K 23 11.2 3.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.11 0.024 182 11 8.4 4 3.6 0.0001 0.00001 4.1 2.6 0.1 0.5

Wt.% Hyd. 1.46 1.14 1.20 1.49 1.40 1.87 1.24 1.13 2.43 1.90 1.86 1.50 2.15 1.77 3.60 1.86 1.90 1.30 3.70

Density (g/cc) 8.6 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.4 6.6 7.6 7.6 6 5.8 6.4 7.6 5.8 7.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.0

H kJ/mol 21.1 25.3 28.0 30.8 32.8 31.9 39.8 44.1 20.1 27.4 28.7 25.6 28.6 53.2 43.2 28.1 29.5 41.2 43.2

S kJ/mol.K 0.097 0.105 0.105 0.18 0.105 0.101 0.115 0.117 0.111 0.122 0.114 0.097 0.016 0.121 0.14 0.106 0.107 0.119 0.140

Raw Materials Cost $/kg / $/gH 7.94/0.64 7.12/0.79 7.17/0.79 9.87/0.77 9.69/0.78 7.56/0.76 13.25/2.50 9.68/1.24 8.64/1.02 4.82/0.37 4.99/0.44 10.90/1.21 29.40/2.67 11.29/1.25 6.26/0.19

4.68/0.31 4.83/0.32 5.5/0.68 10.63/0.59

AB2 Strukturbericht C14 AB2 C15 NiMH 2 No.8 14 5 / AB C14 8 C14 C15 2 C14 ZrMn2 Z 4 2 AB2 C15 ZrV Z 8 Yvon H A2B2 27 2 AB GdMn2 HfV2

Sandrock32 TiFe1-y Aly 0.04 0.10 y TiFe0.8Ni0.2 2 TiFe0.85Mn0.15 No.17 18 32

AB5 AB2 A B LaNi5 Aldrich YNi5 693928 CeNi5 MmNi5 B A

CeNi2 1.8 TiCrA)a a

B)c

2 5 1.5 atm LaNi NdNi5 CeNi5 A La Pr Ce Nd Mm1-xCaNi5 Cu B Ni Pt B /

A-atom B-atomorigin

Co Sakai MmNi5 Co 37 Co Al Mn B MmNi5 1 bar MmNi3.5Co0.8Mn0.4Al0.3

8 A 25 B 26 C14 C15

AB2 A Ti Zr Hf Lu B Cr V Fe Mn B A TiZr0.02V0.43Fe0.09Cr0.05Mn0.15 2 No.10 28 Aldrich 685941

Sn Mn In Si B Sn Al LaNi4.5Al0.5 B LaNi5.2 LaNi4.8Sn0.2 5 6 Bowman 33 34 2 ABMaterials Science

NiMH 3 CsCl AB Strukturbericht B2 Pm-3m Libowitz29 100 ZrNi 1974 Reilly30 FeTiH FeTiH1.5 2 30 FeTi 2 No.17 Reilly31 H/M 1 TiFe0.7Mn0.2 40


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MmMnAl LaMnAl 0.02V0.43Fe0.09Cr0.05Mn0.15 TiZr TiMn1.4V0.62 Sandrock Goodell 0.85Mn0.15Ti0.5 Fe 35

250 mAh/g mAh/g MmNi La0.58Ce0.29Nd0.08Pr0.05 5 Ni3.6Co0.7Mn0.3Al0.4 38

NiMH NiMH 9 NiO OH OH OH /Ni Ni 2 KOH 2

Mm0.95Ti0.05Co0.45Mn0.35Al0.15 LaNi4.7Al0.0.3 10 39 LaNi4.8Sn0.1 x LaNi4.8Sn0.1 LaNi4.8Sn0.4 LaNi4.8Sn0.2 11 3 LaNi5 La 37Alloy LaNi5 LaNi2Co3 LaNi2Co2.9Al0.1 LaNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 La0.8Ce0.2Ni3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 La0.5Ce0.5Ni3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 Mm(1)Ni3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 Mm(2)Ni3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3 C(0), mAhg-1 371 292 289 316 327 278 283 231 C(100)/ C(0), % 45 90 98 87 93.6 94.6 92.2 96.5

NiO OH Ni OH 2 - 9 Ni/Cd / Ni AB5 5 AB2 AB 5 AB Co Mn Al LaNiAldrich 685968 5

C(0): The capacity extrapolated to the 0th cycle, C(100): Capacity after 100 cycles. Mm(1): Synthetic mishmetal [La:26%, Ce:52%, Nd:16%, Pr:6% (in atom%)] Mm(2): Bastnasite (natural mishmetal) [La:18-28%, Ce:50-55%, Nd:12-18%, Pr:4-6%, and others:

希土類化合物 Material Matters v6n2 Japanese

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